## The Project Gutenberg eBook of The 2005 CIA World Factbook

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Title: The 2005 CIA World Factbook

Author: United States. Central Intelligence Agency

Release date: December 18, 2008 [eBook #27560]
Most recently updated: October 3, 2025

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Al Haines

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE 2005 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK ***

###### THE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK 2005

# CONTENTS

Countries and Locations

Field Listings

Rank Orders

Appendixes

Notes and Definitions

History of The World Factbook

Contributors and Copyright Information

Purchasing Information

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What's New

- Country information has been updated as of 20 October, 2005.

- There have been some significant changes to the latest edition of The World Factbook. Recent confirmation that the United Kingdom Government administers the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus as dependencies (and not as lease areas like the US Guantanamo Bay Naval Station in Cuba) has required a changing of their status and their addition to the Factbook as new entities. In addition, the European Union has been included as an "Other" entity at the end of the listing. The European Union continues to accrue more nation-like characteristics for itself and so a separate listing was deemed appropriate. A fuller explanation may be found under the European Union Preliminary statement.

- Along with the new entities and the regular information updates, The World Factbook now also features six new fields. In the People category, a Major infectious diseases field has been added for countries deemed to pose a higher degree of risk for travelers. In the Economy category, entries have been added for Current account balance, Investment (gross fixed), Public debt, and Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. The Transnational issues category has a new Refugees and internally displaced persons entry.

- Revision of some individual country maps, first introduced in the 2001 edition, is continued in this edition. Several regional maps have also been updated to reflect boundary changes and place name spelling changes.

=====================================================================

Country Listing

[Transcriber's note: To search on a country name in this file, prefix the name with "@", e.g. "@Afghanistan". "Afghanistan" will find all occurrences; prefixing it with "@" will find the correct location.]

World

#### A

Afghanistan
Akrotiri
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Arctic Ocean
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Atlantic Ocean
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan

#### B

Bahamas, The
Bahrain
Baker Island
Bangladesh
Barbados
Bassas da India
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma
Burundi

#### C

Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Clipperton Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
Cook Islands
Coral Sea Islands
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic

#### D

Denmark
Dhekelia
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic

#### E

East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Europa Island

#### F

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands

#### G

Gabon
Gambia, The
Gaza Strip
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Glorioso Islands
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana

#### H

Haiti
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Holy See (Vatican City)
Honduras
Hong Kong
Howland Island
Hungary

#### I

Iceland
India
Indian Ocean
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy

#### J

Jamaica
Jan Mayen
Japan
Jarvis Island
Jersey
Johnston Atoll
Jordan
Juan de Nova Island

#### K

Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kingman Reef
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan

#### L

Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg

#### M

Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Man, Isle of
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
Midway Islands
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique

#### N

Namibia
Nauru
Navassa Island
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway

#### O

Oman

#### P

Pacific Ocean
Pakistan
Palau
Palmyra Atoll
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paracel Islands
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn Islands
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico

#### Q

Qatar

#### R

Reunion
Romania
Russia
Rwanda

#### S

Saint Helena
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia and Montenegro
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Southern Ocean
Spain
Spratly Islands
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Svalbard
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria

#### T

Taiwan entry follows Zimbabwe
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tromelin Island
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu

#### U

Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan

#### V

Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands

#### W

Wake Island
Wallis and Futuna
West Bank
Western Sahara

#### Y

Yemen

#### Z

Zambia
Zimbabwe

Taiwan
European Union

=====================================================================

Field Listings

[Transcriber's note: To search on a field code in this file, prefix the code number with "@", e.g. "@2001". "2001" will find all occurrences; prefixing it with "@" will find the correct location.]

Code Field Description

2001 GDP (purchasing power parity) 2002 Population growth rate (%) 2003 GDP - real growth rate (%) 2004 GDP - per capita 2006 Dependency status 2007 Diplomatic representation from the US 2008 Transportation - note 2010 Age structure (%) 2011 Geographic coordinates 2012 GDP - composition by sector (%) 2013 Radio broadcast stations 2015 Television broadcast stations 2018 Sex ratio (male(s)/female) 2019 Heliports 2020 Elevation extremes (m) 2021 Natural hazards 2022 People - note 2023 Area - comparative 2024 Military service age and obligation (years of age) 2025 Manpower fit for military service 2026 Manpower reaching military service age annually 2028 Background 2030 Airports - with paved runways 2031 Airports - with unpaved runways 2032 Environment - current issues 2033 Environment - international agreements 2034 Military expenditures - percent of GDP (%) 2038 Electricity - production (kWh) 2042 Electricity - consumption (kWh) 2043 Electricity - imports (kWh) 2044 Electricity - exports (kWh) 2046 Population below poverty line (%) 2047 Household income or consumption by percentage share (%) 2048 Labor force - by occupation (%) 2049 Exports - commodities 2050 Exports - partners (%) 2051 Administrative divisions 2052 Agriculture - products 2053 Airports 2054 Birth rate (births/1,000 population) 2055 Military branches 2056 Budget 2057 Capital 2058 Imports - commodities 2059 Climate 2060 Coastline (km) 2061 Imports - partners (%) 2062 Economic aid - donor 2063 Constitution 2064 Economic aid - recipient 2065 Currency (code) 2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population) 2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure 2068 Dependent areas 2070 Disputes - international 2075 Ethnic groups (%) 2076 Exchange rates 2077 Executive branch 2078 Exports 2079 Debt - external 2080 Fiscal year 2081 Flag description 2085 Highways (km) 2086 Illicit drugs 2087 Imports 2088 Independence 2089 Industrial production growth rate (%) 2090 Industries 2091 Infant mortality rate (deaths/1,000 live births) 2092 Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%) 2093 Waterways (km) 2094 Judicial branch 2095 Labor force 2096 Land boundaries (km) 2097 Land use (%) 2098 Languages (%) 2100 Legal system 2101 Legislative branch 2102 Life expectancy at birth (years) 2103 Literacy (%) 2105 Manpower available for military service 2106 Maritime claims 2107 International organization participation 2108 Merchant marine 2109 National holiday 2110 Nationality 2111 Natural resources 2112 Net migration rate (migrant(s)/1,000 population) 2113 Geography - note 2115 Political pressure groups and leaders 2116 Economy - overview 2117 Pipelines (km) 2118 Political parties and leaders 2119 Population 2120 Ports and harbors 2121 Railways (km) 2122 Religions (%) 2123 Suffrage 2124 Telephone system 2125 Terrain 2127 Total fertility rate (children born/woman) 2128 Government type 2129 Unemployment rate (%) 2137 Military - note 2138 Communications - note 2140 Government - note 2142 Country name 2144 Location 2145 Map references 2146 Irrigated land (sq km) 2147 Area (sq km) 2149 Diplomatic representation in the US 2150 Telephones - main lines in use 2151 Telephones - mobile cellular 2153 Internet users 2154 Internet country code 2155 HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%) 2156 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS 2157 HIV/AIDS - deaths 2158 Currency code 2172 Distribution of family income - Gini index 2173 Oil - production (bbl/day) 2174 Oil - consumption (bbl/day) 2175 Oil - imports (bbl/day) 2176 Oil - exports (bbl/day) 2177 Median age (years) 2178 Oil - proved reserves (bbl) 2179 Natural gas - proved reserves (cu m) 2180 Natural gas - production (cu m) 2181 Natural gas - consumption (cu m) 2182 Natural gas - imports (cu m) 2183 Natural gas - exports (cu m) 2184 Internet hosts 2185 Investment (gross fixed) (% of GDP) 2186 Public debt (% of GDP) 2187 Current account balance 2188 Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2193 Major infectious diseases 2194 Refugees and internally displaced persons

======================================================================

Rank Orders

[Transcriber's note: To search on a rank order in this file, prefix the rank's name with "@", e.g. "@Population". "Population" will find all occurrences; prefixing it with "@" will find the correct location.]

Guide to Rank Order Pages

Rank Order pages are presorted lists of data from selected Factbook data fields. Rank Order pages are generally given in descending order - highest to lowest - such as Population and Area. The two exceptions are Unemployment Rate and Inflation Rate, which are in ascending - lowest to highest - order. Rank Order pages are available for the following 47 fields in six of the nine Factbook categories.

Geography

Area - total

People

Population
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy at birth - total
Total fertility rate
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS - deaths

Economy

GDP (purchasing power parity)
GDP - real growth rate
GDP - per capita
Investment (gross fixed)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
Labor force
Unemployment rate
Public debt
Industrial production growth rate
Electricity - production
Electricity - consumption
Oil - production
Oil - consumption
Oil - exports
Oil - imports
Oil - proved reserves
Natural Gas - production
Natural Gas - consumption
Natural Gas - exports
Natural Gas - imports
Natural Gas - proved reserves
Current account balance
Exports
Imports
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
Debt - external

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use
Telephones - mobile cellular
Internet hosts
Internet users

Transportation

Railways - total
Highways - total
Waterways
Merchant marine - total
Airports

Military

Military expenditures - dollar figure
Military expenditures - percent of GDP

Factbook fields with Rank Order pages are easily identified with a small bar chart icon to the right of the data field title.

Not all Rank Order pages include the same number of entries because information for a particular field is not available for all countries. In addition, not all data fields are suitable for displaying as Rank Order pages, such as those containing textual information. Textual information is more readily viewed by clicking on the Field Listing icon next to the Data field title. The other icon next to the data field title provides the definition of the field.

All of the 'Rank Order' pages can be downloaded as tab-delimited data files and can be opened in other applications such as spreadsheets and databases. To save a Rank Order page in a spreadsheet, first click on the 'Download Datafile' choice above the Rank Order page you selected; then, at the top of your browser window, click on 'File' and 'Save As'. After saving the file, open the spreadsheet, find the saved file, and 'Open' it.

Additional Rank Order pages being considered for future updates of the
Factbook Web site include:

Median age
Literacy
Population below the poverty line

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

=====================================================================

Appendixes

Appendix A - Abbreviations

Appendix B - International Organizations and Groups

Appendix C - Selected International Environmental Agreements

Appendix D - Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes

Appendix E - Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Data Codes

Appendix F - Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names

======================================================================

Notes and Definitions

Along with the new entities and the regular information updates, The World Factbook now also features six new fields. In the Economy category, entries have been added for Current account balance, Investment (gross fixed), Public debt, and Reserves of foreign exchange and gold. The Transnational issues category has a new Refugees and internally displaced persons entry.

Abbreviations This information is included in Appendix A: Abbreviations, which includes all abbreviations and acronyms used in the Factbook, with their expansions.

Acronyms An acronym is an abbreviation coined from the initial letter of each successive word in a term or phrase. In general, an acronym made up solely from the first letter of the major words in the expanded form is rendered in all capital letters (NATO from North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an exception would be ASEAN for Association of Southeast Asian Nations). In general, an acronym made up of more than the first letter of the major words in the expanded form is rendered with only an initial capital letter (Comsat from Communications Satellite Corporation; an exception would be NAM from Nonaligned Movement). Hybrid forms are sometimes used to distinguish between initially identical terms (WTO: WTrO for World Trade Organization and WToO for World Tourism Organization.)

Administrative divisions This entry generally gives the numbers, designatory terms, and first- order administrative divisions as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on by BGN are noted.

Age structure This entry provides the distribution of the population according to age. Information is included by sex and age group (0-14 years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over). The age structure of a population affects a nation's key socioeconomic issues. Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older populations (high percentage ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the health sector. The age structure can also be used to help predict potential political issues. For example, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment can lead to unrest.

Agriculture - products This entry is an ordered listing of major crops and products starting with the most important.

Airports This entry gives the total number of airports. The runway(s) may be paved (concrete or asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces), but must be usable. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.

Airports - with paved runways This entry gives the total number of airports with paved runways (concrete or asphalt surfaces) by length. For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and (5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.

Airports - with unpaved runways This entry gives the total number of airports with unpaved runways (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces) by length. For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups - (1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and (5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.

Appendixes
This section includes Factbook-related material by topic.

Area This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Water area is the sum of all water surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).

Area - comparative This entry provides an area comparison based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states based on area measurements (1990 revised) provided by the US Bureau of the Census. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).

Background This entry usually highlights major historic events and current issues and may include a statement about one or two key future trends.

Birth rate This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 persons in the population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.

Budget This entry includes revenues, total expenditures, and capital expenditures. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Capital
This entry gives the location of the seat of government.

Climate This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year.

Coastline This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea.

Communications This category deals with the means of exchanging information and includes the telephone, radio, television, and Internet host entries.

Communications - note This entry includes miscellaneous communications information of significance not included elsewhere.

Constitution This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major amendments.

Country data codes see Data codes

Country map Most versions of the Factbook provide a country map in color. The maps were produced from the best information available at the time of preparation. Names and/or boundaries may have changed subsequently.

Country name This entry includes all forms of the country's name approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (Italy is used as an example): conventional long form (Italian Republic), conventional short form (Italy), local long form (Repubblica Italiana), local short form (Italia), former (Kingdom of Italy), as well as the abbreviation. Also see the Terminology note.

Crude oil
See entry for oil.

Currency (code)
This entry identifies the national medium of exchange and, in
parenthesis, gives the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 4217 alphabetic currency code for each country.

Current account balance This entry records a country's net trade in goods and services, plus net earnings from rents, interest, profits, and dividends, and net transfer payments (such as pension funds and worker remittances) to and from the rest of the world during the period specified. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Data codes
This information is presented in Appendix D: Cross-Reference List of
Country Data Codes and Appendix E: Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic
Data Codes.

Date of information In general, information available as of 1 January 2005, was used in the preparation of this edition.

Death rate This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population.

Debt - external This entry gives the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Dependency status This entry describes the formal relationship between a particular nonindependent entity and an independent state.

Dependent areas This entry contains an alphabetical listing of all nonindependent entities associated in some way with a particular independent state.

Diplomatic representation The US Government has diplomatic relations with 187 independent states, including 186 of the 191 UN members (excluded UN members are Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and the US itself). In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 1 independent state that is not in the UN - Holy See.

Diplomatic representation from the US This entry includes the chief of mission, embassy address, mailing address, telephone number, FAX number, branch office locations, consulate general locations, and consulate locations.

Diplomatic representation in the US This entry includes the chief of mission, chancery, telephone, FAX, consulate general locations, and consulate locations.

Disputes - international This entry includes a wide variety of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues; however, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition by the US Government.

Distribution of family income - Gini index This index measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of family income in a country. The index is calculated from the Lorenz curve, in which cumulative family income is plotted against the number of families arranged from the poorest to the richest. The index is the ratio of (a) the area between a country's Lorenz curve and the 45 degree helping line to (b) the entire triangular area under the 45 degree line. The more nearly equal a country's income distribution, the closer its Lorenz curve to the 45 degree line and the lower its Gini index, e.g., a Scandinavian country with an index of 25. The more unequal a country's income distribution, the farther its Lorenz curve from the 45 degree line and the higher its Gini index, e.g., a Sub- Saharan country with an index of 50. If income were distributed with perfect equality, the Lorenz curve would coincide with the 45 degree line and the index would be zero; if income were distributed with perfect inequality, the Lorenz curve would coincide with the horizontal axis and the right vertical axis and the index would be 100.

Economic aid - donor This entry refers to net official development assistance (ODA) from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations to developing countries and multilateral organizations. ODA is defined as financial assistance that is concessional in character, has the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of the less developed countries (LDCs), and contains a grant element of at least 25%. The entry does not cover other official flows (OOF) or private flows. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Economic aid - recipient This entry, which is subject to major problems of definition and statistical coverage, refers to the net inflow of Official Development Finance (ODF) to recipient countries. The figure includes assistance from the World Bank, the IMF, and other international organizations and from individual nation donors. Formal commitments of aid are included in the data. Omitted from the data are grants by private organizations. Aid comes in various forms including outright grants and loans. The entry thus is the difference between new inflows and repayments. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Economy This category includes the entries dealing with the size, development, and management of productive resources, i.e., land, labor, and capital.

Economy - overview This entry briefly describes the type of economy, including the degree of market orientation, the level of economic development, the most important natural resources, and the unique areas of specialization. It also characterizes major economic events and policy changes in the most recent 12 months and may include a statement about one or two key future macroeconomic trends.

Electricity - consumption This entry consists of total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.

Electricity - exports
This entry is the total exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.

Electricity - imports
This entry is the total imported electricity in kilowatt-hours.

Electricity - production This entry is the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt- hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.

Elevation extremes
This entry includes both the highest point and the lowest point.

Entities Some of the independent states, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US Government. "Independent state" refers to a people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. "Dependencies" and "areas of special sovereignty" refer to a broad category of political entities that are associated in some way with an independent state. "Country" names used in the table of contents or for page headings are usually the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names and may include independent states, dependencies, and areas of special sovereignty, or other geographic entities. There are a total of 271 separate geographic entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows: INDEPENDENT STATES 192 Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe OTHER 2 Taiwan, European Union DEPENDENCIES AND AREAS OF SPECIAL SOVEREIGNTY 6 Australia - Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island 2 China - Hong Kong, Macau 2 Denmark - Faroe Islands, Greenland 16 France - Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna 2 Netherlands - Aruba, Netherlands Antilles 3 New Zealand - Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau 3 Norway - Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard 17 UK - Akrotiri, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dhekelia, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands 14 US - American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island MISCELLANEOUS 6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara OTHER ENTITIES 5 oceans - Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Southern Ocean 1 World

271 total

Environment - current issues This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry: acidification - the lowering of soil and water pH due to acid precipitation and deposition usually through precipitation; this process disrupts ecosystem nutrient flows and may kill freshwater fish and plants dependent on more neutral or alkaline conditions (see acid rain). acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems; acidity is measured using the pH scale where 7 is neutral, values greater than 7 are considered alkaline, and values below 5.6 are considered acid precipitation; note - a pH of 2.4 (the acidity of vinegar) has been measured in rainfall in New England. aerosol - a collection of airborne particles dispersed in a gas, smoke, or fog. afforestation - converting a bare or agricultural space by planting trees and plants; reforestation involves replanting trees on areas that have been cut or destroyed by fire. asbestos - a naturally occurring soft fibrous mineral commonly used in fireproofing materials and considered to be highly carcinogenic in particulate form. biodiversity - also biological diversity; the relative number of species, diverse in form and function, at the genetic, organism, community, and ecosystem level; loss of biodiversity reduces an ecosystem's ability to recover from natural or man-induced disruption. bio-indicators - a plant or animal species whose presence, abundance, and health reveal the general condition of its habitat. biomass - the total weight or volume of living matter in a given area or volume. carbon cycle - the term used to describe the exchange of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere, and geological deposits. catchments - assemblages used to capture and retain rainwater and runoff; an important water management technique in areas with limited freshwater resources, such as Gibraltar. DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane) - a colorless, odorless insecticide that has toxic effects on most animals; the use of DDT was banned in the US in 1972. defoliants - chemicals which cause plants to lose their leaves artificially; often used in agricultural practices for weed control, and may have detrimental impacts on human and ecosystem health. deforestation - the destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood products for use as fuel) without planting new growth. desertification - the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi- arid areas, due to overgrazing, loss of agriculturally productive soils, or climate change. dredging - the practice of deepening an existing waterway; also, a technique used for collecting bottom-dwelling marine organisms (e.g., shellfish) or harvesting coral, often causing significant destruction of reef and ocean-floor ecosystems. drift-net fishing - done with a net, miles in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the tide; often results in an over harvesting and waste of large populations of non-commercial marine species (by-catch) by its effect of "sweeping the ocean clean". ecosystems - ecological units comprised of complex communities of organisms and their specific environments. effluents - waste materials, such as smoke, sewage, or industrial waste which are released into the environment, subsequently polluting it. endangered species - a species that is threatened with extinction either by direct hunting or habitat destruction. freshwater - water with very low soluble mineral content; sources include lakes, streams, rivers, glaciers, and underground aquifers. greenhouse gas - a gas that "traps" infrared radiation in the lower atmosphere causing surface warming; water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. groundwater - water sources found below the surface of the earth often in naturally occurring reservoirs in permeable rock strata; the source for wells and natural springs. Highlands Water Project - a series of dams constructed jointly by Lesotho and South Africa to redirect Lesotho's abundant water supply into a rapidly growing area in South Africa; while it is the largest infrastructure project in southern Africa, it is also the most costly and controversial; objections to the project include claims that it forces people from their homes, submerges farmlands, and squanders economic resources. Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) - represents the 145,000 Inuits of Russia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland in international environmental issues; a General Assembly convenes every three years to determine the focus of the ICC; the most current concerns are long-range transport of pollutants, sustainable development, and climate change. metallurgical plants - industries which specialize in the science, technology, and processing of metals; these plants produce highly concentrated and toxic wastes which can contribute to pollution of ground water and air when not properly disposed. noxious substances - injurious, very harmful to living beings. overgrazing - the grazing of animals on plant material faster than it can naturally regrow leading to the permanent loss of plant cover, a common effect of too many animals grazing limited range land. ozone shield - a layer of the atmosphere composed of ozone gas (O3) that resides approximately 25 miles above the Earth's surface and absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation that can be harmful to living organisms. poaching - the illegal killing of animals or fish, a great concern with respect to endangered or threatened species. pollution - the contamination of a healthy environment by man-made waste. potable water - water that is drinkable, safe to be consumed. salination - the process through which fresh (drinkable) water becomes salt (undrinkable) water; hence, desalination is the reverse process; also involves the accumulation of salts in topsoil caused by evaporation of excessive irrigation water, a process that can eventually render soil incapable of supporting crops. siltation - occurs when water channels and reservoirs become clotted with silt and mud, a side effect of deforestation and soil erosion. slash-and-burn agriculture - a rotating cultivation technique in which trees are cut down and burned in order to clear land for temporary agriculture; the land is used until its productivity declines at which point a new plot is selected and the process repeats; this practice is sustainable while population levels are low and time is permitted for regrowth of natural vegetation; conversely, where these conditions do not exist, the practice can have disastrous consequences for the environment . soil degradation - damage to the land's productive capacity because of poor agricultural practices such as the excessive use of pesticides or fertilizers, soil compaction from heavy equipment, or erosion of topsoil, eventually resulting in reduced ability to produce agricultural products. soil erosion - the removal of soil by the action of water or wind, compounded by poor agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing, and desertification. ultraviolet (UV) radiation - a portion of the electromagnetic energy emitted by the sun and naturally filtered in the upper atmosphere by the ozone layer; UV radiation can be harmful to living organisms and has been linked to increasing rates of skin cancer in humans. water-born diseases - those in which bacteria survive in, and are transmitted through, water; always a serious threat in areas with an untreated water supply.

Environment - international agreements This entry separates country participation in international environmental agreements into two levels - party to and signed, but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.

Environmental agreements This information is presented in Appendix C: Selected International Environmental Agreements, which includes the name, abbreviation, date opened for signature, date entered into force, objective, and parties by category.

Ethnic groups This entry provides an ordered listing of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population.

Exchange rates This entry provides the official value of a country's monetary unit at a given date or over a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and as determined by international market forces or official fiat.

Executive branch This entry includes several subfields. Chief of state includes the name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of government includes the name and title of the top administrative leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the government. For example, in the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US, the president is both the chief of state and the head of government. Cabinet includes the official name for this body of high-ranking advisers and the method for selection of members. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote for each candidate in the last election.

Exports This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Exports - commodities This entry provides a rank ordering of exported products starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value.

Exports - partners This entry provides a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value.

Fiscal year This entry identifies the beginning and ending months for a country's accounting period of 12 months, which often is the calendar year but which may begin in any month. All yearly references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as a noncalendar fiscal year (FY).

Flag description This entry provides a written flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.

Flag graphic Most versions of the Factbook include a color flag at the beginning of the country profile. The flag graphics were produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time of preparation. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.

GDP (purchasing power parity) This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. GDP dollar estimates in the Factbook are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations. See the note on GDP methodology for more information.

GDP - composition by sector This entry gives the percentage contribution of agriculture, industry, and services to total GDP. The distribution will total less than 100 percent if the data are incomplete.

GDP - per capita This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.

GDP - real growth rate This entry gives GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and expressed as a percent.

GDP methodology In the Economy category, GDP dollar estimates for all countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method involves the use of standardized international dollar price weights, which are applied to the quantities of final goods and services produced in a given economy. The data derived from the PPP method provide the best available starting point for comparisons of economic strength and well-being between countries. The division of a GDP estimate in domestic currency by the corresponding PPP estimate in dollars gives the PPP conversion rate. Whereas PPP estimates for OECD countries are quite reliable, PPP estimates for developing countries are often rough approximations. Most of the GDP estimates are based on extrapolation of PPP numbers published by the UN International Comparison Program (UNICP) and by Professors Robert Summers and Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and their colleagues. In contrast, the currency exchange rate method involves a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often have little relation to domestic output. In developing countries with weak currencies the exchange rate estimate of GDP in dollars is typically one-fourth to one-half the PPP estimate. Furthermore, exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat whereas real output has remained unchanged. On 12 January 1994, for example, the 14 countries of the African Financial Community (whose currencies are tied to the French franc) devalued their currencies by 50%. This move, of course, did not cut the real output of these countries by half. One important caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percentage of GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer tries to estimate the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures. Note: the numbers for GDP and other economic data cannot be chained together from successive volumes of the Factbook because of changes in the US dollar measuring rod, revisions of data by statistical agencies, use of new or different sources of information, and changes in national statistical methods and practices.

GNP Gross national product (GNP) is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned by its citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. The Factbook, following current practice, uses GDP rather than GNP to measure national production. However, the user must realize that in certain countries net remittances from citizens working abroad may be important to national well-being.

GWP This entry gives the gross world product (GWP) or aggregate value of all final goods and services produced worldwide in a given year.

Geographic coordinates This entry includes rounded latitude and longitude figures for the purpose of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the Gazetteer of Conventional Names, Third Edition, August 1988, US Board on Geographic Names and on other sources.

Geographic names This information is presented in Appendix F: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names. It includes a listing of various alternate names, former names, local names, and regional names referenced to one or more related Factbook entries. Spellings are normally, but not always, those approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names and additional information are included in parentheses.

Geography This category includes the entries dealing with the natural environment and the effects of human activity.

Geography - note This entry includes miscellaneous geographic information of significance not included elsewhere.

Gini index
See entry for Distribution of family income - Gini index

Government This category includes the entries dealing with the system for the adoption and administration of public policy.

Government - note This entry includes miscellaneous government information of significance not included elsewhere.

Government type This entry gives the basic form of government. Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows: Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority. Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good. Communism - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society). Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government. Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions, and limits of that government. Constitutional democracy - a form of government in which the sovereign power of the people is spelled out in a governing constitution. Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom. Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed. Democratic republic - a state in which the supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them. Dictatorship - a form of government in which a ruler or small clique wield absolute power (not restricted by a constitution or laws). Ecclesiastical - a government administrated by a church. Federal (Federative) - a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided - usually by means of a constitution - between a central authority and a number of constituent regions (states, colonies, or provinces) so that each region retains some management of its internal affairs; differs from a confederacy in that the central government exerts influence directly upon both individuals as well as upon the regional units. Federal republic - a state in which the powers of the central government are restricted and in which the component parts (states, colonies, or provinces) retain a degree of self-government; ultimate sovereign power rests with the voters who chose their governmental representatives. Maoism - the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people. Marxism - the political, economic, and social principles espoused by 19th century economist Karl Marx; he viewed the struggle of workers as a progression of historical forces that would proceed from a class struggle of the proletariat (workers) exploited by capitalists (business owners), to a socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," to, finally, a classless society - communism. Marxism-Leninism - an expanded form of communism developed by Lenin from doctrines of Karl Marx; Lenin saw imperialism as the final stage of capitalism and shifted the focus of workers' struggle from developed to underdeveloped countries. Monarchy - a government in which the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole absolute ruler or a sovereign - such as a king, queen, or prince - with constitutionally limited authority. Oligarchy - a government in which control is exercised by a small group of individuals whose authority generally is based on wealth or power. Parliamentary democracy - a political system in which the legislature (parliament) selects the government - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor along with the cabinet ministers - according to party strength as expressed in elections; by this system, the government acquires a dual responsibility: to the people as well as to the parliament. Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function. Parliamentary monarchy - a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament). Republic - a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation. Socialism - a government in which the means of planning, producing, and distributing goods is controlled by a central government that theoretically seeks a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor; in actuality, most socialist governments have ended up being no more than dictatorships over workers by a ruling elite. Sultanate - similar to a monarchy, but a government in which the supreme power is in the hands of a sultan (the head of a Muslim state); the sultan may be an absolute ruler or a sovereign with constitutionally limited authority. Theocracy - a form of government in which a Deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, but the Deity's laws are interpreted by ecclesiastical authorities (bishops, mullahs, etc.); a government subject to religious authority. Totalitarian - a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population.

Gross domestic product see GDP

Gross national product see GNP

Gross world product see GWP

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate This entry gives an estimate of the percentage of adults (aged 15-49) living with HIV/AIDS. The adult prevalence rate is calculated by dividing the estimated number of adults living with HIV/AIDS at yearend by the total adult population at yearend.

HIV/AIDS - deaths This entry gives an estimate of the number of adults and children who died of AIDS during a given calendar year.

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS This entry gives an estimate of all people (adults and children) alive at yearend with HIV infection, whether or not they have developed symptoms of AIDS.

Heliports This entry gives the total number of heliports with hard-surface runways, helipads, or landing areas that support routine sustained helicopter operations exclusively and have support facilities including one or more of the following facilities: lighting, fuel, passenger handling, or maintenance. It includes former airports used exclusively for helicopter operations but excludes heliports limited to day operations and natural clearings that could support helicopter landings and takeoffs.

Highways This entry states the total length of the highway system and the length of the paved and unpaved parts.

Household income or consumption by percentage share Data on household income or consumption come from household surveys, the results adjusted for household size. Nations use different standards and procedures in collecting and adjusting the data. Surveys based on income will normally show a more unequal distribution than surveys based on consumption. The quality of surveys is improving with time, yet caution is still necessary in making inter-country comparisons.

Hydrographic data codes see Data codes

Illicit drugs This entry gives information on the five categories of illicit drugs - narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside of medical channels. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). Coca (mostly Erythroxylum coca) is a bush with leaves that contain the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self- awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Marijuana is the dried leaf of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax in Southwest Asia and Africa. Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). Opium is the brown, gummy exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for the natural and semisynthetic narcotics. Poppy straw is the entire cut and dried opium poppy-plant material, other than the seeds. Opium is extracted from poppy straw in commercial operations that produce the drug for medical use. Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea. Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine), ephedrine, ecstasy (clarity, essence, doctor, Adam), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).

Imports This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise imports on a c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) or f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Imports - commodities This entry provides a rank ordering of imported products starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value.

Imports - partners This entry provides a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value.

Independence For most countries, this entry gives the date that sovereignty was achieved and from which nation, empire, or trusteeship. For the other countries, the date given may not represent "independence" in the strict sense, but rather some significant nationhood event such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, fundamental change in the form of government, or state succession. Dependent areas include the notation "none" followed by the nature of their dependency status. Also see the Terminology note.

Industrial production growth rate This entry gives the annual percentage increase in industrial production (includes manufacturing, mining, and construction).

Industries This entry provides a rank ordering of industries starting with the largest by value of annual output.

Infant mortality rate This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births in the same year; included is the total death rate, and deaths by sex, male and female. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country.

Inflation rate (consumer prices) This entry furnishes the annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous year's consumer prices.

International disputes see Disputes - international

International organization participation This entry lists in alphabetical order by abbreviation those international organizations in which the subject country is a member or participates in some other way.

International organizations
This information is presented in Appendix B: International
Organizations and Groups which includes the name, abbreviation, date
established, aim, and members by category.

Internet country code
This entry includes the two-letter codes maintained by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the ISO 3166
Alpha-2 list and used by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
to establish country-coded top-level domains (ccTLDs).

Internet hosts This entry lists the number of Internet hosts available within a country. An Internet host is a computer connected directly to the Internet; normally an Internet Service Provider's (ISP) computer is a host. Internet users may use either a hard-wired terminal, at an institution with a mainframe computer connected directly to the Internet, or may connect remotely by way of a modem via telephone line, cable, or satellite to the Internet Service Provider's host computer. The number of hosts is one indicator of the extent of Internet connectivity.

Internet users This entry gives the number of users within a country that access the Internet. Statistics vary from country to country and may include users who access the Internet at least several times a week to those who access it only once within a period of several months.

Introduction
This category includes one entry, Background.

Investment (gross fixed) This entry records total business spending on fixed assets, such as factories, machinery, equipment, dwellings, and inventories of raw materials, which provide the basis for future production. It is measured gross of the depreciation of the assets, i.e., it includes invesment that merely replaces worn-out or scrapped capital.

Irrigated land This entry gives the number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water.

Judicial branch This entry contains the name(s) of the highest court(s) and a brief description of the selection process for members.

Labor force
This entry contains the total labor force figure.

Labor force - by occupation This entry lists the percentage distribution of the labor force by occupation. The distribution will total less than 100 percent if the data are incomplete.

Land boundaries This entry contains the total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries.

Land use This entry contains the percentage shares of total land area for three different types of land use: arable land - land cultivated for crops like wheat, maize, and rice that are replanted after each harvest; permanent crops - land cultivated for crops like citrus, coffee, and rubber that are not replanted after each harvest; includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber; other - any land not arable or under permanent crops; includes permanent meadows and pastures, forests and woodlands, built-on areas, roads, barren land, etc.

Languages This entry provides a rank ordering of languages starting with the largest and sometimes includes the percent of total population speaking that language.

Legal system
This entry contains a brief description of the legal system's
historical roots, role in government, and acceptance of International
Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction.

Legislative branch This entry contains information on the structure (unicameral, bicameral, tricameral), formal name, number of seats, and term of office. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote and/or number of seats held by each party in the last election.

Life expectancy at birth This entry contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.

Literacy This entry includes a definition of literacy and Census Bureau percentages for the total population, males, and females. There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless otherwise specified, all rates are based on the most common definition - the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of the Factbook. Information on literacy, while not a perfect measure of educational results, is probably the most easily available and valid for international comparisons. Low levels of literacy, and education in general, can impede the economic development of a country in the current rapidly changing, technology-driven world.

Location This entry identifies the country's regional location, neighboring countries, and adjacent bodies of water.

Major infectious diseases This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the local population. The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines. Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk. Note - The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual country entries may vary according to local conditions. food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on the local economy: Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available. Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and dark colored urine. Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%. vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected arthropod: Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium; transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito; parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths occurring in sub- Saharan Africa. Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases. Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever; occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%. Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality rates 30%. African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and, in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the parasites. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries; 90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans can act as reservoirs of infection. Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible; recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages; manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes; disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease; infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose, and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%. Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects; infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases. Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever; characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis. water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers: Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans; infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated recovery can take months. Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74 developing countries with 80% of infected people living in sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite. aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine: Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys; endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50% in epidemic outbreaks. respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an infectious person: Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases, typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches from Senegal east to Ethiopia. animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local animals: Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of symptoms.

Manpower available for military service This entry gives the total numbers of males and females age 15-49 and assumes that every individual is fit to serve.

Manpower fit for military service This entry gives the number of males and females age 15-49 fit for military service. This is a more refined measure of potential military manpower availability which tries to account for the health situation in the country and reduces the maximum potential number to a more realistic estimate of the actual number fit to serve.

Manpower reaching military service age annually This entry gives the number of draft-age males and females entering the military manpower pool in any given year and is a measure of the availability of draft-age young adults.

Map references This entry includes the name of the Factbook reference map on which a country may be found. The entry on Geographic coordinates may be helpful in finding some smaller countries.

Maritime claims This entry includes the following claims, the definitions of which are excerpted from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which alone contains the full and definitive descriptions: territorial sea - the sovereignty of a coastal state extends beyond its land territory and internal waters to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea in the UNCLOS (Part II); this sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as its underlying seabed and subsoil; every state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles; the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal state; the UNCLOS describes specific rules for archipelagic states. contiguous zone - according to the UNCLOS (Article 33), this is a zone contiguous to a coastal state's territorial sea, over which it may exercise the control necessary to: prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea; the contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured (e.g. the US has claimed a 12-nautical mile contiguous zone in addition to its 12-nautical mile territorial sea). exclusive economic zone (EEZ) - the UNCLOS (Part V) defines the EEZ as a zone beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea in which a coastal state has: sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents, and winds; jurisdiction with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; the protection and preservation of the marine environment; the outer limit of the exclusive economic zone shall not exceed 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. continental shelf - the UNCLOS (Article 76) defines the continental shelf of a coastal state as comprising the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance; the continental margin comprises the submerged prolongation of the landmass of the coastal state, and consists of the seabed and subsoil of the shelf, the slope and the rise; wherever the continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline, coastal states may extend their claim to a distance not to exceed 350 nautical miles from the baseline or 100 nautical miles from the 2500 meter isobath; it does not include the deep ocean floor with its oceanic ridges or the subsoil thereof. exclusive fishing zone - while this term is not used in the UNCLOS, some states (e.g. the United Kingdom) have chosen not to claim an EEZ, but rather to claim jurisdiction over the living resources off their coast; in such cases, the term exclusive fishing zone is often used; the breadth of this zone is normally the same as the EEZ or 200 nautical miles.

Median age This entry is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. Currently, the median age ranges from a low of about 15 in Uganda and Gaza Strip to 40 or more in several European countries and Japan. See the entry for "Age structure" for the importance of a young versus an older age structure and, by implication, a low versus a higher median age.

Merchant marine Merchant marine may be defined as all ships engaged in the carriage of goods; or all commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc. This entry contains information in four fields - total, ships by type, foreign-owned, and registered in other countries. Total includes the number of ships (1,000 GRT or over), total DWT for those ships, and total GRT for those ships. DWT or dead weight tonnage is the total weight of cargo, plus bunkers, stores, etc., that a ship can carry when immersed to the appropriate load line. GRT or gross register tonnage is a figure obtained by measuring the entire sheltered volume of a ship available for cargo and passengers and converting it to tons on the basis of 100 cubic feet per ton; there is no stable relationship between GRT and DWT. Ships by type includes a listing of barge carriers, bulk cargo ships, cargo ships, chemical tankers, combination bulk carriers, combination ore/oil carriers, container ships, liquefied gas tankers, livestock carriers, multifunctional large-load carriers, petroleum tankers, passenger ships, passenger/cargo ships, railcar carriers, refrigerated cargo ships, roll-on/roll-off cargo ships, short-sea passenger ships, specialized tankers, and vehicle carriers. Foreign-owned are ships that fly the flag of one country but belong to owners in another. Registered in other countries are ships that belong to owners in one country but fly the flag of another.

Military This category includes the entries dealing with a country's military structure, manpower, and expenditures.

Military - note This entry includes miscellaneous military information of significance not included elsewhere.

Military branches This entry lists the names of the ground, naval, air, marine, and other defense or security forces.

Military expenditures - dollar figure This entry gives current military expenditures in US dollars; the figure is calculated by multiplying the estimated defense spending in percentage terms by the gross domestic product (GDP) calculated on an exchange rate basis, not purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Dollar figures for military expenditures should be treated with caution because of different price patterns and accounting methods among nations, as well as wide variations in the strength of their currencies.

Military expenditures - percent of GDP This entry gives current military expenditures as an estimated percent of gross domestic product (GDP). These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.

Military service age and obligation This entry gives the minimum age at which an individual may volunteer for military service or be subject to conscription.

Money figures All money figures are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated.

National holiday This entry gives the primary national day of celebration - usually independence day.

Nationality This entry provides the identifying terms for citizens - noun and adjective.

Natural gas - consumption This entry is the total natural gas consumed in cubic meters (cu m). The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes and other complicating factors.

Natural gas - exports
This entry is the total natural gas exported in cubic meters (cu m).

Natural gas - imports
This entry is the total natural gas imported in cubic meters (cu m).

Natural gas - production This entry is the total natural gas produced in cubic meters (cu m). The discrepancy between the amount of natural gas produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes and other complicating factors.

Natural gas - proved reserves This entry is the stock of proved reserves of natural gas in cubic meters (cu m). Proved reserves are those quantities of natural gas, which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.

Natural hazards
This entry lists potential natural disasters.

Natural resources This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.

Net migration rate This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change. High levels of migration can cause problems such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people are coming in) or a reduction in the labor force, perhaps in certain key sectors (if people are leaving).

Oil - consumption This entry is the total oil consumed in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.

Oil - exports This entry is the total oil exported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.

Oil - imports This entry is the total oil imported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.

Oil - production This entry is the total oil produced in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.

Oil - proved reserves This entry is the stock of proved reserves of crude oil in barrels (bbl). Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with a high degree of confidence to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.

People This category includes the entries dealing with the characteristics of the people and their society.

People - note This entry includes miscellaneous demographic information of significance not included elsewhere.

Personal Names - Capitalization The Factbook capitalizes the surname or family name of individuals for the convenience of our users who are faced with a world of different cultures and naming conventions. The need for capitalization, bold type, underlining, italics, or some other indicator of the individual's surname is apparent in the following examples: MAO Zedong, Fidel CASTRO Ruz, George W. BUSH, and TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al- Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah. By knowing the surname, a short form without all capital letters can be used with confidence as in President Castro, Chairman Mao, President Bush, or Sultan Tunku Salahuddin. The same system of capitalization is extended to the names of leaders with surnames that are not commonly used such as Queen ELIZABETH II.

Personal Names - Spelling The romanization of personal names in the Factbook normally follows the same transliteration system used by the US Board on Geographic Names for spelling place names. At times, however, a foreign leader expressly indicates a preference for, or the media or official documents regularly use, a romanized spelling that differs from the transliteration derived from the US Government standard. In such cases, the Factbook uses the alternative spelling.

Personal Names - Titles The Factbook capitalizes any valid title (or short form of it) immediately preceding a person's name. A title standing alone is not capitalized. Examples: President PUTIN and President BUSH are chiefs of state. In Russia, the president is chief of state and the premier is the head of the government, while in the US, the president is both chief of state and head of government.

Petroleum
See entry for "oil."

Petroleum products
See entry for "oil."

Pipelines This entry gives the lengths and types of pipelines for transporting products like natural gas, crude oil, or petroleum products.

Political parties and leaders This entry includes a listing of significant political organizations and their leaders.

Political pressure groups and leaders This entry includes a listing of organizations with leaders involved in politics, but not standing for legislative election.

Population This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region. Note: starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have explicitly taken into account the effects of the growing impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. These countries are currently: The Bahamas, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Population below poverty line National estimates of the percentage of the population falling below the poverty line are based on surveys of sub-groups, with the results weighted by the number of people in each group. Definitions of poverty vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations.

Population growth rate The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries.

Ports and harbors This entry lists the major ports and harbors selected on the basis of overall importance to each country. This is determined by evaluating a number of factors (e.g., dollar value of goods handled, gross tonnage, facilities, military significance).

Public debt This entry records the cumulatiive total of all government borrowings less repayments that are denominated in a country's home currency. Public debt should not be confused with external debt, which reflects the foreign currency liabilities of both the private and public sector and must be financed out of foreign exchange earnings.

Radio broadcast stations This entry includes the total number of AM, FM, and shortwave broadcast stations.

Railways This entry states the total route length of the railway network and of its component parts by gauge: broad, standard, narrow, and dual. Other gauges are listed under note.

Reference maps
This section includes world and regional maps.

Refugees and internally displaced persons This entry includes those persons residing in a country as refugees or internally displaced persons (IDPs). The definition of a refugee according to a United Nations Convention is "a person who is outside his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well- founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution." The UN established the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950 to handle refugee matters worldwide. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) has a different, operational definition for a Palestinian refugee: "a person whose normal place of residence was Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict." However, UNHCR also assists some 400,000 Palestinian refugees not covered under the UNRWA definition. The term "internally displaced person" is not specifically covered in the UN Convention; it is used to describe people who have fled their homes for reasons similar to refugees, but who remain within their own national territory and are subject to the laws of that state.

Religions This entry is an ordered listing of religions by adherents starting with the largest group and sometimes includes the percent of total population.

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold This entry gives the dollar value for the stock of all financial assets that are available to the central monetary authority for use in meeting a country's balance of payments needs as of the end-date of the period specified. This category includes not only foreign currency and gold, but also a country's holdings of Special Drawing Rights in the International Monetary Fund, and its reserve position in the Fund.

Sex ratio This entry includes the number of males for each female in five age groups - at birth, under 15 years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over, and for the total population. Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertility patterns. Eventually, it could cause unrest among young adult males who are unable to find partners.

Suffrage This entry gives the age at enfranchisement and whether the right to vote is universal or restricted.

Telephone numbers All telephone numbers in the Factbook consist of the country code in brackets, the city or area code (where required) in parentheses, and the local number. The one component that is not presented is the international access code, which varies from country to country. For example, an international direct dial telephone call placed from the US to Madrid, Spain, would be as follows: 011 [34] (1) 577-xxxx, where 011 is the international access code for station-to-station calls; 01 is for calls other than station-to-station calls, [34] is the country code for Spain, (1) is the city code for Madrid, 577 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number. An international direct dial telephone call placed from another country to the US would be as follows: international access code + [1] (202) 939-xxxx, where [ 1] is the country code for the US, (202) is the area code for Washington, DC, 939 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number.

Telephone system This entry includes a brief general assessment of the system with details on the domestic and international components. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry: Africa ONE - a fiber-optic submarine cable link encircling the continent of Africa. Arabsat - Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Autodin - Automatic Digital Network (US Department of Defense). CB - citizen's band mobile radio communications. cellular telephone system - the telephones in this system are radio transceivers, with each instrument having its own private radio frequency and sufficient radiated power to reach the booster station in its area (cell), from which the telephone signal is fed to a telephone exchange. Central American Microwave System - a trunk microwave radio relay system that links the countries of Central America and Mexico with each other. coaxial cable - a multichannel communication cable consisting of a central conducting wire, surrounded by and insulated from a cylindrical conducting shell; a large number of telephone channels can be made available within the insulated space by the use of a large number of carrier frequencies. Comsat - Communications Satellite Corporation (US). DSN - Defense Switched Network (formerly Automatic Voice Network or Autovon); basic general-purpose, switched voice network of the Defense Communications System (US Department of Defense). Eutelsat - European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Paris). fiber-optic cable - a multichannel communications cable using a thread of optical glass fibers as a transmission medium in which the signal (voice, video, etc.) is in the form of a coded pulse of light. GSM - a global system for mobile (cellular) communications devised by the Groupe Special Mobile of the pan-European standardization organization, Conference Europeanne des Posts et Telecommunications (CEPT) in 1982. HF - high frequency; any radio frequency in the 3,000- to 30,000-kHz range. Inmarsat - International Maritime Satellite Organization (London); provider of global mobile satellite communications for commercial, distress, and safety applications at sea, in the air, and on land. Intelsat - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Washington, DC). Intersputnik - International Organization of Space Communications (Moscow); first established in the former Soviet Union and the East European countries, it is now marketing its services worldwide with earth stations in North America, Africa, and East Asia. landline - communication wire or cable of any sort that is installed on poles or buried in the ground. Marecs - Maritime European Communications Satellite used in the Inmarsat system on lease from the European Space Agency. Marisat - satellites of the Comsat Corporation that participate in the Inmarsat system. Medarabtel - the Middle East Telecommunications Project of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) providing a modern telecommunications network, primarily by microwave radio relay, linking Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen; it was initially started in Morocco in 1970 by the Arab Telecommunications Union (ATU) and was known at that time as the Middle East Mediterranean Telecommunications Network. microwave radio relay - transmission of long distance telephone calls and television programs by highly directional radio microwaves that are received and sent on from one booster station to another on an optical path. NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone; an analog cellular telephone system that was developed jointly by the national telecommunications authorities of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). Orbita - a Russian television service; also the trade name of a packet- switched digital telephone network. radiotelephone communications - the two-way transmission and reception of sounds by broadcast radio on authorized frequencies using telephone handsets. PanAmSat - PanAmSat Corporation (Greenwich, CT). SAFE - South African Far East Cable satellite communication system - a communication system consisting of two or more earth stations and at least one satellite that provide long distance transmission of voice, data, and television; the system usually serves as a trunk connection between telephone exchanges; if the earth stations are in the same country, it is a domestic system. satellite earth station - a communications facility with a microwave radio transmitting and receiving antenna and required receiving and transmitting equipment for communicating with satellites. satellite link - a radio connection between a satellite and an earth station permitting communication between them, either one-way (down link from satellite to earth station - television receive-only transmission) or two-way (telephone channels). SHF - super high frequency; any radio frequency in the 3,000- to 30,000-MHz range. shortwave - radio frequencies (from 1.605 to 30 MHz) that fall above the commercial broadcast band and are used for communication over long distances. Solidaridad - geosynchronous satellites in Mexico's system of international telecommunications in the Western Hemisphere. Statsionar - Russia's geostationary system for satellite telecommunications. submarine cable - a cable designed for service under water. TAT - Trans-Atlantic Telephone; any of a number of high-capacity submarine coaxial telephone cables linking Europe with North America. telefax - facsimile service between subscriber stations via the public switched telephone network or the international Datel network. telegraph - a telecommunications system designed for unmodulated electric impulse transmission. telex - a communication service involving teletypewriters connected by wire through automatic exchanges. tropospheric scatter - a form of microwave radio transmission in which the troposphere is used to scatter and reflect a fraction of the incident radio waves back to earth; powerful, highly directional antennas are used to transmit and receive the microwave signals; reliable over-the-horizon communications are realized for distances up to 600 miles in a single hop; additional hops can extend the range of this system for very long distances. trunk network - a network of switching centers, connected by multichannel trunk lines. UHF - ultra high frequency; any radio frequency in the 300- to 3,000- MHz range. VHF - very high frequency; any radio frequency in the 30- to 300-MHz range.

Telephones - main lines in use
This entry gives the total number of main telephone lines in use.

Telephones - mobile cellular
This entry gives the total number of mobile cellular telephones in use.

Television broadcast stations This entry gives the total number of separate broadcast stations plus any repeater stations.

Terminology Due to the highly structured nature of the Factbook database, some collective generic terms have to be used. For example, the word Country in the Country name entry refers to a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states. Military is also used as an umbrella term for various civil defense, security, and defense activities in many entries. The Independence entry includes the usual colonial independence dates and former ruling states as well as other significant nationhood dates such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, or state succession that are not strictly independence dates. Dependent areas have the nature of their dependency status noted in this same entry.

Terrain
This entry contains a brief description of the topography.

Total fertility rate This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. The total fertility rate (TFR) is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows the potential for population change in the country. A rate of two children per woman is considered the replacement rate for a population, resulting in relative stability in terms of total numbers. Rates above two children indicate populations growing in size and whose median age is declining. Higher rates may also indicate difficulties for families, in some situations, to feed and educate their children and for women to enter the labor force. Rates below two children indicate populations decreasing in size and growing older. Global fertility rates are in general decline and this trend is most pronounced in industrialized countries, especially Western Europe, where populations are projected to decline dramatically over the next 50 years.

Transnational issues
This category includes three entries - Disputes - international,
Refugees and internally displaced persons, and Illicit drugs - that
deal with current issues going beyond national boundaries.

Transportation This category includes the entries dealing with the means for movement of people and goods.

Transportation - note This entry includes miscellaneous transportation information of significance not included elsewhere.

Unemployment rate This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.

Waterways This entry gives the total length of navigable rivers, canals, and other inland bodies of water.

Years All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as fiscal year (FY). The calendar year is an accounting period of 12 months from 1 January to 31 December. The fiscal year is an accounting period of 12 months other than 1 January to 31 December.

Note: Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates.

This page was last updated on 20 October 2005

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History

The Intelligence Cycle is the process by which information is acquired, converted into intelligence, and made available to policymakers. Information is raw data from any source, data that may be fragmentary, contradictory, unreliable, ambiguous, deceptive, or wrong. Intelligence is information that has been collected, integrated, evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted. Finished intelligence is the final product of the Intelligence Cycle ready to be delivered to the policymaker.

The three types of finished intelligence are: basic, current, and estimative. Basic intelligence provides the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue. Current intelligence reports on new developments. Estimative intelligence judges probable outcomes. The three are mutually supportive: basic intelligence is the foundation on which the other two are constructed; current intelligence continually updates the inventory of knowledge; and estimative intelligence revises overall interpretations of country and issue prospects for guidance of basic and current intelligence. The World Factbook, The President's Daily Brief, and the National Intelligence Estimates are examples of the three types of finished intelligence.

The United States has carried on foreign intelligence activities since the days of George Washington but only since World War II have they been coordinated on a government-wide basis. Three programs have highlighted the development of coordinated basic intelligence since that time: (1) the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS), (2) the National Intelligence Survey (NIS), and (3) The World Factbook.

During World War II, intelligence consumers realized that the production of basic intelligence by different components of the US Government resulted in a great duplication of effort and conflicting information. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 brought home to leaders in Congress and the executive branch the need for integrating departmental reports to national policymakers. Detailed and coordinated information was needed not only on such major powers as Germany and Japan, but also on places of little previous interest. In the Pacific Theater, for example, the Navy and Marines had to launch amphibious operations against many islands about which information was unconfirmed or nonexistent. Intelligence authorities resolved that the United States should never again be caught unprepared.

In 1943, Gen. George B. Strong (G-2), Adm. H. C. Train (Office of Naval Intelligence - ONI), and Gen. William J. Donovan (Director of the Office of Strategic Services - OSS) decided that a joint effort should be initiated. A steering committee was appointed on 27 April 1943 that recommended the formation of a Joint Intelligence Study Publishing Board to assemble, edit, coordinate, and publish the Joint Army Navy Intelligence Studies (JANIS). JANIS was the first interdepartmental basic intelligence program to fulfill the needs of the US Government for an authoritative and coordinated appraisal of strategic basic intelligence. Between April 1943 and July 1947, the board published 34 JANIS studies. JANIS performed well in the war effort, and numerous letters of commendation were received, including a statement from Adm. Forrest Sherman, Chief of Staff, Pacific Ocean Areas, which said, "JANIS has become the indispensable reference work for the shore-based planners."

The need for more comprehensive basic intelligence in the postwar world was well expressed in 1946 by George S. Pettee, a noted author on national security. He wrote in The Future of American Secret Intelligence (Infantry Journal Press, 1946, page 46) that world leadership in peace requires even more elaborate intelligence than in war. "The conduct of peace involves all countries, all human activities - not just the enemy and his war production."

The Central Intelligence Agency was established on 26 July 1947 and officially began operating on 18 September 1947. Effective 1 October 1947, the Director of Central Intelligence assumed operational responsibility for JANIS. On 13 January 1948, the National Security Council issued Intelligence Directive (NSCID) No. 3, which authorized the National Intelligence Survey (NIS) program as a peacetime replacement for the wartime JANIS program. Before adequate NIS country sections could be produced, government agencies had to develop more comprehensive gazetteers and better maps. The US Board on Geographic Names (BGN) compiled the names; the Department of the Interior produced the gazetteers; and CIA produced the maps.

The Hoover Commission's Clark Committee, set up in 1954 to study the structure and administration of the CIA, reported to Congress in 1955 that: "The National Intelligence Survey is an invaluable publication which provides the essential elements of basic intelligence on all areas of the world. There will always be a continuing requirement for keeping the Survey up-to-date." The Factbook was created as an annual summary and update to the encyclopedic NIS studies. The first classified Factbook was published in August 1962, and the first unclassified version was published in June 1971. The NIS program was terminated in 1973 except for the Factbook, map, and gazetteer components. The 1975 Factbook was the first to be made available to the public with sales through the US Government Printing Office (GPO). The year 2005 marks the 58th anniversary of the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency and the 62nd year of continuous basic intelligence support to the US Government by The World Factbook and its two predecessor programs.

This page was last updated on 28 April, 2005

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This page was last updated on 18 July, 2005

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General

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Geography

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Also included in the Factbook are entries on parts of the world whose status has not yet been resolved (e.g., West Bank, Spratly Islands). Specific regions within a country or areas in dispute among countries are not covered.

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A doubly landlocked country is one that is separated from an ocean or an ocean-accessible sea by two intervening countries. Uzbekistan and Liechtenstein are the only countries that fit this definition.

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Why is the spelling of proper names such as rulers, presidents, and prime ministers in The World Factbook different than their spelling in my country?

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There are too many variations in pronunciation among English-speaking countries, not to mention English renditions of non-English names, for pronunciations to be included. American English pronunciations are included for some countries like Qatar and Kiribati.

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When American and British spellings of common English words differ, The World Factbook always uses the American spelling, even when these common words form part of a proper name in British English.

Policies and Procedures

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The Factbook staff uses many different sources to publish what we judge are the most reliable and consistent data for any particular category. Space considerations preclude a listing of these various sources.

The names of some geographic features provided in the Factbook differ from those used in other publications. For example, in Asia the Factbook has Burma as the country name, but in other publications Myanmar is used; also, the Factbook uses Sea of Japan whereas other publications label it East Sea. What is your policy on naming geographic features?

The Factbook staff follows the guidance of the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN). The BGN is the component of the United States Government that develops policies, principles, and procedures governing the spelling, use, and application of geographic names—domestic, foreign, Antarctic, and undersea. Its decisions enable all departments and agencies of the US Government to have access to uniform names of geographic features. The position of the BGN is that the names Burma and Sea of Japan be used in official US Government maps and publications.

Why is most of the statistical information in the Factbook given in metric units, rather than the units standard to US measure?

US Federal agencies are required by the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (Public Law 94-168) and by Executive Order 12770 of July 1991 to use the International System of Units, commonly referred to as the metric system or SI. In addition, the metric system is used by over 95 percent of the world's population.

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The Factbook staff judges that this information would only be useful for some (generally smaller) countries. Larger countries can have large temperature extremes that do not represent the landmass as a whole. In the future, such a category may be adopted listing the extremes, but also adding a normal temperature range found throughout most of a country's territory.

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Flag designs used in The World Factbook are those recognized by the protocol office of the US Department of State.

Why do your GDP (Gross Domestic Product) statistics differ from other sources?

GDP dollar estimates in The World Factbook are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations. See the Notes and Definitions section on GDP methodology for more information.

On the CIA Web site, Chiefs of State is updated weekly, but the last update for the Factbook was an earlier date. Why the discrepancy?

Although Chiefs of State and The World Factbook both appear on the CIA Web site, they are produced and updated by separate staffs. Chiefs of State includes fewer countries but more leaders, and is updated more frequently than The World Factbook, which has a much larger database, and includes all countries.

Some percentage distributions do not add to 100. Why not?

Because of rounding, percentage distributions do not always add precisely to 100%. Rounding of numbers always results in a loss of precision—i.e., error. This error becomes apparent when percentage data are totaled, as the following two examples show:

Original Data Rounded to whole integer

Example 1 43.2 43
30.4 30
26.4 26
—— —
100.0 99

Example 2 42.8 43
31.6 32
25.6 26
—— —
100.0 101

When this occurs, we do not force the numbers to add exactly to 100, because doing so would introduce additional error into the distribution.

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In deciding on the number of digits to present, the Factbook staff assesses the accuracy of the original data and the needs of US Government officials. All of the economic data are processed by computer—either at the source or by the Factbook staff. The economic data presented in The Factbook, therefore, follow the rounding convention used by virtually all numerical software applications, namely, any digit followed by a "5" is rounded up to the next higher digit, no matter whether the original digit is even or odd. Thus, for example, when rounded to the nearest integer, 2.5 becomes 3, rather than 2, as occurred in some pre-computer rounding systems.

Technical

Does The World Factbook comply with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation
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The World Factbook home page has a link entitled "Text/Low Bandwidth Version." The country data in the text version is fully accessible. We believe The World Factbook is compliant with the Section 508 law in both fact and spirit. If you are experiencing difficulty, please use our comment form to provide us details of the specific problem you are experiencing and the assistive software and/or hardware that you are using so that we can work with our technical support staff to find and implement a solution. We welcome visitors' suggestions to improve accessibility of The World Factbook and the CIA Web site.

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Hundreds of "Factbook" look-alikes exist on the Internet. The Factbook site at: www.cia.gov is the only official site.

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When I open a map on The World Factbook site, it is fuzzy or granular, or too big or too small. Why?

Adjusting the resolution setting on your monitor should correct this problem.

Is The World Factbook country data available in machine-readable format? All I can find is HTML, but I'm looking for simple tabular data.

The Factbook Web site now features "Rank Order" pages for selected Factbook entries. "Rank Order" pages are available for those data fields identified with a small bar chart icon located next to the title of the data entry. In addition, all of the "Rank Order" pages can be downloaded as tab-delimited data files that can be opened in other applications such as spreadsheets and databases.

This page was last updated on 27 September, 2005

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@Afghanistan

Introduction Afghanistan

Background:
Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil unrest.
The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw 10
years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces. The Communist regime
in Kabul collapsed in 1992. Fighting that subsequently erupted among
the various mujahidin factions eventually helped to spawn the
Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that fought to end
the warlordism and civil war that gripped the country. The Taliban
seized Kabul in 1996 and were able to capture most of the country
outside of Northern Alliance strongholds primarily in the northeast.
Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US, Allied, and
Northern Alliance military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering
Osama BIN LADIN. In late 2001, a conference in Bonn, Germany,
established a process for political reconstruction that ultimately
resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and presidential
election in 2004. On 9 October 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first
democratically elected president of Afghanistan. The new Afghan
government's next task is to hold National Assembly elections,
tentatively scheduled for April 2005.

Geography Afghanistan

Location:
Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran

Geographic coordinates:
33 00 N, 65 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 647,500 sq km
land: 647,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,529 km
border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km,
Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Terrain:
mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites,
sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones

Land use: arable land: 12.13% permanent crops: 0.22% other: 87.65% (2001)

Irrigated land:
23,860 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding;
droughts

Environment - current issues:
limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of
potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of
the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building
materials); desertification; air and water pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Life Conservation

Geography - note:
landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to
southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the
country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan
Corridor)

People Afghanistan

Population:
29,928,987 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.7% (male 6,842,857/female 6,524,485)
15-64 years: 52.9% (male 8,124,077/female 7,713,603)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 353,193/female 370,772) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.56 years
male: 17.55 years
female: 17.57 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
4.77%
note: this rate does not take into consideration the recent war and
its continuing impact (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
47.02 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
20.75 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
21.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 163.07 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 167.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 158.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 42.9 years
male: 42.71 years
female: 43.1 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.01% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk countrywide below 2,000 meters from March through November animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan

Ethnic groups:
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%,
Baloch 2%, other 4%

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1%

Languages:
Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official) 35%,
Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor
languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 36%
male: 51%
female: 21% (1999 est.)

People - note:
of the estimated 4 million refugees in October 2001, 2.3 million
have returned

Government Afghanistan

Country name:
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Afghanestan
local short form: Afghanestan
former: Republic of Afghanistan

Government type:
Islamic republic

Capital:
Kabul

Administrative divisions:
34 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis,
Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Daykondi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr,
Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khowst, Konar,
Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Nurestan, Oruzgan,
Paktia, Paktika, Panjshir, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar,
Vardak, and Zabol

Independence:
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 19 August (1919)

Constitution:
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed
16 January 2004

Legal system:
according to the new constitution, no law should be "contrary to
Islam"; the state is obliged to create a prosperous and progressive
society based on social justice, protection of human dignity,
protection of human rights, realization of democracy, and to ensure
national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and tribes; the
state shall abide by the UN charter, international treaties,
international conventions that Afghanistan signed, and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government; former King ZAHIR Shah
holds the honorific, "Father of the Country," and presides
symbolically over certain occasions, but lacks any governing
authority; the honorific is not hereditary
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: 27 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives 50% or
more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates
with the most votes will participate in a second round; a president
can only be elected for two terms; election last held 9 October 2004
(next to be held in 2009)
election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -
Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANOONI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ
11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, Masooda
JALAL 1.2%

Legislative branch:
nonfunctioning as of January 2004; government is empowered by the
constitution to issue legislation by decree until the new assembly
is seated; under the new constitution, the bicameral National
Assembly will consist of the Wolesi Jirga or House of People (no
more than 249 seats), directly elected for a five-year term, and the
Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102 seats, one third elected from
provincial councils for a four-year term, one third elected from
local district councils for a three-year term, and one third
presidential appointees for a five-year term; the presidential
appointees will include two representatives of Kuchis and two
representatives of the disabled; half of the presidential appointees
will be women)
note: on rare occasions the government may convene the Loya Jirga on
issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial
integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and
prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National
Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils
elections: scheduled for spring 2005

Judicial branch:
the new constitution establishes a nine-member Stera Mahkama or
Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for 10-year terms by
the president with approval of the Wolesi Jirga) and subordinate
High Courts and Appeals Courts; there is also a Minister of Justice;
a separate Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission established by
the Bonn Agreement is charged with investigating human rights abuses
and war crimes

Political parties and leaders:
note - includes only political parties approved by the Ministry of
Justice: Afghan Millat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; De Afghanistan De Solay
Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz TANAI]; De Afghanistan De Solay Mili Islami
Gond [Shah Mahmood Polal ZAI]; Harakat-e-Islami Afghanistan
[Mohammad Asif MOHSINEE]; Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan
[Iihaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE]; Hezb-e-Aazadee Afghanistan [Abdul
MALIK]; Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Kabeer
MARZBAN]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid [Mohammad Wasil RAHEEMEE];
Hezb-e-Afghan Watan Islami Gond [leader NA]; Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili
Afghanistan [Latif PEDRAM]; Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan
[Mohammad ZAREEF]; Hezb-e-Libral-e-Aazadee
Khwa-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SOHAIL]; Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili
Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil KARZAI];
Hezb-e-Hamnbatagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Nadir AATASH];
Hezb-e-Harak-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said Hssain
ANWARY]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan
[Baryalai NASRATEE]; Hezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Gh. Farooq
NIJZRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahan [Sibghatullah SANJAR];
Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiar OMID]; Hezb-e-Mili
Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed AARYAN]; Hezb-e-Mili
Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANEE];
Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOUD];
Hezb-e-Paiwand-e-Mili Afghanistan [Said Mansoor NADIRI];
Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Said ZAHIR];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASEEQ];
Hezb-e-Risalat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEEN];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Wa Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Usman
SALIGZADA]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Abdul
Qahir SHARYATEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul
Qadir IMAMEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum-e-Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Ahamad
SHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim
KHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ustad
Mohammad MOHAQQEQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed
Jalili]; Jamahat-ul-Dahwat ilal Qurhan-wa-Sunat-ul-Afghanistan
[Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e Milli [Abdul Rashid
DOSTAM]; Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Said Ahmad GAILANEE];
Majmah-e-Mili Fahaleen-e-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shams ul Haq Noor
SHAMS]; Nuhzat-e-Aazadee Wa democracy Afghanistan [Abdul Raqeeb
Jawid KUHISTANEE]; Nuhzat-e-Hambastagee Mili Afghanistan [Peer Said
Ishaq GAILANEE]; Sazman-e-Islami Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Siad Jawad
HUSSAINEE]; Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili [Sultan Mahmood DHAZI] (30 Sep
2004)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Jamiat-e Islami (Society of Islam) [former President Burhanuddin
RABBANI]; Ittihad-e Islami (Islamic Union for the Liberation of
Afghanistan), [Abdul Rasul SAYYAF]; there are also small monarchist,
communist, and democratic groups

International organization participation:
AsDB, CP, ECO, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC,
OPCW, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO (observer), WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Said Tayeb JAWAD
chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] 202-483-6410
FAX: [1] 202-483-6488
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Zalmay KHALILZAD
embassy: The Great Masood Road, Kabul
mailing address: 6180 Kabul Place, Dulles, VA 20189-6180
telephone: [00] (2) 230-0436
FAX: [0093] (2) 230-1364

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist), red, and green, with a
gold emblem centered on the red band; the emblem features a
temple-like structure encircled by a wreath on the left and right
and by a bold Islamic inscription above

Economy Afghanistan

Economy - overview:
Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved significantly since the
fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 because of the infusion of over
$2 billion in international assistance, recovery of the agricultural
sector, and the reestablishment of market institutions. Agriculture
boomed in 2003 with the end of a four-year drought, but drought
conditions returned for the southern half of the country in 2004.
Despite the progress of the past few years, Afghanistan remains
extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid,
farming, and trade with neighboring countries. It will probably take
the remainder of the decade and continuing donor aid and attention
to raise Afghanistan's living standards up from its current status
among the lowest in the world. Much of the population continues to
suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical
care, and jobs, but the Afghan government and international donors
remain committed to improving access to these basic necessities by
prioritizing infrastructure development, education, housing
development, jobs programs, and economic reform over the next year.
Growing political stability and continued international commitment
to Afghan reconstruction create an optimistic outlook for
maintaining improvements in the Afghan economy in 2005. Expanding
poppy cultivation and a growing opium trade may account for
one-third of GDP and looms as one of Kabul's most serious policy
challenges.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$21.5 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 60% industry: 20% services: 20% (1990 est.)

Labor force:
11.8 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80%, industry 10%, services 10% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
53% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10.3% (2003)

Budget:
revenues: $300 million
expenditures: $609 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY04-05 budget)

Agriculture - products:
opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins

Industries:
small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes,
fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
540 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 36.3% hydro: 63.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
652.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
150 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
220 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
220 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
49.98 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:
$446 million (not including illicit exports or reexports) (FY03-04)

Exports - commodities:
opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and
pelts, precious and semi-precious gems

Exports - partners:
Pakistan 24%, India 21.3%, US 12.4%, Germany 5.5% (2004)

Imports:
$3.759 billion (FY03-04)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
Pakistan 25.5%, US 8.7%, India 8.5%, Germany 6.5%, Turkmenistan
5.3%, Kenya 4.7%, South Korea 4.2%, Russia 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$8 billion in bilateral debt, mostly to Russia; Afghanistan has
$500 million in debt to Multilateral Development Banks (2004)

Economic aid - recipient:
international pledges made by more than 60 countries and
international financial institutions at the Berlin Donors Conference
for Afghan reconstruction in March 2004 reached $8.9 billion for
2004-09

Currency (code):
afghani (AFA)

Currency code:
AFA

Exchange rates:
afghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (2004), 3,000 (2003), 3,000 (2002),
3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000)
note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate
varied widely from the official rate

Fiscal year:
21 March - 20 March

Communications Afghanistan

Telephones - main lines in use:
33,100 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
15,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: very limited telephone and telegraph service
domestic: telephone service improving with the establishment of two
mobile phone operators by 2003; telephone main lines remain weak
with only 0.1 line per 10 people
international: country code - 93; five VSAT's installed in Kabul,
Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif, Kandahar, and Jalalabad provide international
and domestic voice and data connectivity

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 21, FM 23, shortwave 1 (broadcasts in Pashtu, Afghan Persian
(Dari), Urdu, and English) (2003)

Radios:
167,000 (1999)

Television broadcast stations: at least 10 (one government-run central television station in Kabul and regional stations in nine of the 32 provinces; the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997, there was a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern Afghanistan provinces) (1998)

Televisions:
100,000 (1999)

Internet country code:
.af

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
1,000 (2002)

Communications - note:
in March 2003 'af' was established as Afghanistan's domain name;
Internet access is growing through Internet cafes as well as public
"telekiosks" in Kabul that are part of a nationwide network proposed
by the Transitional Authority for Internet access (2002)

Transportation Afghanistan

Highways: total: 21,000 km paved: 2,793 km unpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.)

Waterways: 1,200 km note: chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 387 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Kheyrabad, Shir Khan

Airports:
47 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 10 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 37 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 5 (2004 est.)

Military Afghanistan

Military branches:
Afghan National Army (includes Afghan Air Force), Afghan Militia
Force (AMF) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
22 years of age; inductees are contracted into service for a 4-year
term (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 22-49: 4,952,812 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 22-49: 2,662,946 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 275,362 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$188.4 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Afghanistan

Disputes - international:
the UN has been able to repatriate over two million Afghan refugees
but several million more continue to reside in Iran and Pakistan in
camps and elsewhere, many at their own choosing; Coalition and
Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal areas to control
the borders and stem organized terrorist and other illegal
cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani and
Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments; occasional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements
with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 167,000 - 200,000 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis displaced in
south and west due to drought and instability) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
world's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opium poppy
reached unprecedented level of 206,700 hectares in 2004; counterdrug
efforts largely unsuccessful; potential opium production of 4,950
metric tons; potential heroin production of 582 metric tons if all
opium was processed; source of hashish; many narcotics-processing
labs throughout the country; drug trade source of instability and
some antigovernment groups profit from the trade; 80-90% of the
heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan opium; vulnerable to
narcotics money laundering through informal financial networks

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Akrotiri

Introduction Akrotiri

Background:
By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created the
independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovereignty and
jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers in
total: Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The southernmost and smallest of these
is the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as
the Western Sovereign Base Area.

Geography Akrotiri

Location:
peninsula on the southwest coast of Cyprus

Geographic coordinates:
34 37 N, 32 58 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 123 sq km
note: includes a salt lake and wetlands

Area - comparative:
about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 47.4 km border countries: Cyprus 47.4 km

Coastline:
56.3 km

Climate:
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Environment - current issues:
shooting around the salt lake; note - breeding place for loggerhead
and green turtles; only remaining colony of griffon vultures is on
the base

Geography - note:
British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small
off-post sites scattered across Cyprus

People Akrotiri

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,300 military personnel are on the base; there
are another 5,000 British citizens who are families of military
personnel or civilian staff on both Akrotiri and Dhekelia; Cyprus
citizens work on the base, but do not live there

Languages:
English, Greek

Government Akrotiri

Country name:
conventional long form: Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area
conventional short form: Akrotiri

Dependency status:
overseas territory of UK; administered by an administrator who is
also the Commander, British Forces Cyprus

Capital:
Episkopi Cantonment; also serves as capital of Dhekelia

Legal system:
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Thomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003); note - reports to the British Ministry
of Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
the flag of the UK is used

Economy Akrotiri

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to providing services to the military
and their families located in Akrotiri. All food and manufactured
goods must be imported.

Military Akrotiri

Military - note:
Akrotiri has a full RAF base, Headquarters for British Forces on
Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Albania

Introduction Albania

Background:
Between 1990 and 1992 Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic
Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The
transition has proven difficult as successive governments have tried
to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated
infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks with links to
government officials, and disruptive political opponents. Albania
has made incremental progress in its democratic development since
first holding multiiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain
- particularly in regard to the rule of law. Despite some lingering
problems, international observers have judged elections to be
largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability
following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. In the 2005
general elections, the Democratic Party and its allies won a
decisive victory on pledges of reducing crime and corruption,
promoting economic growth, and decreasing the size of government.
Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still
one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy,
large public debt, and an inadequate energy and tranportation
infrastructure. Albania has played a largely helpful role in
managing inter-ethnic tensions in southeastern Europe, and is
continuing to work toward joining NATO and the EU.

Geography Albania

Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea,
between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro

Geographic coordinates:
41 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 28,748 sq km
land: 27,398 sq km
water: 1,350 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
total: 720 km
border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and
Montenegro 287 km

Coastline:
362 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers;
interior is cooler and wetter

Terrain:
mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore,
nickel, salt, timber, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 21.09% permanent crops: 4.42% other: 74.49% (2001)

Irrigated land:
3,400 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast;
floods; drought

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and
domestic effluents

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to
Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

People Albania

Population:
3,563,112 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.6% (male 476,989/female 434,298)
15-64 years: 65.8% (male 1,199,964/female 1,144,886)
65 years and over: 8.6% (male 141,559/female 165,416) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 28.52 years
male: 27.95 years
female: 29.1 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.52% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.08 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 21.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.96 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.24 years
male: 74.6 years
female: 80.15 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.04 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Albanian(s)
adjective: Albanian

Ethnic groups:
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Religions:
Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%
note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current
statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were
closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November
1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

Languages:
Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach,
Romani, Slavic dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 9 and over can read and write
total population: 86.5%
male: 93.3%
female: 79.5% (2003 est.)

Government Albania

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Albania
conventional short form: Albania
local long form: Republika e Shqiperise
local short form: Shqiperia
former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Government type:
emerging democracy

Capital:
Tirana

Administrative divisions:
12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Qarku i Beratit, Qarku i
Dibres, Qarku i Durresit, Qarku i Elbasanit, Qarku i Fierit, Qarku i
Gjirokastres, Qarku i Korces, Qarku i Kukesit, Qarku i Lezhes, Qarku
i Shkodres, Qarku i Tiranes, Qarku i Vlores

Independence:
28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

Constitution:
adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998

Legal system:
has a civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction; has accepted jurisdiction of the International
Criminal Court for its citizens

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU (since 24
July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held
June 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19

Legislative branch:
unicameral People's Assembly or Kuvendi Popullor (140 seats; 100
are elected by direct popular vote and 40 by proportional vote for
four-year terms)
elections: last held 4 July 2005 (next to be held July 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PD 55, PS 40, PR 11, PSD 7, LSI 5, other 22

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by the
People's Assembly for a four-year term), and multiple appeals and
district courts

Political parties and leaders:
Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI]; Christian
Democratic Party or PDK [Nikolle LESI]; Communist Party of Albania
or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or PAD [Neritan
CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality Movement
Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or PBL [Arjan
STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Adriatik
ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party of
National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Party or
PDR [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Social
Democracy Party or PDS [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir
META]; Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albanian Party of Labor)
[Fatos NANO]; Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO];
Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI];
Omonia [Jani JANI]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or
BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

International organization participation:
ACCT, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIG, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Agim NESHO chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942 FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Marcie B. RIES embassy: Rruga Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana mailing address: U. S. Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510 telephone: [355] (4) 247285 FAX: [355] (4) 374957 and [355] (4) 232222

Flag description: red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Economy Albania

Economy - overview:
Poor and backward by European standards, Albania is making the
difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. The
government has taken measures to curb violent crime and to spur
economic activity and trade. The economy is bolstered by annual
remittances from abroad of $600-$800 million, mostly from Greece and
Italy; this helps offset the towering trade deficit. Agriculture,
which accounts for about one-half of GDP, is held back because of
frequent drought and the need to modernize equipment, to clarify
property rights, and to consolidate small plots of land. Energy
shortages and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure make it
difficult to attract and sustain foreign investment. The planned
construction of a new thermal power plant near Vlore and improved
transmission and distribution facilities will help relieve the
energy shortages. Also, the government is moving slowly to improve
the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to
sustained economic growth. On the positive side: growth was strong
in 2003 and 2004, the nation has important oil and gas reserves, and
inflation is not a problem.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$17.46 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 46.2% industry: 25.4% services: 28.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 1.09 million (not including 352,000 emigrant workers) (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 57%, non-agricultural private sector 20%, public sector 23% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
14.8% officially; may be as high as 30% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
25% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.05 billion
expenditures: $2.46 billion, including capital expenditures of $500
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes;
meat, dairy products

Industries:
food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement,
chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Industrial production growth rate:
3.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
5.68 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 2.9% hydro: 97.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.76 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
100 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.08 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Oil - production:
2,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
7,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
5,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
185.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
30 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
30 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.316 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-504 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$552.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude
oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Exports - partners:
Italy 71.7%, Canada 4.3%, Germany 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$2.076 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Italy 34.8%, Greece 19.8%, Turkey 7.7%, Germany 5.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.206 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.41 billion (2003)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA: $315 million (top donors were Italy, EU, Germany) (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
lek (ALL)

Currency code:
ALL

Exchange rates:
leke per US dollar - 102.649 (2004), 121.863 (2003), 140.155
(2002), 143.485 (2001), 143.709 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Albania

Telephones - main lines in use:
255,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.1 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines, the
density of main lines remains the lowest in Europe with roughly 8
lines per 100 people; however, cellular telephone use is widespread
and generally effective
domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile
phone service has been available since 1996; by 2003 two companies
were providing mobile services at a greater density than some of
Albania's Balkan neighbors
international: country code - 355; inadequate fixed main lines;
adequate cellular connections; international traffic carried by
microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece
(2003)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 13, FM 4, shortwave 2 (2001)

Radios:
1 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus 58 repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
700,000 (2001)

Internet country code:
.al

Internet hosts:
455 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10 (2001)

Internet users:
30,000 (2003)

Transportation Albania

Railways: total: 447 km standard gauge: 447 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 18,000 km paved: 5,400 km unpaved: 12,600 km (2002)

Waterways:
43 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Merchant marine:
total: 25 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 40,878 GRT/62,676 DWT
by type: cargo 24, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Denmark 1, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
11 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 8 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Albania

Military branches:
General Staff Headquarters, Land Forces Command (Army), Naval
Forces Command, Air Defense Command, Logistics Command, Training and
Doctrine Command

Military service age and obligation:
19 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 809,524 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 668,526 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 37,407 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$56.5 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.49% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Albania

Disputes - international:
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of
ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful
resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in
neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea
has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands of unemployed
Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other developed
countries

Illicit drugs:
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for
Western Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;
ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding
in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional
trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Algeria

Introduction Algeria

Background:
After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought
through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962. Algeria's
primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), has
dominated politics ever since. Many Algerians in the subsequent
generation were not satisfied, however, and moved to counter the
FLN's centrality in Algerian politics. The surprising first round
success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991
balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the
second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared
would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. The army
began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin
attacking government targets. The government later allowed elections
featuring pro-government and moderate religious-based parties, but
did not appease the activists who progressively widened their
attacks. The fighting escalated into an insurgency, which saw
intense fighting between 1992-98 and which resulted in over 100,000
deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate massacres of villagers by
extremists. The government gained the upper hand by the late-1990s
and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic Salvation Army, disbanded in
January 2000. However, small numbers of armed militants persist in
confronting government forces and conducting ambushes and occasional
attacks on villages. The army placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in the
presidency in 1999 in a fraudulent election but claimed neutrality
in his 2004 landslide reelection victory. Longstanding problems
continue to face BOUTEFLIKA in his second term, including the ethnic
minority Berbers' ongoing autonomy campaign, large-scale
unemployment, a shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water
supplies, government inefficiencies and corruption, and the
continuing - although significantly degraded - activities of
extremist militants. Algeria must also diversify its petroleum-based
economy, which has yielded a large cash reserve but which has not
been used to redress Algeria's many social and infrastructure
problems. Algeria assumed a two-year seat on the UN Security Council
in January 2004.

Geography Algeria

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Morocco
and Tunisia

Geographic coordinates:
28 00 N, 3 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 2,381,740 sq km
land: 2,381,740 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 6,343 km
border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km,
Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

Coastline:
998 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm

Climate:
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along
coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau;
sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

Terrain:
mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow,
discontinuous coastal plain

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m
highest point: Tahat 3,003 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc

Land use: arable land: 3.22% permanent crops: 0.25% other: 96.53% (2001)

Irrigated land:
5,600 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and
floods in rainy season

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming practices;
desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum refining wastes,
and other industrial effluents is leading to the pollution of rivers
and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in particular, becoming
polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and fertilizer runoff;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)

People Algeria

Population:
32,531,853 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29% (male 4,811,086/female 4,626,271)
15-64 years: 66.3% (male 10,861,862/female 10,701,459)
65 years and over: 4.7% (male 719,460/female 811,715) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.36 years
male: 24.18 years
female: 24.53 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.22% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
17.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.83 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73 years
male: 71.45 years
female: 74.63 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
9,100 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a high risk in some
locations (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Algerian(s)
adjective: Algerian

Ethnic groups:
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools

Religions:
Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%

Languages:
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70%
male: 78.8%
female: 61% (2003 est.)

Government Algeria

Country name:
conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
conventional short form: Algeria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash
Sha'biyah
local short form: Al Jaza'ir

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Algiers

Administrative divisions:
48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla, Ain
Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida,
Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa,
El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel,
Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila,
Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi
Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret,
Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen

Independence:
5 July 1962 (from France)

National holiday:
Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)

Constitution:
19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November
1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996

Legal system:
socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of
legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of
various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28 April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held NA April 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS
6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the National People's Assembly or
Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani (389 seats - changed from 380 seats
in the 2002 elections; members elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms) and the Council of Nations (Senate) (144 seats;
one-third of the members appointed by the president, two-thirds
elected by indirect vote; members serve six-year terms; the
constitution requires half the council to be renewed every three
years)
elections: National People's Assembly - last held 30 May 2002 (next
to be held NA 2007); Council of Nations (Senate) - last held 30
December 2003 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: National People's Assembly - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - FLN 199, RND 48, Islah 43, MSP 38, PT
21, FNA 8, EnNahda 1, PRA 1, MEN 1, independents 29; Council of
Nations - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party NA%

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Court Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; Democratic National
Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation Front or
FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh
KEBIR (self-exiled in Germany)]; National Entente Movement or MEN
[Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz
BELKHADEM, secretary general (also serves as Foreign Minister)];
National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Abdellah
DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine TERKMANE];
Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and
Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general]; Renaissance
Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist Forces Front
or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exiled in
Switzerland)]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Society
of Peace Movement or MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI]; Workers Party or PT
[Louisa HANOUN]
note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted
in March 1997

Political pressure groups and leaders:
The Algerian Human Rights League or LADH or LADDH [Yahia Ali
ABDENOUR]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]; Somoud [Ali MERABET]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA,
MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, OSCE (partner),
UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Amine KHERBI chancery: 2137 Wyoming Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800 FAX: [1] (202) 667-2174

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard W. ERDMAN embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers mailing address: B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16030 Algiers telephone: [213] (21) 691-425/255/186 FAX: [213] (21) 69-39-79

Flag description:
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a red,
five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the two-color
boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional
symbols of Islam (the state religion)

Economy Algeria

Economy - overview:
The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting
for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of
export earnings. Algeria has the seventh-largest reserves of natural
gas in the world and is the second-largest gas exporter; it ranks
14th in oil reserves. Sustained high oil prices in recent years,
along with macroeconomic policy reforms supported by the IMF, have
helped improve Algeria's financial and macroeconomic indicators.
Algeria is running substantial trade surpluses and building up
record foreign exchange reserves. Real GDP has risen due to higher
oil output and increased government spending. The government's
continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and
domestic investment outside the energy sector, however, has had
little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living
standards. Structural reform within the economy moves ahead slowly.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$212.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10.3% industry: 57.4% services: 32.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 9.91 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 14%, industry 13.4%, construction and public works 10%, trade 14.6%, government 32%, other 16% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
25.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
23% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.3 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
26.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $31.47 billion
expenditures: $29.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.8
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
37.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep, cattle

Industries:
petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical,
petrochemical, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
25.76 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.7% hydro: 0.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
23.61 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
500 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
150 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
1.2 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
209,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
11.87 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
80.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
22.32 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
57.98 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
4.739 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$11.9 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$32.16 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97%

Exports - partners:
US 22.6%, Italy 17.2%, France 11.4%, Spain 10.1%, Canada 7.5%,
Brazil 6.1%, Belgium 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$15.25 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
France 30.3%, Italy 8.2%, Germany 6.5%, Spain 5.5%, US 5.2%, China
5.1%, Turkey 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$43.55 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$21.9 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$122.8 million (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
Algerian dinar (DZD)

Currency code:
DZD

Exchange rates:
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 72.061 (2004), 77.395 (2003),
79.682 (2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.26 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Algeria

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,199,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,447,310 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telephone density in Algeria is very low, not
exceeding five telephones per 100 persons; the number of fixed main
lines increased in the last few years to a little more than
2,000,000, but only about two-thirds of these have subscribers; much
of the infrastructure is outdated and inefficient
domestic: good service in north but sparse in south; domestic
satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic
earth stations are planned)
international: country code - 213; 5 submarine cables; microwave
radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial
cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1
Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat (1998)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 25, FM 1, shortwave 8 (1999)

Radios:
7.1 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
3.1 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.dz

Internet hosts:
897 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
500,000 (2002)

Transportation Algeria

Railways:
total: 3,973 km
standard gauge: 2,888 km 1.435-m gauge (283 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,085 km 1.055-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 104,000 km
paved: 71,656 km (including 640 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,344 km (1999)

Pipelines:
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas 2,213 km;
oil 6,496 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran,
Skikda

Merchant marine:
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 837,676 GRT/929,847 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 14, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas
10, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 3 (United Kingdom 3)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
137 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 52 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 85 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 914 to 1,523 m: 38 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Algeria

Military branches:
People's National Army (ANP; includes Land Forces), Algerian
National Navy (MRA), Air Force (QJJ), Territorial Air Defense Force
(2005)

Military service age and obligation: 19-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (October 2003)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 8,033,049 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 6,590,079 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 374,639 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$2.48 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Algeria

Disputes - international:
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and rejects
Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border with
Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation has
accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an
attempt to improve relations after unilaterally imposing a visa
requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the
requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 165,000 (Western Saharan Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf) IDPs: 100,000 - 200,000 (conflict between government forces, Islamic insurgents) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@American Samoa

Introduction American Samoa

Background:
Settled as early as 1000 B.C., Samoa was "discovered" by European
explorers in the 18th century. International rivalries in the latter
half of the 19th century were settled by an 1899 treaty in which
Germany and the US divided the Samoan archipelago. The US formally
occupied its portion - a smaller group of eastern islands with the
excellent harbor of Pago Pago - the following year.

Geography American Samoa

Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about half
way between Hawaii and New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
14 20 S, 170 00 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 199 sq km
land: 199 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
116 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual
rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April,
dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited coastal plains,
two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Lata 966 m

Natural resources:
pumice, pumicite

Land use:
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 15%
other: 75% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
typhoons common from December to March

Environment - current issues:
limited natural fresh water resources; the water division of the
government has spent substantial funds in the past few years to
improve water catchments and pipelines

Geography - note:
Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater harbors in the
South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough seas and
protected by peripheral mountains from high winds; strategic
location in the South Pacific Ocean

People American Samoa

Population:
57,881 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 10,705/female 9,956)
15-64 years: 61.3% (male 18,351/female 17,125)
65 years and over: 3% (male 664/female 1,080) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 22.76 years
male: 22.5 years
female: 23.05 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.11% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-20.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.27 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.84 years
male: 72.27 years
female: 79.62 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.25 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: American Samoan(s)
adjective: American Samoan

Ethnic groups:
native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white 1.2%, mixed 2.8%,
other 0.2% (2000 census)

Religions:
Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%, Protestant and
other 30%

Languages:
Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian
languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%,
other 2%
note: most people are bilingual (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 98%
female: 97% (1980 est.)

Government American Samoa

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of American Samoa
conventional short form: American Samoa
abbreviation: AS

Dependency status:
unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US; administered by
the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Pago Pago

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of the US); there are no first-order administrative
divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are three
districts and two islands* at the second order; Eastern, Manu'a,
Rose Island*, Swains Island*, Western

Independence:
none (territory of the US)

National holiday:
Flag Day, 17 April (1900)

Constitution:
ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967

Legal system:
NA

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: cabinet made up of 12 department directors
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 2 and 16 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of vote
- Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Fono or Legislative Assembly consists of the House of
Representatives (21 seats - 20 of which are elected by popular vote
and 1 is an appointed, nonvoting delegate from Swains Island;
members serve two-year terms) and the Senate (18 seats; members are
elected from local chiefs and serve four-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2006); Senate - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2008)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Senate - percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - independents 18
note: American Samoa elects one nonvoting representative to the US
House of Representatives; election last held 2 November 2004 (next
to be held November 2006); results - Eni F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA
(Democrat) reelected as delegate

Judicial branch:
High Court (chief justice and associate justices are appointed by
the US Secretary of the Interior)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party [Oreta M. TOGAFAU]; Republican Party [Tautai A. F.
FAALEVAO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of the US)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of the US)

Flag description:
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is based on the outer
side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and white American bald
eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying two traditional
Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club

Economy American Samoa

Economy - overview:
This is a traditional Polynesian economy in which more than 90% of
the land is communally owned. Economic activity is strongly linked
to the US, with which American Samoa conducts most of its foreign
trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of
the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. Transfers
from the US Government add substantially to American Samoa's
economic well-being. Attempts by the government to develop a larger
and broader economy are restrained by Samoa's remote location, its
limited transportation, and its devastating hurricanes. Tourism is a
promising developing sector.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$500 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force:
14,000 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
tuna canneries 34%, government 33%, other 33% (1990)

Unemployment rate:
6% (2000)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%

Budget:
revenues: $121 million (37% in local revenue and 63% in US grants)
expenditures: $127 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY96/97)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit, yams, copra,
pineapples, papayas; dairy products, livestock

Industries:
tuna canneries (largely supplied by foreign fishing vessels),
handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
130 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
120.9 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$30 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:
canned tuna 93%

Exports - partners:
Samoa 39.8%, Australia 19.9%, Japan 15.1%, New Zealand 10.5% (2004)

Imports:
$123 million (2002)

Imports - commodities:
materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum products 7%,
machinery and parts 6%

Imports - partners:
Japan 31.4%, New Zealand 27.9%, Germany 17.1%, Australia 8.9% (2004)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
important financial support from the US, more than $40 million in
1994

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications American Samoa

Telephones - main lines in use:
15,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,377 (1999)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular telephone
services; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth station
international: country code - 1-684; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)

Radios:
57,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1; note - one cable TV station (2004)

Televisions:
14,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.as

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation American Samoa

Highways: total: 185 km paved: 185 km unpaved: 0 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Pago Pago

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military American Samoa

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues American Samoa

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Andorra

Introduction Andorra

Background:
For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique
co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from 1607
onward, the French chief of state and the Spanish bishop of Urgel).
In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the titular heads of
state retained, but the government transformed into a parliamentary
democracy. Long isolated and impoverished, mountainous Andorra
achieved considerable prosperity since World War II through its
tourist industry. Many immigrants (legal and illegal) are attracted
to the thriving economy with its lack of income taxes.

Geography Andorra

Location:
Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain

Geographic coordinates:
42 30 N, 1 30 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 468 sq km
land: 468 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 120.3 km border countries: France 56.6 km, Spain 63.7 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Terrain:
rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Natural resources: hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead

Land use: arable land: 2.22% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.78% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
avalanches

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes to soil
erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Hazardous Wastes
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in the
Pyrenees

People Andorra

Population:
70,549 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 5,471/female 4,995)
15-64 years: 71.5% (male 26,463/female 23,977)
65 years and over: 13.7% (male 4,780/female 4,863) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.34 years
male: 40.63 years
female: 40.02 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.95% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
6.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 83.51 years
male: 80.6 years
female: 86.6 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.29 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Andorran(s)
adjective: Andorran

Ethnic groups:
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6%
(1998)

Religions:
Roman Catholic (predominant)

Languages:
Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 100% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Andorra

Country name:
conventional long form: Principality of Andorra
conventional short form: Andorra
local long form: Principat d'Andorra
local short form: Andorra

Government type:
parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as its
chiefs of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the president
of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are represented
locally by coprinces' representatives

Capital:
Andorra la Vella

Administrative divisions:
7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la Vella,
Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Escaldes-Engordany, Ordino, Sant Julia
de Loria

Independence:
1278 (was formed under the joint suzerainty of the French count of
Foix and the Spanish bishop of Urgel)

National holiday:
Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)

Constitution:
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991, approved
by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 4 May 1993

Legal system:
based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995),
represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),
represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTAT
SANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held April-May
2005)
election results: Marc FORNE MOLNE elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de las
Valls (28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, 14 from
a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the 7
parishes; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held March-April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLA 41.2%, PS 38.1%,
CDA 11%, other 9.7%; seats by party - PLA 14, PS 12, CDA 2

Judicial branch:
Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts
or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or
Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice
or Consell Superior de la Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri
Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional

Political parties and leaders:
Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic Party
or PD) [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA (formerly
Liberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT]; Social Democratic Party or PS
(formerly part of National Democratic Group or AND) [Mariona
GONZALEZ REOLIT]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
CE, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN,
UNESCO, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Jelena V.
PIA-COMELLA
chancery: 2 United Nations Plaza, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 750-8064
FAX: [1] (212) 750-6630

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US Ambassador to
Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in Andorra are
represented by the Consulate General's office in Barcelona (Spain);
mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda, 23, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
telephone: [34] (93) 280-2227; FAX: [34] (93) 280-6175

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red
with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat
of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of Chad
and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the
center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem

Economy Andorra

Economy - overview:
Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy,
accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 9 million tourists
visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its
summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage has
recently eroded as the economies of neighboring France and Spain
have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and
lower tariffs. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also
contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is
limited - only 2% of the land is arable - and most food has to be
imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising.
Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and
furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is
treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs)
and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.9 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $26,800 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force:
33,000 (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1%, industry 21%, services 78% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
0% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.3% (2000)

Budget:
revenues: $385 million
expenditures: $342 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997)

Agriculture - products:
small quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables; sheep

Industries:
tourism (particularly skiing), cattle raising, timber, banking

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - production by source:
NA

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
NA kWh; note - most electricity supplied by Spain and France;
Andorra generates a small amount of hydropower

Exports:
$58 million f.o.b. (1998)

Exports - commodities:
tobacco products, furniture

Exports - partners:
Spain 58%, France 34% (2000)

Imports:
$1.077 billion (1998)

Imports - commodities:
consumer goods, food, electricity

Imports - partners:
Spain 48%, France 35%, US 2.3% (2000)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
none

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Andorra

Telephones - main lines in use:
35,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
23,500 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: modern system with microwave radio relay connections
between exchanges
international: country code - 376; landline circuits to France and
Spain

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 15, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
16,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
0 (1997)

Televisions:
27,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ad

Internet hosts:
4,144 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
24,500 (2001)

Transportation Andorra

Highways: total: 269 km paved: 198 km unpaved: 71 km

Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 1

Airports:
none (2004 est.)

Military Andorra

Military branches:
no regular military forces, Police Service of Andorra

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France and Spain

Transnational Issues Andorra

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Angola

Introduction Angola

Background:
Angola has begun to enjoy the fruits of peace since the end of a
27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for
the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and
the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led
by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace
seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but
UNITA renewed fighting after being beaten by the MPLA at the polls.
Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people
displaced - in the quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in
2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and strengthened the MPLA's hold on
power. DOS SANTOS has pledged to hold national elections in 2006.

Geography Angola

Location:
Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between
Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geographic coordinates:
12 30 S, 18 30 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,246,700 sq km
land: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,198 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of
which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province),
Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km

Coastline:
1,600 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry
season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold,
bauxite, uranium

Land use: arable land: 2.41% permanent crops: 0.24% other: 97.35% (2001)

Irrigated land:
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau

Environment - current issues:
overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to
population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical
rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical
timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of
biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and
siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of
the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo

People Angola

Population:
11,190,786 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.4% (male 2,454,209/female 2,407,083)
15-64 years: 53.7% (male 3,059,339/female 2,955,060)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 139,961/female 175,134) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.12 years
male: 18.12 years
female: 18.11 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
44.64 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
25.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 191.19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 203.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 178.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 38.43 years
male: 37.28 years
female: 39.64 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
3.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
240,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
21,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan

Ethnic groups:
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European
and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15% (1998
est.)

Languages:
Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 66.8%
male: 82.1%
female: 53.8% (2001 est.)

Government Angola

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Angola
conventional short form: Angola
local long form: Republica de Angola
local short form: Angola
former: People's Republic of Angola

Government type:
republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong
presidential system

Capital:
Luanda

Administrative divisions:
18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela,
Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene,
Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico,
Namibe, Uige, Zaire

Independence:
11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Constitution:
11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March
1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet been
approved

Legal system:
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently
modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of
free markets

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-year
term; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without
opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in
Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be
held September 2006)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats;
members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held September
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%,
others 12%; seats by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD
3, others 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao (judges are appointed by the
president)

Political parties and leaders:
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA], largest
opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS
SANTOS], ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or
PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections
but only won a few seats and have little influence in the National
Assembly

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita
Henriques TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE]
note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed
struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Josefina Perpetua Pitra DIAKIDI chancery: 2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156 FAX: [1] (202) 785-1258 consulate(s) general: Houston and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Cynthia EFFIRD
embassy: number 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne (in the Miramar area of
Luanda), Luanda
mailing address: international mail: Caixa Postal 6468, Luanda;
pouch: American Embassy Luanda, Department of State, Washington, DC
20521-2550
telephone: [244] (2) 445-481, 447-028, 446-224
FAX: [244] (2) 446-924

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered
yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a
cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Economy Angola

Economy - overview:
Angola has been an economy in disarray because of a quarter century
of nearly continuous warfare. An apparently durable peace was
established after the death of rebel leader Jonas SAVIMBI in
February 2002, but consequences from the conflict continue including
the impact of widespread land mines. Subsistence agriculture
provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil
production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy,
contributing about 45% to GDP and more than half of exports. Much of
the country's food must still be imported. To fully take advantage
of its rich natural resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests,
Atlantic fisheries, and large oil deposits - Angola will need to
continue reforming government policies and to reduce corruption.
While Angola made progress in further lowering inflation, from 325%
in 2000 to about 106% in 2002, the government has failed to make
sufficient progress on reforms recommended by the IMF such as
increasing foreign exchange reserves and promoting greater
transparency in government spending. Increased oil production
supported 7% GDP growth in 2003 and 12% growth in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$23.17 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
11.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8% industry: 67% services: 25% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
5.41 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 85%, industry and services 15% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
extensive unemployment and underemployment affecting more than half
the population (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
70% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
43.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
34.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $9.013 billion
expenditures: $9.562 billion, including capital expenditures of $963
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, manioc (tapioca),
tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest products; fish

Industries:
petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite,
uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing;
food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles, ship
repair

Industrial production growth rate:
1% (2000)

Electricity - production:
1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 36.4% hydro: 63.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.587 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
980,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
22.88 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
530 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
530 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
79.57 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-37.88 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$12.76 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee,
sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton

Exports - partners:
US 38%, China 35.9%, Taiwan 6.8%, France 6.5% (2004)

Imports:
$4.896 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts;
medicines, food, textiles, military goods

Imports - partners:
South Korea 28.3%, Portugal 13.1%, US 9.3%, South Africa 7.4%,
Brazil 5.6%, Japan 4.8%, France 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$800 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$10.45 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$383.5 million (1999)

Currency (code):
kwanza (AOA)

Currency code:
AOA

Exchange rates:
kwanza per US dollar - 83.541 (2004), 74.606 (2003), 43.53 (2002),
22.058 (2001), 10.041 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Angola

Telephones - main lines in use:
96,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
130,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telephone service limited mostly to government
and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for military
links
domestic: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and
tropospheric scatter
international: country code - 244; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 21, FM 6, shortwave 7 (2000)

Radios:
815,000 (2000)

Television broadcast stations:
6 (2000)

Televisions:
196,000 (2000)

Internet country code:
.ao

Internet hosts:
17 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
41,000 (2002)

Transportation Angola

Railways: total: 2,761 km narrow gauge: 2,638 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 51,429 km paved: 5,328 km unpaved: 46,101 km (2001)

Waterways:
1,300 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 214 km; liquid natural gas 14 km; liquid petroleum gas 30 km;
oil 837 km; refined products 56 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cabinda, Luanda, Soyo

Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 26,123 GRT/42,879 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1
registered in other countries: 4 (2005)

Airports:
243 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 211
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 95
under 914 m: 80 (2004 est.)

Military Angola

Military branches:
Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MdG), Air and Air Defense Forces
(FANA)

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 2 years plus time for training (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 2,423,221 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,174,548 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 121,254 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$183.58 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
10.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Angola

Disputes - international:
90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004, the remaining
refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia are
expected to return in 2005; many Cabinda exclave secessionists have
sought shelter in neighboring states

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 40,000-60,000 (27-year civil war ending in 2002; 4 million
IDPs already have returned) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western
Europe and other African states

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Anguilla

Introduction Anguilla

Background:
Colonized by English settlers from Saint Kitts in 1650, Anguilla
was administered by Great Britain until the early 19th century, when
the island - against the wishes of the inhabitants - was
incorporated into a single British dependency, along with Saint
Kitts and Nevis. Several attempts at separation failed. In 1971, two
years after a revolt, Anguilla was finally allowed to secede; this
arrangement was formally recognized in 1980, with Anguilla becoming
a separate British dependency.

Geography Anguilla

Location:
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic
Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:
18 15 N, 63 10 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 102 sq km
land: 102 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about half the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
61 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Terrain:
flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m

Natural resources:
salt, fish, lobster

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some
commercial salt ponds) (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to October)

Environment - current issues: supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing demand largely because of poor distribution system

Geography - note: the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles

People Anguilla

Population:
13,254 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.2% (male 1,561/female 1,517)
15-64 years: 69.9% (male 4,767/female 4,501)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 405/female 503) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.76 years
male: 30.81 years
female: 30.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.77% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
8.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 21.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.11 years
male: 74.18 years
female: 80.12 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Anguillan(s)
adjective: Anguillan

Ethnic groups:
black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%, other
1.6% (2001 Census)

Religions:
Anglican 29%, Methodist 23.9%, other Protestant 30.2%, Roman
Catholic 5.7%, other Christian 1.7%, other 5.2%, none or unspecified
4.3% (2001 Census)

Languages:
English (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 12 and over can read and write
total population: 95%
male: 95%
female: 95% (1984 est.)

Government Anguilla

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Anguilla

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
The Valley

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Anguilla Day, 30 May

Constitution:
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Alan Eden HUCKLE (since 28 May 2004)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Assembly (11 seats total, 7 elected by direct
popular vote, 2 ex officio members, and 2 appointed; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 21 February 2005 (next to be held 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - AUF 38.9%, ANSA 19.2%,
AUM 19.4%, APP 9.5 %, independents 13%; seats by party - AUF 4, ANSA
2, AUM 1

Judicial branch:
High Court (judge provided by Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court)

Political parties and leaders:
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The Anguilla
United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of
the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National
Alliance or ANA; Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy ROGERS];
Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), OECS (associate),
UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half of the flag;
the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an interlocking
circular design on a white background with blue wavy water below

Economy Anguilla

Economy - overview:
Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily
on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobster fishing, and
remittances from emigrants. Increased activity in the tourism
industry, which has spurred the growth of the construction sector,
has contributed to economic growth. Anguillan officials have put
substantial effort into developing the offshore financial sector,
which is small, but growing. In the medium term, prospects for the
economy will depend largely on the tourism sector and, therefore, on
revived income growth in the industrialized nations as well as on
favorable weather conditions.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$112 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.8% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,500 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 18% services: 78% (2002 est.)

Labor force: 6,049 (2001)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining 4%, manufacturing 3%, construction 18%, transportation and utilities 10%, commerce 36%, services 29% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
8% (2002)

Population below poverty line:
23% (2002)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.3%

Budget:
revenues: $22.8 million
expenditures: $22.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
small quantities of tobacco, vegetables; cattle raising

Industries:
tourism, boat building, offshore financial services

Industrial production growth rate:
3.1% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
NA

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA

Electricity - consumption:
42.6 million kWh

Exports:
$2.6 million (1999)

Exports - commodities:
lobster, fish, livestock, salt, concrete blocks, rum

Exports - partners:
UK, US, Puerto Rico, Saint-Martin (2000)

Imports:
$80.9 million (1999)

Imports - commodities:
fuels, foodstuffs, manufactures, chemicals, trucks, textiles

Imports - partners:
US, Puerto Rico, UK (2000)

Debt - external:
$8.8 million (1998)

Economic aid - recipient:
$9 million (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Anguilla

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: modern internal telephone system
international: country code - 1-264; microwave radio relay to island
of Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
3,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ai

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
3,000 (2002)

Transportation Anguilla

Highways: total: 105 km paved: 65 km unpaved: 40 km (1997)

Ports and harbors:
Blowing Point, Road Bay

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Anguilla

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Anguilla

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the
US and Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Antarctica

Introduction Antarctica

Background:
Speculation over the existence of a "southern land" was not
confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American commercial
operators and British and Russian national expeditions began
exploring the Antarctic Peninsula region and other areas south of
the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1840 was it established that
Antarctica was indeed a continent and not just a group of islands.
Several exploration "firsts" were achieved in the early 20th
century. Following World War II, there was an upsurge in scientific
research on the continent. A number of countries have set up
year-round research stations on Antarctica. Seven have made
territorial claims, but not all countries recognize these claims. In
order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the
continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies
nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in
1959, it entered into force in 1961.

Geography Antarctica

Location:
continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle

Geographic coordinates:
90 00 S, 0 00 E

Map references:
Antarctic Region

Area:
total: 14 million sq km
land: 14 million sq km (280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million sq km
ice-covered) (est.)
note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North
America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the
subcontinent of Europe

Area - comparative:
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US

Land boundaries: 0 km note: see entry on Disputes - international

Coastline:
17,968 km

Maritime claims:
Australia, Chile, and Argentina claim Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
rights or similar over 200 nm extensions seaward from their
continental claims, but like the claims themselves, these zones are
not accepted by other countries; 20 of 27 Antarctic consultative
nations have made no claims to Antarctic territory (although Russia
and the US have reserved the right to do so) and do not recognize
the claims of the other nations; also see the Disputes -
international entry

Climate:
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance
from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica
because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most
moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the
coast and average slightly below freezing

Terrain:
about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with
average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges
up to nearly 5,000 meters; ice-free coastal areas include parts of
southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area,
and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers form ice shelves
along about half of the coastline, and floating ice shelves
constitute 11% of the area of the continent

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,555 m
highest point: Vinson Massif 4,897 m
note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the
Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet
discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater

Natural resources:
iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and other
minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small
uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish,
and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km

Natural hazards:
katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the high
interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the
coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West
Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may
calve from ice shelf

Environment - current issues:
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic ozone hole
was the largest on record, covering 27 million square kilometers;
researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet light passing
through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an antarctic fish
lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown to harm
one-celled antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant areas of
ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming

Geography - note:
the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest continent;
during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface at the South
Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; mostly
uninhabitable

People Antarctica

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent and
summer-only staffed research stations
note: 26 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, operate
seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent
and in its surrounding oceans; the population of persons doing and
supporting science on the continent and its nearby islands south of
60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic
Treaty) varies from approximately 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in
winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel including ship's
crew and scientists doing onboard research are present in the waters
of the treaty region; summer (January) population - 3,687 total;
Argentina 302, Australia 201, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16,
Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11, France 100, Germany 51, India 60,
Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway
40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia 254, South Africa 80, Spain 43,
Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378 (1998-99); winter (July) population -
964 total; Argentina 165, Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China
33, France 33, Germany 9, India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10,
Poland 20, Russia 102, South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998-99);
research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south
of 60 degrees south) by members of the Council of Managers of
National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP): year-round stations - 38
total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, France
1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1,
Russia 6, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1, Italy
and France jointly 1 (2005); summer-only stations - 34 total;
Argentina 8, Australia 2, Bulgaria 1, Chile 5, Ecuador 1, Finland 1,
Germany 2, Italy 1, Japan 3, Norway 2, Peru 1, Russia 2, South
Africa 1, Spain 2, Sweden 1, UK 1 (2004-2005); in addition, during
the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations
such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile
traverses in support of research

Government Antarctica

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Antarctica

Government type: Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica; the 27th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Cape Town, South Africa in May-June 2004; at these periodic meetings, decisions are made by consensus (not by vote) of all consultative member nations; at the end of 2003, there were 45 treaty member nations: 28 consultative and 17 non-consultative; consultative (decision-making) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 21 non-claimant nations; the US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US does not recognize the claims of others; Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations; decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; the year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was accepted as a consultative member, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory; claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1983), Bulgaria (1998) China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Ukraine (1992), Uruguay (1985), and the US; non-consultative members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1995), and Venezuela (1999); Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations; other agreements - some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for Fauna and Flora (1964) which were later incorporated into the Environmental Protocol; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but remains unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes: 1) environmental impact assessment, 2) conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora, 3) waste disposal and waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, and 5) area protection and management; it prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Legal system:
Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative
member nations; decisions from these meetings are carried out by
these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and
operations) in accordance with their own national laws; US law,
including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such
as murder, may apply extra-territorially; some US laws directly
apply to Antarctica; for example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16
U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties
for the following activities, unless authorized by regulation of
statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of
nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected
areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation
into the US of certain items from Antarctica; violation of the
Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in
fines and one year in prison; the National Science Foundation and
Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities; Public Law
95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in
1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in
advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805, Department of State,
Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as
required by the Antarctic Treaty; for more information, contact
Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science
Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or
visit their website at www.nsf.gov; more generally, access to the
Antarctic Treaty area, that is to all areas between 60 and 90
degrees latitude South, is subject to a number of relevant legal
instruments and authorization procedures adopted by the states party
to the Antarctic Treaty.

Economy Antarctica

Economy - overview:
Fishing off the coast and tourism, both based abroad, account for
the limited economic activity. Antarctic fisheries in 2000-01 (1
July-30 June) reported landing 112,934 metric tons. Unregulated
fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish, is a serious problem.
The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources determines the recommended catch limits for marine
species. A total of 13,571 tourists visited in the 2002-03 antarctic
summer, up from the 11,588 visitors the previous year. Nearly all of
them were passengers on commercial (nongovernmental) ships and
several yachts that make trips during the summer. Most tourist trips
last approximately two weeks.

Communications Antarctica

Telephones - main lines in use:
0
note: information for US bases only (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: local systems at some research stations
domestic: NA
international: country code - 672; via satellite (mobile Inmarsat
and Iridium system) from some research stations

Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM 2, shortwave 1
note: information for US bases only (2002)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
1 (cable system with six channels; American Forces Antarctic
Network-McMurdo)
note: information for US bases only (2002)

Televisions:
several hundred at McMurdo Station (US)
note: information for US bases only (2001)

Internet country code:
.aq

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Transportation Antarctica

Ports and harbors:
there are no developed ports and harbors in Antarctica; most
coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are
transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and
helicopters; a few stations have a basic wharf facility; US coastal
stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E), Palmer (64 43 S, 64 03
W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under
"Legal System"); all ships at port are subject to inspection in
accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; offshore anchorage is
sparse and intermittent; relevant legal instruments and
authorization procedures adopted by the states party to the
Antarctic Treaty regulating access to the Antarctic Treaty area, to
all areas between 60 and 90 degrees of latitude South, have to be
complied with (see "Legal System") (2004)

Airports:
there are no developed public access airports or landing
facilities; 30 stations, operated by 16 national governments party
to the Antarctic Treaty, have restricted aircraft landing facilities
for either helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft; commercial
enterprises operate two additional aircraft landing facilities;
helicopter pads are available at 27 stations; runways at 15
locations are gravel, sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable
for landing wheeled, fixed-wing aircraft; of these, one is greater
than 3 km in length, six are between 2 km and 3 km in length, three
are between 1 km and 2 km in length, three are less than 1 km in
length, and two are of unknown length; snow surface skiways, limited
to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at
another 15 locations; of these, four are greater than 3 km in
length, three are between 2 km and 3 km in length, two are between 1
km and 2 km in length, two are less than 1 km in length, and four
are of unknown length; aircraft landing facilities generally subject
to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme
seasonal and geographic conditions; aircraft landing facilities do
not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the respective
governmental or nongovernmental operating organization required for
using their facilities; landed aircraft are subject to inspection in
accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; guidelines for the
operation of aircraft near concentrations of birds in Antarctica
were adopted in 2004; relevant legal instruments and authorization
procedures adopted by states party to the Antarctic Treaty
regulating access to the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to all areas
between 60 and 90 degrees of latitude South, have to be complied
with (see information under "Legal System"); an Antarctic Flight
Information Manual (AFIM) providing up-to-date details of Antarctic
air facilities and procedures is maintained and published by the
Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 20 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
27 stations have restricted helicopter landing facilities
(helipads) (2004 est.)

Military Antarctica

Military - note:
the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military nature,
such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the
carrying out of military maneuvers, or the testing of any type of
weapon; it permits the use of military personnel or equipment for
scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes

Transnational Issues Antarctica

Disputes - international:
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary in
Government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ,
Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some overlapping)
for a large portion of the continent; the US and many other states
do not recognize these territorial claims and have made no claims
themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims
have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees
west; several states with territorial claims in Antarctica have
expressed their intention to submit data to the UN Commission on the
Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their continental shelf
claims to adjoining undersea ridges

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Antigua and Barbuda

Introduction Antigua and Barbuda

Background:
The Siboney were the first to inhabit the islands of Antigua and
Barbuda in 2400 B.C., but Arawak and Carib Indians populated the
islands when Columbus landed on his second voyage in 1493. Early
settlements by the Spanish and French were succeeded by the English
who formed a colony in 1667. Slavery, established to run the sugar
plantations on Antigua, was abolished in 1834. The islands became an
independent state within the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1981.

Geography Antigua and Barbuda

Location:
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:
17 03 N, 61 48 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 442.6 sq km (Antigua 280 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km)
land: 442.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km

Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
153 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands, with some higher
volcanic areas

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

Natural resources:
NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Land use:
arable land: 18.18%
permanent crops: 4.55%
other: 77.27% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); periodic droughts

Environment - current issues: water management - a major concern because of limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to run off quickly

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with many natural harbors
and beaches; Barbuda has a very large western harbor

People Antigua and Barbuda

Population:
68,722 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.9% (male 9,767/female 9,427)
15-64 years: 68% (male 23,466/female 23,250)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 1,085/female 1,727) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 29.67 years
male: 29.19 years
female: 30.15 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.57% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
17.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-6.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 19.46 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 23.43 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.9 years
male: 69.53 years
female: 74.38 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s) adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan

Ethnic groups:
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Religions:
Christian, (predominantly Anglican with other Protestant, and some
Roman Catholic)

Languages:
English (official), local dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of
schooling
total population: 89%
male: 90%
female: 88% (1960 est.)

Government Antigua and Barbuda

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Antigua and Barbuda

Government type:
constitutional monarchy with UK-style parliament

Capital:
Saint John's (Antigua)

Administrative divisions:
6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George,
Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip

Independence:
1 November 1981 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day (National Day), 1 November (1981)

Constitution:
1 November 1981

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir James B. CARLISLE (since 10 June
1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24
March 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the governor general

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17-member body
appointed by the governor general) and the House of Representatives
(17 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to
serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 23 March 2004 (next
to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
ALP 4, UPP 13

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of
the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the
Court of Summary Jurisdiction)

Political parties and leaders:
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD]; Barbuda People's
Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United Progressive Party or UPP
[Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties - United
National Democratic Party or UNDP, Antigua Caribbean Liberation
Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor Movement or PLM)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's
Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber),
ITU, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Lionel A. HURST chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 362-5122 FAX: [1] (202) 362-5225 consulate(s) general: Miami

Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy in Antigua and Barbuda (embassy closed 30 June 1994); the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda

Flag description:
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of
the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black
(top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising sun in the black
band

Economy Antigua and Barbuda

Economy - overview:
Tourism continues to dominate the economy, accounting for more than
half of GDP. Weak tourist arrival numbers since early 2000 have
slowed the economy, however, and pressed the government into a tight
fiscal corner. The dual-island nation's agricultural production is
focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited water
supply and a labor shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages
in tourism and construction. Manufacturing comprises enclave-type
assembly for export with major products being bedding, handicrafts,
and electronic components. Prospects for economic growth in the
medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the
industrialized world, especially in the US, which accounts for
slightly more than one-third of tourist arrivals.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$750 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $11,000 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.9% industry: 19.2% services: 76.8% (2002)

Labor force:
30,000

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 7%, industry 11%, services 82% (1983)

Unemployment rate:
11% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.4% (2000 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $123.7 million
expenditures: $145.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, fruits, vegetables, bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes,
sugarcane; livestock

Industries:
tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol,
household appliances)

Industrial production growth rate:
6% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
110.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
103 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$689 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, machinery and transport
equipment 17%, food and live animals 4%, other 8%

Exports - partners:
Poland 47.8%, UK 24.6%, Germany 8.7% (2004)

Imports:
$692 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment,
manufactures, chemicals, oil

Imports - partners:
China 19.5%, US 18.7%, Singapore 14.8%, Poland 8.5%, Trinidad and
Tobago 4.7% (2004)

Debt - external:
$231 million (1999)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.3 million (1995)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Antigua and Barbuda

Telephones - main lines in use:
38,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
38,200 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: good automatic telephone system
international: country code - 1-268; 1 coaxial submarine cable;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric
scatter to Saba (Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
36,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1997)

Televisions:
31,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ag

Internet hosts:
1,665 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
10,000 (2002)

Transportation Antigua and Barbuda

Highways:
total: 250 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Saint John's

Merchant marine:
total: 980 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,873,626 GRT/7,683,143 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 33, cargo 630, chemical tanker 9, container
272, liquefied gas 9, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 8, roll
on/roll off 17, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 923 (Australia 2, Bangladesh 4, Belgium 4, Colombia
2, Denmark 8, Estonia 2, Germany 849, Iceland 5, Latvia 5, Lebanon
2, Lithuania 1, Netherlands 11, Norway 3, Philippines 1, Russia 1,
Slovenia 5, Sweden 1, Switzerland 5, Turkey 4, United Kingdom 1,
United States 7) (2005)

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Antigua and Barbuda

Military branches:
Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force: Infantry, Coast Guard
(2004)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscript military service (2001)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Antigua and Barbuda

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
considered a minor transshipment point for narcotics bound for the
US and Europe; more significant as an offshore financial center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Arctic Ocean

Introduction Arctic Ocean

Background:
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five oceans (after
the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the recently
delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US and Canada) and
Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two important seasonal
waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes
circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.

Geography Arctic Ocean

Location:
body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America, mostly north
of the Arctic Circle

Geographic coordinates:
90 00 N, 0 00 E

Map references:
Arctic Region

Area:
total: 14.056 million sq km
note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea,
East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara
Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies

Area - comparative:
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US

Coastline:
45,389 km

Climate:
polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively
narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by
continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear
skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy
weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Terrain:
central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that,
on average, is about 3 meters thick, although pressure ridges may be
three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort
Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from the New
Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between Greenland and
Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer,
but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the
encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about 50% continental
shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a central
basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera,
Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Natural resources:
sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules,
oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

Natural hazards:
ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island;
icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme
northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked
from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from
October to May

Environment - current issues:
endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile
ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or
damage; thinning polar icepack

Geography - note:
major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to
the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between
North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes
of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated
by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20
to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10
months

Economy Arctic Ocean

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural
resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.

Transportation Arctic Ocean

Ports and harbors:
Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Transportation - note:
sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest
Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are
important seasonal waterways

Transnational Issues Arctic Ocean

Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Argentina

Introduction Argentina

Background:
Following independence from Spain in 1816, Argentina experienced
periods of internal political conflict between conservatives and
liberals and between civilian and military factions. After World War
II, a long period of Peronist authoritarian rule and interference in
subsequent governments was followed by a military junta that took
power in 1976. Democracy returned in 1983, and numerous elections
since then have underscored Argentina's progress in democratic
consolidation.

Geography Argentina

Location:
Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between
Chile and Uruguay

Geographic coordinates:
34 00 S, 64 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 2,766,890 sq km
land: 2,736,690 sq km
water: 30,200 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 9,665 km
border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km,
Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

Coastline:
4,989 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

Terrain:
rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau
of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Laguna del Carbon -105 m (located between Puerto San
Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province of Santa
Cruz)
highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m (located in the northwestern
corner of the province of Mendoza)

Natural resources:
fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore,
manganese, petroleum, uranium

Land use: arable land: 12.31% permanent crops: 0.48% other: 87.21% (2001)

Irrigated land:
15,610 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes subject to
earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can strike the
pampas and northeast; heavy flooding

Environment - current issues: environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, air pollution, and water pollution note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse gas targets

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic
location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic and the
South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake
Passage); Cerro Aconcagua is South America's tallest mountain, while
Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere

People Argentina

Population:
39,537,943 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.6% (male 5,170,721/female 4,938,171)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male 12,626,711/female 12,627,026)
65 years and over: 10.6% (male 1,712,117/female 2,463,197) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 29.42 years male: 28.52 years female: 30.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.98% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.9 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.07 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.91 years
male: 72.17 years
female: 79.85 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.7% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
130,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Argentine(s)
adjective: Argentine

Ethnic groups:
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and
Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white groups 3%

Religions:
nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant
2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%

Languages:
Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.1%
male: 97.1%
female: 97.1% (2003 est.)

Government Argentina

Country name:
conventional long form: Argentine Republic
conventional short form: Argentina
local long form: Republica Argentina
local short form: Argentina

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Buenos Aires

Administrative divisions:
23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 autonomous
city* (distrito federal); Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Capital
Federal*, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes, Entre Rios,
Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones, Neuquen, Rio
Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santiago del
Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del Atlantico Sur,
Tucuman
note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica

Independence:
9 July 1816 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)

Constitution:
1 May 1853; revised August 1994

Legal system:
mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003); Vice
President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);
Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 27 April
2003 (next election to be held NA 2007)
election results: results of the presidential election of 27 April
2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez
MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other
8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the
Senate (72 seats; members are elected by direct vote; presently
one-third of the members elected every two years to a six-year term)
and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members are elected by
direct vote; one-half of the members elected every two years to a
four-year term)
elections: Senate - last held intermittently by province during the
2nd half of 2003 (next to be held NA 2005); Chamber of Deputies -
last held intermittently by province during the 2nd half of 2003
(next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%;
seats by bloc or party - PJ 41, UCR 16, provincial parties 15;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%; seats
by bloc or party - PJ 133, UCR 46, IF 23, ARI 11, Socialist 6,
other/provincial parties 38

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the nine Supreme Court judges are
appointed by the president with approval by the Senate)

Political parties and leaders:
Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO]; Alternative for a
Republic of Equals or ARI [Elisa CARRIO]; Federal Recreate Movement
or RECREAR [Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY]; Front for a Country in Solidarity
or Frepaso (a four-party coalition) [Dario Pedro ALESSANDRO];
Interbloque Federal or IF (a broad coalition of approximately 12
parties including RECREAR) [leader NA]; Justicialist Party or PJ
(Peronist umbrella political organization) [leader NA]; Radical
Civic Union or UCR [Angel ROZAS]; Socialist Party or PS [Ruben
GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia BULLRICH]; several provincial
parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine
Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural
Society (large landowners' association); business organizations;
Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a radical union for employed
and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor or CGT
(Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated
labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students

International organization participation:
AfDB, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-6, G-15, G-24, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA,
Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG,
UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Octavio BORDON
chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 238-6400
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3171
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Lino GUTIERREZ
embassy: Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires
mailing address: international mail: use street address; APO
address: Unit 4334, APO AA 34034
telephone: [54] (11) 5777-4533
FAX: [54] (11) 5777-4240

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light
blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a
human face known as the Sun of May

Economy Argentina

Economy - overview:
Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate
population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a
diversified industrial base. Over the past decade, however, the
country has suffered problems of inflation, external debt, capital
flight, and budget deficits. Growth in 2000 was a negative 0.8%, as
both domestic and foreign investors remained skeptical of the
government's ability to pay debts and maintain the peso's fixed
exchange rate with the US dollar. The economic situation worsened in
2001 with the widening of spreads on Argentine bonds, massive
withdrawals from the banks, and a further decline in consumer and
investor confidence. Government efforts to achieve a "zero deficit,"
to stabilize the banking system, and to restore economic growth
proved inadequate in the face of the mounting economic problems. The
peso's peg to the dollar was abandoned in January 2002, and the peso
was floated in February; the exchange rate plunged and real GDP fell
by 10.9% in 2002, but by mid-year the economy had stabilized, albeit
at a lower level. GDP expanded by more than 8% in 2003 and again in
2004, with unemployment falling and inflation remaining in single
digits.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$483.5 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
8.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $12,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10.6% industry: 35.9% services: 53.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
15.04 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
14.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
44.3% (June 2004)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $29.15 billion
expenditures: $26.84 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
118% of GDP (June 2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco, peanuts,
tea, wheat; livestock

Industries:
food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles,
chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Industrial production growth rate:
12% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
81.39 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 52.2% hydro: 40.8% nuclear: 6.7% other: 0.2% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
81.65 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
2.818 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
8.775 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
755,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
486,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
2.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
37.15 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
31.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
6.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
768 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$5.473 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$33.78 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor vehicles

Exports - partners:
Brazil 15.3%, Chile 10.7%, US 10.2%, China 8.7%, Spain 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$22.06 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal
manufactures, plastics

Imports - partners:
Brazil 36.2%, US 16.6%, Germany 5.7%, China 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$19.47 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$157.7 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$10 billion (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
Argentine peso (ARS)

Currency code:
ARS

Exchange rates:
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006 (2003),
3.0633 (2002), 0.9995 (2001), 0.9995 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Argentina

Telephones - main lines in use:
8,009,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6.5 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: by opening the telecommunications market to
competition and foreign investment with the "Telecommunications
Liberalization Plan of 1998," Argentina encouraged the growth of
modern telecommunication technology; fiber-optic cable trunk lines
are being installed between all major cities; the major networks are
entirely digital and the availability of telephone service is being
improved; however, telephone density is presently minimal, and
making telephone service universally available will take time
domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic
satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network;
more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephone
use is rapidly expanding
international: country code - 54; satellite earth stations - 8
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Atlantis II and Unisur submarine cables;
two international gateways near Buenos Aires (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 260 (including 10 inactive stations), FM NA (probably more than
1,000, mostly unlicensed), shortwave 6 (1998)

Radios:
24.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
42 (plus 444 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
7.95 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ar

Internet hosts:
742,358 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
33 (2000)

Internet users:
4.1 million (2002)

Transportation Argentina

Railways:
total: 34,091 km (167 km electrified)
broad gauge: 20,594 km 1.676-m gauge (141 km electrified)
standard gauge: 2,885 km 1.435-m gauge (26 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 10,375 km 1.000-m gauge; 237 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 215,471 km
paved: 63,348 km (including 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 152,123 km (1999)

Waterways:
11,000 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 27,166 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 3,668 km; refined
products 2,945 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Concepcion del Uruguay, La Plata, Punta
Colorada, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin, San Nicolas

Merchant marine:
total: 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 149,007 GRT/212,620 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 9, chemical tanker 1, passenger 1,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Chile 1, Uruguay 1)
registered in other countries: 23 (2005)

Airports:
1,334 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 144
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
1,524 to 2,437 m: 62
914 to 1,523 m: 44
under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1,190
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 50
914 to 1,523 m: 569
under 914 m: 567 (2004 est.)

Military Argentina

Military branches:
Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic (includes Naval
Aviation and Marines), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Argentina,
FAA)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 8,981,886 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 7,316,038 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 344,575 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$4.3 billion (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.3% (FY00)

Military - note:
the Argentine military is a well-organized force constrained by the
country's prolonged economic hardship; the country has recently
experienced a strong recovery, and the military is now implementing
"Plan 2000," aimed at making the ground forces lighter and more
responsive (2005)

Transnational Issues Argentina

Disputes - international:
Argentina claims the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas
Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in its
constitution; it briefly occupied the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995
agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in
Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic
disputes); unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera
Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with
Argentina in question

Illicit drugs:
used as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe and
the US; some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border
Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers is increasing

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Armenia

Introduction Armenia

Background:
Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt
Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over
the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires
including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. It was
incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian
leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Muslim
Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated
region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow.
Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the
struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from
the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold,
Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a
significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both
sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress
toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey imposed an economic blockade on
Armenia and closed the common border because of the Armenian
occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas.

Geography Armenia

Location:
Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

Geographic coordinates:
40 00 N, 45 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 29,800 sq km
land: 28,400 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
total: 1,254 km
border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan
exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Terrain:
Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing
rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Debed River 400 m
highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m

Natural resources:
small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

Land use: arable land: 17.55% permanent crops: 2.3% other: 80.15% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,870 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Environment - current issues:
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis
of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for
firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the
draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a
source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of
Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a
seismically active zone

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake
Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

People Armenia

Population:
2,982,904 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21.6% (male 339,453/female 305,214)
15-64 years: 67.5% (male 938,734/female 1,074,240)
65 years and over: 10.9% (male 131,519/female 193,744) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.07 years
male: 27.45 years
female: 32.84 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.25% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-6.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.17 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 23.28 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.55 years
male: 67.97 years
female: 75.75 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Armenian(s)
adjective: Armenian

Ethnic groups:
Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3% (2001
census)

Religions:
Armenian Apostolic 94.7%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi (monotheist
with elements of nature worship) 1.3%

Languages:
Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99.4%
female: 98% (2003 est.)

Government Armenia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
conventional short form: Armenia
local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
local short form: Hayastan
former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Yerevan

Administrative divisions:
11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat,
Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush,
Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan

Independence:
21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

Constitution:
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARGARYAN (since 12 May
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA
2008); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime minister
and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly
refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms; 75
members elected by party list, 56 by direct vote)
elections: last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held in the spring of
2007)
note: percent of vote by party - Republican Party 23.5%, Justice
Bloc 13.6%, Rule of Law 12.3%, ARF (Dashnak) 11.4%, National Unity
Party 8.8%, United Labor Party 5.7%; seats by party - Republican
Party 23, Justice Bloc 14, Rule of Law 12, ARF (Dashnak) 11,
National Unity 9, United Labor 6; note - seats by party change
frequently as deputies switch parties or announce themselves
independent

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)

Political parties and leaders:
Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALIAN]; Armenia Party [Myasnik
MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Alex ARZUMANYAN,
chairman]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK [Harutyun
MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Vahan HOVHANISSIAN]; Democratic Party
[Aram SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,
National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, and the
People's Party) [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; National Democratic Party
[Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen
MANUKIAN]; National Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman];
People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party
[Albert BAZEYAN and Aram SARKISYAN, chairmen]; Republican Party or
RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN,
chairman]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN];
United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENIAN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

International organization participation:
BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tatoul MARKARIAN chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976 FAX: [1] (202) 319-2982 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. EVANS
embassy: 18 Baghramyan Ave., Yerevan 375019
mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, Department of State, 7020
Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020
telephone: [374](1) 521-611, 520-791, 542-117, 542-132, 524-661,
527-001, 524-840
FAX: [374](1) 520-800

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Economy Armenia

Economy - overview:
Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had developed
a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and
other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw
materials and energy. Since the implosion of the USSR in December
1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale agriculture away from the
large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. The agricultural
sector has long-term needs for more investment and updated
technology. The privatization of industry has been at a slower pace,
but has been given renewed emphasis by the current administration.
Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral deposits (copper, gold,
bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the
ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup
of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union
contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. By
1994, however, the Armenian Government had launched an ambitious
IMF-sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in
positive growth rates in 1995-2003. Armenia joined the WTO in
January 2003. Armenia also has managed to slash inflation, stabilize
the local currency (the dram), and privatize most small- and
medium-sized enterprises. The chronic energy shortages Armenia
suffered in the early and mid-1990s have been offset by the energy
supplied by one of its nuclear power plants at Metsamor. Armenia is
now a net energy exporter, although it does not have sufficient
generating capacity to replace Metsamor, which is under
international pressure to close. The electricity distribution system
was privatized in 2002. Armenia's severe trade imbalance has been
offset somewhat by international aid and foreign direct investment.
Economic ties with Russia remain close, especially in the energy
sector.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$13.65 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 22.9% industry: 36.1% services: 41.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.4 million (2001)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 45%, industry 25%, services 30% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
30% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 46.2% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44.4 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $428.1 million
expenditures: $491.2 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock

Industries:
diamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing
machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk
fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry
manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy

Industrial production growth rate:
15% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.492 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 42.3% hydro: 27% nuclear: 30.7% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption: 5.797 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports: 704 million kWh; note - exports an unknown quantity to Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan (2002)

Electricity - imports:
463 million kWh; note - imports an unknown quantity from Iran (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-240.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$850 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy

Exports - partners:
Belgium 18%, Israel 15.3%, Germany 13.3%, Russia 12.5%, US 8.1%,
Netherlands 7.2%, Iran 5.5%, Georgia 4.3%, UAE 4% (2004)

Imports:
$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds

Imports - partners:
Russia 11.3%, Belgium 10.1%, Israel 8.4%, US 7.6%, Iran 7.1%, UAE
6.1%, Ukraine 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, Germany 5.2%, Georgia 4.6%, France
4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$555 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$905 million (June 2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $170 million (2000)

Currency (code):
dram (AMD)

Currency code:
AMD

Exchange rates:
drams per US dollar - 533.45 (2004), 578.76 (2003), 573.35 (2002),
555.08 (2001), 539.53 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Armenia

Telephones - main lines in use:
562,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
114,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: system inadequate; now 90% privately owned and
undergoing modernization and expansion
domestic: the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment
are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)
international: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the
Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional
international service is available by microwave radio relay and
landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and
by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
850,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus an unknown number of repeaters); (1998)

Televisions:
825,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.am

Internet hosts:
2,206 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
9 (2001)

Internet users:
150,000 (2003)

Transportation Armenia

Railways:
total: 845 km
broad gauge: 845 km 1.520-m gauge (828 km electrified)
note: some lines are out of service (2004)

Highways:
total: 8,431 km
paved: 8,161 km (includes 7,567 km of expressways)
unpaved: 270 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 1,871 km (2004)

Airports:
16 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Armenia

Military branches:
Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (May 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 722,836 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 551,938 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 31,774 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$135 million (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
6.5% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Armenia

Disputes - international:
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh
and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic
Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about
230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan
into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to
connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region
of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands of Armenians
emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 236,306 (Azerbaijan)
IDPs: 50,000 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostly
opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Aruba

Introduction Aruba

Background:
Discovered and claimed for Spain in 1499, Aruba was acquired by the
Dutch in 1636. The island's economy has been dominated by three main
industries. A 19th century gold rush was followed by prosperity
brought on by the opening in 1924 of an oil refinery. The last
decades of the 20th century saw a boom in the tourism industry.
Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 and became a
separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Movement toward full independence was halted at Aruba's request in
1990.

Geography Aruba

Location:
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela

Geographic coordinates:
12 30 N, 69 58 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 193 sq km
land: 193 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
68.5 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
flat with a few hills; scant vegetation

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Jamanota 188 m

Natural resources:
NEGL; white sandy beaches

Land use:
arable land: 10.53% (including aloe 0.01%)
permanent crops: 0%
other: 89.47% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0.01 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
a flat, riverless island renowned for its white sand beaches; its
tropical climate is moderated by constant trade winds from the
Atlantic Ocean; the temperature is almost constant at about 27
degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit)

People Aruba

Population:
71,566 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.9% (male 7,308/female 6,960)
15-64 years: 68.2% (male 23,736/female 25,068)
65 years and over: 11.9% (male 3,486/female 5,008) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38 years
male: 36.07 years
female: 39.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.47% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.57 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.14 years
male: 75.8 years
female: 82.65 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Aruban(s) adjective: Aruban; Dutch

Ethnic groups:
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, Jewish

Languages:
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English
dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Literacy: definition: total population: 97% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Aruba

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Aruba

Dependency status:
part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in internal
affairs obtained in 1986 upon separation from the Netherlands
Antilles; Dutch Government responsible for defense and foreign
affairs

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Oranjestad

Administrative divisions:
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Independence:
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

National holiday:
Flag Day, 18 March

Constitution:
1 January 1986

Legal system:
based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law
influence

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30 April
1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since 11 May
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 28 September 2001 (next to be held by December 2005)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislature or Staten (21 seats; members elected by
direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 23 September 2005 (next to be held by NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - MEP 43%, AVP 32%, MPA
7%, RED 7%, PDR 6%, OLA 4%, PPA 2%; seats by party - MEP 11, AVP 8,
MPA 1, RED 1

Judicial branch:
Common Court of Justice of Aruba (judges are appointed by the
monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]; Aruban
Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic
Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA
[Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN]; People's
Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; Real Democracy
or PDR [Andin BIKKER]; RED [Rudy LAMPE]; Workers Political Platform
or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, UNESCO (associate), UPU, WCL, WToO
(associate)

Diplomatic representation in the US: none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands); note - Mr. Henry Baarh, Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba at the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Aruba; the Consul General to
Netherlands Antilles is accredited to Aruba

Flag description:
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the lower
portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper
hoist-side corner

Economy Aruba

Economy - overview:
Tourism is the mainstay of the small, open Aruban economy, with
offshore banking and oil refining and storage also important. The
rapid growth of the tourism sector over the last decade has resulted
in a substantial expansion of other activities. Construction has
boomed, with hotel capacity five times the 1985 level. In addition,
the reopening of the country's oil refinery in 1993, a major source
of employment and foreign exchange earnings, has further spurred
growth. Aruba's small labor force and exceptionally low unemployment
rate have led to a large number of unfilled job vacancies, despite
sharp rises in wage rates in recent years. Tourist arrivals have
declined in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks
on the US. The government now must deal with a budget deficit and a
negative trade balance.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.94 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-1.5% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $28,000 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force: 41,500 (1997 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: most employment is in wholesale and retail trade and repair, followed by hotels and restaurants; oil refining

Unemployment rate:
0.6% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $135.8 million
expenditures: $147 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000)

Agriculture - products:
aloes; livestock; fish

Industries:
tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
807.7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
751.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$128 million f.o.b. (including oil reexports) (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
live animals and animal products, art and collectibles, machinery
and electrical equipment, transport equipment

Exports - partners:
Netherlands 28.5%, Panama 17.5%, Venezuela 14.7%, Netherlands
Antilles 11.2%, Colombia 10.7%, US 10.4% (2004)

Imports:
$841 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment, crude oil for refining and
reexport, chemicals; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
US 55.5%, Netherlands 14.1%, Venezuela 3.3% (2004)

Debt - external:
$285 million (1996)

Economic aid - recipient:
$26 million (1995); note - the Netherlands provided a $127 million
aid package to Aruba and Suriname in 1996

Currency (code):
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)

Currency code:
AWG

Exchange rates:
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003),
1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Aruba

Telephones - main lines in use:
37,100 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
53,000 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunications system
domestic: increased competition through privatization; 3 wireless
service providers are now licensed
international: country code - 297; 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten
(Netherlands Antilles); extensive interisland microwave radio relay
links

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 16, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
50,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
20,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.aw

Internet hosts:
923 (2001)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
24,000 (2002)

Transportation Aruba

Highways:
total: 800 km
paved: 513 km
unpaved: 287 km
note: most coastal roads are paved, while unpaved roads serve large
tracts of the interior (1995)

Ports and harbors:
Barcadera, Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Aruba

Military branches:
no regular indigenous military forces; Royal Dutch Navy and
Marines, Coast Guard

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Transnational Issues Aruba

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Introduction Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Background:
These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931;
formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a
rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983, it became a
National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, is
now a marine reserve.

Geography Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Location:
Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, midway between
northwestern Australia and Timor island

Geographic coordinates:
12 14 S, 123 05 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 5 sq km
land: 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and
Cartier Island

Area - comparative:
about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
74.1 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
low with sand and coral

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all grass and sand) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983

People Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and
fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island (July 2005 est.)

People - note:
the landing of illegal immigrants from Indonesia's Rote Island has
become an ongoing problem

Government Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Dependency status:
territory of Australia; administered by the Australian Department
of Transport and Regional Services

Legal system:
the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the
Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Flag description:
the flag of Australia is used

Economy Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the
Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force

Transnational Issues Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Disputes - international:
Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef;
Australia closed the surrounding waters to Indonesian traditional
fishing and created a national park in the region while continuing
to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Atlantic Ocean

Introduction Atlantic Ocean

Background:
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceans
(after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than the Indian Ocean, Southern
Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). The Kiel Canal (Germany), Oresund
(Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of Gibraltar
(Morocco-Spain), and the Saint Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US) are
important strategic access waterways. The decision by the
International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to
delimit a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion
of the Atlantic Ocean south of 60 degrees south.

Geography Atlantic Ocean

Location:
body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern Ocean, and the
Western Hemisphere

Geographic coordinates:
0 00 N, 25 00 W

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 76.762 million sq km
note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait,
Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador
Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the
Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Area - comparative:
slightly less than 6.5 times the size of the US

Coastline:
111,866 km

Climate:
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near
Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can
occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to
November

Terrain:
surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea, Denmark
Strait, and coastal portions of the Baltic Sea from October to June;
clockwise warm-water gyre (broad, circular system of currents) in
the northern Atlantic, counterclockwise warm-water gyre in the
southern Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Atlantic
Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench -8,605 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Natural resources:
oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand
and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules,
precious stones

Natural hazards:
icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the
northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have been
spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships
subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from
October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to
September; hurricanes (May to December)

Environment - current issues:
endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions,
turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is hastening the decline of
fish stocks and contributing to international disputes; municipal
sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and eastern
Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake
Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste and
municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and
Mediterranean Sea

Geography - note:
major chokepoints include the Dardanelles, Strait of Gibraltar,
access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits include the
Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The Sound
(Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the Atlantic
Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean

Economy Atlantic Ocean

Economy - overview:
The Atlantic Ocean provides some of the world's most heavily
trafficked sea routes, between and within the Eastern and Western
Hemispheres. Other economic activity includes the exploitation of
natural resources, e.g., fishing, dredging of aragonite sands (The
Bahamas), and production of crude oil and natural gas (Caribbean
Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea).

Transportation Atlantic Ocean

Ports and harbors:
Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona
(Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca (Morocco), Colon
(Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal), Gdansk (Poland),
Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands,
Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille
(France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal (Canada), Naples (Italy),
New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran (Algeria), Oslo (Norway),
Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam
(Netherlands), Saint Petersburg (Russia), Stockholm (Sweden)

Transportation - note:
Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two important waterways;
significant domestic commercial and recreational use of Intracoastal
Waterway on central and south Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico
coast of US

Transnational Issues Atlantic Ocean

Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Australia

Introduction Australia

Background:
Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from Southeast Asia
about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began exploration in
the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were made until 1770,
when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name of Great Britain.
Six colonies were created in the late 18th and 19th centuries; they
federated and became the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The new
country took advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop
its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major
contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. In recent
decades, Australia has transformed itself into an internationally
competitive, advanced market economy. It boasted one of the OECD's
fastest growing economies during the 1990's, a performance due in
large part to economic reforms adopted in the 1980's. Long-term
concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone
layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially
the Great Barrier Reef.

Geography Australia

Location:
Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific
Ocean

Geographic coordinates:
27 00 S, 133 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 7,686,850 sq km
land: 7,617,930 sq km
water: 68,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
25,760 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical
in north

Terrain:
mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

Natural resources:
bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium,
nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas,
petroleum

Land use:
arable land: 6.55% (includes about 27 million hectares of
cultivated grassland)
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 93.41% (2001)

Irrigated land:
24,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due
to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for
agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique
animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural fresh water resources

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population
concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; the
invigorating tropical sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor"
affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most
consistent winds in the world

People Australia

Population:
20,090,437 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.8% (male 2,038,809/female 1,943,563)
15-64 years: 67.2% (male 6,815,600/female 6,695,189)
65 years and over: 12.9% (male 1,145,274/female 1,452,002) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 36.56 years male: 35.74 years female: 37.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.87% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 80.39 years
male: 77.52 years
female: 83.4 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
14,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian

Ethnic groups:
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Religions:
Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%, Buddhist
1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none 15.3% (2001
Census)

Languages:
English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified
5.8% (2001 Census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (1980 est.)

Government Australia

Country name:
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia

Government type:
democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch as
sovereign

Capital:
Canberra

Administrative divisions:
6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New
South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia,
Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Dependent areas:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)
Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands,
Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

Independence:
1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

National holiday:
Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Constitution:
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Legal system:
based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.) Michael
JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)
cabinet: Prime Minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,
candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the Governor General to
serve as government ministers
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as
prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12
from each of the six states and two from each of the two mainland
territories; one-half of state members are elected every three years
by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all territory members
are elected every three years) and the House of Representatives (150
seats; members elected by popular preferential voting to serve terms
of up to three-years; no state can have fewer than five
representatives)
elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no
later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9
October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - Liberal
Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28,
Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House of
Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party
60, independents 3

Judicial branch:
High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed
by the governor general)

Political parties and leaders:
Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Labor Party [Kim
BEAZLEY]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES]; Australian
Greens [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; The
Nationals [Mark VAILE]; One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]; Family First
Party [Steve FIELDING]

International organization participation:
ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group,
BIS, C, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW, Paris Club, PCA,
PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMEE, UNMISET, UNTSO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. THAWLEY
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New
York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: William A. STANTON, Charge d'Affaires ad interim
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600
mailing address: APO AP 96549
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney

Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a
large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known as
the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation of the colonies
of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the six
original states and one representing all of Australia's internal and
external territories; the remaining half is a representation of the
Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed
star and four larger, seven-pointed stars

Economy Australia

Economy - overview:
Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist economy, with a
per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European
economies. Rising output in the domestic economy, robust business
and consumer confidence, and rising exports of raw materials and
agricultural products are fueling the economy. Australia's emphasis
on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties with China are other key
factors behind the economy's strength. The impact of drought, weak
foreign demand, and strong import demand pushed the trade deficit up
from $8 billion in 2002, to $18 billion in 2003, and to $13 billion
in 2004. One other concern is the rapid increase in domestic housing
prices, which have raised the prospect that interest rates will need
to be raised to prevent a speculative bubble.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$611.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $30,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.4% industry: 28.2% services: 68.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
10.35 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 3.6%, industry 26.4%, services 70% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
5.1% (December 2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.2 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
25.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $222.7 billion
expenditures: $221.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
17.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry

Industries:
mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals, steel

Industrial production growth rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
210.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 90.8% hydro: 8.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0.9% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
195.6 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
537,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
796,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
523,400 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
530,800 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
3.664 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
33.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
23.33 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
9.744 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-38.3 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$86.89 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery and
transport equipment

Exports - partners:
Japan 18.6%, China 9.2%, US 8.1%, South Korea 7.7%, New Zealand
7.4%, India 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$98.1 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines,
telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum
products

Imports - partners:
US 14.8%, China 12.7%, Japan 11.8%, Germany 5.8%, Singapore 4.4%,
UK 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$35.14 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$308.7 billion (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Australia

Telephones - main lines in use:
10.815 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
14.347 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international service
domestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone in
areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular
telephones
international: country code - 61; submarine cables to New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 10
Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian
and Pacific Ocean regions) (1998)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
25.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
104 (1997)

Televisions:
10.15 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.au

Internet hosts:
2,847,763 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
571 (2002)

Internet users:
9.472 million (2002)

Transportation Australia

Railways:
total: 54,439 km (3859 km electrified)
broad gauge: 5,434 km 1.600-m gauge
standard gauge: 34,110 km 1.435-m gauge (1,397 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 14,895 km 1.067-m gauge (2,462 km electrified)
dual gauge: 213 km dual gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 811,603 km
paved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)
unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and Murray-Darling
river systems) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate/gas 492 km; gas 28,680 km; liquid petroleum gas 240 km;
oil 4,773 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point, Melbourne,
Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney

Merchant marine:
total: 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,531,461 GRT/1,999,409 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 16, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, container 1,
liquefied gas 4, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8,
roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 16 (France 1, Germany 3, Japan 1, Philippines 1,
Saudi Arabia 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 7)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)

Airports:
448 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 305 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 1,524 to 2,437 m: 131 914 to 1,523 m: 139 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 143 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 112 under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)

Military Australia

Military branches:
Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal Australian
Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations Command

Military service age and obligation:
16 years of age for voluntary service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 4,943,676 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 4,092,717 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 142,158 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$16.65 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Australia

Disputes - international:
East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree over how to
delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share unexploited
petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint Petroleum
Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor
dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with
Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional
states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a
1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime indentification zone; Australia
asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in
2004 Australia submitted claims to UNCLOS to extend its continental
margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims

Illicit drugs:
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate
products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium
poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Austria

Introduction Austria

Background:
Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire,
Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World
War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent
occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status
remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended
the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade
unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year
declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for
Soviet military withdrawal. Following the Soviet Union's collapse in
1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995, some
Austrians have called into question this neutrality. A prosperous,
democratic country, Austria entered the Economic and Monetary Union
in 1999.

Geography Austria

Location:
Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

Geographic coordinates:
47 20 N, 13 20 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 83,870 sq km
land: 82,444 sq km
water: 1,426 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries:
total: 2,562 km
border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366
km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330
km, Switzerland 164 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and
some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with
occasional showers

Terrain:
in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern
and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m
highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m

Natural resources:
oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony,
magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 16.91% permanent crops: 0.86% other: 82.23% (2001)

Irrigated land:
457 sq km (2000 est.)

Natural hazards:
landslides; avalanches; earthquakes

Environment - current issues: some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe
with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river
is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands
because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

People Austria

Population:
8,184,691 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 656,058/female 624,574)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 2,790,673/female 2,756,612)
65 years and over: 16.6% (male 543,626/female 813,148) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.44 years
male: 39.3 years
female: 41.61 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.11% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
8.81 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.92 years
male: 76.03 years
female: 81.96 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.36 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
10,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Austrian(s)
adjective: Austrian

Ethnic groups:
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes,
Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or unspecified
2.4% (2001 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 73.6%, Protestant 4.7%, Muslim 4.2%, other 3.5%,
unspecified 2%, none 12% (2001 census)

Languages:
German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia),
Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Austria

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Austria
conventional short form: Austria
local long form: Republik Oesterreich
local short form: Oesterreich

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Vienna

Administrative divisions:
9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland,
Kaernten, Niederoesterreich, Oberoesterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark,
Tirol, Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)

Independence:
1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 12 November 1918 (republic
proclaimed)

National holiday:
National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the State
Treaty restoring national sovereignty and the end of occupation and
the passage of the law on permanent neutrality

Constitution:
1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)

Legal system:
civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of
legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; compulsory for presidential elections

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term; presidential election last held 25 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2010); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president from
the plurality party in the National Council; vice chancellor chosen
by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%
note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe

Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of Federal
Council or Bundesrat (62 members; members represent each of the
states on the basis of population, but with each state having at
least three representatives; members serve a five- or six-year term)
and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members elected
by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: National Council - last held 24 November 2002 (next to be
held in the fall of 2006)
election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP
42.3%, SPOe 36.5%, FPOe 10.0%, Greens 9.5%; seats by party - OeVP
79, SPOe 69, FPOe 18, Greens 17; seating as of May 2005 after split
within the Freedom Party: OeVP 79, SPOe 69, Greens 17, BZOe 11, FPOe
7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Administrative
Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court or
Verfassungsgerichtshof

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Joerg HAIDER]; Austrian
People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party of
Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social Democratic Party
of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [Alexander VAN
DER BELLEN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Austrian Trade Union Federation (nominally independent but
primarily Socialist) or OeGB; Federal Economic Chamber;
OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists or VOeI; Roman
Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic
Action; three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or
OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers and other
non-government organizations in the areas of environment and human
rights

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CE, CEI, CERN,
EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNOMIG,
UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Eva NOWOTNY
chancery: 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035
telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 895-6750
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador William Lee LYONS BROWN, Jr.
embassy: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [43] (1) 31339-0, 31375, 31335
FAX: [43] (1) 3100682

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red

Economy Austria

Economy - overview:
Austria, with its well-developed market economy and high standard
of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially
Germany's. The economy features up-to-date industrial and
agricultural sectors. Timber is a key industry, 47% of the land area
being forested. Membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign
investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European
market and proximity to the new EU economies. Slow growth in Europe
has held the economy to 0.7% growth in 2001, 1.4% in 2002, 0.8% in
2003, and 1.9% in 2004. To meet increased competition from both EU
and Central European countries, particularly the new EU members,
Austria will need to emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the
economy, continue to deregulate the service sector, and encourage
much greater participation in the labor market by its aging
population. The aging phenomenon, together with already high health
and pension costs, poses fundamental problems in tax and welfare
policies.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$255.9 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $31,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.3% industry: 30.8% services: 66.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 3.45 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 4%, industry and crafts 29%, services 67% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
3.9% (1999)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 22.5% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $142.5 billion
expenditures: $146.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
64.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, wine, fruit; dairy products, cattle,
pigs, poultry; lumber

Industries:
construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals,
chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard,
communications equipment, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
3.3% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
58.49 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 29.3% hydro: 67.2% nuclear: 0% other: 3.5% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
55.09 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
14.7 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
15.4 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
20,670 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
262,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
35,470 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
262,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
85.69 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
1.731 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
7.81 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
403 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
6.033 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
24.9 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-3.283 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$102.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and
paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel; textiles,
foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
Germany 32%, Italy 8.9%, US 6%, Switzerland 4.8%, France 4.2%, UK
4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$101.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods,
oil and oil products; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Germany 46.3%, Italy 6.8%, Switzerland 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$12.73 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$15.5 billion (2003 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $520 million (2002)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only
legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Austria

Telephones - main lines in use:
3.881 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7,094,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: highly developed and efficient
domestic: there are 48 main lines for every 100 persons; the fiber
optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet
services are available
international: country code - 43; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat; in
addition, there are about 600 VSAT (very small aperture terminals)
(2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 65 (plus several hundred repeaters), shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
6.08 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
10 (plus more than 1,000 repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
4.25 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.at

Internet hosts:
387,006 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
37 (2000)

Internet users:
3.73 million (2003)

Transportation Austria

Railways:
total: 6,021 km (3,552 km electrified)
standard gauge: 5,565 km 1.435-m gauge (3,430 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 34 km 1.000-m gauge (28 km electrified); 422 km
0.760-m gauge (94 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 200,000 km
paved: 200,000 km (including 1,645 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
358 km (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna

Merchant marine:
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 29,624 GRT/37,425 DWT
by type: cargo 6, container 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Netherlands 2)
registered in other countries: 19 (2005)

Airports:
55 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 24 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 31 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 27 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Austria

Military branches:
Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for voluntary service; from 2007, at the earliest, compulsory military service obligation will be reduced from 8 months to 6 (June 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,914,800 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,550,441 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 48,967 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2004)

Transnational Issues Austria

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American
cocaine destined for Western Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Azerbaijan

Introduction Azerbaijan

Background:
Azerbaijan - a nation with a Turkic and majority-Muslim population
- regained its independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union
in 1991. Despite a 1994 cease-fire, Azerbaijan has yet to resolve
its conflict with Armenia over the Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh
enclave (largely Armenian populated). Azerbaijan has lost 16% of its
territory and must support some 571,000 internally displaced persons
as a result of the conflict. Corruption is ubiquitous and the
promise of widespread wealth from Azerbaijan's undeveloped petroleum
resources remains largely unfulfilled.

Geography Azerbaijan

Location:
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and
Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus range

Geographic coordinates:
40 30 N, 47 30 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 86,600 sq km
land: 86,100 sq km
water: 500 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the
Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by
Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries:
total: 2,013 km
border countries: Armenia (with Azerbaijan-proper) 566 km, Armenia
(with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran
(with Azerbaijan-proper) 432 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan
exclave) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (800
km, est.)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
dry, semiarid steppe

Terrain:
large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland) (much of it below
sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north, Qarabag
Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) in west; Baku lies on Abseron Yasaqligi
(Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina

Land use: arable land: 19.63% permanent crops: 2.71% other: 77.66% (2001)

Irrigated land:
14,550 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
droughts

Environment - current issues:
local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron
Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be
the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe
air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil
spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic
defoliants used in the production of cotton

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan exclave are
landlocked

People Azerbaijan

Population:
7,911,974 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 1,063,731/female 1,028,684)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 2,533,762/female 2,665,381)
65 years and over: 7.8% (male 245,758/female 374,658) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.53 years
male: 26.09 years
female: 29 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.59% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.4 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 81.74 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 83.58 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63.35 years
male: 59.24 years
female: 67.66 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,400 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Azerbaijani(s)
adjective: Azerbaijani

Ethnic groups:
Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other
3.9% (1999 census)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region

Religions:
Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox 2.3%, other
1.8% (1995 est.)
note: religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan;
percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower

Languages:
Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995
est.)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.5%
female: 98.2% (1999 est.)

Government Azerbaijan

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan
conventional short form: Azerbaijan
local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
local short form: none
former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Baku (Baki)

Administrative divisions:
59 rayons (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities* (saharlar; sahar
- singular), 1 autonomous republic** (muxtar respublika)
: rayons: Abseron Rayonu, Agcabadi Rayonu, Agdam Rayonu, Agdas
Rayonu, Agstafa Rayonu, Agsu Rayonu, Astara Rayonu, Balakan Rayonu,
Barda Rayonu, Beylaqan Rayonu, Bilasuvar Rayonu, Cabrayil Rayonu,
Calilabad Rayonu, Daskasan Rayonu, Davaci Rayonu, Fuzuli Rayonu,
Gadabay Rayonu, Goranboy Rayonu, Goycay Rayonu, Haciqabul Rayonu,
Imisli Rayonu, Ismayilli Rayonu, Kalbacar Rayonu, Kurdamir Rayonu,
Lacin Rayonu, Lankaran Rayonu, Lerik Rayonu, Masalli Rayonu,
Neftcala Rayonu, Oguz Rayonu, Qabala Rayonu, Qax Rayonu, Qazax
Rayonu, Qobustan Rayonu, Quba Rayonu, Qubadli Rayonu, Qusar Rayonu,
Saatli Rayonu, Sabirabad Rayonu, Saki Rayonu, Salyan Rayonu, Samaxi
Rayonu, Samkir Rayonu, Samux Rayonu, Siyazan Rayonu, Susa Rayonu,
Tartar Rayonu, Tovuz Rayonu, Ucar Rayonu, Xacmaz Rayonu, Xanlar
Rayonu, Xizi Rayonu, Xocali Rayonu, Xocavand Rayonu, Yardimli
Rayonu, Yevlax Rayonu, Zangilan Rayonu, Zaqatala Rayonu, Zardab
Rayonu
: cities: Ali Bayramli Sahari, Baki Sahari, Ganca Sahari, Lankaran
Sahari, Mingacevir Sahari, Naftalan Sahari, Saki Sahari, Sumqayit
Sahari, Susa Sahari, Xankandi Sahari, Yevlax Sahari
: autonomous republic: Naxcivan Muxtar Respublikasi

Independence:
30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, 28 May (1918)

Constitution:
adopted 12 November 1995

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
election last held 15 October 2003 (next to be held October 2008);
prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president and confirmed by the National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -
Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 4 November 2000 (next to be held NA November
2005)
note: 100 members of the current parliament were elected on the
basis of single mandate constituencies, while 25 were elected based
on proportional balloting; as a result of a 24 August 2002 national
referendum on changes to the constitution, all 125 members of the
next parliament will be elected from single mandate constituencies
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NAP and allies 108, APF "Reform" 6, CSP 3, PNIA 2, Musavat Party 2,
CPA 2, APF "Classic" 1, Compatriot Party 1
note: PNIA, Musavat, and APF "Classic" parties refused to take their
seats

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of "Reform"
faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic" faction]; Civic
Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic Union Party
[Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz
AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Party for
Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party [Ilyas
ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat HACIYEVA];
Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party or NAP
[vacant]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA
[Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan
or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Sadval, Lezgin movement; self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh
Republic; Talysh independence movement; Union of Pro-Azerbaijani
Forces (UPAF)

International organization participation:
AsDB, BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
(observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hafiz PASHAYEV chancery: 2741 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 337-3500 FAX: [1] (202) 337-5911

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Reno L. HARNISH III embassy: 83 Azadlyg Prospecti, Baku AZ1007 mailing address: American Embassy Baku, Department of State, 7050 Baku Place, Washington, DC 20521-7050 telephone: [9] (9412) 98-03-35, 36, 37 FAX: [9] (9412) 656-671

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and green; a
crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in red band

Economy Azerbaijan

Economy - overview:
Azerbaijan's number one export is oil. Azerbaijan's oil production
declined through 1997 but has registered an increase every year
since. Negotiation of production-sharing arrangements (PSAs) with
foreign firms, which have thus far committed $60 billion to
long-term oilfield development, should generate the funds needed to
spur future industrial development. Oil production under the first
of these PSAs, with the Azerbaijan International Operating Company,
began in November 1997. Azerbaijan shares all the formidable
problems of the former Soviet republics in making the transition
from a command to a market economy, but its considerable energy
resources brighten its long-term prospects. Baku has only recently
begun making progress on economic reform, and old economic ties and
structures are slowly being replaced. One obstacle to economic
progress is the need for stepped up foreign investment in the
non-energy sector. A second obstacle is the continuing conflict with
Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Trade with Russia and the
other former Soviet republics is declining in importance while trade
is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. Long-term
prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new
pipelines in the region, and Azerbaijan's ability to manage its oil
wealth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$30.01 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
9.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.1% industry: 45.7% services: 40.2% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
5.09 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture and forestry 41%, industry 7%, services 52% (2001)

Unemployment rate:
1.2% (official rate) (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
49% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 27.8% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
65.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.715 billion
expenditures: $2.801 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
18.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea, tobacco;
cattle, pigs, sheep, goats

Industries:
petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield equipment;
steel, iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals; textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
17.55 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 89.7% hydro: 10.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
17.37 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
505 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.558 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
312,800 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
140,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
589 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
5.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
6.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
62.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-2.899 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.168 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
oil and gas 90%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
Italy 26.6%, Czech Republic 11.9%, Germany 8.1%, Indonesia 6.4%,
Romania 6.2%, Georgia 6%, Russia 5.3%, Turkey 5.2%, France 4.1%
(2004)

Imports:
$3.622 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Russia 16.1%, UK 12.5%, Turkey 10.5%, Germany 7.8%, Ukraine 5.6%,
Netherlands 4.9%, US 4.1%, Italy 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$875 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.832 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $140 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)

Currency code:
AZM

Exchange rates:
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,913.48 (2004), 4,910.73
(2003), 4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Azerbaijan

Telephones - main lines in use:
923,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
870,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate; requires considerable expansion and
modernization; teledensity of 10 main lines per 100 persons is low
(2002)
domestic: the majority of telephones are in Baku and other
industrial centers - about 700 villages still without public
telephone service; satellite service connects Baku to a modern
switch in its exclave of Naxcivan
international: country code - 994; the old Soviet system of cable
and microwave is still serviceable; a satellite connection to Turkey
enables Baku to reach about 200 additional countries, some of which
are directly connected to Baku by satellite providers other than
Turkey (1997)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 10, FM 17, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
175,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1997)

Televisions:
170,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.az

Internet hosts:
586 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
300,000 (2002)

Transportation Azerbaijan

Railways: total: 2,957 km broad gauge: 2,957 km 1.520-m gauge (1,278 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 28,030 km paved: 25,890 km unpaved: 2,130 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 4,451 km; oil 1,518 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Baku (Baki)

Merchant marine:
total: 81 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 253,004 GRT/318,922 DWT
by type: cargo 26, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker
41, roll on/roll off 2, specialized tanker 2
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Airports:
50 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 27 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 23 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 15 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Azerbaijan

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; law passed December 2001 raises maximum conscription age from 28 to 35 (December 2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,961,973 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,314,955 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 82,358 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$121 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.6% (FY99)

Transnational Issues Azerbaijan

Disputes - international:
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh
and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic
Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about
230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan
into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to
connect to Naxcivan exclave; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia
ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance,
while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth allocation and
challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters;
bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed
and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and
Georgia cannot resolve the alignment of their boundary at certain
crossing areas

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 571,000 (conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
CIS consumption; small government eradication program; transit point
for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a lesser extent
the rest of Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bahamas, The

Introduction Bahamas, The

Background:
Arawak Indians inhabited the islands when Christopher Columbus
first set foot in the New World on San Salvador in 1492. British
settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became a colony
in 1783. Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973, The
Bahamas have prospered through tourism and international banking and
investment management. Because of its geography, the country is a
major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly shipments
to the US, and its territory is used for smuggling illegal migrants
into the US.

Geography Bahamas, The

Location:
Caribbean, chain of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast
of Florida, northeast of Cuba

Geographic coordinates:
24 15 N, 76 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 13,940 sq km
land: 10,070 sq km
water: 3,870 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
3,542 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Terrain:
long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Alvernia, on Cat Island 63 m

Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber, arable land

Land use: arable land: 0.8% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 98.8% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive flood and wind
damage

Environment - current issues:
coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive island chain
of which 30 are inhabited

People Bahamas, The

Population:
301,790
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.9% (male 42,142/female 42,096)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 97,865/female 101,047)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 7,616/female 11,024) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.55 years
male: 26.78 years
female: 28.34 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.67% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
17.87 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 25.21 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 31.02 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.54 years
male: 62.11 years
female: 69.04 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5,600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Bahamian(s) adjective: Bahamian

Ethnic groups:
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Religions:
Baptist 35.4%, Anglican 15.1%, Roman Catholic 13.5%, Pentecostal
8.1%, Church of God 4.8%, Methodist 4.2%, other Christian 15.2%,
none or unspecified 2.9%, other 0.8% (2000 census)

Languages:
English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 95.6%
male: 94.7%
female: 96.5% (2003 est.)

Government Bahamas, The

Country name:
conventional long form: Commonwealth of The Bahamas
conventional short form: The Bahamas

Government type:
constitutional parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Nassau

Administrative divisions:
21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, Bimini, Cat Island,
Exuma, Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, Green Turtle Cay,
Harbour Island, High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long Island, Marsh
Harbour, Mayaguana, New Providence, Nichollstown and Berry Islands,
Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy Point, San Salvador and Rum Cay

Independence:
10 July 1973 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 10 July (1973)

Constitution:
10 July 1973

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Dame Ivy DUMONT (since NA May 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)
and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (16-member body
appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime
minister and the opposition leader for five-year terms) and the
House of Assembly (40 seats; members elected by direct popular vote
to serve five-year terms); the government may dissolve the
parliament and call elections at any time
elections: last held 1 May 2002 (next to be held by May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 50.8%, FNM 41.1%,
independents 5.2%; seats by party - PLP 29, FNM 7, independents 4

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; magistrates courts

Political parties and leaders:
Free National Movement or FNM [Tommy TURNQUEST]; Progressive
Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOM,
IOC, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joshua SEARS chancery: 2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 319-2660 FAX: [1] (202) 319-2668 consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John D. ROOD
embassy: 42 Queen Street, Nassau
mailing address: local or express mail address: P. O. Box N-8197,
Nassau; Department of State, 3370 Nassau Place, Washington, DC
20521-3370
telephone: [1] (242) 322-1181, 328-2206 (after hours)
FAX: [1] (242) 356-0222

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold, and
aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist side

Economy Bahamas, The

Economy - overview:
The Bahamas is a stable, developing nation with an economy heavily
dependent on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism alone accounts
for more than 60% of GDP and directly or indirectly employs half of
the archipelago's labor force. Steady growth in tourism receipts and
a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences had
led to solid GDP growth in recent years, but the slowdown in the US
economy and the attacks of 11 September 2001 held back growth in
these sectors in 2001-03. Financial services constitute the
second-most important sector of the Bahamian economy, accounting for
about 15% of GDP. However, since December 2000, when the government
enacted new regulations on the financial sector, many international
businesses have left The Bahamas. Manufacturing and agriculture
together contribute approximately a tenth of GDP and show little
growth, despite government incentives aimed at those sectors.
Overall growth prospects in the short run rest heavily on the
fortunes of the tourism sector, which depends on growth in the US,
the source of more than 80% of the visitors. In addition to tourism
and banking, the government supports the development of a "third
pillar," e-commerce.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$5.295 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $17,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3% industry: 7% services: 90% (2001 est.)

Labor force: 156,000 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 5%, industry 5%, tourism 50%, other services 40% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: 27% (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.2% (year ending September 2004)

Budget:
revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of $106.7
million (FY03/04)

Agriculture - products:
citrus, vegetables; poultry

Industries:
tourism, banking, cement, oil transshipment, salt, rum, aragonite,
pharmaceuticals, spiral-welded steel pipe

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
1.716 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.596 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
transhipments of 29,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$636 million (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
mineral products and salt, animal products, rum, chemicals; fruit
and vegetables

Exports - partners:
US 40.2%, Poland 13.3%, Spain 11.6%, Germany 5.9%, France 4.3%
(2004)

Imports:
$1.63 billion (2003)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, chemicals, mineral
fuels; food and live animals

Imports - partners:
US 22.4%, South Korea 18.9%, Brazil 9.2%, Japan 7.9%, Italy 7.8%,
Venezuela 6.6% (2004)

Debt - external:
$308.5 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$9.8 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Bahamian dollar (BSD)

Currency code:
BSD

Exchange rates:
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1
(2001), 1 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Bahamas, The

Telephones - main lines in use:
131,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
121,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern facilities
domestic: totally automatic system; highly developed
international: country code - 1-242; tropospheric scatter and
submarine cable to Florida; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (1997)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
215,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (2004)

Televisions:
67,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bs

Internet hosts:
302 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
19 (2000)

Internet users:
84,000 (2003)

Transportation Bahamas, The

Highways: total: 2,693 km paved: 1,546 km unpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Freeport, Nassau, South Riding Point

Merchant marine:
total: 1,119
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 183, cargo 259, chemical
tanker 54, combination ore/oil 17, container 74, liquefied gas 28,
livestock carrier 2, passenger 116, passenger/cargo 40, petroleum
tanker 168, refrigerated cargo 130, roll on/roll off 20, specialized
tanker 2, vehicle carrier 24
foreign-owned: 968 (Angola 4, Australia 4, Belgium 17, Canada 9,
China 3, Croatia 1, Cuba 1, Cyprus 13, Denmark 18, Estonia 1,
Finland 7, France 28, Germany 15, Greece 194, Hong Kong 11,
Indonesia 2, Ireland 1, Israel 1, Italy 7, Japan 49, Jordan 2, Kenya
1, Latvia 1, Malaysia 12, Monaco 15, Netherlands 24, New Zealand 1,
Nigeria 2, Norway 229, Poland 13, Reunion 1, Russia 2, Saudi Arabia
12, Serbia & Montenegro 2, Singapore 11, Slovenia 1, South Korea 1,
Spain 6, Sweden 9, Switzerland 4, Thailand 1, Trinidad & Tobago 2,
Turkey 7, UAE 12, United Kingdom 55, United States 154, Uruguay 2)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)

Airports:
63 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 29 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Bahamas, The

Military branches:
Royal Bahamaian Defense Force (naval forces) (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Bahamas, The

Disputes - international:
have not been able to agree on the alignment of a maritime boundary
with the US; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees
fleeing economic privation and political instability

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for US and
Europe; offshore financial center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bahrain

Introduction Bahrain

Background:
Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf
countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign
affairs among its larger neighbors. Facing declining oil reserves,
Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has
transformed itself into an international banking center. The new
amir, installed in 1999, has pushed economic and political reforms
and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In
February 2001, Bahraini voters approved a referendum on the National
Action Charter - the centerpiece of the amir's political
liberalization program. In February 2002, Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al
Khalifa proclaimed himself king. In October 2002, Bahrainis elected
members of the lower house of Bahrain's reconstituted bicameral
legislature, the National Assembly.

Geography Bahrain

Location:
Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
26 00 N, 50 33 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 665 sq km
land: 665 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
161 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

Climate:
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Terrain:
mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Natural resources: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

Land use: arable land: 2.82% permanent crops: 5.63% other: 91.55% (2001)

Irrigated land:
50 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; dust storms

Environment - current issues:
desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable
land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation
(damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting
from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil
refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources,
groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic
location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's
petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

People Bahrain

Population: 688,345 note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.8% (male 96,807/female 94,863)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 275,792/female 197,424)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 12,078/female 11,381) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 29.19 years
male: 32.16 years
female: 25.54 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.51% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.1 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.4 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female
total population: 1.27 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 17.27 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.23 years
male: 71.76 years
female: 76.78 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.63 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bahraini(s)
adjective: Bahraini

Ethnic groups:
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

Religions:
Muslim (Shi'a and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8% (2001
census)

Languages:
Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89.1%
male: 91.9%
female: 85% (2003 est.)

Government Bahrain

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain
conventional short form: Bahrain
local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn
local short form: Al Bahrayn
former: Dilmun

Government type:
constitutional hereditary monarchy

Capital:
Manama

Administrative divisions:
12 municipalities (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al
Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah
ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah,
Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Juzur Hawar, Sitrah
note: all municipalities administered from Manama

Independence:
15 August 1971 (from UK)

National holiday:
National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date
of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of
independence from British protection

Constitution:
new constitution 14 February 2002

Legal system:
based on Islamic law and English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March 1999);
Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch,
born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa
(since NA 1971)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of Shura Council (40 members
appointed by the King) and House of Deputies (40 members directly
elected to serve four-year terms)
elections: House of Deputies - last held 31 October 2002 (next
election to be held NA 2006)
election results: House of Deputies - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - independents 21, Sunni Islamists 9, other 10
note: first elections since 7 December 1973; unicameral National
Assembly dissolved 26 August 1975; National Action Charter created
bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14
February 2001; first legislative session of Parliament held on 25
December 2002

Judicial branch:
High Civil Appeals Court

Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited but politically oriented societies are allowed

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically in 1994-97, demanding
the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to
unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic
fundamentalist groups are active

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nasir al-BALUSHI chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111 FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador William T. MONROE embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 331, Zinj District, Manama mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama telephone: [973] 1724-2700 FAX: [973] 1725-6242 (consular)

Flag description:
red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states, with a
white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side; the five
points represent the five pillars of Islam

Economy Bahrain

Economy - overview:
In well-to-do Bahrain, petroleum production and refining account
for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and
30% of GDP. With its highly developed communication and transport
facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with
business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consist of petroleum
products made from refining imported crude. Construction proceeds on
several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among
the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources
are major long-term economic problems. In September 2004 Bahrain
signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States - the
first such agreement undertaken by a Gulf state. Both countries must
ratify the FTA before it is enforced.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$13.01 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $19,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 0.7%
industry: 41%
services: 58.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
370,000
note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national
(2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 1%, industry, commerce, and services 79%, government 20% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
15% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
12.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.825 billion
expenditures: $3.262 billion, including capital expenditures of $700
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
63.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish

Industries:
petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron
pelletization, fertilizers, offshore banking, ship repairing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.86 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.379 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
44,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - consumption:
40,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
126 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
32.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
32.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
46 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$586.1 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$8.205 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles

Exports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 3%, US 2.9%, UAE 2.2% (2004)

Imports:
$5.87 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
crude oil, machinery, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 32.4%, Japan 7.3%, Germany 6.1%, US 5.6%, UK 5.4%,
France 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.141 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$6.215 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from each of
Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait (2002)

Currency (code):
Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Currency code:
BHD

Exchange rates:
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003), 0.376
(2002), 0.376 (2001), 0.376 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Bahrain

Telephones - main lines in use:
185,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
443,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system
domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network
with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones
international: country code - 973; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and
UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to
Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
(1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
338,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (1997)

Televisions:
275,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bh

Internet hosts:
1,334 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
195,700 (2003)

Transportation Bahrain

Highways: total: 3,459 km paved: 2,653 km unpaved: 806 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 20 km; oil 53 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Merchant marine:
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 219,083 GRT/312,638 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 2, container 2, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Kuwait 2) (2005)

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 2
1524 to 2437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Bahrain

Military branches:
Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force (includes Air Defense),
Navy, Air Force, National Guard

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 202,126 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 161,372 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 6,013 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$628.9 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
6.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Bahrain

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Baker Island

Introduction Baker Island

Background:
The US took possession of the island in 1857, and its guano
deposits were mined by US and British companies during the second
half of the 19th century. In 1935, a short-lived attempt at
colonization was begun on this island - as well as on nearby Howland
Island - but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned.
Presently the island is a National Wildlife Refuge run by the US
Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the middle
of the west coast.

Geography Baker Island

Location:
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between
Hawaii and Australia

Geographic coordinates:
0 13 N, 176 31 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 1.4 sq km
land: 1.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 2.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
4.8 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:
low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 8 m

Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime
hazard

Environment - current issues:
no natural fresh water resources

Geography - note:
treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting of grasses,
prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; primarily a nesting,
roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine
wildlife

People Baker Island

Population:
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and
remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the
middle of the west coast; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife
Service (2005 est.)

Government Baker Island

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Baker Island

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington,
DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the
Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Baker Island

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Baker Island

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one small boat
landing area along the middle of the west coast

Airports:
1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m, completely covered with
vegetation and unusable (2004 est.)

Transportation - note:
there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast

Military Baker Island

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US
Coast Guard

Transnational Issues Baker Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Bangladesh

Introduction Bangladesh

Background:
Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East Pakistan
seceded from its union with West Pakistan. About a third of this
extremely poor country floods annually during the monsoon rainy
season, hampering economic development.

Geography Bangladesh

Location:
Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and India

Geographic coordinates:
24 00 N, 90 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 144,000 sq km
land: 133,910 sq km
water: 10,090 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Iowa

Land boundaries: total: 4,246 km border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km

Coastline: 580 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 18 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March
to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Terrain:
mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m

Natural resources: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal

Land use: arable land: 62.11% permanent crops: 3.07% other: 34.82% (2001)

Irrigated land:
38,440 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely inundated during
the summer monsoon season

Environment - current issues:
many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate
flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water;
water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use
of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally
occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling
water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil
degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers flowing
from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main channel
of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty
into the Bay of Bengal

People Bangladesh

Population:
144,319,628 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.1% (male 24,590,207/female 23,162,420)
15-64 years: 63.5% (male 46,764,824/female 44,868,733)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 2,650,683/female 2,282,761) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.87 years
male: 21.88 years
female: 21.85 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.09% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
30.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.16 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 62.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 62.08 years
male: 62.13 years
female: 62.02 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.13 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
13,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
650 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi

Ethnic groups:
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Religions:
Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)

Languages:
Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 43.1%
male: 53.9%
female: 31.8% (2003 est.)

Government Bangladesh

Country name:
conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh
former: East Pakistan

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Dhaka

Administrative divisions:
6 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and
Sylhet

Independence:
16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March 1971 is the
date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is known
as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state
of Bangladesh

National holiday:
Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971 is the date
of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is Victory Day
and commemorates the official creation of the state of Bangladesh

Constitution:
4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended following
coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended many times

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6 September 2002);
note - the president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with the
13th amendment to the constitution ("Caretaker Government
Amendment"), the president's role becomes significant at times when
Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at
presidential direction - to supervise the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since
Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in
on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most
seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission
elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote
- NA

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected
by popular vote from single territorial constituencies (the
constitutional amendment reserving 30 seats for women over and above
the 300 regular parliament seats expired in May 2001); members serve
five-year terms
elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held before October
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - BNP and alliance
partners 47%, AL 40%; seats by party - BNP 195, AL 58, JI 17, JP
(Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 3, JP (Naziur) 4, other 9; note - the
election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP government aligned
with three other smaller parties - Jamaat-e-Islami, Islami Oikya
Jote, and Jatiya Party (Manzur)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by
the president)

Political parties and leaders:
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or
BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP
[Khaleda ZIA, chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul
Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya
Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]; Jatiya Party
(Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB,
OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Shamsher Mobin CHOWDHURY
chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5366
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Harry K. THOMAS, Jr.
embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212
mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000
telephone: [880] (2) 885-5500
FAX: [880] (2) 882-3744

Flag description:
green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of center;
the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to achieve
independence; the green field symbolizes the lush countryside, and
secondarily, the traditional color of Islam

Economy Bangladesh

Economy - overview:
Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve
economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a poor,
overpopulated, and ill-governed nation. Although half of GDP is
generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of
Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as
the single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth
include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned
enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor
force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting
energy resources (natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and
slow implementation of economic reforms. Economic reform is stalled
in many instances by political infighting and corruption at all
levels of government. Progress also has been blocked by opposition
from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested
interest groups. The BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda
ZIA, has the parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms,
but the party's political will to do so has been lacking in key
areas. One encouraging note: growth has been a steady 5% for the
past several years.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$275.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 21.2%
industry: 27.1%
services: 51.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
65.49 million
note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman,
Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion
in 1998-99 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 63%, industry 11%, services 26% (FY95/96)

Unemployment rate:
40% (includes underemployment) (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
45% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
33.6 (FY95/96)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $5.921 billion
expenditures: $8.262 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
43% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco, pulses,
oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry

Industries:
cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper newsprint,
cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar

Industrial production growth rate:
6.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
16.45 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 93.7% hydro: 6.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
15.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
3,581 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
71,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
28.45 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
150.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$216.6 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$7.478 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and seafood
(2001)

Exports - partners:
US 22.4%, Germany 14.5%, UK 11.2%, France 6.9%, Italy 4% (2004)

Imports:
$10.03 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles,
foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000)

Imports - partners:
India 15.1%, China 12.5%, Singapore 7.5%, Kuwait 5.5%, Japan 5.3%,
Hong Kong 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$19.97 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$1.575 billion (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
taka (BDT)

Currency code:
BDT

Exchange rates:
taka per US dollar - 59.513 (2004), 58.15 (2003), 57.888 (2002),
55.807 (2001), 52.142 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Bangladesh

Telephones - main lines in use:
740,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.365 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: totally inadequate for a modern country
domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems
include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some
fiber-optic cable in cities
international: country code - 880; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international radiotelephone communications
and landline service to neighboring countries (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2 (1999)

Radios:
6.15 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
15 (1999)

Televisions:
770,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bd

Internet hosts:
1 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10 (2000)

Internet users:
243,000 (2003)

Transportation Bangladesh

Railways:
total: 2,706 km
broad gauge: 884 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 207,486 km
paved: 19,773 km
unpaved: 187,713 km (1999)

Waterways: 8,372 km note: includes 2,575 km main cargo routes (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 2,012 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Chittagong, Mongla Port

Merchant marine:
total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 319,897 GRT/440,575 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 28, container 6, passenger/cargo 1,
petroleum tanker 4
foreign-owned: 10 (China 1, Singapore 9)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Airports:
16 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Bangladesh

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 35,170,019 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 26,841,255 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$995.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Bangladesh

Disputes - international:
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of
river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries,
allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade,
migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous
border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are
missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;
Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 61,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring countries

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Barbados

Introduction Barbados

Background:
The island was uninhabited when first settled by the British in
1627. Slaves worked the sugar plantations established on the island
until 1834 when slavery was abolished. The economy remained heavily
dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production through most of the
20th century. The gradual introduction of social and political
reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete independence from the
UK in 1966. In the 1990s, tourism and manufacturing surpassed the
sugar industry in economic importance.

Geography Barbados

Location:
Caribbean, island in the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of
Venezuela

Geographic coordinates:
13 10 N, 59 32 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 431 sq km
land: 431 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
97 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Terrain:
relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Hillaby 336 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, natural gas

Land use: arable land: 37.21% permanent crops: 2.33% other: 60.46% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides

Environment - current issues: pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships; soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination of aquifers

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: easternmost Caribbean island

People Barbados

Population:
279,254 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.6% (male 28,813/female 28,634)
15-64 years: 70.6% (male 96,590/female 100,622)
65 years and over: 8.8% (male 9,432/female 15,163) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 34.15 years
male: 32.99 years
female: 35.28 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.33% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.59 years
male: 70.6 years
female: 74.6 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.65 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial)
adjective: Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)

Ethnic groups:
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%

Religions:
Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, other
12%), Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, other 12%

Languages:
English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.7% (2002 est.)

Government Barbados

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Barbados

Government type:
parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the
Commonwealth

Capital:
Bridgetown

Administrative divisions:
11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint
James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael, Saint
Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas; note - the city of Bridgetown may
be given parish status

Independence:
30 November 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 30 November (1966)

Constitution:
30 November 1966

Legal system:
English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 7
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (21-member body
appointed by the governor general) and the House of Assembly (30
seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: House of Assembly - last held 21 May 2003 (next to be
held by May 2008)
election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - BLP 23, DLP 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Judicature (judges are appointed by the Service
Commissions for the Judicial and Legal Services)

Political parties and leaders:
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor Party
or DLP [Clyde Mascoll]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Barbados Workers Union [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement Payne Labor Union
[David COMMISSIONG]; People's Progressive Movement [Eric SEALY];
Worker's Party of Barbados [Dr. George BELLE]

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael Ian KING
chancery: 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-9200
FAX: [1] (202) 332-7467
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York
consulate(s): Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary E. KRAMER
embassy: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street,
Bridgetown; (courier) ALICO Building-Cheapside, Bridgetown
mailing address: P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown; CMR 1014, APO AA 34055
telephone: [1] (246) 436-4950
FAX: [1] (246) 429-5246, 429-3379

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and blue
with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the
trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the
colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)

Economy Barbados

Economy - overview:
Historically, the Barbadian economy had been dependent on sugarcane
cultivation and related activities, but production in recent years
has diversified into light industry and tourism. Offshore finance
and information services are important foreign exchange earners. The
government continues its efforts to reduce unemployment, to
encourage direct foreign investment, and to privatize remaining
state-owned enterprises. The economy contracted in 2002-03 mainly
due to a decline in tourism. Growth probably was positive in 2004,
as economic conditions in the US and Europe moderately improved.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.569 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $16,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6% industry: 16% services: 78% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
128,500 (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 10%, industry 15%, services 75% (1996 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10.7% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-0.5% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $847 million (including grants)
expenditures: $886 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, vegetables, cotton

Industries:
tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export

Industrial production growth rate:
-3.2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
800 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
744 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
1,271 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
10,900 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.254 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
29.17 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
29.17 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
70.79 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:
$206 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:
sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages, chemicals,
electrical components

Exports - partners:
US 20.6%, UK 14.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.9%, Saint Lucia 6.9%,
Jamaica 6.6%, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.1% (2004)

Imports:
$1.039 billion (2002)

Imports - commodities:
consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction materials,
chemicals, fuel, electrical components

Imports - partners:
US 35.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 20%, UK 5.6%, Japan 4.3% (2004)

Debt - external:
$668 million (2003)

Economic aid - recipient:
$9.1 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Barbadian dollar (BBD)

Currency code:
BBD

Exchange rates:
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2004), 2 (2003), 2 (2002), 2
(2001), 2 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Barbados

Telephones - main lines in use:
134,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
140,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: island-wide automatic telephone system
international: country code - 1-246; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and
Saint Lucia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 6, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
237,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus two cable channels) (2004)

Televisions:
76,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bb

Internet hosts:
204 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
19 (2000)

Internet users:
100,000 (2003)

Transportation Barbados

Highways: total: 1,600 km paved: 1,578 km unpaved: 22 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Bridgetown

Merchant marine:
total: 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 427,465 GRT/668,195 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 31, chemical tanker 6,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 2,
specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 53 (Bahamas 1, Bangladesh 1, Canada 12, Greece 11,
Lebanon 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 17, UAE 1, United Kingdom 7)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Barbados

Military branches:
Royal Barbados Defense Force: Troops Command and Coast Guard (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; volunteers at earlier age with parental consent; no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 71,330 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 51,298 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
the Royal Barbados Defense Force includes a land-based Troop
Command and a small Coast Guard; the primary role of the land
element is to defend the island against external aggression; the
Command consists of a single, part-time battalion with a small
regular cadre that is deployed throughout the island; it
increasingly supports the police in patrolling the coastline to
prevent smuggling and other illicit activities (2005)

Transnational Issues Barbados

Disputes - international:
in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory
international arbitration that will result in a binding award
challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and
Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters and the
southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing; joins other
Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island
sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits
Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion
of the Caribbean Sea

Illicit drugs:
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics bound for
Europe and the US; offshore financial center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bassas da India

Introduction Bassas da India

Background:
This atoll is a volcanic rock surrounded by reefs and is awash at
high tide. A French possession since 1897, it was placed under the
administration of a commissioner residing in Reunion in 1968.

Geography Bassas da India

Location:
Southern Africa, islands in the southern Mozambique Channel, about
one-half of the way from Madagascar to Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
21 30 S, 39 50 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 0.2 sq km
land: 0.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about one-third the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
35.2 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
volcanic rock

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 2.4 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all rock) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
maritime hazard since it is usually under water during high tide
and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic cyclones

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
the islands emerge from a circular reef that sits atop a
long-extinct, submerged volcano

People Bassas da India

Population: uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Government Bassas da India

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bassas da India

Dependency status:
possession of France; administered by the Administrateur Superieur
of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Bassas da India

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Bassas da India

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Bassas da India

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Bassas da India

Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Belarus

Introduction Belarus

Background:
After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus
attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political
and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet
republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union
on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic
integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the
accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his
election in July 1995 as the country's first president, Alexander
LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian
means. Government restrictions on freedom of speech and the press,
peaceful assembly, and religion continue.

Geography Belarus

Location:
Eastern Europe, east of Poland

Geographic coordinates:
53 00 N, 28 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 207,600 sq km
land: 207,600 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Kansas

Land boundaries:
total: 2,900 km
border countries: Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 407 km,
Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime

Terrain:
generally flat and contains much marshland

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m
highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

Natural resources:
forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas,
granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay

Land use: arable land: 29.55% permanent crops: 0.6% other: 69.85% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues: soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of
Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes; the country is
geologically well endowed with extensive deposits of granite,
dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay

People Belarus

Population:
10,300,483 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16% (male 839,292/female 804,738)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 3,481,432/female 3,672,991)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 498,717/female 1,003,313) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 37.03 years
male: 34.32 years
female: 39.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.09% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.5 male(s)/female
total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 13.37 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.72 years
male: 63.03 years
female: 74.69 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
15,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,000 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Belarusian(s)
adjective: Belarusian

Ethnic groups:
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian 2.4%, other
1.1% (1999 census)

Religions:
Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant,
Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)

Languages:
Belarusian, Russian, other

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.5% (2003 est.)

Government Belarus

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Belarus
conventional short form: Belarus
local long form: Respublika Byelarus'
local short form: none
former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship

Capital:
Minsk

Administrative divisions:
6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality*
(horad); Brest, Homyel', Horad Minsk*, Hrodna, Mahilyow, Minsk,
Vitsyebsk
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers

Independence:
25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date
Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date
of independence from the Soviet Union

Constitution:
15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996
giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective
27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing
presidential term limits

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996
referendum; new election held 9 September 2001; October 2004
referendum ended presidential term limits allowing president to run
for a third term in September 2006; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 75.6%, Vladimir GONCHARIK 15.4%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobranie consists of
the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64 seats; 56
members elected by regional councils and 8 members appointed by the
president, all for 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives
or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members elected by universal
adult suffrage to serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held 18 March and 1 April 2001 and 17 and 31 October
2004; international observers widely denounced the October 2004
elections as flawed and undemocratic, based on massive government
falsification; pro-Lukashenko candidates won every seat, after many
opposition candidates were disqualified for technical reasons
election results: Soviet Respubliki - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president);
Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president
and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)

Political parties and leaders:
Pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [leader NA];
Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [leader NA]; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH];
Social-Sports Party [leader NA]; Opposition parties: Belarusian
Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat
Party Narodnaya Gromada or BSDP NG [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman];
Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH,
chairman]; United Civic Party or UCP [Anatol LEBEDKO]; Party of
Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Women's
Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina MATUSEVICH, chairperson]
note: the opposition Belarusian Party of Labor [Aleksandr
BUKHVOSTOV] was liquidated in August 2004, but remains active

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mikhail KHVOSTOV
chancery: 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 986-1604
FAX: [1] (202) 986-1805
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador George A. KROL
embassy: 46 Starovilenskaya St., Minsk 220002
mailing address: PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723
telephone: [375] (17) 210-12-83, 217-7347, 217-7348
FAX: [375] (17) 234-7853

Flag description:
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the
width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side
bears Belarusian national ornamention in red

Economy Belarus

Economy - overview:
Belarus's economy in 2003-04 posted 6.1% and 6.4% growth. Still,
the economy continues to be hampered by high inflation, persistent
trade deficits, and ongoing rocky relations with Russia, Belarus'
largest trading partner and energy supplier. Belarus has seen little
structural reform since 1995, when President LUKASHENKO launched the
country on the path of "market socialism." In keeping with this
policy, LUKASHENKO reimposed administrative controls over prices and
currency exchange rates and expanded the state's right to intervene
in the management of private enterprises. In addition, businesses
have been subject to pressure on the part of central and local
governments, e.g., arbitrary changes in regulations, numerous
rigorous inspections, retroactive application of new business
regulations, and arrests of "disruptive" businessmen and factory
owners. A wide range of redistributive policies has helped those at
the bottom of the ladder; the Gini coefficient is among the lowest
in the world. For the time being, Belarus remains self-isolated from
the West and its open-market economies. Growth has been strong in
recent years, despite the roadblocks in a tough, centrally directed
economy and the high, but decreasing, rate of inflation. Growth has
been buoyed by increased Russian demand for generally noncompetitive
Belarusian goods.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$70.5 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11% industry: 36.4% services: 52.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.305 million (31 December 2003)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 14%, industry 34.7%, services 51.3% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
2% officially registered unemployed; large number of underemployed
workers (2004)

Population below poverty line:
27.1% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 5.1% highest 10%: 20% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
21.7 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
17.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
21.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.326 billion
expenditures: $3.564 billion, including capital expenditures of $180
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk

Industries:
metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers,
motorcycles, televisions, chemical fibers, fertilizer, textiles,
radios, refrigerators

Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
30 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.5% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
34.3 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
800 million kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
3.2 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
36,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
285,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
14,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - imports:
360,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
250 million cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
18.8 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
18.5 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Current account balance:
$-1.119 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$11.47 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals;
textiles, foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
Russia 47%, UK 8.3%, Netherlands 6.7%, Poland 5.3% (2004)

Imports:
$13.57 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs,
metals

Imports - partners:
Russia 68.2%, Germany 6.6%, Ukraine 3.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$770.2 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$600 million (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$194.3 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Currency code:
BYB/BYR

Exchange rates:
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27 (2003),
1,790.92 (2002), 1,390 (2001), 876.75 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Belarus

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,071,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.118 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the Ministry of Telecommunications controls all
telecommunications through its carrier (a joint stock company)
Beltelcom which is a monopoly
domestic: local - Minsk has a digital metropolitan network and a
cellular NMT-450 network; waiting lists for telephones are long;
local service outside Minsk is neglected and poor; intercity -
Belarus has a partly developed fiber-optic backbone system presently
serving at least 13 major cities (1998); Belarus' fiber optics form
synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries'
systems; an inadequate analog system remains operational
international: country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the
Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line,
and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); three fiber-optic
segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and
Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this
infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat,
Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 28, FM 37, shortwave 11 (1998)

Radios:
3.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
2.52 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.by

Internet hosts:
5,308 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
23 (2002)

Internet users:
1,391,900 (2003)

Transportation Belarus

Railways:
total: 5,512 km
broad gauge: 5,497 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified)
standard gauge: 15 km 1.435-m (2004)

Highways:
total: 79,990 km
paved: 69,351 km
unpaved: 10,639 km (2002)

Waterways:
2,500 km (use limited by location on perimeter of country and by
shallowness) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 5,223 km; oil 2,443 km; refined products 1,686 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mazyr

Airports:
133 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 50
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 22
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 83
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 64 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Belarus

Military branches:
Army, Air and Air Defense Force

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (May 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,520,644 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,657,984 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 85,202 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$176.1 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Belarus

Disputes - international:
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; boundary with Latvia remains undemarcated but a
third of the border with Lithuania was demarcated in 2004

Illicit drugs:
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the
domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via
Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly
regulated financial center; new anti-money-laundering legislation
does not meet international standards; few investigations or
prosecutions of money-laundering activities

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Belgium

Introduction Belgium

Background:
Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 and was
occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. It has prospered in
the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced European
state and member of NATO and the EU. Tensions between the
Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking
Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional
amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy.

Geography Belgium

Location:
Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and the
Netherlands

Geographic coordinates:
50 50 N, 4 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 30,528 sq km
land: 30,278 sq km
water: 250 sq km

Area - comparative:
about the size of Maryland

Land boundaries:
total: 1,385 km
border countries: France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km,
Netherlands 450 km

Coastline:
66.5 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limit
continental shelf: median line with neighbors

Climate:
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Terrain:
flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills, rugged
mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: North Sea 0 m
highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m

Natural resources:
construction materials, silica sand, carbonates

Land use: arable land: 23.28% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 76.32% note: includes Luxembourg (2001)

Irrigated land:
40 sq km (includes Luxembourg) (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed coastal
land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes

Environment - current issues:
the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human
activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,
extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water
pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;
uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now
resolved) have slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European capitals
within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European Union and
NATO

People Belgium

Population:
10,364,388 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.9% (male 892,995/female 855,177)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 3,435,282/female 3,373,917)
65 years and over: 17.4% (male 745,178/female 1,061,839) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.55 years
male: 39.29 years
female: 41.81 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.15% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.68 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.62 years
male: 75.44 years
female: 81.94 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.64 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
10,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Belgian(s)
adjective: Belgian

Ethnic groups:
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%

Languages:
Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less
than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Belgium

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium
conventional short form: Belgium
local long form: Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie
local short form: Belgique/Belgie

Government type:
federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch

Capital:
Brussels

Administrative divisions:
10 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Dutch:
provincies, singular - provincie) and 3 regions* (French: regions;
Dutch: gewesten); Antwerpen, Brabant Wallon, Brussels* (Bruxelles),
Flanders*, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur,
Oost-Vlaanderen, Vlaams-Brabant, Wallonia*, West-Vlaanderen
note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered
devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of
government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a
complex division of responsibilities

Independence:
4 October 1830 (a provisional government declares independence from
the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King Leopold I ascends to the throne)

National holiday:
21 July (1831) ascension to the Throne of King Leopold I

Constitution:
7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create
a federal state

Legal system:
civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory;
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir Apparent
Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch and then approved by parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat
in French (71 seats; 40 members are directly elected by popular
vote, 31 are indirectly elected; members serve four-year terms) and
a Chamber of Deputies or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch,
Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members are directly
elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation
to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate and Chamber of Deputies - last held 18 May 2003
(next to be held no later than May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - SP.A-Spirit
15.5%, VLD 15.4%, CD & V 12.7%, PS 12.8%, MR 12.1%, VB 9.4%, CDH
5.6%; seats by party - SP.A-Spirit 7, VLD 7, CD & V 6, PS 6, MR 5,
VB 5, CDH 2, other 2 (note - there are also 31 indirectly elected
senators); Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - VLD
15.4%, SP.A-Spirit 14.9%, CD & V 13.3%, PS 13.0%, VB 11.6%, MR
11.4%, CDH 5.5%, Ecolo 3.1%; seats by party - VLD 25, SP.A-Spirit
23, CD & V 21, PS 25, VB 18, MR 24, CDH 8 Ecolo 4, other 2
note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered
devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of
government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a
complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six
governments each with its own legislative assembly

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or Cour de
Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the
Government; candidacies have to be submitted by the High Justice
Council)

Political parties and leaders:
Flemish parties: Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V [Jo
VANDEURZEN]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS]; GROEN!
(formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; New Flemish Alliance
or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Socialist Party.Alternative or SP.A
[Caroline GENNEZ]; Spirit [Geert LAMBERT] (new party now associated
with SP.A); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Frank VANHECKE]
Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
Evelyne HUYTEBROECK, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center
of CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET];
Reformist Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS
[Elio DI RUPO]; other minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Christian, Socialist, and Liberal Trade Unions; Federation of
Belgian Industries; numerous other associations representing
bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and
medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural
interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax
Christi and groups representing immigrants

International organization participation:
ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC,
EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB
(nonregional), WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Franciskus VAN DAELE
chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900
FAX: [1] (202) 333-3079
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tom C. KOROLOGOS
embassy: Regentlaan 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels
mailing address: PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710
telephone: [32] (2) 508-2111
FAX: [32] (2) 511-2725

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow, and red;
the design was based on the flag of France

Economy Belgium

Economy - overview:
This modern private enterprise economy has capitalized on its
central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and
diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated
mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north. With few natural
resources, Belgium must import substantial quantities of raw
materials and export a large volume of manufactures, making its
economy unusually dependent on the state of world markets. Roughly
three-quarters of its trade is with other EU countries. Public debt
is nearly 100% of GDP. On the positive side, the government has
succeeded in balancing its budget, and income distribution is
relatively equal. Belgium began circulating the euro currency in
January 2002. Economic growth in 2001-03 dropped sharply because of
the global economic slowdown, with moderate recovery in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$316.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $30,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.3% industry: 25.7% services: 73% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.75 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1.3%, industry 24.5%, services 74.2% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12% (first half, 2004)

Population below poverty line:
4% (1989 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 23% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
28.7 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $173.7 billion
expenditures: $174.8 billion, including capital expenditures of
$1.56 billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
96.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; beef, veal,
pork, milk

Industries:
engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly,
transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and
beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate:
3.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
76.58 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 38.4% hydro: 0.6% nuclear: 59.3% other: 1.8% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
78.82 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
9.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
16.7 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
595,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
450,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
1.042 million bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
15.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
15.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$11.4 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$255.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and metal
products, foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
Germany 19.9%, France 17.2%, Netherlands 11.8%, UK 8.6%, US 6.5%,
Italy 5.2% (2004)

Imports:
$235 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, pharmaceuticals,
foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products

Imports - partners:
Germany 18.4%, Netherlands 17%, France 12.5%, UK 6.8%, Ireland
6.3%, US 5.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$14.45 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$28.3 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1.072 billion (2002)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Belgium

Telephones - main lines in use:
5,120,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
8,135,500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: highly developed, technologically advanced, and
completely automated domestic and international telephone and
telegraph facilities
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cable
network; limited microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 32; 5 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
FM 79, AM 7, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
8.075 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
4.72 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.be

Internet hosts:
166,799 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
61 (2000)

Internet users:
3.4 million (2002)

Transportation Belgium

Railways: total: 3,521 km standard gauge: 3,521 km 1.435-m gauge (2,927 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 149,028 km
paved: 116,540 km (including 1,729 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,488 km (2002)

Waterways:
2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 1,485 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Antwerp, Brussels, Gent, Liege, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Merchant marine:
total: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,146,301 GRT/1,588,184 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 15, cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, container 8,
liquefied gas 17, petroleum tanker 9
foreign-owned: 12 (Denmark 4, France 4, Greece 4)
registered in other countries: 101 (2005)

Airports:
43 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 25 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 16 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Belgium

Military branches:
Land, Naval, and Air Components (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary military service; women comprise some 7% of the Belgian armed forces (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 2,436,736 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,998,003 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 64,263 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3.999 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.3% (2003)

Transnational Issues Belgium

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point for US-bound
ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin, hashish, and
marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a strengthening of
legislation, the country remains vulnerable to money laundering
related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Belize

Introduction Belize

Background:
Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the
independence of Belize (formerly British Honduras) until 1981.
Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation until 1992. Tourism
has become the mainstay of the economy. The country remains plagued
by high unemployment, growing involvement in the South American drug
trade, and increasing urban crime.

Geography Belize

Location:
Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and
Mexico

Geographic coordinates:
17 15 N, 88 45 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 22,966 sq km
land: 22,806 sq km
water: 160 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Land boundaries: total: 516 km border countries: Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km

Coastline:
386 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south; note - from
the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's
territorial sea is 3 nm; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act,
1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for
negotiating a definitive agreement on territorial differences with
Guatemala
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry
season (February to May)

Terrain:
flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Victoria Peak 1,160 m

Natural resources: arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 2.85% permanent crops: 1.71% other: 95.44% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and coastal
flooding (especially in south)

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial effluents,
agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
only country in Central America without a coastline on the North
Pacific Ocean

People Belize

Population:
279,457 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 40.1% (male 57,114/female 54,877)
15-64 years: 56.4% (male 79,694/female 77,881)
65 years and over: 3.5% (male 4,768/female 5,123) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.35 years
male: 19.21 years
female: 19.49 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.33% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
29.34 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 25.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.44 years
male: 66.54 years
female: 70.44 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.68 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Belizean(s) adjective: Belizean

Ethnic groups:
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other 9.7%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 49.6%, Protestant 27% (Pentecostal 7.4%, Anglican
5.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5.2%, Mennonite 4.1%, Methodist 3.5%,
Jehovah's Witnesses 1.5%), other 14%, none 9.4% (2000)

Languages:
English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.1%
male: 94.1%
female: 94.1% (2003 est.)

Government Belize

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Belize former: British Honduras

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Belmopan

Administrative divisions:
6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek, Toledo

Independence:
21 September 1981 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 21 September (1981)

Constitution:
21 September 1981

Legal system:
English law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28
August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime
minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (12 members
appointed by the governor general - six on the advice of the prime
minister, three on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and
one each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and
Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce
and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, and the National
Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee;
members are appointed for five-year terms) and the House of
Representatives (29 seats; members are elected by direct popular
vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 5 March 2003 (next
to be held March 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PUP 21, UDP 8

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor
general on the advice of the prime minister)

Political parties and leaders:
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic Party
or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Adele
CATZIM]

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU,
LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Lisa M. SHOMAN
chancery: 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-9636
FAX: [1] (202) 332-6888
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Russell F. FREEMAN
embassy: 29 Gabourel Lane, Belize City
mailing address: P. O. Box 286, Belize City
telephone: [501] 227-7161 through 7163
FAX: [501] 2-30802

Flag description:
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom edges;
centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the coat of
arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a mahogany
tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in the
Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green garland

Economy Belize

Economy - overview:
In this small, essentially private enterprise economy the tourism
industry is the number one foreign exchange earner followed by
marine products, citrus, cane sugar, bananas, and garments. The
government's expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, initiated in
September 1998, led to sturdy GDP growth averaging nearly 6% in
1999-2004. Major concerns continue to be the sizable trade deficit
and foreign debt. A key short-term objective remains the reduction
of poverty with the help of international donors.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.778 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 17.7%
industry: 15%
services: 67.3% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
90,000
note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel
(2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 27%, industry 18%, services 55% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12.9% (2003)

Population below poverty line:
33% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
33.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $244.5 million
expenditures: $300 million, including capital expenditures of $70
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: bananas, coca, citrus, sugar; fish, cultured shrimp; lumber; garments

Industries:
garment production, food processing, tourism, construction

Industrial production growth rate:
4.6% (1999)

Electricity - production:
117 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 59.9% hydro: 40.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
108.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-115 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$401.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses, wood

Exports - partners:
US 37.2%, UK 26.8%, Jamaica 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$579.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco

Imports - partners:
US 30.1%, Mexico 12%, Guatemala 7.4%, Cuba 7.2%, China 4.2%, Japan
4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$111.1 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.362 billion (June 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Belizean dollar (BZD)

Currency code:
BZD

Exchange rates:
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2004), 2 (2003), 2 (2002), 2
(2001), 2 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Belize

Telephones - main lines in use:
33,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
60,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: above-average system
domestic: trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay
international: country code - 501; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
133,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1997)

Televisions:
41,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bz

Internet hosts:
2,613 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
30,000 (2002)

Transportation Belize

Highways: total: 2,872 km paved: 488 km unpaved: 2,384 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
825 km (navigable only by small craft) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Belize City

Merchant marine:
total: 295 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,015,270 GRT/1,336,890 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 207, chemical tanker 9, container 6,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 17, roll
on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 142 (Australia 2, Belgium 1, China 50, Cuba 1, Cyprus
1, Estonia 9, Germany 4, Hong Kong 6, Indonesia 3, Italy 2, Japan 5,
Latvia 4, Malaysia 1, Nigeria 1, Pakistan 1, Poland 2, Russia 23,
Singapore 5, South Korea 6, Spain 3, Switzerland 1, Turkey 2,
Ukraine 4, UAE 3, United States 2) (2005)

Airports:
43 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 38
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Military Belize

Military branches:
Belize Defense Force (BDF): Army, Maritime Wing, Air Wing, and
Volunteer Guard

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; laws allow for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient; conscription has never been implemented; volunteers typically outnumber available positions by 3:1 (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 60,750 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 41,368 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 3,209 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$18 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2% (2003)

Transnational Issues Belize

Disputes - international:
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely uninhabited
rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS is attempting to revive
the 2002 failed Differendum that created a small adjustment to land
boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, joint
ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantial US-UK
financial package

Illicit drugs:
major transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer
of cannabis for the international drug trade; money-laundering
activity related to narcotics trafficking and offshore sector

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Benin

Introduction Benin

Background:
Present day Benin was the site of Dahomey, a prominent West African
kingdom that rose in the 15th century. The territory became a French
Colony in 1872 and achieved independence on 1 August 1960, as the
Republic of Benin. A succession of military governments ended in
1972 with the rise to power of Mathieu KEREKOU and the establishment
of a government based on Marxist-Leninist principles. A move to
representative government began in 1989. Two years later, free
elections ushered in former Prime Minister Nicephore SOGLO as
president, marking the first successful transfer of power in Africa
from a dictatorship to a democracy. KEREKOU was returned to power by
elections held in 1996 and 2001, though some irregularities were
alleged.

Geography Benin

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Nigeria and
Togo

Geographic coordinates:
9 30 N, 2 15 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 112,620 sq km
land: 110,620 sq km
water: 2,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:
total: 1,989 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km,
Togo 644 km

Coastline:
121 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:
mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Sokbaro 658 m

Natural resources: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber

Land use: arable land: 18.08% permanent crops: 2.4% other: 79.52% (2001)

Irrigated land:
120 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to
March

Environment - current issues:
inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens wildlife
populations; deforestation; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural
harbors, river mouths, or islands

People Benin

Population:
7,460,025
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.5% (male 1,752,243/female 1,719,458)
15-64 years: 51.2% (male 1,868,630/female 1,948,610)
65 years and over: 2.3% (male 70,367/female 100,717) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.56 years
male: 16.12 years
female: 17.01 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.82% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
41.99 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
13.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 90 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 52.66 years
male: 51.53 years
female: 53.82 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.86 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
68,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
5,800 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, yellow fever, and others are high risks in some locations respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Beninese (singular and plural)
adjective: Beninese

Ethnic groups:
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%

Languages:
French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in
south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 33.6%
male: 46.4%
female: 22.6% (2002 est.)

Government Benin

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Benin
conventional short form: Benin
local long form: Republique du Benin
local short form: Benin
former: Dahomey

Government type:
republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped Marxism-Leninism
December 1989

Capital:
Porto-Novo is the official capital; Cotonou is the seat of
government

Administrative divisions:
12 departments; Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou, Collines,
Kouffo, Donga, Littoral, Mono, Oueme, Plateau, Zou

Independence:
1 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
National Day, 1 August (1960)

Constitution:
December 1990

Legal system:
based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of
vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%
note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first-round
presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,
Nicephore SOGLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI
(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of
State) 8.6%; the second-round balloting, originally scheduled for 18
March 2001, was postponed four days because both SOGLO and
HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to
run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed
a "friendly match"

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (83 seats;
members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 30 March 2003 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Presidential Movement 52, opposition (PRB, PRD, E'toile, and 5 other
small parties) 31

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle; Supreme Court or
Cour Supreme; High Court of Justice

Political parties and leaders:
African Congress for Renewal or DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; African
Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU];
Coalition of Democratic Forces [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal and
Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progress
and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Key Force or FC [leader NA];
Presidential Movement (UBF, MADEP, FC, IDP, and four small parties);
Renaissance Party du Benin or PRB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star
Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow's Benin
or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC,
NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Cyrille Segbe OGUIN chancery: 2124 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 232-6656 FAX: [1] (202) 265-1996

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Wayne NEILL embassy: Rue Caporal Bernard Anani, Cotonou mailing address: 01 B. P. 2012, Cotonou telephone: [229] 30-06-50 FAX: [229] 30-06-70

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) with a
vertical green band on the hoist side

Economy Benin

Economy - overview:
The economy of Benin remains underdeveloped and dependent on
subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade.
Growth in real output has averaged around 5% in the past six years,
but rapid population growth has offset much of this increase.
Inflation has subsided over the past several years. In order to
raise growth still further, Benin plans to attract more foreign
investment, place more emphasis on tourism, facilitate the
development of new food processing systems and agricultural
products, and encourage new information and communication
technology. The 2001 privatization policy should continue in
telecommunications, water, electricity, and agriculture in spite of
initial government reluctance. The Paris Club and bilateral
creditors have eased the external debt situation, while pressing for
more rapid structural reforms. Benin continues to be hurt by
Nigerian trade protection that bans imports of a growing list of
products from Benin and elsewhere. As a result, smuggling and
criminality along the Benin-Nigeria border has been on the rise.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$8.338 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 36.3%
industry: 14.3%
services: 49.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA (1996)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
33% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $869.4 million
expenditures: $720.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: cotton, corn, cassava (tapioca), yams, beans, palm oil, peanuts, livestock (2001)

Industries:
textiles, food processing, construction materials, cement (2001)

Industrial production growth rate:
8.3% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
285.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 14.2% hydro: 85.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
565.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
300 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
4.105 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
608.8 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-159.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$720.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa

Exports - partners:
China 28.7%, India 18.4%, Ghana 6.3%, Thailand 6%, Niger 5.8%,
Indonesia 4.2%, Nigeria 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$934.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
China 32.2%, France 13%, Thailand 6.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$839.3 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.6 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$342.6 million (2000)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Benin

Telephones - main lines in use:
66,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
236,200 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: fair system of open-wire, microwave radio relay, and
cellular connections
international: country code - 229; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2000)

Radios:
660,000 (2000)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2001)

Televisions:
66,000 (2000)

Internet country code:
.bj

Internet hosts:
879 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
4 (2002)

Internet users:
70,000 (2003)

Transportation Benin

Railways: total: 578 km narrow gauge: 578 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 6,787 km
paved: 1,357 km (including 10 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,430 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
150 km (on River Niger along northern border) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cotonou

Airports:
5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Benin

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 21 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; in practice, volunteers may be taken at the age of 18; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 21-49: 1,207,071
females age 21-49: 1,216,180 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 21-49: 670,170
females age 21-49: 630,078 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 72,841
females: 71,428 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$96.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Benin

Disputes - international:
two villages remain in dispute along the border with Burkina Faso;
accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much of Benin-Niger
boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated, and
the states expect a ruling in 2005 from the ICJ over the disputed
Niger and Mekrou River islands; a joint task force was established
in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the maritime and the
870-km land boundary with Nigeria, including the sovereignty over
seven villages along the Okpara River; a joint boundary commission
continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim
that Togo moved boundary stones

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigerian
trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for Western
Europe and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorly
regulated financial infrastructure

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bermuda

Introduction Bermuda

Background:
Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists
headed for Virginia. Tourism to the island to escape North American
winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be
important to the island's economy, although international business
has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has developed into a
highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on
independence was soundly defeated in 1995.

Geography Bermuda

Location:
North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east
of South Carolina (US)

Geographic coordinates:
32 20 N, 64 45 W

Map references:
North America

Area:
total: 53.3 sq km
land: 53.3 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about one-third the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
103 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Terrain:
low hills separated by fertile depressions

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Town Hill 76 m

Natural resources: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% other: 80% (55% developed, 45% rural/open space) (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
hurricanes (June to November)

Environment - current issues:
asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open space;
sustainable development

Geography - note:
consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall,
but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by US
Government from 1941 to 1995

People Bermuda

Population:
65,365 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.9% (male 6,177/female 6,154)
15-64 years: 69.2% (male 22,422/female 22,828)
65 years and over: 11.9% (male 3,378/female 4,406) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.76 years
male: 38.78 years
female: 40.58 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.64% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.79 years
male: 75.7 years
female: 79.91 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Bermudian(s)
adjective: Bermudian

Ethnic groups:
black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%, unspecified
0.4% (2000 census)

Religions:
Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 15%, African Methodist Episcopal 11%,
other Protestant 18%, other 12%, unaffiliated 6%, unspecified 1%,
none 14% (2000 census)

Languages:
English (official), Portuguese

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 99% (1970 est.)

Government Bermuda

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bermuda former: Somers Islands

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
parliamentary British overseas territory with internal
self-government

Capital:
Hamilton

Administrative divisions:
9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton*,
Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's,
Southampton, Warwick

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Bermuda Day, 24 May

Constitution:
8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003

Legal system:
English law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since 11 April 2002)
head of government: Premier William Alexander SCOTT (since 24 July
2003); Deputy Premier Ewart BROWN
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed premier by the governor

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (an 11-member body
appointed by the governor, the premier, and the opposition) and the
House of Assembly (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve up to five-year terms)
elections: last general election held 24 July 2003 (next to be held
July 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 51.7%, UBP 48%;
seats by party - PLP 22, UBP 14

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [William Alexander SCOTT]; United
Bermuda Party or UBP [Grant GIBBONS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Bermuda Employer's Union [Eddie SAINTS]; Bermuda Industrial Union
or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermuda Public Services Union or BPSU [Ed
BALL]; Bermuda Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]

International organization participation:
Caricom (associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU, WCO,
Egmont Group, Caribbean Financial Action Task Force

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Deputy Chief of Mission Antoinette BOECKER consulate(s) general: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire DVO3 mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate General Hamilton, Department of State, 5300 Hamilton Place, Washington, DC 20520-5300 telephone: [1] (441) 295-1342 FAX: [1] (441) 295-1592, [1] (441) 296-9233

Flag description:
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Bermudian coat of arms (white and green shield with a red lion
holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea
Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag

Economy Bermuda

Economy - overview:
Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world,
nearly equal to that of the US. Its economy is primarily based on
providing financial services for international business and luxury
facilities for tourists. The effects of 11 September 2001 have had
both positive and negative ramifications for Bermuda. On the
positive side, a number of new reinsurance companies have located on
the island, contributing to the expansion of an already robust
international business sector. On the negative side, Bermuda's
tourism industry - which derives over 80% of its visitors from the
US - was severely hit as American tourists chose not to travel.
Tourism rebounded somewhat in 2002-04. Most capital equipment and
food must be imported. Bermuda's industrial sector is small,
although construction continues to be important; the average cost of
a house in June 2003 had risen to $976,000. Agriculture is limited,
only 20% of the land being arable.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.33 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $36,000 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 10% services: 89% (2002 est.)

Labor force: 37,470 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and fishing 3%, laborers 17%, clerical 22%, professional and technical 17%, administrative and managerial 13%, sales 8%, services 20% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
5% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
19% (2000)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (mid-2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $671.1 million
expenditures: $594.6 million, including capital expenditures of $55
million (FY03/04)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products

Industries:
tourism, international business, light manufacturing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
643 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
598 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$879 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:
reexports of pharmaceuticals

Exports - partners:
France 73.2%, UK 6.2%, Spain 2.4% (2004)

Imports:
$5.523 billion (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, construction materials,
chemicals, food and live animals

Imports - partners:
Kazakhstan 39.2%, France 16.2%, Japan 13.1%, Italy 9.2%, South
Korea 8.8%, US 6.4% (2004)

Debt - external:
$160 million (FY99/00)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Bermudian dollar (BMD)

Currency code:
BMD

Exchange rates:
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged to the
US dollar)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Bermuda

Telephones - main lines in use:
56,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
37,873 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good
domestic: fully automatic digital telephone system; fiber optic
trunk lines
international: country code - 1-441; 3 fiber optic submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
82,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (2004)

Televisions:
66,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bm

Internet hosts:
5,161 (2001)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
20 (2000)

Internet users:
34,500 (2003)

Transportation Bermuda

Highways: total: 450 km paved: 450 km unpaved: 0 km note: public roads - 209 km; private roads - 241 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Hamilton, Saint George

Merchant marine:
total: 108 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,845,326 GRT/6,501,782 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 6, container 22, liquefied gas 13,
passenger 13, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated
cargo 11, roll on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 103 (Australia 2, Canada 20, Finland 2, Germany 1,
Greece 1, Hong Kong 5, Indonesia 1, Nigeria 8, Norway 5, Sweden 9,
Switzerland 2, United Kingdom 27, United States 20)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Bermuda

Military branches:
Bermuda Regiment

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$4.03 million (2001)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.11% (FY00/01)

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Bermuda

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bhutan

Introduction Bhutan

Background:
In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu, under
which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for ceding
some border land. Under British influence, a monarchy was set up in
1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the British
agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and Bhutan
allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was assumed
by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal
Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the
British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and
defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A
refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved;
90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps.

Geography Bhutan

Location:
Southern Asia, between China and India

Geographic coordinates:
27 30 N, 90 30 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 47,000 sq km
land: 47,000 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about half the size of Indiana

Land boundaries: total: 1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers
in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Terrain:
mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m

Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate

Land use: arable land: 3.09% permanent crops: 0.43% other: 96.48% (2001)

Irrigated land:
400 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the country's
name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon; frequent
landslides during the rainy season

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; strategic location between China and India; controls
several key Himalayan mountain passes

People Bhutan

Population: 2,232,291 note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39.1% (male 452,213/female 420,675)
15-64 years: 56.9% (male 654,109/female 615,431)
65 years and over: 4% (male 45,281/female 44,582) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.27 years
male: 20.11 years
female: 20.44 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.11% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
34.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 100.44 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 98.19 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 102.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 54.39 years
male: 54.65 years
female: 54.11 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Bhutanese

Ethnic groups:
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Religions:
Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism 25%

Languages:
Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects,
Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.2%
male: 56.2%
female: 28.1% (1995 est.)

Government Bhutan

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan
conventional short form: Bhutan

Government type:
monarchy; special treaty relationship with India

Capital:
Thimphu

Administrative divisions:
18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang, Chhukha,
Chirang, Dagana, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro, Pemagatsel,
Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang, Thimphu,
Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse

Independence:
8 August 1949 (from India)

National holiday:
National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king), 17
December (1907)

Constitution:
no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King
commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004
presented a draft to the Council of Ministers; now awaiting
referendum

Legal system:
based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
each family has one vote in village-level elections; note - in late
2003 Bhutan's legislature passed a new election law

Executive branch:
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo
Sangay NGEDUP (since 5 September 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms
in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected
from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35
are designated by the monarch to represent government and other
secular interests; members serve three-year terms)
elections: local elections last held November 2002 (next to be held
NA 2005)
election results: NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed
by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
no legal parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant
antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United Front for
Democracy (exiled)

International organization participation:
AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, IOM
(observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN; address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; FAX [1] (212) 826-2998; the Bhutanese mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations, although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US Embassy in New Delhi (India)

Flag description:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper
triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered along
the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing away from
the hoist side

Economy Bhutan

Economy - overview:
The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed, is
based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood
for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists largely of
subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged mountains dominate
the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure
difficult and expensive. The economy is closely aligned with India's
through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on India's
financial assistance. The industrial sector is technologically
backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. Most
development projects, such as road construction, rely on Indian
migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its attraction for
tourists are key resources. Model education, social, and environment
programs are underway with support from multilateral development
organizations. Each economic program takes into account the
government's desire to protect the country's environment and
cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious
expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale,
environmentally conscientious tourists. Detailed controls and
uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor,
and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.9 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.3% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 45% industry: 10% services: 45% (2002 est.)

Labor force: NA note: massive lack of skilled labor

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 93%, industry and commerce 2%, services 5%

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of NA
note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of
Bhutan's budget expenditures (FY95/96 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products, eggs

Industries:
cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages,
calcium carbide

Industrial production growth rate:
9.3% (1996 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.001 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.1% hydro: 99.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
312.9 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.56 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
12 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,020 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$154 million f.o.b. (2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts,
cement, fruit, precious stones, spices

Exports - partners:
Bangladesh 47.4%, Japan 30.2%, France 3.4% (2004)

Imports:
$196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles, fabrics,
rice

Imports - partners:
Germany 65.4%, Japan 14.3%, Austria 6.8%, UK 4.5% (2004)

Debt - external:
$245 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
substantial aid from India and other nations

Currency (code):
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Currency code:
BTN; INR

Exchange rates:
ngultrum per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61
(2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Bhutan

Telephones - main lines in use:
25,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
22,000 (2005)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telecommunications facilities are poor
domestic: very low tele-density; domestic service is very poor
especially in rural areas; wireless service available since 2003
international: country code - 975; international telephone and
telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2005)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (2004)

Radios:
37,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2005)

Televisions:
11,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bt

Internet hosts:
985 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
15,000 (2003)

Transportation Bhutan

Highways: total: 4,007 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 3,983 km (2002)

Airports: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Bhutan

Military branches:
Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan
Police) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 483,860 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 314,975 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 23,939 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$13.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Bhutan

Disputes - international:
approximately 104,000 Bhutanese refugees live in Nepal, 90% of whom
reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees
camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian separatists

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bolivia

Introduction Bolivia

Background:
Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away
from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has
consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups.
Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but
leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social
unrest, and illegal drug production. Current goals include
attracting foreign investment, strengthening the educational system,
resolving disputes with coca growers over Bolivia's counterdrug
efforts, and waging an anticorruption campaign.

Geography Bolivia

Location:
Central South America, southwest of Brazil

Geographic coordinates:
17 00 S, 65 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 1,098,580 sq km
land: 1,084,390 sq km
water: 14,190 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 6,743 km
border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km,
Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Terrain:
rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills,
lowland plains of the Amazon Basin

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m
highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Natural resources:
tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver,
iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 2.67% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 97.14% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,280 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding in the northeast (March-April)

Environment - current issues:
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the
international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Geography - note:
landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest
navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

People Bolivia

Population:
8,857,870 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 1,613,049/female 1,551,023)
15-64 years: 59.8% (male 2,591,328/female 2,701,892)
65 years and over: 4.5% (male 178,486/female 222,092) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.47 years
male: 20.79 years
female: 22.17 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.49% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 53.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 49.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.5 years
male: 62.89 years
female: 68.25 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
4,900 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bolivian(s)
adjective: Bolivian

Ethnic groups:
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%,
Aymara 25%, white 15%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) 5%

Languages:
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.2%
male: 93.1%
female: 81.6% (2003 est.)

Government Bolivia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia
conventional short form: Bolivia
local long form: Republica de Bolivia
local short form: Bolivia

Government type:
republic

Capital:
La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of
judiciary)

Administrative divisions:
9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca,
Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija

Independence:
6 August 1825 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Constitution:
2 February 1967; revised in August 1994

Legal system:
based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years of
age, universal and compulsory (single)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Eduardo RODRIGUEZ Veltze (since 9 June
2005); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Eduardo RODRIGUEZ Veltze (since 9 June
2005); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief
of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002
(next to be held June 2007)
election results: as a result of no candidate winning a majority in
the 30 June 2002 election, Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante was
chosen president by Congress; congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ
DE LOZADA Bustamante 84, Evo MORALES 43; note - following the
resignation of the elected president on 17 October 2003 and Vice
President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert on 9 June 2005, Eduardo
RODRIGUEZ Veltze, President of the Supreme Court and constitutional
successor, became president.

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of
Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are
elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve
five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130
seats; 68 are directly elected from their districts and 62 are
elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve
five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held
30 June 2002 (next to be held June 2007)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - MNR 11, MAS 8, MIR 5, NFR 2, other 1; Chamber
of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNR
36, MAS 27, MIR 26, NFR 25, others 16

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year terms
by National Congress); District Courts (one in each department);
provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)

Political parties and leaders:
Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic Solidarity
Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Franz
BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or VIMA [Freddy
ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ
Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Evo MORALES]; Movement
Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; Nationalist Democratic
Action or ADN [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Nationalist
Revolutionary Movement or MNR [leader NA]; New Republican Force or
NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti Indigenous Movement or MIP
[Felipe QUISPE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jeres JUSTINIANO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions; Sole
Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB [Roman
LOAYZA]

International organization participation:
CAN, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent),
ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM,
OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime APARICIO Otero
chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410
FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712
consulate(s) general: Miami, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador David N. GREENLEE
embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz
mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032
telephone: [591] (2) 2430120, 2430251
FAX: [591] (2) 2433900

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with
the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of
Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the
yellow band

Economy Bolivia

Economy - overview:
Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least developed Latin American
countries, reformed its economy after suffering a disastrous
economic crisis in the early 1980s. The reforms spurred real GDP
growth, which averaged 4 percent in the 1990s, and poverty rates
fell. Economic growth, however, lagged again beginning in 1999
because of a global slowdown and homegrown factors such as political
turmoil, civil unrest, and soaring fiscal deficits, all of which
hurt investor confidence. In 2003, violent protests against the
pro-foreign investment economic policies of President SANCHEZ DE
LOZADA led to his resignation and the cancellation of plans to
export Bolivia's newly discovered natural gas reserves to large
northern hemisphere markets. Foreign investment dried up as
companies adopted a wait-and-see attitude regarding new President
Carlos MESA's willingness to protect investor rights in the face of
increased demands by radical groups that the government expropriate
foreign-owned assets. Real GDP growth in 2003 and 2004 - helped by
increased demand for natural gas in neighboring Brazil - was
positive, but still below the levels seen during the 1990s. Bolivia
remains dependent on foreign aid from multilateral lenders and
foreign governments.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$22.33 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13% industry: 28% services: 59% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3.8 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate: 9.2% in urban areas note: widespread underemployment (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line: 64% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.3% highest 10%: 32% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44.7 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
10.4% of GDP (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.264 billion
expenditures: $2.769 billion, including capital expenditures of $741
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice, potatoes;
timber

Industries:
mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco,
handicrafts, clothing

Industrial production growth rate:
5.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.132 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 44.4% hydro: 54% nuclear: 0% other: 1.5% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
3.848 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
9 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
39,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
458.8 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
8.44 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.15 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
2.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
727.2 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$273 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.986 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
natural gas, soybeans and soy products, crude petroleum, zinc ore,
tin

Exports - partners:
Brazil 40%, US 13.9%, Colombia 8.7%, Peru 6.3%, Japan 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$1.595 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, plastics, paper, aircraft and aircraft parts,
prepared foods, automobiles, insecticides, soybeans

Imports - partners:
Brazil 29.7%, Argentina 17.6%, US 10.8%, Chile 7.7%, Peru 7.3%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.214 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.439 billion (June 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$681 million (2002)

Currency (code):
boliviano (BOB)

Currency code:
BOB

Exchange rates:
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003), 7.17
(2002), 6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Bolivia

Telephones - main lines in use:
600,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,401,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic difficulties;
most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other cities; mobile
cellular telephone use expanding rapidly
domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs
digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic
cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded
international: country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)

Radios:
5.25 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
48 (1997)

Televisions:
900,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bo

Internet hosts:
7,080 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
9 (2000)

Internet users:
270,000 (2002)

Transportation Bolivia

Railways: total: 3,519 km narrow gauge: 3,519 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 60,282 km paved: 3,979 km unpaved: 56,303 km (2002)

Waterways:
10,000 km (commercially navigable) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,457 km; refined
products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Puerto Aguirre (on the Paraguay/Parana waterway, at the
Bolivia/Brazil border); also, Bolivia has free port privileges in
maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Merchant marine:
total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 413,407 GRT/699,901 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 16, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 9, refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 11 (Argentina 1, Egypt 2, Eritrea 1, Germany 1, Iran
1, Singapore 2, United Kingdom 1, United States 2) (2005)

Airports:
1,065 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 16 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 1,049 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 60 914 to 1,523 m: 207 under 914 m: 778 (2004 est.)

Military Bolivia

Military branches:
Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval; includes Marines),
Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana) (2004)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; when annual number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; one estimate holds that 40% of the armed forces are under the age of 18, with 50% of those under the age of 16; conscript tour of duty - 12 months (2002)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,923,234 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,311,414 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 101,101 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$132.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Bolivia

Disputes - international:
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama
corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead unrestricted but
not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas
and other commodities

Illicit drugs:
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and Peru)
with an estimated 28,450 hectares under cultivation in June 2003, a
23% increase from June 2002; intermediate coca products and cocaine
exported mostly to or through Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to
European and US drug markets; eradication and alternative crop
programs under the MESA administration have been unable to keep pace
with farmers' attempts to increase cultivation; money-laundering
activity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders
with Brazil and Paraguay

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bosnia and Herzegovina

Introduction Bosnia and Herzegovina

Background:
Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October
1991, was followed by a declaration of independence from the former
Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic
Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and
Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning
the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form
a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the
number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement
creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed
a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic
civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December
1995). The Dayton Agreement retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's
international boundaries and created a joint multi-ethnic and
democratic government. This national government was charged with
conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized
was a second tier of government comprised of two entities roughly
equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The
Federation and RS governments were charged with overseeing most
government functions. The Office of the High Representative (OHR)
was established to oversee the implementation of the civilian
aspects of the agreement. In 1995-96, a NATO-led international
peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to
implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR
was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR)
whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities. European Union
peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their
mission was to maintain peace and stability throughout the country.

Geography Bosnia and Herzegovina

Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia

Geographic coordinates:
44 00 N, 18 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 51,129 sq km
land: 51,129 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries: total: 1,459 km border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km

Coastline:
20 km

Maritime claims:
no data available

Climate:
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short,
cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along
coast

Terrain:
mountains and valleys

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt,
manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, forests, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 13.6% permanent crops: 2.96% other: 83.44% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of
urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of
infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is
divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the
territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about
49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous
to Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro (Montenegro), and traditionally
has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an
ethnic Serb majority in the east

People Bosnia and Herzegovina

Population:
4,025,476 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.3% (male 378,784/female 358,784)
15-64 years: 70.7% (male 1,458,405/female 1,388,793)
65 years and over: 10.9% (male 188,741/female 251,969) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 36.21 years
male: 35.81 years
female: 36.63 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.44% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 21.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 23.62 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.83 years
male: 74.21 years
female: 81.72 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.71 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
900 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Ethnic groups:
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Religions:
Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%

Languages:
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.6%
male: 98.4%
female: 91.1% (2000 est.)

Government Bosnia and Herzegovina

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form: none
local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Government type:
emerging federal democratic republic

Capital:
Sarajevo

Administrative divisions:
2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally
supervised district* - Brcko district (Brcko Distrikt)*, the
Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna
i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note -
Brcko district is in northeastern Bosnia and is an administrative
unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina; the district
remains under international supervision

Independence:
1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence was
completed 1 March 1992; independence was declared 3 March 1992)

National holiday:
National Day, 25 November (1943)

Constitution:
the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new
constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its
own constitution

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Ivo Miro JOVIC (since 28
June 2005; presidency member since 9 May 2005 - Croat; note - Dragan
COVIC was sacked by High Representative Paddy ASHDOWN on 29 Mar
2005); other members of the three-member rotating (every eight
months) presidency: Borislav PARAVAC (since 10 April 2003 - Serb);
and Sulejman TIHIC (since 5 October 2002 - Bosniak)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adnan
TERZIC (since 20 December 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she
was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but the
chairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held NA 2006); the chairman of the Council
of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Mirko SAROVIC with 35.5% of the
Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the
first eight months; Dragan COVIC received 61.5% of the Croat vote;
Sulejman TIHIC received 37% of the Bosniak vote
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Niko
LOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice Presidents Sahbaz DZIHANOVIC
(since NA 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since NA 2003); President
of the Republika Srpska: Dragan CAVIC (since 28 November 2002)

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the
National House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats -
elected by proportional representation, 28 seats allocated from the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats from the Republika
Srpska; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms);
and the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5
Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's
House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's National
Assembly to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's election law
specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order
administrative division entity legislatures
elections: National House of Representatives - elections last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held in NA 2006); House of Peoples - last
constituted NA January 2003 (next to be constituted in 2007)
election results: National House of Representatives - percent of
vote by party/coalition - SDA 21.9%, SDS 14.0%, SBiH 10.5%, SDP
10.4%, SNSD 9.8%, HDZ 9.5%, PDP 4.6%, others 19.3%; seats by
party/coalition - SDA 10, SDS 5, SBiH 6, SDP 4, SNSD 3, HDZ 5, PDP
2, others 7; House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition -
NA%; seats by party/coalition - NA
note: the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that
consists of a House of Representatives (98 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006); percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 32, HDZ-BiH 16, SDP 15,
SBiH 15, other 20; and a House of Peoples (60 seats - 30 Bosniak, 30
Croat); last constituted December 2002; the Republika Srpska has a
National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms); elections last held 5 October 2002 (next to
be held in the fall of 2006); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party/coalition - SDS 26, SNSD 19, PDP 9, SDA 6, SRS 4, SPRS 3,
DNZ 3, SBiH 4, SDP 3, others 6; as a result of the 2002
constitutional reform process, a 28-member Republika Srpska Council
of Peoples (COP) was established in the Republika Srpska National
Assembly including 8 Croats, 8 Bosniaks, 8 Serbs, and 4 members of
the smaller communities

Judicial branch:
BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: four members
are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of
Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's National
Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the
European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of nine
judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal
- having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and
appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities; note -
a War Crimes Chamber may be added at a future date)
note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a
number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the
Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska
has five municipal courts

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK];
Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic Democratic Party or
GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and
Herzegovina or HDZ-BH [Barisa COLAK]; Croat Christian Democratic
Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Mijo IVANIC-LONIC]; Croat
Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRISTIC]; Croat Peasants Party or
HSS [Marko TADIC]; Democratic National Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croat Initiative
or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH
[Safet HALILOVIC]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman
TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Serb
Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan CAVIC - acting]; Serb Radical Party
of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical
Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC]; Social
Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Miro LAZOVIC]; Socialist Party of Republika
Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
BIS, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Bisera TURKOVIC
chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas L. McELHANEY embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo mailing address: use street address telephone: [387] (33) 445-700 FAX: [387] (33) 659-722 branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar

Flag description:
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow
isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the
remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed
white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse
of the triangle

Economy Bosnia and Herzegovina

Economy - overview:
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest
republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture is
almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and
the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. Industry has
been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the socialist economic
structure of Yugoslavia. TITO had pushed the development of military
industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a
number of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The interethnic warfare in
Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and
unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output
recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but
output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made
up in 2003-2004. National-level statistics are limited and do not
capture the large share of black market activity. The konvertibilna
marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in
1998 - is now pegged to the euro, and the Central Bank of Bosnia and
Herzegovina has dramatically increased its reserve holdings.
Implementation of privatization, however, has been slow, and local
entities only reluctantly support national-level institutions.
Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments
bureaus were shut down. A sizeable current account deficit and high
unemployment rate remain the two most serious economic problems. The
country receives substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance
and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have
to prepare for an era of declining assistance.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$26.21 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.2% industry: 30.8% services: 55% (2002)

Labor force:
1.026 million (2001)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
44% officially; however, grey economy may reduce actual
unemployment to near 20% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
25% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.1% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.618 billion
expenditures: $3.642 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Industries:
steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle
assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and
aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining (2001)

Industrial production growth rate:
5.5% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
10.04 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 53.5% hydro: 46.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
8.318 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
3.288 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
2.271 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
300 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
300 million cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-2.1 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
metals, clothing, wood products

Exports - partners:
Italy 22.3%, Croatia 21.1%, Germany 20.8%, Austria 7.4%, Slovenia
7.1%, Hungary 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$5.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Croatia 23.8%, Slovenia 15.8%, Germany 14.8%, Italy 11.4%, Austria
6.6%, Hungary 6.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$650 million (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
marka (BAM)

Currency code:
BAM

Exchange rates:
marka per US dollar - 1.58 (2004), 1.73 (2003), 2.08 (2002), 2.19
(2001), 2.12 (2000)
note: the marka is pegged to the euro

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Bosnia and Herzegovina

Telephones - main lines in use:
938,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.05 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telephone and telegraph network needs
modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average as
contrasted with services in other former Yugoslav republics
domestic: NA
international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
940,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.ba

Internet hosts:
6,994 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
100,000 (2002)

Transportation Bosnia and Herzegovina

Railways:
total: 1,021 km (795 km electrified)
standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,424 km
unpaved: 10,422 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
Sava River (northern border) open to shipping but use limited
because of no agreement with neighboring countries (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, and Brcko (all
inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje

Airports:
27 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 19
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
5 (2004 est.)

Military Bosnia and Herzegovina

Military branches:
VF Army (the air and air defense forces are subordinate commands
within the Army), VRS Army (the air and air defense forces are
subordinate commands within the Army)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; 16 years of age in times of war; 18 years of age for Republika Srpska; 17 years of age for voluntary military service in the Federation and in the Republika Srpska; by law, military obligations cover all healthy men between the ages of 18 and 60, and all women between the ages of 18 and 55; service obligation is 4 months (July 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,034,367 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 829,530 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 31,264 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$234.3 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.5% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Bosnia and Herzegovina

Disputes - international:
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro have delimited
most of their boundary, but sections along the Drina River remain in
dispute; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed
sections of the boundary

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 327,200 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Muslims displaced in
1992-95 war) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
minor transit point for marijuana and opiate trafficking routes to
Western Europe; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering
activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak
law enforcement and instances of corruption

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Botswana

Introduction Botswana

Background:
Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted
its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of
uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and
significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic
economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining,
dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due
to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature
preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of
HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and
comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Geography Botswana

Location:
Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
22 00 S, 24 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 600,370 sq km
land: 585,370 sq km
water: 15,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 4,013 km
border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe
813 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Terrain:
predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in
southwest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m
highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

Natural resources:
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore,
silver

Land use: arable land: 0.65% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.34% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west,
carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure
visibility

Environment - current issues:
overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

People Botswana

Population:
1,640,115
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.8% (male 322,916/female 312,735)
15-64 years: 57.5% (male 455,183/female 487,236)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 23,914/female 38,131) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.29 years
male: 18.64 years
female: 19.93 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
29.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 54.58 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 53.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 33.87 years
male: 33.89 years
female: 33.84 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
37.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
350,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
33,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Ethnic groups:
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including
Kgalagadi and white 7%

Religions:
Christian 71.6%, Badimo 6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%, none
20.6% (2001 census)

Languages:
Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1%
(official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.8%
male: 76.9%
female: 82.4% (2003 est.)

Government Botswana

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Botswana
conventional short form: Botswana
former: Bechuanaland

Government type:
parliamentary republic

Capital:
Gaborone

Administrative divisions:
9 districts and 5 town councils*; Central, Francistown*, Gaborone*,
Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Northwest,
Northeast, Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern

Independence:
30 September 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)

Constitution:
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review
limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and
Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998)
and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term;
election last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held NA 2009); vice
president appointed by the president
election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 52%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely
advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the eight
principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three members selected
by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (61 seats, 57
members are directly elected by popular vote and four are appointed
by the majority party; members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly elections last held 30 October 2004
(next to be held October 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 52%, BNF 26%, BCP
17%, other 5%; seats by party - BDP 44, BNF 12, BCP 1

Judicial branch:
High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each
district)

Political parties and leaders:
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana
National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Congress Party or
BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM
[Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties
are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the
Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; and the Botswana
Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Lapologang Caesar LEKOA
chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph HUGGINS embassy: address NA, Gaborone mailing address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone telephone: [267] 353982 FAX: [267] 312782

Flag description: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

Economy Botswana

Economy - overview:
Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth
rates since independence in 1966. Through fiscal discipline and
sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the
poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per
capita GDP of $9,200 in 2004. Two major investment services rank
Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has
fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than
one-third of GDP and for 70-80% of export earnings. Tourism,
financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are
other key sectors. On the downside, the government must deal with
high rates of unemployment and poverty. Unemployment officially is
23.8%, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS
infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten
Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in
diamond mining production overshadow long-term prospects.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$15.05 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $9,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 44% (including 36% mining) services: 52% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
264,000 formal sector employees (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
23.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
47% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
25.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.735 billion
expenditures: $3.743 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
8.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts

Industries:
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock
processing; textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
930 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.89 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.025 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
16,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$337 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.94 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles

Exports - partners:
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 87%, Southern African
Customs Union (SACU) 7%, Zimbabwe 4% (2000)

Imports:
$2.255 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment,
textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products,
metal and metal products

Imports - partners:
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%, Zimbabwe 4%
(2000)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$5.7 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$531 million (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$73 million (1995)

Currency (code):
pula (BWP)

Currency code:
BWP

Exchange rates:
pulas per US dollar - 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002),
5.8412 (2001), 5.1018 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Botswana

Telephones - main lines in use:
142,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
435,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the system is expanding with the growth of
mobile cellular service and participation in regional development
domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobile
cellular service is growing fast
international: country code - 267; two international exchanges;
digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
252,720 (2000)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2001)

Televisions:
31,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bw

Internet hosts:
1,920 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
11 (2001)

Internet users:
60,000 (2002)

Transportation Botswana

Railways: total: 888 km narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 10,217 km paved: 5,619 km unpaved: 4,598 km (1999)

Airports: 85 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 75
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 54
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Military Botswana

Military branches:
Botswana Defense Force (includes an Air Wing)

Military service age and obligation: 18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service; the official qualifications for determining minimum age are unknown (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 350,649 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 136,322 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 21,103 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$338.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.9% (2004)

Transnational Issues Botswana

Disputes - international:
commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents
protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric
dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built electric fences to
stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape
political persecution; Namibia has long supported and in 2004
Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to
build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing
their short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bouvet Island

Introduction Bouvet Island

Background:
This uninhabited volcanic island is almost entirely covered by
glaciers and is difficult to approach. It was discovered in 1739 by
a French naval officer after whom the island was named. No claim was
made until 1825, when the British flag was raised. In 1928, the UK
waived its claim in favor of Norway, which had occupied the island
the previous year. In 1971, Bouvet Island and the adjacent
territorial waters were designated a nature reserve. Since 1977,
Norway has run an automated meteorological station on the island.

Geography Bouvet Island

Location:
island in the South Atlantic Ocean, southwest of the Cape of Good
Hope (South Africa)

Geographic coordinates:
54 26 S, 3 24 E

Map references:
Antarctic Region

Area:
total: 58.5 sq km
land: 58.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
29.6 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 4 nm

Climate:
antarctic

Terrain:
volcanic; coast is mostly inaccessible

Elevation extremes: lowest point: South Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Olav Peak 935 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (93% ice) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
covered by glacial ice; declared a nature reserve

People Bouvet Island

Population: uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Government Bouvet Island

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bouvet Island

Dependency status:
territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the
Ministry of Justice and Police from Oslo

Legal system:
the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of Norway is used

Economy Bouvet Island

Economy - overview: no economic activity; declared a nature reserve

Communications Bouvet Island

Internet country code:
.bv

Communications - note:
automatic meteorological station

Transportation Bouvet Island

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Bouvet Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Norway

Transnational Issues Bouvet Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Brazil

Introduction Brazil

Background:
Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became
an independent nation in 1822. By far the largest and most populous
country in South America, Brazil overcame more than half a century
of military intervention in the governance of the country when in
1985 the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers.
Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural growth and
development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural resources and a
large labor pool, it is today South America's leading economic power
and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution remains a
pressing problem.

Geography Brazil

Location:
Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Geographic coordinates:
10 00 S, 55 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 8,511,965 sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas,
Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao
Paulo

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than the US

Land boundaries:
total: 14,691 km
border countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia
1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km,
Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Coastline:
7,491 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate:
mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,
mountains, and narrow coastal belt

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

Natural resources:
bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum,
tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

Land use: arable land: 6.96% permanent crops: 0.9% other: 92.15% (2001)

Irrigated land:
26,560 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost in
south

Environment - current issues:
deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangers a
multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area; there
is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution in
Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land
degradation and water pollution caused by improper mining
activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
largest country in South America; shares common boundaries with
every South American country except Chile and Ecuador

People Brazil

Population:
186,112,794
note: Brazil took a count in August 2000, which reported a
population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than
projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied
underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this
country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality
due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and
changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would
otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.1% (male 24,789,495/female 23,842,715)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male 62,669,392/female 63,719,631)
65 years and over: 6% (male 4,549,552/female 6,542,009) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.81 years
male: 27.06 years
female: 28.57 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.06% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 29.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.69 years
male: 67.74 years
female: 75.85 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
660,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
15,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups:
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%,
other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7%
(2000 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spriritualist
1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4%
(2000 census)

Languages:
Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 86.1%
female: 86.6% (2003 est.)

Government Brazil

Country name:
conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form: Brasil

Government type:
federative republic

Capital:
Brasilia

Administrative divisions:
26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district*
(distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara,
Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso,
Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco,
Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul,
Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe, Tocantins

Independence:
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Constitution:
5 October 1988

Legal system:
based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory
over 18 and under 70 years of age; note - military conscripts do not
vote

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 6 October
2002 (next to be held 1 October 2006, with a runoff on 29 October
2006 if necessary); runoff election held 27 October 2002
election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz Inacio
LULA DA SILVA (PT) elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA (PSDB)
38.7%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the
Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each
state and federal district elected according to the principle of
majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a
four-year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year
period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513
seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Federal Senate - last held 6 October 2002 for two-thirds
of the Senate (next to be held October 2006 for one-third of the
Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 October 2002 (next to be
held October 2006)
election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PMBD 19, PFL 19, PT 14, PSDB 11, PDT 5, PSB 4, PL
3, PTB 3, PPS 1, PSD 1, PP 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - PT 91, PFL 84, PMDB 74, PSDB 71, PP
49, PL 26, PTB 26, PSB 22, PDT 21, PPS 15, PCdoB 12, PRONA 6, PV 5,
other 11; note - many congressmen have changed party affiliation
since the most recent election

Judicial branch:
Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed for life by
the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of
Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life);
note - though appointed "for life," judges, like all federal
employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70

Political parties and leaders:
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy Michel
TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Federal Deputy Roberto
JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator
Eduardo AZAREDO]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy
Miguel ARRAES]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Renato RABELO];
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos LUPI]; Democratic Socialist
Party or PSD [Pedro Miguel SANTANA LOPES]; Green Party or PV [Jose
Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Senator Jorge
BORNHAUSEN]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTA
Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal Deputy
Dr. Eneas CARNEIRO]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy
Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro
CORREA]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS];
Worker's Party or PT [Jose GENOINO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Landless Worker's Movement; labor unions and federations; large
farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical
christian churches and the Catholic Church

International organization participation:
AfDB, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH,
NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security
Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto ABDENUR chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700 FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador John DANILOVICH embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030 telephone: [55] (61) 312-7000 FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136 consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo consulate(s): Recife

Flag description:
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue
celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state
and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the night
sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with the
motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

Economy Brazil

Economy - overview:
Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining,
manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that
of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence
in world markets. From 2001-03 real wages fell and Brazil's economy
grew, on average, only 2.2% per year, as the country absorbed a
series of domestic and international economic shocks. That Brazil
absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to the
resiliency of the Brazilian economy and the economic program put in
place by former President CARDOSO and strengthened by President LULA
DA SILVA. In 2004, Brazil enjoyed more robust growth that yielded
increases in employment and real wages. The three pillars of the
economic program are a floating exchange rate, an
inflation-targeting regime, and tight fiscal policy, all reinforced
by a series of IMF programs. The currency depreciated sharply in
2001 and 2002, which contributed to a dramatic current account
adjustment: in 2003 and 2004, Brazil ran record trade surpluses and
recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992.
Productivity gains - particularly in agriculture - also contributed
to the surge in exports, and Brazil in 2004 surpassed the previous
year's record export level and again posted a current account
surplus. While economic management has been good, there remain
important economic vulnerabilities. The most significant are
debt-related: the government's largely domestic debt increased
steadily from 1994 to 2003 - straining government finances - before
falling as a percentage of GDP in 2004, while Brazil's foreign debt
(a mix of private and public debt) is large in relation to Brazil's
small (but growing) export base. Another challenge is maintaining
economic growth over a period of time to generate employment and
make the government debt burden more manageable.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.492 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10.1% industry: 38.6% services: 51.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
89 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20%, industry 14%, services 66% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
11.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
22% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 48% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
60.7 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $140.6 billion
expenditures: $172.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004)

Public debt:
52% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

Industries:
textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel,
aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Industrial production growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
339 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 8.3% hydro: 82.7% nuclear: 4.4% other: 4.6% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
351.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
36.58 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2002)

Oil - production:
1.788 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.199 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
13.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
5.95 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
9.59 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
3.64 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
221.7 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$8 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$95 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autos

Exports - partners:
US 20.8%, Argentina 7.5%, Netherlands 6.1%, China 5.6%, Germany
4.1%, Mexico 4% (2004)

Imports:
$61 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products,
oil

Imports - partners:
US 18.3%, Argentina 8.9%, Germany 8.1%, China 5.9%, Nigeria 5.6%,
Japan 4.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$52.94 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$219.8 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$30 billion (2002)

Currency (code):
real (BRL)

Currency code:
BRL

Exchange rates:
reals per US dollar - 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002),
2.3577 (2001), 1.8301 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Brazil

Telephones - main lines in use:
38.81 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
46,373,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good working system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic
satellite system with 64 earth stations
international: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat
(Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to
Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AM
stations) (1999)

Radios:
71 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
138 (1997)

Televisions:
36.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.br

Internet hosts:
3,163,349 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
50 (2000)

Internet users:
14.3 million (2002)

Transportation Brazil

Railways:
total: 29,412 km (1,567 km electrified)
broad gauge: 4,907 km 1.600-m gauge (908 km electrified)
standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge
narrow gauge: 23,915 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)
dual gauge: 396 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km
electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 1,724,929 km paved: 94,871 km unpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000)

Waterways:
50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate/gas 244 km; gas 10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas 341 km;
oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Gebig, Itaqui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, San Sebasttiao, Santos,
Sepetiba Terminal, Tubarao, Vitoria

Merchant marine:
total: 150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,961,431 GRT/4,725,267 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 28, cargo 25, chemical tanker 7, combination
ore/oil 2, container 7, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12,
petroleum tanker 48, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 17 (Chile 2, Germany 7, Norway 1, Spain 7)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005)

Airports:
4,136 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 698 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23 1,524 to 2,437 m: 158 914 to 1,523 m: 461 under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 3,438 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78 914 to 1,523 m: 1,579 under 914 m: 1,780 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 417 (2004 est.)

Military Brazil

Military branches:
Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes Naval Air and Marines),
Brazilian Air Force (FAB)

Military service age and obligation:
19 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service
obligation - 12 months; 17 years of age for voluntary service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 45,586,036 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 33,119,098 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 1,785,930 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$11 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Brazil

Disputes - international:
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders
is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to
UNCLOS to extend its maritime continental margin

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in the Amazon
region, used for domestic consumption; government has a large-scale
eradication program to control cannabis; important transshipment
country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine headed for
Europe and the US; also used by traffickers as a way station for
narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in
drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for
Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics
proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial
system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@British Indian Ocean Territory

Introduction British Indian Ocean Territory

Background:
Established as a territory of the UK in 1965, a number of the
British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) islands were transferred to
the Seychelles when it attained independence in 1976. Subsequently,
BIOT has consisted only of the six main island groups comprising the
Chagos Archipelago. The largest and most southerly of the islands,
Diego Garcia, contains a joint UK-US naval support facility. All of
the remaining islands are uninhabited. Former agricultural workers,
earlier residents in the islands, were relocated primarily to
Mauritius but also to the Seychelles, between 1967 and 1973. In
2000, a British High Court ruling invalidated the local immigration
order that had excluded them from the archipelago, but upheld the
special military status of Diego Garcia.

Geography British Indian Ocean Territory

Location:
archipelago in the Indian Ocean, south of India, about one-half the
way from Africa to Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:
6 00 S, 71 30 E

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 60 sq km
land: 60 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago

Area - comparative:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
698 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
flat and low (most areas do not exceed four meters in elevation)

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m

Natural resources: coconuts, fish, sugarcane

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and
southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian
Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility

People British Indian Ocean Territory

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in
the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois,
were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and
1970s, in November 2000 they were granted the right of return by a
British High Court ruling, though no timetable has been set; in
2001, there were approximately 1,500 UK and US military personnel
and 2,000 civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia
(July 2005 est.)

Government British Indian Ocean Territory

Country name:
conventional long form: British Indian Ocean Territory
conventional short form: none
abbreviation: BIOT

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK; administered by a commissioner,
resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London

Legal system:
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Tony CROMBIE (since January 2004);
Administrator Tony HUMPHRIES (since February 2005); note - both
reside in the UK
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is
in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm
tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag

Economy British Indian Ocean Territory

Economy - overview:
All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of
Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located.
Construction projects and various services needed to support the
military installations are done by military and contract employees
from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no
industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. When the Ilois
return, they plan to reestablish sugarcane production and fishing.

Electricity - production:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by the US military

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Communications British Indian Ocean Territory

Telephones - main lines in use:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: separate facilities for military and public
needs are available
domestic: all commercial telephone services are available, including
connection to the Internet
international: international telephone service is carried by
satellite (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.io

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Transportation British Indian Ocean Territory

Highways:
total: NA km
paved: short section of paved road between port and airfield on
Diego Garcia
unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:
Diego Garcia

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military British Indian Ocean Territory

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK; the US lease on Diego
Garcia expires in 2016

Transnational Issues British Indian Ocean Territory

Disputes - international:
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its
former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001
were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since
eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an
immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the
exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to
the largest island in the chain

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@British Virgin Islands

Introduction British Virgin Islands

Background:
First settled by the Dutch in 1648, the islands were annexed in
1672 by the English. The economy is closely tied to the larger and
more populous US Virgin Islands to the west; the US dollar is the
legal currency.

Geography British Virgin Islands

Location:
Caribbean, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,
east of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:
18 30 N, 64 30 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 153 sq km
land: 153 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: comprised of 16 inhabited and more than 20 uninhabited
islands; includes the island of Anegada

Area - comparative:
about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
80 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
coral islands relatively flat; volcanic islands steep, hilly

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Sage 521 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 6.67%
other: 73.33% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October)

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources (except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)

Geography - note: strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico

People British Virgin Islands

Population:
22,643 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21% (male 2,400/female 2,358)
15-64 years: 73.9% (male 8,607/female 8,115)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 614/female 549) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.9 years
male: 31.1 years
female: 30.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.06% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.96 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
10.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 18.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.02 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.49 years
male: 75.41 years
female: 77.62 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: British Virgin Islander(s) adjective: British Virgin Islander

Ethnic groups:
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed

Religions:
Protestant 86% (Methodist 33%, Anglican 17%, Church of God 9%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 6%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, other
15%), Roman Catholic 10%, none 2%, other 2% (1991)

Languages:
English (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8% (1991 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government British Virgin Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: British Virgin Islands
abbreviation: BVI

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK; internal self-governing

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Road Town

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Territory Day, 1 July

Constitution:
1 June 1977

Legal system:
English law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Tom MACAN (since 14 October 2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Orlando D. SMITH (since 17 June
2003)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council (13 seats; members are elected by
direct popular vote, one member from each of 9 electoral districts,
four at-large members; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 16 May 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NDP 8, VIP 5

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the High Court of
Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of the Supreme Court is a
resident of the islands and presides over the High Court);
Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court; Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Political parties and leaders:
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH]; National
Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United Party or UP [Gregory
MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, OECS
(associate), UNESCO (associate), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in the outer half of the
flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked on either side by a
vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll bearing the Latin
word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)

Economy British Virgin Islands

Economy - overview:
The economy, one of the most stable and prosperous in the
Caribbean, is highly dependent on tourism, generating an estimated
45% of the national income. An estimated 350,000 tourists, mainly
from the US, visited the islands in 1998. Tourism suffered in 2002
because of the lackluster US economy. In the mid-1980s, the
government began offering offshore registration to companies wishing
to incorporate in the islands, and incorporation fees now generate
substantial revenues. Roughly 400,000 companies were on the offshore
registry by yearend 2000. The adoption of a comprehensive insurance
law in late 1994, which provides a blanket of confidentiality with
regulated statutory gateways for investigation of criminal offenses,
is expected to make the British Virgin Islands even more attractive
to international business. Livestock raising is the most important
agricultural activity; poor soils limit the islands' ability to meet
domestic food requirements. Because of traditionally close links
with the US Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands has used the
dollar as its currency since 1959.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.498 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $38,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.8% industry: 6.2% services: 92% (1996 est.)

Labor force:
12,770 (2004)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
3% (1995)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.5% (2003)

Budget:
revenues: $121.5 million
expenditures: $115.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997)

Agriculture - products:
fruits, vegetables; livestock, poultry; fish

Industries:
tourism, light industry, construction, rum, concrete block,
offshore financial center

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
36.28 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
33.74 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
420 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$25.3 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:
rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand

Exports - partners:
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Imports:
$187 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machinery

Imports - partners:
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Debt - external:
$36.1 million (1997)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications British Virgin Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
11,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
8,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: worldwide telephone service
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-284; submarine cable to Bermuda

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
9,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus one cable company) (1997)

Televisions:
4,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.vg

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
4,000 (2002)

Transportation British Virgin Islands

Highways: total: 177 km paved: 177 km unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Road Town

Merchant marine: total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 83,825 GRT/155,909 DWT by type: cargo 1 registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Airports: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military British Virgin Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues British Virgin Islands

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the
US and Europe; large offshore financial center makes it vulnerable
to money laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Brunei

Introduction Brunei

Background:
The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th and
17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of
northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently
entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal
succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In
1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was
achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six
centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas
fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the
developing world.

Geography Brunei

Location:
Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia

Geographic coordinates:
4 30 N, 114 40 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 5,770 sq km
land: 5,270 sq km
water: 500 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries: total: 381 km border countries: Malaysia 381 km

Coastline: 161 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Terrain:
flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland in west

Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, timber

Land use: arable land: 0.57% permanent crops: 0.76% other: 98.67% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

Environment - current issues:
seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking Indian and
Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by Malaysia; almost
an enclave of Malaysia

People Brunei

Population:
372,361 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.6% (male 54,342/female 52,084)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 134,908/female 119,814)
65 years and over: 3% (male 5,301/female 5,912) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.04 years
male: 27.63 years
female: 26.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
19.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.09 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.8 years
male: 72.36 years
female: 77.36 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bruneian(s)
adjective: Bruneian

Ethnic groups:
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Religions:
Muslim (official) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%, indigenous
beliefs and other 10%

Languages:
Malay (official), English, Chinese

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.9%
male: 96.3%
female: 91.4% (2002)

Government Brunei

Country name:
conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam
conventional short form: Brunei

Government type:
constitutional sultanate

Capital:
Bandar Seri Begawan

Administrative divisions:
4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait, Brunei and
Muara, Temburong, Tutong

Independence:
1 January 1984 (from UK)

National holiday:
National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was the
date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date of
independence from British protection

Constitution:
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1
January 1984)

Legal system:
based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law
supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Suffrage:
none

Executive branch:
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Legislative branch:
Legislative Council met on 25 September 2004 for first time in 20
years with 21 members appointed by the Sultan; passed constitutional
amendments calling for a 45-seat council with 15 elected members;
Sultan dissolved council on 1 September 2005 and appointed a new
council with 29 members as of 2 September 2005
elections: last held in March 1962 (date of next election NA)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (chief justice and judges are sworn in by the monarch
for three-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:
National Development Party (NDP) [Yassin AFFENDI]; National Unity
Party of Brunei (PPKB) [leader NA]; People's Awareness Party (PAKAR)
[leader NA]
note: parties are small and inactive (2005)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, C, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFRCS, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Pengiran Anak Dato PUTEH
chancery: 3520 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1838
FAX: [1] (202) 885-0560

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Emil SKODON
embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri
Begawan
mailing address: PSC 470 (BSB), FPO AP 96507
telephone: [673] (2) 229670
FAX: [673] (2) 225293

Flag description:
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double width)
and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national emblem in
red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a
swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned
crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

Economy Brunei

Economy - overview:
This small, well-to-do economy encompasses a mixture of foreign and
domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures,
and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account
for nearly half of GDP. Per capita GDP is far above most other Third
World countries, and substantial income from overseas investment
supplements income from domestic production. The government provides
for all medical services and free education through the university
level and subsidizes rice and housing. Brunei's leaders are
concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy
will undermine internal social cohesion, although it became a more
prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 APEC (Asian
Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum. Plans for the future include
upgrading the labor force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the
banking and tourist sectors, and, in general, further widening the
economic base beyond oil and gas.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$6.842 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.2% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $23,600 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 5%
industry: 45%
services: 50% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
158,000
note: includes foreign workers and military personnel; temporary
residents make up about 40% of labor force (2002 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture, forestry, and fishing 10%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction 42%, government 48% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
3.2% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.3% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.9 billion
expenditures: $4.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.35
billion (2003 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, vegetables, fruits, chickens, water buffalo

Industries:
petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas, construction

Industrial production growth rate:
5% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.458 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.286 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
204,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
199,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.255 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
10.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
315 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:
$7.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, natural gas, refined products

Exports - partners:
Japan 38.1%, South Korea 14%, Australia 11.2%, US 8.6%, Thailand
7.9%, Indonesia 5.9%, China 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$5.2 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
chemicals

Imports - partners:
Singapore 32.7%, Malaysia 21.2%, UK 8.3%, Japan 7.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$0

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Bruneian dollar (BND)

Currency code:
BND

Exchange rates:
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003),
1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Brunei

Telephones - main lines in use:
90,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
137,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: service throughout the country is excellent;
international service is good to East Asia, Europe, and the US
domestic: every service available
international: country code - 673; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarine
cable links to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 10, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
329,000 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1997)

Televisions:
201,900 (1998)

Internet country code:
.bn

Internet hosts:
6,409 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
35,000 (2002)

Transportation Brunei

Highways: total: 2,525 km paved: 2,525 km unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Waterways:
209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 665 km; oil 439 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Lumut, Muara, Seria

Merchant marine:
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 465,937 GRT/413,393 DWT
by type: liquefied gas 8
foreign-owned: 8 (United Kingdom 8) (2005)

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
3 (2004 est.)

Military Brunei

Military branches:
Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Forces, Royal Brunei
Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 103,885 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: approx. 85,045 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 3,478 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$290.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
5.1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Brunei

Disputes - international:
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their
disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have
stalemated prompting consideration of international legal
adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is
in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone
encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but
makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Illicit drugs:
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled substances are
serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory death penalty

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Bulgaria

Introduction Bulgaria

Background:
The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local
Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first
Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with
the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the
end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman
Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of
Bulgaria became independent in 1908. Having fought on the losing
side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of
influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist
domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty
election since World War II and began the contentious process of
moving toward political democracy and a market economy while
combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. Today,
reforms and democratization keep Bulgaria on a path toward eventual
integration into the EU. The country joined NATO in 2004.

Geography Bulgaria

Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and
Turkey

Geographic coordinates:
43 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 110,910 sq km
land: 110,550 sq km
water: 360 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:
total: 1,808 km
border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km

Coastline:
354 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:
mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Land use: arable land: 40.02% permanent crops: 1.92% other: 58.06% (2001)

Irrigated land:
8,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes, landslides

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw
sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from
air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy
metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Geography - note:
strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes
from Europe to Middle East and Asia

People Bulgaria

Population:
7,450,349 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.1% (male 539,005/female 512,762)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 2,516,368/female 2,599,524)
65 years and over: 17.2% (male 531,008/female 751,682) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.66 years
male: 38.59 years
female: 42.66 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.89% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.55 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.03 years
male: 68.41 years
female: 75.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% - note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
346 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Bulgarian(s)
adjective: Bulgarian

Ethnic groups:
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)

Religions:
Bulgarian Orthodox 82.6%, Muslim 12.2%, other Christian 1.2%, other
4% (2001 census)

Languages:
Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified
1.8% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99.1%
female: 98.2% (2003 est.)

Government Bulgaria

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form: Bulgaria

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Sofia

Administrative divisions:
28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas,
Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana,
Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen,
Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya, Sofiya-Grad, Stara Zagora,
Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol

Independence:
3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman
Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman
Empire)

National holiday:
Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

Constitution:
adopted 12 July 1991

Legal system:
civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January 2002);
Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei STANISHEV (since 16 August
2005); Deputy Prime Minister Ivaylo KALFIN (since 16 August 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 11 and 18
November 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); chairman of the Council of
Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president and elected by
the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime
minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Georgi PURVANOV elected president; percent of vote
- Georgi PURVANOV 54.13%, Petar STOYANOV 45.87%; Sergei STANISHEV
elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sobranie (240 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 25 June 2005 (next to be held June 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - CfB 31.1%, NMS2 19.9%,
MRF 12.7%, ATAKA 8.2%, UDF 7.7%, DSB 6.5%, BPU 5.2%; seats by party
- CfB 83, NMS2 53, MRF 33, ATAKA 21, UDF 20, DSB 17, BPU 13

Judicial branch:
Supreme Administrative Court; Supreme Court of Cassation;
Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year
terms); Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the
two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members;
responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and
investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the
Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by
the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)

Political parties and leaders:
Attack National Union [Volen Siderov]; ATAKA (Attack Coalition)
(coalition of parties headed by the Attack National Union);
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU [Anastasia
MOZER]; Bulgarian People's Union or BPU (coalition of UFD, IMRO, and
BANU); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV];
Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by
BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB
[Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or
IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or
MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic
Forces or UDF [Nadezhda MIKHAYLOVA]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD
[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition
of center-right parties dominated by UDF)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB;
Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and
national interest groups with various agendas

International organization participation:
ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EU
(applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU
(associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Elena B. POPTODOROVA
chancery: 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-0174
FAX: [1] (202) 234-7973
consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
consulate(s): Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James William PARDEW
embassy: 16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1407
mailing address: American Embassy Sofia, Department of State, 5740
Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740
telephone: [359] (2) 937-5100
FAX: [359] (2) 937-5230

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; note -
the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe,
has been removed

Economy Bulgaria

Economy - overview:
Bulgaria, a former communist country striving to enter the European
Union, has experienced macroeconomic stability and strong growth
since a major economic downturn in 1996 led to the fall of the then
socialist government. As a result, the government became committed
to economic reform and responsible fiscal planning. Minerals,
including coal, copper, and zinc play an important role in industry.
In 1997, macroeconomic stability was reinforced by the imposition of
a fixed exchange rate of the lev against the German D-mark and the
negotiation of an IMF standby agreement. Low inflation and steady
progress on structural reforms improved the business environment;
Bulgaria has averaged 4% growth since 2000 and has begun to attract
significant amounts of foreign direct investment. Corruption in the
public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of
organized crime remain the largest challenges for Bulgaria.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$61.63 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.5% industry: 30.1% services: 58.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 3.398 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 11%, industry 32.7%, services 56.3% (3rd quarter 2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12.7% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
13.4% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.5% highest 10%: 22.8% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
26.4 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $9.67 billion
expenditures: $9.619 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
41.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
vegetables, fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat, barley,
sunflowers, sugar beets

Industries:
electricity, gas and water; food, beverages and tobacco; machinery
and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined
petroleum, nuclear fuel

Industrial production growth rate:
5.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
43.07 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 47.8% hydro: 8.1% nuclear: 44.1% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
32.71 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
960 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
603 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
94,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
8.1 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
4 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
5.804 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
5.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.724 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$682.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$9.134 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels

Exports - partners:
Italy 13.1%, Germany 11.6%, Turkey 9.3%, Belgium 6.1%, Greece 5.6%,
US 5.3%, France 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$12.23 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics;
fuels, minerals, and raw materials

Imports - partners:
Germany 15.1%, Italy 10.2%, Russia 7.9%, Greece 7.5%, Turkey 6.9%,
France 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$7.526 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$16.1 billion (November 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$300 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
lev (BGL)

Currency code:
BGN

Exchange rates:
leva per US dollar - 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002),
2.1847 (2001), 2.1233 (2000)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Bulgaria

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,868,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,597,500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: extensive but antiquated
domestic: more than two-thirds of the lines are residential;
telephone service is available in most villages; a fairly modern
digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of
the regions, the others are connected by digital microwave radio
relay
international: country code - 359; direct dialing to 58 countries;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2
Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 31, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2001)

Radios:
4.51 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
39 (plus 1,242 repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
3.31 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.bg

Internet hosts:
53,421 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
200 (2001)

Internet users:
630,000 (2002)

Transportation Bulgaria

Railways:
total: 4,294 km
standard gauge: 4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,710 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 245 km 0.760-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 37,077 km
paved: 34,111 km (including 328 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,966 km (2002)

Waterways:
470 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 2,425 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Burgas, Varna

Merchant marine:
total: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 757,972 GRT/1,115,238 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 34, cargo 13, chemical tanker 4, container 6,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 3
registered in other countries: 45 (2005)

Airports:
213 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 128 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 1,524 to 2,437 m: 15 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 92 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 85 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 72 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Bulgaria

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 9 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,661,211 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,302,037 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 51,023 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$356 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.6% (2003)

Transnational Issues Bulgaria

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and,
to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the European market;
limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money laundering of
drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Burkina Faso

Introduction Burkina Faso

Background:
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) achieved independence from
France in 1960. Repeated military coups during the 1970s and 1980s
were followed by multiparty elections in the early 1990s. Burkina
Faso's high population density and limited natural resources result
in poor economic prospects for the majority of its citizens. Recent
unrest in Cote d'Ivoire and northern Ghana has hindered the ability
of several hundred thousand seasonal Burkinabe farm workers to find
employment in neighboring countries.

Geography Burkina Faso

Location:
Western Africa, north of Ghana

Geographic coordinates:
13 00 N, 2 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 274,200 sq km
land: 273,800 sq km
water: 400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Colorado

Land boundaries:
total: 3,193 km
border countries: Benin 306 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Ghana 549 km,
Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Terrain:
mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and
southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m
highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m

Natural resources:
manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, phosphates,
pumice, salt

Land use: arable land: 14.43% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 85.38% (2001)

Irrigated land:
250 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts

Environment - current issues: recent droughts and desertification severely affecting agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy; overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of the Black,
Red, and White Voltas

People Burkina Faso

Population:
13,925,313
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 3,213,436/female 3,193,253)
15-64 years: 51.2% (male 3,487,201/female 3,635,673)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 164,418/female 231,332) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.82 years
male: 16.43 years
female: 17.22 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.53% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
44.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 97.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 89.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.45 years
male: 46.96 years
female: 49.99 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.23 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
300,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
29,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural)
adjective: Burkinabe

Ethnic groups:
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly Roman
Catholic) 10%

Languages:
French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic
family spoken by 90% of the population

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 26.6%
male: 36.9%
female: 16.6% (2003 est.)

Government Burkina Faso

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Burkina Faso
former: Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta

Government type:
parliamentary republic

Capital:
Ouagadougou

Administrative divisions:
45 provinces; Bale, Bam, Banwa, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou,
Boulkiemde, Comoe, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Ioba, Kadiogo,
Kenedougou, Komondjari, Kompienga, Kossi, Koulpelogo, Kouritenga,
Kourweogo, Leraba, Loroum, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Nahouri, Nayala,
Noumbiel, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie, Sanmatenga,
Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Tuy, Yagha, Yatenga, Ziro,
Zondoma, Zoundweogo

Independence:
5 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 11 December (1958)

Constitution:
2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991 formally adopted;
amended April 2000

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and customary law

Suffrage:
universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6
November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); in
April 2000, the constitution was amended reducing the presidential
term from seven to five years, enforceable as of 2005, and allowing
the president to be reelected only once; it is unclear whether this
amendment will be applied retroactively or not; prime minister
appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5%
percent of the vote

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (111 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly election last held 5 May 2002 (next to
be held May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
CDP 57, RDA-ADF 17, PDP/PS 10, CFD 5, PAI 5, others 17

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Appeals Court

Political parties and leaders:
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or
RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Confederation for Federation and Democracy
or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for Democracy and Progress
or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Tolerance and
Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE]; Party for African
Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy and
Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Socialist Party or PS [leader
NA]; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB
[Ram OVEDRAGO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB; Burkinabe
Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP; Group of 14 February; National
Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB; National Organization of
Free Unions or ONSL; watchdog/political action groups throughout the
country in both organizations and communities

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tertius ZONGO
chancery: 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-5577
FAX: [1] (202) 667-1882

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Anthony HOLMES
embassy: 602 Avenue Raoul Follereau, Koulouba, Secteur 4
mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou 01; pouch mail - U. S.
Department of State, 2440 Ouagadougou Place, Washington, DC
20521-2440
telephone: [226] 306723
FAX: [226] 303890

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow
five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors
of Ethiopia

Economy Burkina Faso

Economy - overview:
One of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked Burkina Faso
has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. About 90% of
the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, which is
vulnerable to harsh climatic conditions. Cotton is the key crop and
the government has joined with other cotton producing countries in
the region to lobby for improved access to Western markets. GDP
growth has largely been driven by increases in world cotton prices.
Industry remains dominated by unprofitable government-controlled
corporations. Following the African franc currency devaluation in
January 1994 the government updated its development program in
conjunction with international agencies; exports and economic growth
have increased. The government devolved macroeconomic policy and
inflation targeting to the West African regional central bank
(BCEAO), but maintains control over microeconomic policies,
including reducing the trade deficit and implementing reforms to
encourage private investment. The bitter internal crisis in
neighboring Cote d'Ivoire continues to hurt trade and industrial
prospects and deepens the need for international assistance.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$15.74 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 39.5%
industry: 19.3%
services: 41.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
5 million
note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to
neighboring countries for seasonal employment (2003)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 90% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA%

Population below poverty line:
45% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 46.8% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
48.2 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
29.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $695.2 million
expenditures: $876.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, sorghum, millet, corn, rice;
livestock

Industries:
cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes,
textiles, gold

Industrial production growth rate:
14% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
361 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 69.9% hydro: 30.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
335.7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
8,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-471.7 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$418.6 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, livestock, gold

Exports - partners:
China 32.1%, Singapore 11.5%, Ghana 4.7%, Bangladesh 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$866.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum

Imports - partners:
France 29.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 16%, Togo 9.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$474.9 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.3 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$484.1 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Burkina Faso

Telephones - main lines in use:
65,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
227,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: all services only fair
domestic: microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephone
communication stations
international: country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 17, shortwave 3 (2002)

Radios:
394,020 (2000)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
131,340 (2002)

Internet country code:
.bf

Internet hosts:
442 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
48,000 (2003)

Transportation Burkina Faso

Railways:
total: 622 km
narrow gauge: 622 km 1.000-m gauge
note:: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote D'Ivoire
(2004)

Highways: total: 12,506 km paved: 2,001 km unpaved: 10,505 km (1999)

Airports: 33 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 31 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Military Burkina Faso

Military branches:
Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; 20 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,664,572 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,323,548 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$64.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Burkina Faso

Disputes - international:
two villages are in dispute along the border with Benin; Benin
accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; Burkina Faso border
regions remain a staging area for Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire rebels
and an asylum for refugees caught in local fighting; the Ivoirian
Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering Ivoirian rebels

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Burma

Introduction Burma

Background:
Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years (1824-1886) and
incorporated it into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a
province of India until 1937 when it became a separate,
self-governing colony; independence from the Commonwealth was
attained in 1948. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to
1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and
later as political kingpin. Despite multiparty legislative elections
in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National
League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the ruling
junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize
recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who was under house arrest from 1989 to
1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and is currently
under house arrest. In December 2004, the junta announced it was
extending her detention for at least an additional year. Her
supporters, as well as all those who promote democracy and improved
human rights, are routinely harassed or jailed.

Geography Burma

Location:
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal,
between Bangladesh and Thailand

Geographic coordinates:
22 00 N, 98 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 678,500 sq km
land: 657,740 sq km
water: 20,760 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,876 km
border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km,
Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km

Coastline:
1,930 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)

Terrain:
central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m
highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead,
coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas,
hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 15.19%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 83.84% (2001)

Irrigated land:
15,920 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides
common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;
inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes

People Burma

Population:
42,909,464
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 5,967,487/female 5,717,795)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 14,448,887/female 14,641,419)
65 years and over: 5% (male 939,092/female 1,194,784) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.14 years
male: 25.57 years
female: 26.72 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.42% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 67.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 73.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 60.7 years
male: 57.8 years
female: 63.78 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
330,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
20,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
adjective: Burmese

Ethnic groups:
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%,
Mon 2%, other 5%

Religions:
Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim
4%, animist 1%, other 2%

Languages:
Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.3%
male: 89.2%
female: 81.4% (2002)

Government Burma

Country name:
conventional long form: Union of Burma
conventional short form: Burma
local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the
US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of
Myanmar)
local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the
name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision
was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the US
Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the
Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw

Government type:
military junta

Capital:
Rangoon (government refers to the capital as Yangon)

Administrative divisions:
7 divisions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi
ne-myar, singular - pyi ne)
: divisions: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing,
Tanintharyi, Yangon
: states: Chin State, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Mon
State, Rakhine State, Shan State

Independence:
4 January 1948 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)

Constitution:
3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national
convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but
collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include
participation of democratic opposition

Legal system:
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council
Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister, Gen SOE WIN (since 19 October
2004)
cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta,
so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18
September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration
Council (SLORC); the SPDC oversees the cabinet
elections: none

Legislative branch:
unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never allowed by
junta to convene
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NLD 392 (opposition), SNLD 23 (opposition), NUP 10 (pro-government),
other 60

Judicial branch:
remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is
no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not
independent of the executive

Political parties and leaders: National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (pro-government) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [KHUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties

Political pressure groups and leaders: National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form parallel government in exile); Kachin Independence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or KNU; several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-government, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]

International organization participation:
APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OPCW
(signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: vacant
chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-9044
FAX: [1] (202) 332-9046
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Carmen M. MARTINEZ
embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)
mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546
telephone: [95] (1) 379 880, 379 881
FAX: [95] (1) 256 018

Flag description:
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing,
14 white five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk
of rice; the 14 stars represent the 7 administrative divisions and 7
states

Economy Burma

Economy - overview:
Burma is a resource-rich country that suffers from government
controls, inefficient economic policies, and abject rural poverty.
The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy
after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism", but
those efforts have since stalled and some of the liberalization
measures have been rescinded. Burma has been unable to achieve
monetary or fiscal stability, resulting in an economy that suffers
from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including inflation and
multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat. In
addition, most overseas development assistance ceased after the
junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and
subsequently ignored the results of the 1990 legislative elections.
Economic sanctions against Burma by the United States - including a
ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of
financial services by US persons in response to the government of
Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy -
further slowed the inflow of foreign exchange. Official statistics
are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly
understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial
border trade - often estimated to be one to two times the size of
the official economy. Though the Burmese government has good
economic relations with its neighbors, a better investment climate
and an improved political situation are needed to promote foreign
investment, exports, and tourism. In February 2003, a major banking
crisis hit the country's 20 private banks, shutting them down and
disrupting the economy. As of January 2004, the largest private
banks remained moribund, leaving the private sector with little
formal access to credit.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$74.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-1.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 56.6% industry: 8.8% services: 34.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
27.01 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 70%, industry 7%, services 23% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
5.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
25% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
17.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
10.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $474.9 million
expenditures: $955.5 million, including capital expenditures of $5.7
billion (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish
and fish products

Industries:
agricultural processing; knit and woven apparel; wood and wood
products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials;
pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; cement

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
5.068 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 44.5% hydro: 43.4% nuclear: 0% other: 12.1% (2002)

Electricity - consumption:
3.484 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
17,550 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
60,950 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
3,356 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
49,230 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
3.2 billion bbl (2003)

Natural gas - production:
9.98 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.569 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
8.424 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
2.46 trillion cu m (2003)

Current account balance:
$-185 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.137 billion f.o.b.
note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the
value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled
to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
clothing, gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice

Exports - partners:
Thailand 37.8%, India 11.7%, China 6%, Japan 5.3% (2004)

Imports:
$1.754 billion f.o.b.
note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of
consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from
Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
fabric, petroleum products, plastics, machinery, transport
equipment, construction materials, crude oil; food products

Imports - partners:
China 29.8%, Singapore 20.8%, Thailand 19.3%, South Korea 5.2%,
Malaysia 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$590 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$6.752 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$127 million (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
kyat (MMK)

Currency code:
MMK

Exchange rates:
kyats per US dollar - 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002),
6.6841 (2001), 6.4257 (2000)
note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates
ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Burma

Telephones - main lines in use:
357,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
66,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: barely meets minimum requirements for local and
intercity service for business and government; international service
is fair
domestic: NA
international: country code - 95; satellite earth station - 2,
Intelsat (Indian Ocean), and ShinSat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1 (2004)

Radios:
4.2 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (2004)

Televisions:
320,000 (2000)

Internet country code:
.mm

Internet hosts:
3 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1
note: as of September 2000, Internet connections were legal only for
the government, tourist offices, and a few large businesses (2000)

Internet users:
28,000 (2003)

Transportation Burma

Railways: total: 3,955 km narrow gauge: 3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 28,200 km paved: 3,440 km unpaved: 24,760 km (1996 est.)

Waterways:
12,800 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 2,056 km; oil 558 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe

Merchant marine:
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 429,144 GRT/659,622 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 19, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 3,
roll on'roll off 3, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Germany 4, Japan 5, United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Airports:
78 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 9 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 69 over 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Burma

Military branches:
Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army, Navy, Air Force (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service for both sexes (May
2002)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 11,254,374
females age 18-49: 11,303,100 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,512,923
females age 18-49: 6,789,720 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 440,914
females: 427,382 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$39 million (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.1% (FY97)

Transnational Issues Burma

Disputes - international:
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups
with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens
flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and
Burmese troops, in 2004 Thailand sheltered about 118,000 Burmese
refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese
hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern
over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation
from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote
Burmese uplands

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 600,000 - 1,000,000 (government offensives against ethnic
insurgent groups near borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen, Karenni,
Shan, and Mon) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium (estimated
production in 2004 - 292 metric tons, down 40% from 2003 due to
eradication efforts and drought; cultivation in 2004 - 30,900
hectares, a 34% decline from 2003); lack of government will and
ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious
commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall
antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for
regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force
countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate
money-laundering controls (2005)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Burundi

Introduction Burundi

Background:
Burundi's first democratically elected president was assassinated
in October 1993 after only one hundred days in office. Since then,
some 200,000 Burundians have perished in widespread, often intense
ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions. Hundreds of
thousands have been internally displaced or have become refugees in
neighboring countries. Burundi troops, seeking to secure their
borders, briefly intervened in the conflict in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo in 1998. A new transitional government,
inaugurated on 1 November 2001, signed a power-sharing agreement
with the largest rebel faction in December 2003 and set in place a
provisional constitution in October 2004. Implementation of the
agreement has been problematic, however, as one remaining rebel
group refuses to sign on and elections have been repeatedly delayed,
clouding prospects for a sustainable peace.

Geography Burundi

Location:
Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geographic coordinates:
3 30 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 27,830 sq km
land: 25,650 sq km
water: 2,180 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
total: 974 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda
290 km, Tanzania 451 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772
m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies
with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally
moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual
rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and
September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and
December to January

Terrain:
hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m
highest point: Heha 2,670 m

Natural resources:
nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum,
vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum, gold, tin,
tungsten, kaolin, limestone

Land use:
arable land: 35.05%
permanent crops: 14.02%
other: 50.93% (2001)

Irrigated land:
740 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding, landslides, drought

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of
agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land
remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat
loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the
Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote
headstream of the White Nile

People Burundi

Population:
6,370,609
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 1,479,941/female 1,450,808)
15-64 years: 51.3% (male 1,617,864/female 1,653,331)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 66,199/female 102,466) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.6 years
male: 16.27 years
female: 16.95 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.22% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
39.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
17.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 69.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 75.87 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 62.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 50.29 years
male: 49.61 years
female: 50.99 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
250,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
25,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Burundian(s)
adjective: Burundian

Ethnic groups:
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans
3,000, South Asians 2,000

Religions:
Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous
beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%

Languages:
Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake
Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.6%
male: 58.5%
female: 45.2% (2003 est.)

Government Burundi

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Burundi
conventional short form: Burundi
local long form: Republika y'u Burundi
local short form: Burundi
former: Urundi

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Bujumbura

Administrative divisions:
16 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke,
Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro,
Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi

Independence:
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Constitution:
13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political
system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional constitution
approved by the parliament which extended the transition; a 28
February 2005 popular referendum ratified the new constitution which
set ethnic quotas for government positions, and tentatively
scheduled general elections for April 2005

Legal system:
based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April 2003);
note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the second
half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on 1
November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11
November 2004)
head of government: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11
November 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power on 30 April 2003 as
part of the transitional government established by the 2000 Arusha
Accord; note - next presidential election is scheduled for 22 April
2005

Legislative branch:
bicameral, consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
(expanded from 121 to approximately 140 seats under the transitional
government inaugurated 1 November 2001; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms) and a Senate (54 seats; term
length is undefined, the current senators will likely serve out the
three-year transition period)
elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in
1998, but was suspended by presidential decree in 1996; elections
are currently planned to be held by April 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA
21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16,
civilians 27, other parties 13

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of
Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of First
Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)

Political parties and leaders:
the three national, mainstream, governing parties are: Unity for
National Progress or UPRONA [Jean-Baptiste MANWANGARI, secretary
general]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI,
president]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Front for
the Defense of Democracy of CNDD-FDD [Pierre NKURUNZIZA, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen
or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National
Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
loosely organized Hutu and Tutsi militias, often affiliated with
Hutu and Tutsi extremist parties or subordinate to government
security forces

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Antoine NTAMOBWA
chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574
FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James Howard YELLIN
embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura
mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura
telephone: [257] 223454
FAX: [257] 222926

Flag description:
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom)
and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk
superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars
outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above,
two stars below)

Economy Burundi

Economy - overview:
Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an
underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly
agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on
subsistence agriculture. Economic growth depends on coffee and tea
exports, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings. The
ability to pay for imports, therefore, rests primarily on weather
conditions and international coffee and tea prices. The Tutsi
minority, 14% of the population, dominates the government and the
coffee trade at the expense of the Hutu majority, 85% of the
population. Since October 1993 an ethnic-based war has resulted in
more than 200,000 deaths, forced 450,000 refugees into Tanzania, and
displaced 140,000 others internally. Doubts about the prospects for
sustainable peace continue to impede development. Only one in two
children go to school, and approximately one in ten adults has
HIV/AIDS. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.001 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 48.1% industry: 19% services: 32.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.99 million (2002)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 93.6%, industry 2.3%, services 4.1% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
68% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 32.9% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
42.5 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
10.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $152.5 million
expenditures: $187.7 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc
(tapioca); beef, milk, hides

Industries:
light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of
imported components; public works construction; food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
18% (2001)

Electricity - production:
132 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.6% hydro: 99.4% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
137.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
15 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic of the
Congo (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-59.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$31.84 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Exports - partners:
Germany 19.6%, Belgium 8.2%, Pakistan 6.7%, US 5.6%, Rwanda 5.6%,
Thailand 5.4% (2004)

Imports:
$138.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Kenya 13.7%, Tanzania 11.2%, US 8.9%, Belgium 8.5%, France 8.4%,
Italy 6%, Uganda 5.6%, Japan 4.6%, Germany 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$76.89 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.133 billion (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$92.7 million (2000)

Currency (code):
Burundi franc (BIF)

Currency code:
BIF

Exchange rates:
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62 (2003),
930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Burundi

Telephones - main lines in use:
23,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
64,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: primitive system
domestic: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications,
and low-capacity microwave radio relay
international: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
440,000 (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2001)

Televisions:
25,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.bi

Internet hosts:
22 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
14,000 (2003)

Transportation Burundi

Highways: total: 14,480 km paved: 1,028 km unpaved: 13,452 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
mainly on Lake Tanganyika (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bujumbura

Airports:
8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Burundi

Military branches:
National Defense Force (Forces de Defense Nationales, FDN): Army
(includes Naval Detachment and Air Wing), National Gendarmerie (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
16 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,379,793 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 693,956 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 84,597 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$38.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Burundi

Disputes - international:
Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political
rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting
in the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda in an effort to
gain control over populated and natural resource areas; government
heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues
despite the presence of about 6,000 peacekeepers from the UN
Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004; although some 150,000
Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as of February 2005,
Burundian refugees still reside in camps in western Tanzania as well
as the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 60,288 (Democratic Republic of the
Congo)
IDPs: 140,000 (armed conflict between government and rebels; most
IDPs in northern and western Burundi) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cambodia

Introduction Cambodia

Background:
Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, whose Angkor
Empire extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith
between the 10th and 13th centuries. Subsequently, attacks by the
Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire
ushering in a long period of decline. In 1863, the king of Cambodia
placed the country under French protection; it became part of French
Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II,
Cambodia became independent within the French Union in 1949 and
fully independent in 1953. After a five-year struggle, Communist
Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in April 1975 and ordered the
evacuation of all cities and towns; at least 1.5 million Cambodians
died from execution, enforced hardships, or starvation during the
Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese
invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, led to a
10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of
civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic
elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the
Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some
semblance of normalcy and the final elements of the Khmer Rouge
surrendered in early 1999. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the
first coalition government, but a second round of national elections
in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and
renewed political stability. The July 2003 elections were relatively
peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending
political parties before a coalition government was formed.
Nation-wide local elections are scheduled for 2007 and national
elections for 2008.

Geography Cambodia

Location:
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between
Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos

Geographic coordinates:
13 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Land boundaries: total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

Coastline: 443 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season
(December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Natural resources:
oil and gas, timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese,
phosphates, hydropower potential

Land use: arable land: 20.96% permanent crops: 0.61% other: 78.43% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,700 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

Environment - current issues:
illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining
for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have
resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular,
destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil
erosion; in rural areas, most of the population does not have access
to potable water; declining fish stocks because of illegal fishing
and overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and
Tonle Sap

People Cambodia

Population:
13,607,069
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.3% (male 2,559,734/female 2,510,235)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 3,887,642/female 4,232,313)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 150,862/female 266,283) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.91 years
male: 19.16 years
female: 20.79 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.81% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
27.08 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 71.48 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 80.13 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 62.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 58.92 years
male: 56.98 years
female: 60.95 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
170,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
15,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese encephalitis are high risks in some locations (2004)

Nationality: noun: Cambodian(s) adjective: Cambodian

Ethnic groups:
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Religions:
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%

Languages:
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 73.6%
male: 84.7%
female: 64.1% (2004 est.)

Government Cambodia

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form: Cambodia
local long form: Preahreacheanacha Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)
local short form: Kampuchea
former: Kingdom of Cambodia, Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea,
People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia

Government type:
multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in
September 1993

Capital:
Phnom Penh

Administrative divisions:
20 provinces (khaitt, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities
(krong, singular and plural)
: provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong
Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Koh Kong,
Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Chey, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey
Veng, Rotanakir, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takao
: municipalities: Keb, Pailin, Phnom Penh, Preah Seihanu

Independence:
9 November 1953 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 9 November (1953)

Constitution:
promulgated 21 September 1993

Legal system:
primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period,
royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of
customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing
influence of common law in recent years

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992),
Norodom SIRIVUDH, SOK AN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK
BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in
practice named by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or
majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the
National Assembly and appointed by the king

Legislative branch:
bicameral, consists of the National Assembly (123 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61
seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the
National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies";
members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be
held in July 2008); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be
held in 2004 but delayed)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP
47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73,
FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (July 2003)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution
and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts)
exercises judicial authority

Political parties and leaders:
Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or CPP [CHEA
SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful,
and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM Ranariddh];
Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador EK SEREYWATH
chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph A. MUSSOMELI embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546 telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438 FAX: [855] (23) 216-437/811

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue
with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined
in black in the center of the red band; only national flag to
incorporate a building in its design

Economy Cambodia

Economy - overview:
Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997 and 1998 due to the
regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting,
and foreign investment and tourism decreased. In 1999, the first
full year of peace in 30 years, the government made progress on
economic reforms. Growth resumed and remained about 5% from 2000 to
2004. Economic growth has been largely driven by expansion in the
garment sector and tourism, but is expected to fall in 2005 as
growth in the garment sector stalls. Clothing exports were fostered
by a US-Cambodian Bilateral Textile Agreement signed in 1999 which
gave Cambodia a guaranteed quota of US textile imports and
established a bonus for improving working conditions and enforcing
Cambodian labor laws and international labor standards in the
industry. With the January 2005 expiration of a WTO Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing, Cambodia-based textile producers are in
direct competition with lower priced producing countries such as
China and India. Faced with the possibility that over the next five
years Cambodia may lose orders and some of the 250,000 well-paid
jobs the industry provides, Cambodia has committed itself to a
policy of continued support for high labor standards in an attempt
to maintain favor with buyers. Tourism growth remains strong, with
arrivals up 15% in 2004. The long-term development of the economy
after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population
lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the
poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack
of basic infrastructure. Fully 75% of the population remains engaged
in subsistence farming. Fear of renewed political instability and a
dysfunctional legal system coupled with extensive government
corruption discourage foreign investment. The Cambodian government
continues to work with bilateral and multilateral donors to address
the country's many pressing needs. In December 2004, official donors
pledged $504 million in aid for 2005 on the condition that the
Cambodian government begins taking steps to address rampant
corruption. The next donor pledging session is scheduled for
December 2005. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the
next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the
private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's
demographic imbalance. More than 50% of the population is 20 years
or younger.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$26.99 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 35% industry: 30% services: 35% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
7 million (2003 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 75% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
2.5% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40 (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
20.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $548.2 million
expenditures: $836.7 million, including capital expenditures of $291
million of which 75% was financed by external assistance (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, tapioca

Industries:
tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products,
rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
22% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
122 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 65% hydro: 35% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
100.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
7,200 bbl/day (2002 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-316.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.311 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
Clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear

Exports - partners:
US 55.9%, Germany 11.7%, UK 6.9%, Vietnam 4.4%, Canada 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$3.129 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials,
machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products

Imports - partners:
Thailand 22.5%, Hong Kong 14.1%, China 13.6%, Vietnam 10.9%,
Singapore 10.8%, Taiwan 8.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$997.5 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$2.4 billion (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $504 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2005 by international donors

Currency (code):
riel (KHR)

Currency code:
KHR

Exchange rates:
riels per US dollar - 4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08
(2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Cambodia

Telephones - main lines in use:
35,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
380,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in
Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile phone coverage is
rapidly expanding in rural areas
domestic: NA
international: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline
and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and
major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 17, (2003)

Radios:
1.34 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (2003)

Televisions:
94,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.kh

Internet hosts:
818 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
30,000 (2002)

Transportation Cambodia

Railways: total: 602 km narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 12,323 km paved: 1,996 km unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)

Waterways:
2,400 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Phnom Penh

Merchant marine:
total: 479 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,913,910 GRT/2,713,967 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 34, cargo 396, chemical tanker 9, container 6,
livestock carrier 3, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 11,
refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 5, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 193 (Canada 4, China 39, China 2, Cyprus 4, Egypt 5,
Estonia 2, France 1, Germany 1, Greece 6, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 3,
Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 1, Israel 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 1,
Nigeria 2, Norway 1, Russia 58, Singapore 5, South Korea 23, Syria
8, Turkey 7, Ukraine 6, UAE 1, United States 7, Yemen 1) (2005)

Airports:
20 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 14
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
2 (2004 est.)

Military Cambodia

Military branches:
Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for all males; conscription law passed September 2004; service obligation is 18 months (September 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,981,823 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,844,144 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 175,305 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$112 million (FY01 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3% (FY01 est.)

Transnational Issues Cambodia

Disputes - international:
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check
the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of
boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai encroachments into
Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by
unresolved dispute over offshore islands; Cambodia accuses Thailand
of obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to
Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian and
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions reerect missing markers
completing most of their demarcations

Illicit drugs:
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the
government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,
heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for
the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its
cash-based economy and porous borders

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cameroon

Introduction Cameroon

Background:
The former French Cameroon and part of British Cameroon merged in
1961 to form the present country. Cameroon has generally enjoyed
stability, which has permitted the development of agriculture,
roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry. Despite
movement toward democratic reform, political power remains firmly in
the hands of an ethnic oligarchy.

Geography Cameroon

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Equatorial
Guinea and Nigeria

Geographic coordinates:
6 00 N, 12 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 475,440 sq km
land: 469,440 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
total: 4,591 km
border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km,
Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298
km, Nigeria 1,690 km

Coastline:
402 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 50 nm

Climate:
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot
in north

Terrain:
diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in
center, mountains in west, plains in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Fako (on Mount Cameroon) 4,095 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 12.81% permanent crops: 2.58% other: 84.61% (2001)

Irrigated land:
330 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases from
Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes

Environment - current issues:
waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation; overgrazing;
desertification; poaching; overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa; throughout the
country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of
current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest
mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano

People Cameroon

Population:
16,380,005
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41.7% (male 3,457,180/female 3,375,668)
15-64 years: 55% (male 4,537,281/female 4,477,163)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 239,634/female 293,079) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.6 years
male: 18.45 years
female: 18.76 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.93% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
34.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 68.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 50.89 years
male: 50.71 years
female: 51.08 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
6.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
560,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
49,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Cameroonian(s)
adjective: Cameroonian

Ethnic groups:
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani
10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%,
non-African less than 1%

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

Languages:
24 major African language groups, English (official), French
(official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79%
male: 84.7%
female: 73.4% (2003 est.)

Government Cameroon

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon
conventional short form: Cameroon
former: French Cameroon

Government type:
unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition
parties legalized in 1990)
note: preponderance of power remains with the president

Capital:
Yaounde

Administrative divisions:
10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord,
Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest

Independence:
1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
Republic Day (National Day), 20 May (1972)

Constitution:
20 May 1972 approved by referendum, 2 June 1972 formally adopted;
revised January 1996

Legal system:
based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim INONI (since 8 Dec 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted
by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 11 October 2004 (next to be held NA October
2011); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, Garga
Haman ADJI 3.7%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats;
members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms;
note - the president can either lengthen or shorten the term of the
legislature)
elections: last held 23 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RDCP 133, SDF 21, UDC 5, other 21
note: the constitution calls for an upper chamber for the
legislature, to be called a Senate, but it has yet to be established

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); High Court
of Justice (consists of 9 judges and 6 substitute judges, elected by
the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA]; Democratic
Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA]; Movement for the
Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movement for the
Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [leader Marcel
YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC [Dieudonne TINA];
National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO
BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of
Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]; Human Rights
Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jerome MENDOUGA
chancery: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-8790
FAX: [1] (202) 387-3826

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador George McDade STAPLES
embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
mailing address: P. O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy,
Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520
telephone: [237] 223-05-12, 222-25-89, 222-17-94, 223-40-14
FAX: [237] 223-07-53
branch office(s): Douala

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow
with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy Cameroon

Economy - overview:
Because of its oil resources and favorable agricultural conditions,
Cameroon has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in
sub-Saharan Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious problems
facing other underdeveloped countries, such as a top-heavy civil
service and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise.
Since 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF and World
Bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase
efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the
nation's banks. In June 2000, the government completed an
IMF-sponsored, three-year structural adjustment program; however,
the IMF is pressing for more reforms, including increased budget
transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs.
International oil and cocoa prices have considerable impact on the
economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$30.17 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 43.7% industry: 20.1% services: 36.2% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
6.68 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 70%, industry and commerce 13%, other 17%

Unemployment rate:
30% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
48% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.9% highest 10%: 36.6% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
47.7 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.493 billion
expenditures: $2.248 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
69.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, root
starches; livestock; timber

Industries:
petroleum production and refining, aluminum production, food
processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
4.2% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
3.571 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 2.7% hydro: 97.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
3.321 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
94,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
22,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
80 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
55.22 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-149.1 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.445 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans, aluminum,
coffee, cotton

Exports - partners:
Spain 15.2%, Italy 12.3%, UK 10.2%, France 9.2%, US 8.8%, South
Korea 7.1%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$1.979 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel, food

Imports - partners:
France 28.2%, Nigeria 9.9%, Belgium 7.6%, US 4.9%, China 4.8%,
Germany 4.6%, Italy 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$687.5 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$8.46 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
on 23 January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's debt
of $1.3 billion by $900 million; debt relief now totals $1.26 billion

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
XAF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Cameroon

Telephones - main lines in use:
110,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.077 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: available only to business and government
domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter
international: country code - 237; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 3 (2002)

Radios:
2.27 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
450,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.cm

Internet hosts:
479 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users: 60,000 (2002) note: Cameroon also had more than 100 cyber-cafes in 2001

Transportation Cameroon

Railways: total: 1,008 km narrow gauge: 1,008 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 34,300 km paved: 4,288 km unpaved: 30,012 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
navigation mainly on Benue River; limited during rainy season (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 90 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,120 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Douala, Limboh Terminal

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 169,593 GRT/357,023 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2005)

Airports:
47 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 36 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Military Cameroon

Military branches:
Cameroon Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Air
Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(1999)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,410,440 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,720,385 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 188,662 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$221.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Cameroon

Disputes - international:
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime
boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission, which
continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally and
have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of the
boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of the
ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime
boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined
coordinates, the unresolved Bakassi allocation, and a sovereignty
dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the
mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakasi Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces
while much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only
Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's
admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes
Chad and Niger

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 39,261 (Chad) 16,983 (Nigeria) 9,634
(Cote d'Ivoire) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Canada

Introduction Canada

Background:
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became
a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the
British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has
developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across
an unfortified border. Canada's paramount political problem is
meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care and
education services after a decade of budget cuts. The issue of
reconciling Quebec's francophone heritage with the majority
anglophone Canadian population has moved to the back burner in
recent years; support for separatism abated after the Quebec
government's referendum on independence failed to pass in October of
1995.

Geography Canada

Location:
Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the
east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the
north, north of the conterminous US

Geographic coordinates:
60 00 N, 95 00 W

Map references:
North America

Area:
total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km

Area - comparative:
somewhat larger than the US

Land boundaries: total: 8,893 km border countries: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

Coastline: 202,080 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain:
mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Natural resources:
iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash,
diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural
gas, hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 4.96%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 95.02% (2001)

Irrigated land:
7,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to
development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a
result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and
North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and
snow east of the mountains

Environment - current issues:
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and
damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and
vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity;
ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial,
mining, and forestry activities

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location
between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of
the population is concentrated within 160 km of the US border

People Canada

Population:
32,805,041 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.9% (male 3,016,032/female 2,869,244)
15-64 years: 68.9% (male 11,357,425/female 11,244,356)
65 years and over: 13.2% (male 1,842,496/female 2,475,488) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 38.54 years male: 37.54 years female: 39.56 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.84 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 80.1 years
male: 76.73 years
female: 83.63 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
56,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian

Ethnic groups:
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%,
Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church
9.5%, Anglican 6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian
4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%, none 16% (2001
census)

Languages:
English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97% (1986 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Canada

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada

Government type:
a constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy
and a federation

Capital:
Ottawa

Administrative divisions:
10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia,
Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest
Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*

Independence:
1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December
1931 (independence recognized)

National holiday:
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Constitution:
made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions,
and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the
Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of
four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which
transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to
Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well
as procedures for constitutional amendments

Legal system:
based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law
system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Michaelle Jean (since 27 October
2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul MARTIN (since 12 December
2003); Deputy Prime Minister Anne MCLELLAN (since 12 December 2003)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among
the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a
five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the
governor general

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat
(members appointed by the governor general with the advice of the
prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age; its normal
limit is 105 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre des
Communes (308 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to
serve for up to five-year terms)
elections: House of Commons - last held 28 June 2004 (next to be
held by NA 2009)
election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party -
Liberal Party 36.7%, Conservative Party 29.6%, New Democratic Party
15.7%, Bloc Quebecois 12.4%, Greens 4.3%, independents 0.4%, other
0.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 134, Conservative Party 99,
Bloc Quebecois 54, New Democratic Party 19, independent 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister
through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal
Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court
of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and
Court of Justice)

Political parties and leaders:
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada (a
merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative
Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Green Party [Jim HARRIS]; Liberal Party
[Paul MARTIN]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, AfDB, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia
Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESA (cooperating
state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM (guest),
NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Francis Joseph MCKENNA
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas,
Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, Phoenix,
San Diego, and Seattle
consulate(s): Anchorage, Houston, Philadelphia, Princeton, Raleigh,
San Francisco, and San Jose

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador David H. WILKINS embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburgh, NY 13669-0430 telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335, 4470 FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082 consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg

Flag description:
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width), with
white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered
in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white

Economy Canada

Economy - overview:
As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, newly entered in the
trillion dollar class, Canada closely resembles the US in its
market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent
living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the
manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the
nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial
and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes
Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic
integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled
labor force, and modern capital plant Canada enjoys solid economic
prospects. Solid fiscal management has produced a long-term budget
surplus which is substantially reducing the national debt, although
public debate continues over how to manage the rising cost of the
publicly funded healthcare system. Exports account for roughly a
third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its
principal trading partner, the United States, which absorbs more
than 85% of Canadian exports.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.023 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $31,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.3% industry: 26.4% services: 71.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 17.37 million (2004)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 3%, manufacturing 15%, construction 5%, services 74%, other 3% (2000)

Unemployment rate:
7% (2004)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31.5 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $151 billion
expenditures: $144 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
NA (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy
products; forest products; fish

Industries:
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed
minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish products,
petroleum and natural gas

Industrial production growth rate:
2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
548.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 28% hydro: 57.9% nuclear: 12.9% other: 1.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
487.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
36.13 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
13 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
3.11 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.2 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.37 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:
987,000 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:
178.9 billion bbl including shale oil (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
165.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
55.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
91.52 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
8.73 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.691 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$28.2 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$315.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft,
telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood
pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Exports - partners:
US 85.2%, Japan 2.1%, UK 1.6% (2004)

Imports:
$256.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil,
chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

Imports - partners:
US 58.9%, China 6.8%, Mexico 3.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$36.27 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$570 billion (2004)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $2 billion (2004)

Currency (code):
Canadian dollar (CAD)

Currency code:
CAD

Exchange rates:
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003),
1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Canada

Telephones - main lines in use:
19,950,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
13,221,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology
domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
international: country code - 1-xxx; 5 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1
Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)

Radios:
32.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
21.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ca

Internet hosts:
3,210,081 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
760 (2000 est.)

Internet users:
16.11 million (2002)

Transportation Canada

Railways: total: 48,683 km standard gauge: 48,683 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 1,408,800 km
paved: 497,306 km (including 16,900 km of expressways)
unpaved: 911,494 km (2002)

Waterways:
631 km
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint
Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2003)

Pipelines:
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980 km
(2003)

Ports and harbors:
Fraser River Port, Goderich, Montreal, Port Cartier, Quebec, Saint
John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Vancouver

Merchant marine:
total: 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,784,229 GRT/2,657,499 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 49, chemical tanker 6, combination
ore/oil 1, container 1, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 65, petroleum
tanker 13, roll on/roll off 6
foreign-owned: 6 (France 1, Germany 3, United States 2)
registered in other countries: 112 (2005)

Airports:
1,326 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 503 over 3,047 m: 18 2,438 to 3,047 m: 15 1,524 to 2,437 m: 150 914 to 1,523 m: 245 under 914 m: 75 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 823 1,524 to 2,437 m: 67 914 to 1,523 m: 347 under 914 m: 409 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 319 (2004)

Military Canada

Military branches:
Canadian Armed Forces: Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air
Command, Canada Command (homeland security) to be operational in
early 2006 (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary military service; women comprise some 11% of Canada's armed forces (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 8,216,510 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 6,740,490 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 223,821 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$9,801.7 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.1% (2003)

Transnational Issues Canada

Disputes - international:
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance,
Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed
Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater
cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and
export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point
for heroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable to
narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services
sector

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cape Verde

Introduction Cape Verde

Background:
The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by the
Portuguese in the 15th century; Cape Verde subsequently became a
trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and
resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following
independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with
Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained
until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cape Verde continues
to exhibit one of Africa's most stable democratic governments.
Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused
significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result,
Cape Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one.
Most Cape Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents.

Geography Cape Verde

Location:
Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west
of Senegal

Geographic coordinates:
16 00 N, 24 00 W

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 4,033 sq km
land: 4,033 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
965 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic

Terrain:
steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)

Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum

Land use: arable land: 9.68% permanent crops: 0.5% other: 89.82% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring
dust; volcanically and seismically active

Environment - current issues: soil erosion; deforestation due to demand for wood used as fuel; desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand extraction; overfishing

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major
north-south sea routes; important communications station; important
sea and air refueling site

People Cape Verde

Population:
418,224 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39% (male 82,249/female 80,752)
15-64 years: 54.3% (male 110,119/female 116,816)
65 years and over: 6.8% (male 10,599/female 17,689) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.4 years
male: 18.62 years
female: 20.25 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.67% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
25.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-11.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 47.77 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 52.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 42.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.45 years
male: 67.13 years
female: 73.86 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.48 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.035% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
775 (2001)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
225 (as of 2001)

Nationality:
noun: Cape Verdean(s)
adjective: Cape Verdean

Ethnic groups:
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic (infused with indigenous beliefs); Protestant
(mostly Church of the Nazarene)

Languages:
Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.6%
male: 85.8%
female: 69.2% (2003 est.)

Government Cape Verde

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cape Verde
conventional short form: Cape Verde
local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde
local short form: Cabo Verde

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Praia

Administrative divisions:
17 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista,
Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande,
Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe, Sao
Miguel, Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal

Independence:
5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

Constitution:
new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a
major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the
powers of the president, and a further revision in 1999, to create
the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)

Legal system:
derived from the legal system of Portugal

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1
February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held February
2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and
appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note - the
election was won by only twelve votes

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held December 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAICV 47.3%, MPD 39.8%,
ADM 6%, other 6.9%; seats by party - PAICV 40, MPD 30, ADM 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia

Political parties and leaders:
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria
Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM [Dr.
Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID); Democratic
Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman]; Democratic
Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president]; Movement for
Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES, president]; Party for Democratic
Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work
and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES, president]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose BRITO
chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 965-6820
FAX: [1] (202) 965-1207
consulate(s) general: Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
embassy: Rua Abilio m. Macedo 81, Praia
mailing address: C. P. 201, Praia
telephone: [238] 261 56 16, 261 56 17
FAX: [238] 261 13 55

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of light blue (top, double width), white
(with a horizontal red stripe in the middle third), and light blue;
a circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is centered on the hoist
end of the red stripe and extends into the upper and lower blue bands

Economy Cape Verde

Economy - overview:
This island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base,
including serious water shortages exacerbated by cycles of long-term
drought. The economy is service-oriented, with commerce, transport,
tourism, and public services accounting for 72% of GDP. Although
nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, the share of
agriculture in GDP in 2004 was only 12%, of which fishing accounted
for 1.5%. About 82% of food must be imported. The fishing potential,
mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. Cape Verde annually
runs a high trade deficit, financed by foreign aid and remittances
from emigrants; remittances supplement GDP by more than 20%.
Economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and
attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. Future
prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the
encouragement of tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the
government's development program.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$600 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 12.1%
industry: 21.9%
services: 66% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Unemployment rate:
21% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
30% (2000)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $260.6 million
expenditures: $305.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, coffee, peanuts;
fish

Industries:
food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments, salt
mining, ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
43.08 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
40.06 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-93.76 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$61.11 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
fuel, shoes, garments, fish, hides

Exports - partners:
Portugal 59.4%, US 17.2%, UK 11.4% (2004)

Imports:
$387.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment, fuels

Imports - partners:
Portugal 41.8%, US 12.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Spain 5.2%, Italy 4.2%,
Brazil 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$112.7 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$325 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$136 million (1999)

Currency (code):
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)

Currency code:
CVE

Exchange rates:
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 88.808 (2004), 97.703
(2003), 117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001), 119.687 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Cape Verde

Telephones - main lines in use:
71,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
53,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: effective system, extensive modernization from
1996-2000 following partial privatization in 1995
domestic: major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom (CVT); fiber
optic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internet
access and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998
international: country code - 238; 2 coaxial submarine cables; HF
radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station
- 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 22 (and 12 low power repeaters), shortwave 0 (2002)

Radios:
100,000 (2002 est.)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (and 7 repeaters) (2002)

Televisions:
15,000 (2002 est.)

Internet country code:
.cv

Internet hosts:
118 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
20,400 (2003)

Transportation Cape Verde

Highways: total: 1,350 km paved: 932 km unpaved: 418 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Mindelo, Praia, Tarrafal

Merchant marine:
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,395 GRT/6,614 DWT
by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 2
foreign-owned: 1 (United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Airports: 7 note: 3 airports are reported to be nonoperational (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Cape Verde

Military branches:
People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP): Army, Coast Guard
(includes maritime air wing)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 84,641 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 65,614 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$14.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Cape Verde

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs moving from Latin
America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cayman Islands

Introduction Cayman Islands

Background:
The Cayman Islands were colonized from Jamaica by the British
during the 18th and 19th centuries. Administered by Jamaica since
1863, they remained a British dependency after 1962 when the former
became independent.

Geography Cayman Islands

Location:
Caribbean, island group in Caribbean Sea, nearly one-half of the
way from Cuba to Honduras

Geographic coordinates:
19 30 N, 80 30 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 262 sq km
land: 262 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
160 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool,
relatively dry winters (November to April)

Terrain:
low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: The Bluff 43 m

Natural resources: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism

Land use: arable land: 3.85% permanent crops: 0% other: 96.15% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
hurricanes (July to November)

Environment - current issues: no natural fresh water resources; drinking water supplies must be met by rainwater catchments

Geography - note: important location between Cuba and Central America

People Cayman Islands

Population:
44,270 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21.1% (male 4,658/female 4,662)
15-64 years: 70.8% (male 15,284/female 16,050)
65 years and over: 8.2% (male 1,699/female 1,917) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 36.83 years
male: 36.48 years
female: 37.18 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.64% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.92 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
18.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US (2005
est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.39 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.95 years
male: 77.33 years
female: 82.6 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.9 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Caymanian(s)
adjective: Caymanian

Ethnic groups:
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic
groups 20%

Religions:
United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist,
Church of God, other Protestant, Roman Catholic

Languages:
English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 98% (1970 est.)

Government Cayman Islands

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Cayman Islands

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
British crown colony

Capital:
George Town

Administrative divisions:
8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake
Bay, West End, Western

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, first Monday in July

Constitution:
1959; revised 1972 and 1992

Legal system:
British common law and local statutes

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
Governor Bruce DINWIDDY (since 29 May 2002)
head of government: Leader of Government Business Kurt TIBBETTS
(since 18 May 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor,
four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or coalition is appointed by the
governor Leader of Government Business

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly (18 seats, three appointed members
from the Executive Council and 15 elected by popular vote; members
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 11 May 2005 (next to be held 2009)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - PPM 9, UDP 5,
independent 1

Judicial branch:
Summary Court; Grand Court; Cayman Islands Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:
no national teams (loose groupings of political organizations) were
formed for the 2000 elections; United Democratic Party or UDP
[leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [leader
Kurt TIBBETTS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UNESCO
(associate), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag;
the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with
three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the
bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS

Economy Cayman Islands

Economy - overview:
With no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving offshore
financial center. More than 40,000 companies were registered in the
Cayman Islands as of 1998, including almost 600 banks and trust
companies; banking assets exceed $500 billion. A stock exchange was
opened in 1997. Tourism is also a mainstay, accounting for about 70%
of GDP and 75% of foreign currency earnings. The tourist industry is
aimed at the luxury market and caters mainly to visitors from North
America. Total tourist arrivals exceeded 1.2 million in 1997, with
600,000 from the US. About 90% of the islands' food and consumer
goods must be imported. The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest
outputs per capita and one of the highest standards of living in the
world.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.391 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.7% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $32,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.4% industry: 3.2% services: 95.4% (1994 est.)

Labor force:
19,820 (1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1.4%, industry 12.6%, services 86% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
4.1% (1997)

Population below poverty line:
NA (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.8% (2002)

Budget:
revenues: $265.2 million
expenditures: $248.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997)

Agriculture - products:
vegetables, fruit; livestock, turtle farming

Industries:
tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, construction
materials, furniture

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
410.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
382.1 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$1.2 million (1999)

Exports - commodities:
turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

Exports - partners:
mostly US

Imports:
$457.4 million (1999)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, manufactured goods

Imports - partners:
US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan

Debt - external:
$70 million (1996)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Caymanian dollar (KYD)

Currency code:
KYD

Exchange rates:
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October 2001), 0.83 (3
November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Cayman Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
38,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
17,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: reasonably good system
domestic: liberalization of telecom market in 2003 reflected in
falling prices and improving services
international: country code - 1-345; 2 submarine fiber optic cables
(Maya-1, Cayman-Jamaica); satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
36,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 with cable system (2004)

Televisions:
7,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ky

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
9,909 (2003)

Transportation Cayman Islands

Highways: total: 785 km paved: 785 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Cayman Brac, George Town

Merchant marine:
total: 129 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,827,837 GRT/4,555,974 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 29, cargo 12, chemical tanker 39, liquefied
gas 1, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 28, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 126 (Denmark 1, Germany 14, Greece 20, Italy 12,
Norway 1, Philippines 1, Sweden 13, Switzerland 11, United Kingdom
9, United States 44) (2005)

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Cayman Islands

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Royal Cayman Islands Police Force

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Cayman Islands

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug transshipment to the
US and Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Central African Republic

Introduction Central African Republic

Background:
The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari became the Central African
Republic upon independence in 1960. After three tumultuous decades
of misrule - mostly by military governments - civilian rule was
established in 1993 and lasted for one decade. President Ange-Felix
PATASSE's civilian government was plagued by unrest, and in March
2003 he was deposed in a military coup led by General Francois
BOZIZE, who has since established a transitional government. Though
the government has the tacit support of civil society groups and the
main parties, a wide field of affiliated and independent candidates
will contest the municipal, legislative, and presidential elections
scheduled for February 2005. The government still does not fully
control the countryside, where pockets of lawlessness persist.

Geography Central African Republic

Location:
Central Africa, north of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geographic coordinates:
7 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 622,984 sq km
land: 622,984 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,203 km
border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic
Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, Sudan
1,165 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

Terrain:
vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in
northeast and southwest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m
highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m

Natural resources:
diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 3.1%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.76% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; floods are
common

Environment - current issues:
tap water is not potable; poaching has diminished the country's
reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges;
desertification; deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa

People Central African Republic

Population:
3,799,897
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.5% (male 813,596/female 802,728)
15-64 years: 54% (male 1,010,696/female 1,041,903)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 54,345/female 76,629) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.12 years
male: 17.75 years
female: 18.5 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.49% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
20.27 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 91 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 97.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 83.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 43.39 years
male: 43.27 years
female: 43.52 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
13.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
260,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
23,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Central African(s)
adjective: Central African

Ethnic groups:
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%, Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%,
Yakoma 4%, other 2%

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 35%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim
15%
note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the
Christian majority

Languages:
French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language),
tribal languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51%
male: 63.3%
female: 39.9% (2003 est.)

Government Central African Republic

Country name:
conventional long form: Central African Republic
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republique Centrafricaine
local short form: none
former: Ubangi-Shari, Central African Empire
abbreviation: CAR

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Bangui

Administrative divisions:
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic
prefectures* (prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture
economique), and 1 commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui**,
Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo, Lobaye, Mambere-Kadei,
Mbomou, Nana-Grebizi*, Nana-Mambere, Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham,
Ouham-Pende, Sangha-Mbaere*, Vakaga

Independence:
13 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 1 December (1958)

Constitution:
passed by referendum 5 December 2004

Legal system:
based on French law

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Francois BOZIZE (since 15 March 2003 coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Elie DOTE (since 13 June 2005)
note - Celestin GAOMBALET resigned 11 June 2005
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected to five year term with a two-term
limit; next presidential elections scheduled for 10 April 2005;
prime minister appointed by the political party with a parliamentary
majority

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (109 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms
elections: last held 22-23 November and 13 December 1998 (next to be
held 13 March 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - MLPC 43%, RDC 18%, MDD
9%, FPP 6%, PSD 5%, ADP 4%, PUN 3%, FODEM 2%, PLD 2%, UPR 1%, FC 1%,
independents 6%; seats by party - MLPC 47, RDC 20, MDD 8, FPP 7, PSD
6, ADP 5, PUN 3, FODEM 2, PLD 2, UPR 1, FC 1, independents 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court (3 judges
appointed by the president, 3 by the president of the National
Assembly, and 3 by fellow judges); Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts;
Inferior Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Jacques MBOLIEDAS];
Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic
Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic Forum for
Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD
[Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development or
MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central
African People or MLPC [the party of deposed president, Ange-Felix
PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA];
People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY];
National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC (observer), OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Emmanuel TOUABOY
chancery: 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-7800
FAX: [1] (202) 332-9893

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires James PANOS embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Bangui mailing address: B. P. 924, Bangui telephone: [236] 61 02 00 FAX: [236] 61 44 94 note: the embassy is currently operating with a minimal staff

Flag description:
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow
with a vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed
star on the hoist side of the blue band

Economy Central African Republic

Economy - overview:
Subsistence agriculture, together with forestry, remains the
backbone of the economy of the Central African Republic (CAR), with
more than 70% of the population living in outlying areas. The
agricultural sector generates half of GDP. Timber has accounted for
about 16% of export earnings and the diamond industry, for 54%.
Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's
landlocked position, a poor transportation system, a largely
unskilled work force, and a legacy of misdirected macroeconomic
policies. Factional fighting between the government and its
opponents remains a drag on economic revitalization, with GDP growth
at only 0.5% in 2004. Distribution of income is extraordinarily
unequal. Grants from France and the international community can only
partially meet humanitarian needs.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.248 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
0.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 55%
industry: 20%
services: 25% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Unemployment rate:
8% (23% for Bangui) (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA (1993)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.7% highest 10%: 47.7% (1993)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
61.3 (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.6% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Agriculture - products:
cotton, coffee, tobacco, manioc (tapioca), yams, millet, corn,
bananas; timber

Industries:
gold and diamond mining, logging, brewing, textiles, footwear,
assembly of bicycles and motorcycles

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2002)

Electricity - production:
106 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 19.8% hydro: 80.2% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
98.58 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$172 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco

Exports - partners:
Belgium 39.2%, Italy 8.6%, Spain 7.9%, US 6.2%, France 6.1%,
Indonesia 5.8%, China 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$136 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical
equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals

Imports - partners:
France 17.6%, US 16.3%, Cameroon 9.3%, Belgium 5% (2004)

Debt - external:
$881.4 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $73 million; note - traditional budget subsidies from France
(2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
XAF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Central African Republic

Telephones - main lines in use:
9,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
13,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fair system
domestic: network consists principally of microwave radio relay and
low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication
international: country code - 236; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2002)

Radios:
283,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2001)

Televisions:
18,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.cf

Internet hosts:
6 (2002)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
5,000 (2002)

Transportation Central African Republic

Highways: total: 23,810 km paved: 643 km unpaved: 23,167 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
2,800 km (primarily on the Oubangui and Sangha rivers) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bangui, Nola, Salo, Nzinga

Airports:
50 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 47 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Military Central African Republic

Military branches:
Central African Armed Forces (FACA): Ground Forces, Air Force;
General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection (DGIG), Republican
Guard (2004)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is two years (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 758,103 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 330,255 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$15.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Central African Republic

Disputes - international:
about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002 civil conflict in the CAR
still reside in southern Chad; periodic skirmishes over water and
grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border
with southern Sudan persist

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 36,479 (Sudan) 1,864 (Chad) 6,484
(Democratic Republic of the Congo)
IDPs: 200,000 (unrest following coup in 2003) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Chad

Introduction Chad

Background:
Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three
decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a
semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government
eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military
groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable
to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty
presidential elections in 1996 and 1997. In 1998, a new rebellion
broke out in northern Chad, which sporadically flares up despite two
peace agreements signed in 2002 and 2003 between the government and
the rebels. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains
in the hands of an ethnic minority.

Geography Chad

Location:
Central Africa, south of Libya

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 19 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1.284 million sq km
land: 1,259,200 sq km
water: 24,800 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries:
total: 5,968 km
border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197
km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical in south, desert in north

Terrain:
broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in
northwest, lowlands in south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m
highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold,
limestone, sand and gravel, salt

Land use: arable land: 2.86% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 97.12% (2001)

Irrigated land:
200 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts;
locust plagues

Environment - current issues:
inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in
rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Geography - note:
landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the
Sahel

People Chad

Population:
9,826,419 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 47.9% (male 2,365,277/female 2,337,388)
15-64 years: 49.4% (male 2,323,110/female 2,528,086)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 109,535/female 163,023) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.02 years
male: 15.32 years
female: 16.71 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.95% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
45.98 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 93.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 103.03 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 84.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 47.18 years
male: 45.55 years
female: 48.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.8% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
200,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
18,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality: noun: Chadian(s) adjective: Chadian

Ethnic groups:
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad

Religions:
Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist 7%, other 7%

Languages:
French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than
120 different languages and dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
total population: 47.5%
male: 56%
female: 39.3% (2003 est.)

Government Chad

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Chad
conventional short form: Chad
local long form: Republique du Tchad
local short form: Tchad

Government type:
republic

Capital:
N'Djamena

Administrative divisions:
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha,
Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac,
Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari,
Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
note: instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative
structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department),
and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha
Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera,
Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone
Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam,
N'Djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile
Occidental, Tibesti

Independence:
11 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Constitution:
passed by referendum 31 March 1996

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December
1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Pascal YOADIMNADJI (since 3
February 2005)
cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year
term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the
two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second
round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent
of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh
KEBZABO 7%

Legislative branch:
bicameral according to constitution, consists of a National
Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms) and a Senate (not yet created and size unspecified,
members to serve six-year terms, one-third of membership renewable
every two years)
elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be
held in April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO];
National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO];
Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union
for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE];
Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire
COUMAKOYE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mahamat Adam BECHIR
chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Marc WALL embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena telephone: [235] (51) 70-09 FAX: [235] (51) 56-54

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra
and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in
the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

Economy Chad

Economy - overview:
Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted
by major oilfield and pipeline projects that began in 2000. Over 80%
of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock
raising for its livelihood. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide
the bulk of Chad's export earnings; Chad began to export oil in
2004. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked
position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad
relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and
private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US
companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves
estimated at 1 billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production came
on stream in late 2003.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$15.66 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
38% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 22.6%
industry: 35.6%
services: 41.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
80% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
24.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.131 billion
expenditures: $957.7 million, including capital expenditures of $146
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca);
cattle, sheep, goats, camels

Industries:
oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium
carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate:
5% (1995)

Electricity - production:
96.13 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
89.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
200,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$330.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$365 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, cattle, gum arabic

Exports - partners:
US 67.8%, China 21.5%, Portugal 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$500.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum
products, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners:
France 21.9%, Cameroon 16.1%, US 10.8%, Portugal 10.4%, Germany
6.4%, Belgium 4.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$652.7 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.1 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$238.3 million received; note - $125 million committed by Taiwan
(August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank;
ODA $150 million (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
XAF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Chad

Telephones - main lines in use:
11,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
65,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: primitive system
domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations
international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 5 (2002)

Radios:
1.67 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
10,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.td

Internet hosts:
8 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
15,000 (2002)

Transportation Chad

Highways: total: 33,400 km paved: 267 km unpaved: 33,133 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season (2002)

Pipelines:
oil 205 km (2004)

Airports:
50 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 7 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 44 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Military Chad

Military branches:
Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale Tchadienne, ANT), Air Force,
Gendarmerie (2004)

Military service age and obligation: 20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation; 18 years of age for volunteers; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a guardian (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 1,559,382 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 834,695 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 95,228 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$101.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Chad

Disputes - international:
since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have
driven about 200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; Chad
remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty which also includes Chad and Niger

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 200,000 (Sudan) 30,000 (Central
African Republic) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Chile

Introduction Chile

Background:
Prior to the coming of the Spanish in the 16th century, northern
Chile was under Inca rule while Araucanian Indians inhabited central
and southern Chile; the latter were not completely subjugated until
the early 1880s. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810,
decisive victory over the Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In
the War of the Pacific (1879-84), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia
and won its present northern lands. A three-year-old Marxist
government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown in 1973 by a
dictatorial military regime led by Augusto PINOCHET, who ruled until
a freely elected president was installed in 1990. Sound economic
policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed
to steady growth and have helped secure the country's commitment to
democratic and representative government. Chile has increasingly
assumed regional and international leadership roles befitting its
status as a stable, democratic nation.

Geography Chile

Location:
Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between
Argentina and Peru

Geographic coordinates:
30 00 S, 71 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 756,950 sq km
land: 748,800 sq km
water: 8,150 sq km
note: includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana

Land boundaries: total: 6,171 km border countries: Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km

Coastline: 6,435 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200/350 nm

Climate:
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool
and damp in south

Terrain:
low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m

Natural resources:
copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum,
hydropower

Land use: arable land: 2.65% permanent crops: 0.42% other: 96.93% (2001)

Irrigated land:
18,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis

Environment - current issues:
widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural resources; air
pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution
from raw sewage

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage);
Atacama Desert is one of world's driest regions

People Chile

Population:
15,980,912 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.2% (male 2,062,735/female 1,970,913)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 5,320,870/female 5,342,771)
65 years and over: 8% (male 534,737/female 748,886) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.07 years
male: 29.17 years
female: 31.05 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.97% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.44 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.8 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.58 years
male: 73.3 years
female: 80.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
26,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,400 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Chilean(s) adjective: Chilean

Ethnic groups:
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish NEGL%

Languages:
Spanish

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.2%
male: 96.4%
female: 96.1% (2003 est.)

Government Chile

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Chile
conventional short form: Chile
local long form: Republica de Chile
local short form: Chile

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Santiago

Administrative divisions:
13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos
Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio,
Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos,
Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana
(Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:
18 September 1810 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

Constitution:
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989,
1993, and 1997

Legal system:
based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes
influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
note: Chile is in the process of completely overhauling its criminal
justice system; a new, US-style adversarial system is being
gradually implemented throughout the country with the final stage of
implementation in the Santiago metropolitan region expected in June
2005

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16
January 2000 (next to be held December 2005)
election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent
of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the
Senate or Senado (48 seats, 38 elected by popular vote, 9 designated
members, and 1 former president who has served a full six-year term
and is senator for life); elected members serve eight-year terms
(one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or
Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held
December 2005); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 December 2001
(next to be held December 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - CPD 20 (PDC 12, PS 5, PPD 3), APC 16 (UDI 9, RN 7),
independents 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - CPD 62 (PDC 24, PPD 21, PS 11, PRSD 6), UDI
35, RN 22, independent 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the
president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates
provided by the court itself; the president of the Supreme Court is
elected by the 21-member court); Constitutional Tribunal

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC (including National Renewal
or RN [Sebastian PINERA] and Independent Democratic Union or UDI
[Pablo LONGUEIRA]); Coalition of Parties for Democracy
("Concertacion") or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC
[Adolfo ZALDIVAR], Socialist Party or PS [Gonzalo MARTNER], Party
for Democracy or PPD [Victor BARRUETO], Radical Social Democratic
Party or PRSD [Orlando CANTUARIAS]); Communist Party or PC [Gladys
MARIN]

Political pressure groups and leaders: revitalized university student federations at all major universities; Roman Catholic Church; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations

International organization participation:
APEC, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate),
MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Andres BIANCHI
chancery: 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1746
FAX: [1] (202) 887-5579
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New
York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Craig A. KELLY embassy: Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago mailing address: APO AA 34033 telephone: [56] (2) 232-2600 FAX: [56] (2) 330-3710

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue
square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of
the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the
center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes
the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the
blood spilled to achieve independence; design was influenced by the
US flag

Economy Chile

Economy - overview:
Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high level
of foreign trade. During the early 1990s, Chile's reputation as a
role model for economic reform was strengthened when the democratic
government of Patricio AYLWIN - which took over from the military in
1990 - deepened the economic reform initiated by the military
government. Growth in real GDP averaged 8% during 1991-97, but fell
to half that level in 1998 because of tight monetary policies
implemented to keep the current account deficit in check and because
of lower export earnings - the latter a product of the global
financial crisis. A severe drought exacerbated the recession in
1999, reducing crop yields and causing hydroelectric shortfalls and
electricity rationing, and Chile experienced negative economic
growth for the first time in more than 15 years. Despite the effects
of the recession, Chile maintained its reputation for strong
financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the
strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. By the end of
1999, exports and economic activity had begun to recover, and growth
rebounded to 4.2% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.1% in 2001 and 2.1%
in 2002, largely due to lackluster global growth and the devaluation
of the Argentine peso. Chile's economy began a slow recovery in
2003, growing 3.2% and accelerated to 5.8% in 2004. GDP growth
benefited from high copper prices, solid export earnings
(particularly forestry, fishing, and mining), and stepped-up foreign
direct investment. Unemployment, however, remains stubbornly high.
Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization
with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took
effect on 1 January 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$169.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $10,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6.3% industry: 38.2% services: 55.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
6.2 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 13.6%, industry 23.4%, services 63% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
8.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
20.6% (2000)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.2% highest 10%: 47% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
57.1 (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $21.53 billion
expenditures: $19.95 billion, including capital expenditures of
$3.33 billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
12.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic,
asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool; fish; timber

Industries:
copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and
steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
7.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
48.6 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 47% hydro: 51.5% nuclear: 0% other: 1.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
41.8 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.813 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
18,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
240,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
221,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
150 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Natural gas - production:
1.18 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
6.517 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2002)

Natural gas - imports:
5.337 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
99.05 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Current account balance:
$2.185 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$29.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine

Exports - partners:
US 14%, Japan 11.4%, China 9.9%, South Korea 5.5%, Netherlands
5.1%, Brazil 4.3%, Italy 4.1%, Mexico 4% (2004)

Imports:
$22.53 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and
telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles,
natural gas

Imports - partners:
Argentina 17%, US 14%, Brazil 11.2%, China 7.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$16.02 billion (2004)

Debt - external:
$44.6 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $0 (2002)

Currency (code):
Chilean peso (CLP)

Currency code:
CLP

Exchange rates:
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003), 688.94
(2002), 634.94 (2001), 539.59 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Chile

Telephones - main lines in use:
3.467 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6,445,700 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system based on extensive microwave
radio relay facilities
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite
system with 3 earth stations
international: country code - 56; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 180 (eight inactive), FM 64, shortwave 17 (one inactive) (1998)

Radios:
5.18 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
63 (plus 121 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
3.15 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.cl

Internet hosts:
202,429 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
7 (2000)

Internet users:
3.575 million (2002)

Transportation Chile

Railways:
total: 6,585 km
broad gauge: 2,831 km 1.676-m gauge (1,317 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 3,754 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 79,605 km
paved: 16,080 km (including 407 km of expressways)
unpaved: 63,525 km (2001)

Pipelines:
gas 2,583 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil 1,003
km; refined products 757 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Antofagasta, Arica, Huasco, Iquique, Lirquen, San Antonio, San
Vicente, Valparaiso

Merchant marine:
total: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 725,216 GRT/954,519 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 6, chemical tanker 9, container 1,
liquefied gas 3, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 8,
roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 4
registered in other countries: 21 (2005)

Airports:
364 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 71
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 21
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 15 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 293
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
914 to 1,523 m: 60
under 914 m: 217 (2004 est.)

Military Chile

Military branches:
Army of the Nation, National Navy (includes naval air, Coast Guard,
and Marine Corps), Chilean Air Force, Chilean Carabineros (National
Police)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; all citizens 18-45 are obligated to perform military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy and Air Force (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,815,761 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,123,281 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 140,084 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3.42 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Chile

Disputes - international:
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama
corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead unrestricted but
not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian gas and
other commodities; Peru proposes changing its latitudinal maritime
boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern
axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory)
partially overlaps Argentine and British claims

Illicit drugs:
important transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and
the US; economic prosperity and increasing trade have made Chile
more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits,
especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a new
anti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursors
passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@China

Introduction China

Background:
For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the
rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and
early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major
famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War
II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic
socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed
strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of
millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping and
other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by
2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living
standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal
choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight.

Geography China

Location:
Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea,
and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam

Geographic coordinates:
35 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 9,596,960 sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than the US

Land boundaries:
total: 22,117 km
border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km,
India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km,
Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km,
Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40
km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
regional borders: Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34 km

Coastline:
14,500 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Terrain:
mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas,
and hills in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten,
antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum,
lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

Land use:
arable land: 15.4%
permanent crops: 1.25%
other: 83.35% (2001)

Irrigated land:
525,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern
coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land
subsidence

Environment - current issues:
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from
reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly
in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation;
estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil
erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in
endangered species

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US);
Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak

People China

Population:
1,306,313,812 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21.4% (male 148,134,928/female 131,045,415)
15-64 years: 71% (male 477,182,072/female 450,664,933)
65 years and over: 7.6% (male 47,400,282/female 51,886,182) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 32.26 years male: 31.87 years female: 32.67 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.58% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
13.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 24.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.27 years
male: 70.65 years
female: 74.09 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
840,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
44,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese

Ethnic groups:
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu,
Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Religions:
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Muslim 1%-2%, Christian 3%-4%
note: officially atheist (2002 est.)

Languages:
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing
dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan
(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages
(see Ethnic groups entry)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.9%
male: 95.1%
female: 86.5% (2002)

Government China

Country name:
conventional long form: People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
local short form: Zhong Guo
abbreviation: PRC

Government type:
Communist state

Capital:
Beijing

Administrative divisions:
23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions
(zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular
and plural)
: provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan,
Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,
Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang
: autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Xizang
(Tibet)
: municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin
note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries
for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau

Independence:
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty); 1 January 1912
(Manchu Dynasty replaced by a Republic); 1 October 1949 (People's
Republic established)

National holiday:
Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China, 1
October (1949)

Constitution:
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982

Legal system:
a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law;
rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal
codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being
made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003) and Vice
President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003); Vice
Premiers HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), WU Yi (17 March 2003), ZENG
Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUI Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress
(NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 15-17
March 2003 (next to be held mid-March 2008); premier nominated by
the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
election results: HU Jintao elected president by the Tenth National
People's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes (four delegates voted
against him, four abstained, and 38 did not vote); ZENG Qinghong
elected vice president by the Tenth National People's Congress with
a total of 2,578 votes (177 delegates voted against him, 190
abstained, and 38 did not vote); two seats were vacant

Legislative branch:
unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao
Dahui (2,985 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and
provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held December 2002-February 2003 (next to be held
late 2007-February 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's
Congress); Local Peoples Courts (comprise higher, intermediate and
local courts); Special Peoples Courts (primarily military, maritime,
and railway transport courts)

Political parties and leaders:
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretary of the
Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP

Political pressure groups and leaders:
no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the
government has identified the Falungong spiritual movement and the
China Democracy Party as subversive groups

International organization participation:
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, CDB,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA
(observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), ONUB,
OPCW, PCA, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNTSO, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador YANG Jiechi
chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2500
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2582
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and
San Francisco
consulate(s): Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Clark T. RANDT, Jr.
embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 6532-3831
FAX: [86] (10) 6532-6929
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai,
Shenyang

Flag description:
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow
five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of
the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

Economy China

Economy - overview: In late 1978 the Chinese leadership began moving the economy from a sluggish, inefficient, Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system. Whereas the system operates within a political framework of strict Communist control, the economic influence of non-state organizations and individual citizens has been steadily increasing. The authorities switched to a system of household and village responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprises in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, China in 2004 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still poor. Agriculture and industry have posted major gains especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan and in Shanghai, where foreign investment has helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. The leadership, however, often has experienced - as a result of its hybrid system - the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy and lassitude) and of capitalism (growing income disparities and rising unemployment). China thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. The government has struggled to (a) sustain adequate jobs growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, many of which had been shielded from competition by subsidies and had been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. From 100 to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to maintaining long-term growth in living standards. At the same time, one demographic consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. As part of its effort to gradually slow the rapid economic growth seen in 2004, Beijing says it will reduce somewhat its spending on infrastructure in 2005, while continuing to focus on poverty relief and through rural tax reform. Accession to the World Trade Organization helps strengthen its ability to maintain strong growth rates but at the same time puts additional pressure on the hybrid system of strong political controls and growing market influences. China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer Internet use, with 94 million users at the end of 2004. Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's remarkable economic growth. Shortages of electric power and raw materials may affect industrial output in 2005. More power generating capacity is scheduled to come on line in 2006. In its rivalry with India as an economic power, China has a lead in the absorption of technology, the rising prominence in world trade, and the alleviation of poverty; India has one important advantage in its relative mastery of the English language, but the number of competent Chinese English-speakers is growing rapidly.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$7.262 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
9.1% (official data) (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13.8% industry and construction: 52.9% services: 33.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
760.8 million (2003)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
9.8% in urban areas; substantial unemployment and underemployment
in rural areas; an official Chinese journal estimated overall
unemployment (including rural areas) for 2003 at 20% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
10% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 30.4% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44 (2002)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
46% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $317.9 billion
expenditures: $348.9 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
31.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples,
cotton, oilseed, pork, fish

Industries:
mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals;
coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum;
cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including
footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation
equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships,
and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch
vehicles and satellites

Industrial production growth rate:
17.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.91 trillion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 80.2% hydro: 18.5% nuclear: 1.2% other: 0.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.63 trillion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
10.38 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
2.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
3.392 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4.956 million bbl/day (2002 est.)

Oil - exports:
427,800 bbl/day (2002)

Oil - imports:
2.414 million bbl/day (2002)

Oil - proved reserves:
17.74 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
35 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
29.18 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
2.23 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$30.32 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$583.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, plastics, optical and medical equipment,
iron and steel

Exports - partners:
US 21.1%, Hong Kong 17%, Japan 12.4%, South Korea 4.7%, Germany 4%
(2004)

Imports:
$552.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels, plastics, optical
and medical equipment, organic chemicals, iron and steel

Imports - partners:
Japan 16.8%, Taiwan 11.4%, South Korea 11.1%, US 8%, Germany 5.4%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$609.9 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$233.3 billion (3rd quarter 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)

Currency code:
CNY

Exchange rates:
yuan per US dollar - 8.2768 (2004), 8.277 (2003), 8.277 (2002),
8.2771 (2001), 8.2785 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications China

Telephones - main lines in use:
263 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
269 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic and international services are
increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed
domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and
many towns
domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular
telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite system
with 55 earth stations is in place
international: country code - 86; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean
regions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South
Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998)

Radios:
417 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 3,240 (of which 209 are operated by China Central Television, 31 are provincial TV stations and nearly 3,000 are local city stations) (1997)

Televisions:
400 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.cn

Internet hosts:
160,421 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
94 million (2004)

Transportation China

Railways:
total: 71,898 km
standard gauge: 71,898 km 1.435-m gauge (18,115 km electrified)
dual gauge: 23,945 km (multiple track not included in total) (2002)

Highways:
total: 1,765,222 km
paved: 395,410 km (with at least 25,130 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,369,812 km (2002 est.)

Waterways:
121,557 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 15,890 km; oil 14,478 km; refined products 3,280 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Dalian, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai

Merchant marine:
total: 1,649 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 18,724,653 GRT/27,749,784 DWT
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 362, cargo 696, chemical
tanker 38, combination ore/oil 1, container 135, liquefied gas 30,
passenger 7, passenger/cargo 81, petroleum tanker 246, refrigerated
cargo 30, roll on/roll off 11, vehicle carrier 10
foreign-owned: 9 (Hong Kong 4, Japan 2, South Korea 2, United States
1)
registered in other countries: 872 (2005)

Airports:
472 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 383
over 3,047 m: 53
2,438 to 3,047 m: 116
1,524 to 2,437 m: 141
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 50 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 89
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 32
under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
15 (2004 est.)

Military China

Military branches:
People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (includes
marines and naval aviation), Air Force (includes Airborne Forces),
and II Artillery Corps (strategic missile force); People's Armed
Police Force (internal security troops considered to be an adjunct
to the PLA); Militia (2003)

Military service age and obligation: 18-22 years of age for compulsory military service, with 24-month service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service; 17 years of age for women who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 342,956,265 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 281,240,272 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 13,186,433 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$67.49 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues China

Disputes - international:
in 2005, China and India initiate drafting principles to resolve
all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes
together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate
discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,
and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's
largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under
the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does
not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in
1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India
as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the
Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct
of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the
Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by
some parties; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the
Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan
have become more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the
uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's
unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea,
the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain islands in
the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute with North
Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is considered
indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of
thousands of North Koreans; in 2004, China and Russia divided up the
islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, ending a century-old
border dispute; demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds
slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries
agreements were ratified in June 2004, implementation has been
delayed; environmentalists in Burma and Thailand remain concerned
about China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 299,287 (Vietnam) estimated
30,000-50,000 (North Korea) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for
chemical precursors and methamphetamine

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Christmas Island

Introduction Christmas Island

Background:
Named in 1643 for the day of its discovery, the island was annexed
and settlement was begun by the UK in 1888. Phosphate mining began
in the 1890s. The UK transferred sovereignty to Australia in 1958.
Almost two-thirds of the island has been declared a national park.

Geography Christmas Island

Location:
Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:
10 30 S, 105 40 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 135 sq km
land: 135 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
138.9 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by
trade winds; wet season December to April

Terrain:
steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Murray Hill 361 m

Natural resources:
phosphate, beaches

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100%
note: mainly tropical rainforest; 63% of the island is a national
park (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime
hazard

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean

People Christmas Island

Population: 361 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
0% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA

Death rate:
NA

Net migration rate:
NA

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Total fertility rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Christmas Islander(s)
adjective: Christmas Island

Ethnic groups:
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)

Religions:
Buddhist 36%, Muslim 25%, Christian 18%, other 21% (1997)

Languages:
English (official), Chinese, Malay

Literacy:
NA

People - note:
the Australian Bureau of Statistics reports a population of 1,508
as of the 2001 Census

Government Christmas Island

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of Christmas Island
conventional short form: Christmas Island

Dependency status:
territory of Australia; administered by the Australian Department
of Transport and Regional Services

Government type:
NA

Capital:
The Settlement

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of Australia)

Independence:
none (territory of Australia)

National holiday:
Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Constitution:
Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958)

Legal system:
under the authority of the governor general of Australia and
Australian law

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator Evan WILLIAMS (since 1 November
2003)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia

Legislative branch:
unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: held every two years with half the members standing for
election; last held 3 May 2003 (next to be held in 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; District Court; Magistrate's Court

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
none

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Flag description:
the flag of Australia is used; note - in early 1986, the Christmas
Island Assembly held a design competition for an island flag,
however, the winning design has never been formally adopted as the
official flag of the territory

Economy Christmas Island

Economy - overview:
Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity,
but in December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine. In
1991, the mine was reopened. With the support of the government, a
$34 million casino opened in 1993. The casino closed in 1998. The
Australian Government in 2001 agreed to support the creation of a
commercial space-launching site on the island, projected to begin
operations in the near future

GDP (purchasing power parity):
NA

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Agriculture - products:
NA

Industries:
tourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA

Exports:
NA

Exports - commodities:
phosphate

Exports - partners:
Australia, NZ

Imports:
NA

Imports - commodities:
consumer goods

Imports - partners:
principally Australia

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Christmas Island

Telephones - main lines in use:
NA

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: service provided by the Australian network
domestic: GSM mobile telephone service replaced older analog system
in February 2005
international: country code - 61-891; satellite earth stations - one
Intelsat earth station provides telephone and telex service (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
1,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
600 (1997)

Internet country code:
.cx

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Christmas Island

Highways: total: 240 km paved: 30 km unpaved: 210 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Flying Fish Cove

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Christmas Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Australia

Transnational Issues Christmas Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Clipperton Island

Introduction Clipperton Island

Background:
This isolated island was named for John CLIPPERTON, a pirate who
made it his hideout early in the 18th century. Annexed by France in
1855, it was seized by Mexico in 1897. Arbitration eventually
awarded the island to France, which took possession in 1935.

Geography Clipperton Island

Location:
Middle America, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,120 km
southwest of Mexico

Geographic coordinates:
10 17 N, 109 13 W

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 6 sq km
land: 6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
11.1 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains
May-October

Terrain:
coral atoll

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all coral) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
reef 12 km in circumference

People Clipperton Island

Population: uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Government Clipperton Island

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Clipperton Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Clipperton
former: sometimes called Ile de la Passion

Dependency status:
possession of France; administered by France from French Polynesia
by a high commissioner of the Republic

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Clipperton Island

Economy - overview:
Although 115 species of fish have been identified in the
territorial waters of Clipperton Island, the only economic activity
is tuna fishing.

Transportation Clipperton Island

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Clipperton Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Clipperton Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Introduction Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Background:
There are 27 coral islands in the group. Captain William KEELING
discovered the islands in 1609, but they remained uninhabited until
the 19th century. Annexed by the UK in 1857, they were transferred
to the Australian Government in 1955. The population on the two
inhabited islands generally is split between the ethnic Europeans on
West Island and the ethnic Malays on Home Island.

Geography Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Location:
Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, southwest
of Indonesia, about halfway from Australia to Sri Lanka

Geographic coordinates:
12 30 S, 96 50 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 14 sq km
land: 14 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island

Area - comparative:
about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
26 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds
for about nine months of the year

Terrain:
flat, low-lying coral atolls

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
cyclone season is October to April

Environment - current issues: fresh water resources are limited to rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs

Geography - note: islands are thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation

People Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Population: 628 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
0% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA

Death rate:
NA

Net migration rate:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Total fertility rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Cocos Islander(s)
adjective: Cocos Islander

Ethnic groups:
Europeans, Cocos Malays

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 80%, other 20% (2002 est.)

Languages:
Malay (Cocos dialect), English

Government Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
conventional short form: Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Dependency status:
territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the
Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services

Government type:
NA

Capital:
West Island

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of Australia)

Independence:
none (territory of Australia)

National holiday:
Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Constitution:
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1953)

Legal system:
based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

Suffrage:
NA

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator (nonresident) Evan WILLIAMS (since
1 November 2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia

Legislative branch:
unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council (7 seats)
elections: held every two years with half the members standing for
election; last held NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
none

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Flag description:
the flag of Australia is used

Economy Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Economy - overview:
Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop.
Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but
additional food and most other necessities must be imported from
Australia. There is a small tourist industry.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
NA

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation: the Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage workers; tourism employs others

Unemployment rate: 60% (2000 est.)

Budget: revenues: NA expenditures: NA

Agriculture - products:
vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts

Industries:
copra products and tourism

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA

Exports:
NA

Exports - commodities:
copra

Exports - partners:
Australia

Imports:
NA

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Australia

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
287 (1992)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
note - analog cellular service available

Telephone system:
general assessment: connected within Australia's telecommunication
system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 61-891; telephone, telex, and
facsimile communications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite;
1 satellite earth station of NA type (2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
300 (1992)

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.cc

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Highways: total: 15 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Port Refuge

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Australia; the territory does have
a five-person police force

Transnational Issues Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Colombia

Introduction Colombia

Background:
Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from the
collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and
Venezuela). A 40-year insurgent campaign to overthrow the Colombian
Government escalated during the 1990s, undergirded in part by funds
from the drug trade. Although the violence is deadly and large
swaths of the countryside are under guerrilla influence, the
movement lacks the military strength or popular support necessary to
overthrow the government. An anti-insurgent army of paramilitaries
has grown to several thousand strong in recent years, challenging
the insurgents for control of territory and the drug trade, and also
the government's ability to exert its dominion over rural areas.
While Bogota steps up efforts to reassert government control
throughout the country, neighboring countries worry about the
violence spilling over their borders.

Geography Colombia

Location:
Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Panama
and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between
Ecuador and Panama

Geographic coordinates:
4 00 N, 72 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 1,138,910 sq km
land: 1,038,700 sq km
water: 100,210 sq km
note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and
Serranilla Bank

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 6,004 km
border countries: Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km,
Peru 1,496 km (est.), Venezuela 2,050 km

Coastline:
3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Terrain:
flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains,
eastern lowland plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m
note: nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper,
emeralds, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 2.42% permanent crops: 1.67% other: 95.91% (2001)

Irrigated land:
8,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional earthquakes;
periodic droughts

Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuse of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
only South American country with coastlines on both the North
Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea

People Colombia

Population:
42,954,279 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 30.7% (male 6,670,950/female 6,516,371)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 13,424,433/female 14,142,825)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 968,127/female 1,231,573) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.04 years
male: 25.14 years
female: 26.93 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.49% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.59 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.72 years
male: 67.88 years
female: 75.7 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.56 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
190,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
3,600 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Colombian(s)
adjective: Colombian

Ethnic groups:
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 90%, other 10%

Languages:
Spanish

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 92.4%
female: 92.6% (2003 est.)

Government Colombia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Colombia
conventional short form: Colombia
local long form: Republica de Colombia
local short form: Colombia

Government type:
republic; executive branch dominates government structure

Capital:
Bogota

Administrative divisions:
32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1
capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca,
Atlantico, Distrito Capital de Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas,
Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca,
Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte
de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y
Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes,
Vichada

Independence:
20 July 1810 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

Constitution:
5 July 1991

Legal system:
based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US
procedures was enacted into law in 2004; judicial review of
executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August 2002);
Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August
2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties
- the PL and PSC - and independents
elections: president and vice president elected by popular vote for
a four-year term; election last held 26 May 2002 (next to be held
May 2006)
election results: President Alvaro URIBE Velez received 53% of the
vote; Vice President Francisco SANTOS was elected on the same ticket

Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or Senado
(102 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year
terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Representantes
(166 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year
terms)
elections: Senate - last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held March
2006); House of Representatives - last held 10 March 2002 (next to
be held March 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PL 28, PSC 13, independents and smaller parties (many
aligned with conservatives) 61; House of Representatives - percent
of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PL 54, PSC 21, independents
and other parties 91

Judicial branch:
four roughly coequal, supreme judicial organs; Supreme Court of
Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (highest court of criminal law;
judges are selected by their peers from the nominees of the Superior
Judicial Council for eight-year terms); Council of State (highest
court of administrative law; judges are selected from the nominees
of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms);
Constitutional Court (guards integrity and supremacy of the
constitution; rules on constitutionality of laws, amendments to the
constitution, and international treaties); Superior Judicial Council
(administers and disciplines the civilian judiciary; resolves
jurisdictional conflicts arising between other courts; members are
elected by three sister courts and Congress for eight-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:
Colombian Communist Party or PCC [Jaime CAICEDO]; Conservative
Party or PSC [Carlos HOLGUIN Sardi]; Democratic Pole or PDI [Samuel
MORENO Rojas]; Liberal Party or PL [Juan Fernando CRISTO]
note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties,
most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress

Political pressure groups and leaders:
two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia - Revolutionary
Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC and National Liberation Army or
ELN; largest anti-insurgent paramilitary group is United
Self-Defense Groups of Colombia or AUC

International organization participation:
BCIE, CAN, CDB, CSN, FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate),
MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Luis Alberto MORENO Mejia chancery: 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 387-8338 FAX: [1] (202) 232-8643 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Beverly Hills, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Washington, DC

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador William B. WOOD embassy: Calle 22D-BIS, numbers 47-51, Apartado Aereo 3831 mailing address: Carrera 45 #22D-45, Bogota, D.C., APO AA 34038 telephone: [57] (1) 315-0811 FAX: [57] (1) 315-2197

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and
red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears the
Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

Economy Colombia

Economy - overview:
Colombia's economy has been on a recovery trend during the past two
years despite a serious armed conflict. The economy continues to
improve thanks to austere government budgets, focused efforts to
reduce public debt levels, and an export-oriented growth focus.
Ongoing economic problems facing President URIBE range from
reforming the pension system to reducing high unemployment. New
exploration is needed to offset declining oil production. On the
positive side, several international financial institutions have
praised the economic reforms introduced by URIBE, which include
measures designed to reduce the public-sector deficit below 2.5% of
GDP. The government's economic policy and democratic security
strategy have engendered a growing sense of confidence in the
economy, particularly within the business sector. Coffee prices have
recovered from previous lows as the Colombian coffee industry
pursues greater market shares in developed countries such as the
United States.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$281.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13.4% industry: 32.1% services: 54.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
20.7 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 30%, industry 24%, services 46% (1990)

Unemployment rate:
13.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
55% (2001)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 44% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
57.1 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
15.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $15.33 billion
expenditures: $21.03 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
51.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa
beans, oilseed, vegetables; forest products; shrimp

Industries:
textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages,
chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds

Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
44.87 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 26% hydro: 72.7% nuclear: 0% other: 1.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
41.14 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
618 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
23 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
531,100 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
252,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
5.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
5.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
132 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-1.706 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$15.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, coffee, coal, apparel, bananas, cut flowers

Exports - partners:
US 42.1%, Venezuela 9.7%, Ecuador 6% (2004)

Imports:
$15.34 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer goods,
chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity

Imports - partners:
US 29.1%, Venezuela 6.5%, China 6.4%, Mexico 6.2%, Brazil 5.8%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$11.94 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$38.7 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Colombian peso (COP)

Currency code:
COP

Exchange rates:
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65 (2003),
2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63 (2001), 2,087.9 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Colombia

Telephones - main lines in use:
8,768,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6,186,200 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system in many respects
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system; domestic
satellite system with 41 earth stations; fiber-optic network linking
50 cities
international: country code - 57; satellite earth stations - 6
Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat; 3 fully digitalized international switching
centers; 8 submarine cables

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 454, FM 34, shortwave 27 (1999)

Radios:
21 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
60 (includes seven low-power stations) (1997)

Televisions:
4.59 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.co

Internet hosts:
115,158 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
18 (2000)

Internet users:
2,732,200 (2003)

Transportation Colombia

Railways:
total: 3,304 km
standard gauge: 150 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 3,154 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 112,998 km
paved: 26,000 km
unpaved: 84,000 km (2000)

Waterways:
9,187 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 4,360 km; oil 6,134 km; refined products 3,140 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Muelles El Bosque, Puerto
Bolivar, Santa Marta, Turbo

Merchant marine:
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 35,427 GRT/46,301 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 11, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker
2
registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Airports:
980 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 101 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 39 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 879 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 914 to 1,523 m: 272 under 914 m: 572 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Colombia

Military branches:
Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, includes Naval
Aviation, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea
Colombiana)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 24 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 10,212,456 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,986,228 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 389,735 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3.3 billion (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.4% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Colombia

Disputes - international:
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against
Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands
near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,
guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its
neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with
over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into
neighboring states

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 2,730,000 - 3,100,000 (conflict between government and FARC;
drug wars) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis; world's
leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was 144,450
hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production of opium
between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons; potential
production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; the world's
largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier of
about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majority of
cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplier of
heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; a
significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are either
laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso
exchange

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Comoros

Introduction Comoros

Background:
Unstable Comoros has endured 19 coups or attempted coups since
gaining independence from France in 1975. In 1997, the islands of
Anjouan and Moheli declared their independence from Comoros. In
1999, military chief Col. AZALI seized power. He pledged to resolve
the secessionist crisis through a confederal arrangement named the
2000 Fomboni Accord. In December 2001, voters approved a new
constitution and presidential elections took place in the spring of
2002. Each island in the archipelago elected its own president and a
new union president took office in May of 2002.

Geography Comoros

Location:
Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the
Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern
Madagascar and northern Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
12 10 S, 44 15 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 2,170 sq km
land: 2,170 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
340 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Terrain:
volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Le Kartala 2,360 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 35.87%
permanent crops: 23.32%
other: 40.81% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); Le
Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano

Environment - current issues:
soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation on
slopes without proper terracing; deforestation

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel

People Comoros

Population:
671,247 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.8% (male 144,075/female 143,175)
15-64 years: 54.2% (male 179,541/female 184,488)
65 years and over: 3% (male 9,407/female 10,561) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.61 years
male: 18.35 years
female: 18.87 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.91% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
37.52 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 74.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 83.48 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 66.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.96 years
male: 59.65 years
female: 64.33 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.09 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.12% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Comoran(s)
adjective: Comoran

Ethnic groups:
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2%

Languages:
Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili
and Arabic)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 56.5%
male: 63.6%
female: 49.3% (2003 est.)

Government Comoros

Country name:
conventional long form: Union of the Comoros
conventional short form: Comoros
local long form: Union des Comores
local short form: Comores

Government type:
independent republic

Capital:
Moroni

Administrative divisions:
3 islands; Grande Comore (Njazidja), Anjouan (Nzwani), and Moheli
(Mwali); note - there are also four municipalities named Domoni,
Fomboni, Moroni, and Moutsamoudou

Independence:
6 July 1975 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

Constitution:
23 December 2001

Legal system:
French and Sharia (Islamic) law in a new consolidated code

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2002); note
- following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president; in January
2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
head of government: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2002);
note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president; in
January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidency
rotates every four years among the elected presidents from the three
main islands in the Union; election last held 14 April 2002 (next to
be held April 2007); prime minister appointed by the president; note
- AZALI has not appointed a Prime Minister since he was sworn into
office in May 2002
election results: President AZALI Assoumani elected president with
75% of the vote

Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Union (33 seats; 15 deputies are
selected by the individual islands' local assemblies and the 18 by
universal suffrage; deputies serve for five years);
elections: last held 18 and 25 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supremes (two members appointed by the
president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one elected
by the Council of each island, and others are former presidents of
the republic)

Political parties and leaders:
Forces pour l'Action Republicaine or FAR [Col. Abdourazak
ABDULHAMID]; Forum pour la Redressement National or FRN (alliance of
12 parties); Front Democratique or FD [Moustoifa Said CHEIKH]; Front
National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [Ahmed
RACHID]; Movement des Citoyens pour la Republique or MCR [Mahamoud
MRADABI]; Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais or MPA (Anjouan separatist
movement) [leader NA]; Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress
or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Movement pour le Socialisme et la
Democratie or MSD (splinter group of FD) [Abdou SOEFOU]; Parti
Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE];
Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of the
government) [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AMF, AU, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF,
IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mahmoud M. ABOUD (ambassador to the US
and Canada and permanent representative to the UN)
chancery: (temporary) care of the Permanent Mission of the Union of
the Comoros to the United Nations, 420 East 50th Street, New York,
NY 10022
telephone: [1] (212) 972-8010 and 223-2711
FAX: [1] (212) 983-4712 and 715-0699

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the ambassador to
Mauritius is accredited to Comoros

Flag description:
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue
with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered within
the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing the
hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a line
between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and the
four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago -
Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (a territorial collectivity of
France, but claimed by Comoros); the crescent, stars, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Economy Comoros

Economy - overview:
One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of three
islands that have inadequate transportation links, a young and
rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low
educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence
level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy
dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture,
including fishing, hunting, and forestry, contributes 40% to GDP,
employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports.
The country is not self-sufficient in food production; rice, the
main staple, accounts for the bulk of imports. The government -
which is hampered by internal political disputes - is struggling to
upgrade education and technical training, privatize commercial and
industrial enterprises, improve health services, diversify exports,
promote tourism, and reduce the high population growth rate.
Increased foreign support is essential if the goal of 4% annual GDP
growth is to be met. Remittances from 150,000 Comorans abroad help
supplement GDP.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$441 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $700 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 40% industry: 4% services: 56% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
144,500 (1996 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80%

Unemployment rate:
20% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line:
60% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.5% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $27.6 million
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA (2001 est.)

Agriculture - products:
vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, copra, coconuts, bananas,
cassava (tapioca)

Industries:
tourism, perfume distillation

Industrial production growth rate:
-2% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
23.84 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 90.6% hydro: 9.4% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
22.17 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$28 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra

Exports - partners:
US 43.8%, France 18.6%, Singapore 16.5%, Turkey 4.8%, Germany 4.5%
(2004)

Imports:
$88 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods; petroleum products,
cement, transport equipment

Imports - partners:
France 23.5%, South Africa 11.1%, Kenya 7.5%, UAE 7.2%, Italy 4.9%,
Pakistan 4.7%, Mauritius 4.2%, Singapore 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$232 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$10 million (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
Comoran franc (KMF)

Currency code:
KMF

Exchange rates:
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 396.21 (2004), 435.9 (2003),
522.74 (2002), 549.78 (2001), 533.98 (2000)
note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Comoros

Telephones - main lines in use:
13,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF
radiotelephone communication stations
domestic: HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 269; HF radiotelephone communications
to Madagascar and Reunion

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
90,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.km

Internet hosts:
11 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
5,000 (2003)

Transportation Comoros

Highways: total: 880 km paved: 673 km unpaved: 207 km (1999 est)

Ports and harbors:
Mayotte, Moutsamoudou

Merchant marine:
total: 79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 452,801 GRT/681,343 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 55, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
livestock carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 5,
refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 35 (Bulgaria 1, Germany 1, Greece 7, India 1, Jordan
1, Kenya 1, Lebanon 3, Nigeria 1, Norway 1, Pakistan 1, Philippines
1, Russia 2, Syria 3, Turkey 6, Ukraine 4, United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Comoros

Military branches:
Comoran Security Force

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 138,940 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 98,792 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$11.6 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Comoros

Disputes - international: claims French-administered Mayotte

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Introduction Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Background:
Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the Republic of the Congo
gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by
political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power
and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He
subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as
that of the country - to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32
years through several subsequent sham elections as well as through
the use of brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by
a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from fighting in Rwanda and
Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a
rebellion led by Laurent KABILA. He renamed the country the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), but in August 1998 his
regime was itself challenged by an insurrection backed by Rwanda and
Uganda. Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan
intervened to support the Kinshasa regime. A cease-fire was signed
in July 1999 by the DROC, Zimbabwe, Angola, Uganda, Namibia, Rwanda,
and Congolese armed rebel groups, but sporadic fighting continued.
Laurent KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and his son Joseph
KABILA was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president
was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces
occupying eastern Congo; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was
signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and
establish a government of national unity. A transitional government
was set up in July 2003; Joseph KABILA remains as president and is
joined by four vice presidents representing the former government,
former rebel groups, and the political opposition.

Geography Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Location:
Central Africa, northeast of Angola

Geographic coordinates:
0 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 2,345,410 sq km
land: 2,267,600 sq km
water: 77,810 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 10,730 km
border countries: Angola 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary
of Angola's discontiguous Cabinda Province), Burundi 233 km, Central
African Republic 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda
217 km, Sudan 628 km, Tanzania 459 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km

Coastline:
37 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: boundaries with neighbors

Climate:
tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier
in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north
of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to
February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry
season April to October

Terrain:
vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley) 5,110
m

Natural resources:
cobalt, copper, niobium, tantalum, petroleum, industrial and gem
diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, uranium, coal,
hydropower, timber

Land use:
arable land: 2.96%
permanent crops: 0.52%
other: 96.52% (2001)

Irrigated land:
110 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the
east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes

Environment - current issues:
poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;
deforestation; refugees responsible for significant deforestation,
soil erosion, and wildlife poaching; mining of minerals (coltan - a
mineral used in creating capacitors, diamonds, and gold) causing
environmental damage

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
straddles equator; has very narrow strip of land that controls the
lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense
tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands

People Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Population:
60,085,804
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 48.1% (male 14,513,779/female 14,396,952)
15-64 years: 49.4% (male 14,579,101/female 15,121,297)
65 years and over: 2.5% (male 597,776/female 876,099) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 15.8 years
male: 15.4 years
female: 16.2 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.98% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
44.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: fighting between the Congolese Government and Uganda- and
Rwanda-backed Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in DROC in
August 1998, which left 1.8 million Congolese internally displaced
and caused 300,000 Congolese refugees to flee to surrounding
countries (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 92.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 101.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 84.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 51.1 years
male: 49.68 years
female: 52.56 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.1 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo

Ethnic groups:
over 200 African ethnic groups of which the majority are Bantu; the
four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the
Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population

Religions:
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%,
other syncretic sects and indigenous beliefs 10%

Languages:
French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language),
Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write French, Lingala,
Kingwana, or Tshiluba
total population: 65.5%
male: 76.2%
female: 55.1% (2003 est.)

Government Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Country name:
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of the Congo
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republique Democratique du Congo
local short form: none
former: Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo/Leopoldville,
Congo/Kinshasa, Zaire
abbreviation: DROC

Government type:
dictatorship; presumably undergoing a transition to representative
government

Capital:
Kinshasa

Administrative divisions:
10 provinces (provinces, singular - province) and 1 city* (ville);
Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental,
Katanga, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu

Independence:
30 June 1960 (from Belgium)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 30 June (1960)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 17 July 2003

Legal system:
based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001);
note - following the assassination of his father, Laurent Desire
KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph KABILA succeeded to the
presidency; the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001);
note - following the assassination of his father, Laurent Desire
KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph KABILA succeeded to the
presidency; the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president
elections: prior to the overthrow of MOBUTU Sese Seko, the president
was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last
held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997);
formerly, there was also a prime minister who was elected by the
High Council of the Republic; note - a Transitional Government is
drafting a new constitution with free elections scheduled to be held
in NA 2005
election results: MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga
reelected president in 1984 without opposition
note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,
following the latter's assassination in January 2001, negotiations
with rebel leaders led to the establishment of a transitional
government in July 2003 with free elections scheduled to be held in
NA 2005

Legislative branch:
a 300-member Transitional Constituent Assembly established in
August 2000
elections: NA; members of the Transitional Constituent Assembly were
appointed by former President Laurent Desire KABILA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Social Christian Party or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Forces
for Renovation for Union and Solidarity or FONUS [Joseph
OLENGHANKOY]; National Congolese Lumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois
LUMUMBA]; Popular Movement of the Revolution or MPR (three factions:
MPR-Fait Prive [Catherine NZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix
VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga [MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]); Unified Lumumbast
Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social
Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of
Federalists and Independent Republicans or UFERI (two factions:
UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO]; UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW
(signatory), PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Faida MITIFU
chancery: 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009: note -
Consular Office at 1726 M Street, NW, Wasington, DC, 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7690, 7691
FAX: [1] (202) 234-2609

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Aubrey HOOKS
embassy: 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa
mailing address: Unit 31550, APO AE 09828
telephone: [243] (88) 43608
FAX: [243] (88) 43467

Flag description:
light blue with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center and
a columnar arrangement of six small yellow five-pointed stars along
the hoist side

Economy Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Economy - overview:
The economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - a nation
endowed with vast potential wealth - has declined drastically since
the mid-1980s. The war, which began in August 1998, dramatically
reduced national output and government revenue, increased external
debt, and resulted in the deaths of perhaps 3.5 million people from
war, famine, and disease. Foreign businesses curtailed operations
due to uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict, lack of
infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. Conditions
improved in late 2002 with the withdrawal of a large portion of the
invading foreign troops. Several IMF and World Bank missions have
met with the government to help it develop a coherent economic plan,
and President KABILA has begun implementing reforms. Much economic
activity lies outside the GDP data. Economic stability, aided by
international donors, improved in 2003-04, although an uncertain
legal framework, corruption, and a lack of openness in government
policy continues to hamper growth. In 2005, renewed activity in the
mining sector, the source of most exports, could boost Kinshasa's
fiscal position and GDP growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$42.74 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 55% industry: 11% services: 34% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
14.51 million (1993 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
NA (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $269 million
expenditures: $244 million, including capital expenditures of $24
million (1996 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber, tea, quinine, cassava (tapioca),
palm oil, bananas, root crops, corn, fruits; wood products

Industries:
mining (diamonds, copper, zinc), mineral processing, consumer
products (including textiles, footwear, cigarettes, processed foods
and beverages), cement, commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
6.086 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.8% hydro: 98.2% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.168 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
8 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
14,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.538 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
104.8 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:
$1.417 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
diamonds, copper, crude oil, coffee, cobalt

Exports - partners:
Belgium 47.8%, Finland 21%, US 10.9%, China 7.6% (2004)

Imports:
$933 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels

Imports - partners:
South Africa 18.5%, Belgium 15.5%, France 10.8%, Kenya 6.3%, US 6%,
Germany 5.8% (2004)

Debt - external:
$11.6 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$195.3 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Congolese franc (CDF)

Currency code:
CDF

Exchange rates:
Congolese francs per US dollar - 401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003),
346.49 (2002), 206.62 (2001), 21.82 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Telephones - main lines in use:
10,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poor
domestic: barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in
and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth
stations
international: country code - 243; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 2 (2001)

Radios:
18.03 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (2001)

Televisions:
6.478 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.cd

Internet hosts:
153 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2001)

Internet users:
50,000 (2002)

Transportation Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Railways:
total: 5,138 km
narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km
1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 157,000 km (including 30 km of expressways)
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
15,000 km (navigation on the Congo curtailed by fighting) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 54 km; oil 71 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma, Kalemie, Kindu, Kinshasa,
Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka

Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 1

Airports:
230 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 24 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 206 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 92 under 914 m: 97 (2004 est.)

Military Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 11,052,696 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 5,851,292 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$93.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Disputes - international:
heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict but
unchecked tribal, rebel, and militia fighting continues unabated in
the northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
drawing in the neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the
UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(MONUC) has maintained over 14,000 peacekeepers in the region since
1999; thousands of Ituri refugees from the Congo continue to flee
the fighting primarily into Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were
repatriated by 2004 with the remainder in the Democratic Republic of
the Congo expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DROC and Rwanda
established a border verification mechanism to address accusations
of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the DROC
providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to
attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad
Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in
the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 45,060 (Sudan) 100,000 (Angola)
19,552 (Burundi) 6,626 (Republic of Congo) 19,743 (Rwanda) 18,953
(Uganda)
IDPs: 2.33 million (fighting between government forces and rebels
since mid-1990s; most IDPs are in eastern provinces) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption;
while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the
banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Congo, Republic of the

Introduction Congo, Republic of the

Background:
Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo
became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter century of
experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a
democratically elected government installed in 1992. A brief civil
war in 1997 restored former Marxist President SASSOU-NGUESSO, but
ushered in a period of ethnic unrest. Southern-based rebel groups
agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003, but the calm is
tenuous and refugees continue to present a humanitarian crisis. The
Republic of Congo is one of Africa's largest petroleum producers
with significant potential for offshore development.

Geography Congo, Republic of the

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola
and Gabon

Geographic coordinates:
1 00 S, 15 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 342,000 sq km
land: 341,500 sq km
water: 500 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 5,504 km
border countries: Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African
Republic 467 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Gabon
1,903 km

Coastline:
169 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to
October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly
enervating climate astride the Equator

Terrain:
coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates,
gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 0.51% permanent crops: 0.13% other: 99.36% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
seasonal flooding

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from the
dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber
94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or
along the railroad between them

People Congo, Republic of the

Population:
3,039,126
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.3% (male 571,011/female 563,414)
15-64 years: 59% (male 886,297/female 907,348)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 45,799/female 65,257) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.7 years
male: 20.2 years
female: 21.1 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.31% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
27.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 92.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 98.48 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 86.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 52.26 years
male: 51.17 years
female: 53.39 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
90,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
9,700 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo

Ethnic groups:
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%, Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Religions:
Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

Languages:
French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade
languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is
the most widespread)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 78.4% (2003 est.)

Government Congo, Republic of the

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of the Congo
conventional short form: Congo (Brazzaville)
local long form: Republique du Congo
local short form: none
former: Middle Congo, Congo/Brazzaville, Congo

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Brazzaville

Administrative divisions:
10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 commune*; Bouenza,
Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala,
Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha

Independence:
15 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 August (1960)

Constitution:
approved by referendum 20 January 2002

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and customary law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October
1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president
Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October
1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president
Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second seven-year term); election last held 10 March
2002 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent
of vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 89.4%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU
2.7%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (66 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the National
Assembly (137 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 11 July 2002 (next to be held July
2007); National Assembly - last held 27 May and 26 June 2002 (next
to be held by NA May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - FDP 56, other 10; National Assembly - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - FDP 83, UDR 6, UPADS 3, other 45

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
the most important of the many parties are the Democratic and
Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of Convention for Alternative
Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party,
National Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the
National Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal) [Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Congolese Movement for Democracy and
Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union
for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Rally for Democracy
and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA,
president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic or RDR [Raymond
Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR [leader
NA]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC; General Union of Congolese
Pupils and Students or UGEEC; Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women
or URFC; Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Serge MOMBOULI
chancery: 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-5500
FAX: [1] (202) 726-1860

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Roger A. MEECE
embassy: NA
mailing address: NA
telephone: [243] (88) 43608
note: the embassy is temporarily collocated with the US Embassy in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (US Embassy Kinshasa, 310
Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa)

Flag description:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a yellow band; the
upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is red;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy Congo, Republic of the

Economy - overview:
The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an
industrial sector based largely on oil, support services, and a
government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Oil
has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a
major share of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s,
rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance
large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5%
annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has
mortgaged a substantial portion of its oil earnings, contributing to
a shortage of revenues. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of Franc
Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 61% in 1994, but
inflation has subsided since. Economic reform efforts continued with
the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank
and the IMF. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when
civil war erupted. Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, who returned to power when
the war ended in October 1997, publicly expressed interest in moving
forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing
cooperation with international financial institutions. However,
economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the
resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the
republic's budget deficit. The current administration presides over
an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic challenges of
stimulating recovery and reducing poverty.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.324 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 7.4%
industry: 52%
services: 40.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Unemployment rate:
NA (2003)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
25.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $870.1 million
expenditures: $1.102 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cassava (tapioca), sugar, rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables, coffee,
cocoa; forest products

Industries:
petroleum extraction, cement, lumber, brewing, sugar, palm oil,
soap, flour, cigarettes

Industrial production growth rate:
0% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
348 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.3% hydro: 99.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
573.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
250 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
227,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
93.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
495.5 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$266 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.224 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa, coffee, diamonds

Exports - partners:
China 26.8%, Taiwan 19.2%, North Korea 8.4%, US 7.3%, France 5.5%,
South Korea 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$749.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital equipment, construction materials, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
France 32.7%, US 10.1%, Germany 6.2%, Italy 6%, China 5.2%,
Netherlands 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$40.42 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$159.1 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
XAF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Congo, Republic of the

Telephones - main lines in use:
7,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
330,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: services barely adequate for government use;
key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo;
intercity lines frequently out of order
domestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and
coaxial cable
international: country code - 242; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 3 (2001)

Radios:
341,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
33,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.cg

Internet hosts:
46 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
15,000 (2003)

Transportation Congo, Republic of the

Railways: total: 894 km narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 12,800 km paved: 1,242 km unpaved: 11,558 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
4,385 km (on Congo and Oubanqui rivers) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 53 km; oil 646 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Brazzaville, Djeno, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo, Pointe-Noire

Airports:
32 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 28 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Military Congo, Republic of the

Military branches:
Congolese Armed Forces (FAC): Army, Air Force (Armee de l'Air
Congolaise), Navy, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 686,123 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 360,492 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 34,281 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$126.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Congo, Republic of the

Disputes - international:
about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing internal civil conflicts
since the mid-1990s still reside in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with
the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the
Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 60,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992; most IDPs are ethnic
Lari) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cook Islands

Introduction Cook Islands

Background:
Named after Captain COOK, who sighted them in 1770, the islands
became a British protectorate in 1888. By 1900, administrative
control was transferred to New Zealand; in 1965 residents chose
self-government in free association with New Zealand. The emigration
of skilled workers to New Zealand and government deficits are
continuing problems.

Geography Cook Islands

Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
21 14 S, 159 46 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 240 sq km
land: 240 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
1.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
120 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Te Manga 652 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 17.39%
permanent crops: 13.04%
other: 69.57% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons (November to March)

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the northern Cook Islands are seven low-lying, sparsely populated,
coral atolls; the southern Cook Islands consist of eight elevated,
fertile, volcanic isles where most of the populace lives

People Cook Islands

Population: 21,388 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
NA

Birth rate:
NA

Death rate:
NA

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Cook Islander(s)
adjective: Cook Islander

Ethnic groups:
Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island Maori 5.8%,
other 6.5% (2001 census)

Religions:
Cook Islands Christian Church 55.9%, Roman Catholic 16.8%, Seventh
Day Saint 7.9%, Church of Latter Day Saints 3.8%, other Protestant
5.8%, other 4.2%, unspecified 2.6%, none 3% (2001 census)

Languages:
English (official), Maori

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 95% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Cook Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Cook Islands
former: Harvey Islands

Dependency status:
self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands
is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains
responsibility for external affairs and defense, in consultation
with the Cook Islands

Government type:
self-governing parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Avarua

Administrative divisions:
none

Independence:
none (became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on
4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full
independence by unilateral action)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, first Monday in August (1965)

Constitution:
4 August 1965

Legal system:
based on New Zealand law and English common law

Suffrage:
NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Frederick GOODWIN (since 9 February 2001); New
Zealand High Commissioner Kurt MEYER (since July 2001),
representative of New Zealand
head of government: Prime Minister Jim MARURAI (since 14 December
2004); Deputy Prime Minister Terepai MAOATE (since 9 August 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively
responsible to Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative is
appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is
appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually becomes prime minister

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (25 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 7 September 2004 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
CIP 10, DAP 9, Demo Tumu 4, independent 1; note - one seat undecided
pending by-election
note: the House of Ariki (chiefs) advises on traditional matters and
maintains considerable influence, but has no legislative powers

Judicial branch:
High Court

Political parties and leaders:
Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Geoffrey HENRY]; Democratic
Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New Alliance Party or NAP
[Norman GEORGE]; Cook Islands National Party or CIN [Teariki
HEATHER]; Demo Party Tumu [Robert WOONTON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, FAO, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFRCS, IOC, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island)
centered in the outer half of the flag

Economy Cook Islands

Economy - overview:
Like many other South Pacific island nations, the Cook Islands'
economic development is hindered by the isolation of the country
from foreign markets, the limited size of domestic markets, lack of
natural resources, periodic devastation from natural disasters, and
inadequate infrastructure. Agriculture provides the economic base
with major exports made up of copra and citrus fruit. Manufacturing
activities are limited to fruit processing, clothing, and
handicrafts. Trade deficits are offset by remittances from emigrants
and by foreign aid, overwhelmingly from New Zealand. In the 1980s
and 1990s, the country lived beyond its means, maintaining a bloated
public service and accumulating a large foreign debt. Subsequent
reforms, including the sale of state assets, the strengthening of
economic management, the encouragement of tourism, and a debt
restructuring agreement, have rekindled investment and growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$105 million (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.1% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17% industry: 7.8% services: 75.2% (2000 est.)

Labor force: 8,000 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 29%, industry 15%, services 56% note: shortage of skilled labor (1995)

Unemployment rate:
13% (1996)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2000 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $28 million
expenditures: $27 million, including capital expenditures of $3.3
million (FY00/01 est.)

Agriculture - products: copra, citrus, pineapples, tomatoes, beans, pawpaws, bananas, yams, taro, coffee; pigs, poultry

Industries:
fruit processing, tourism, fishing, clothing, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
1% (2002)

Electricity - production:
27 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
25.11 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
450 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$9.1 million (2000)

Exports - commodities:
copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee; fish; pearls
and pearl shells; clothing

Exports - partners:
Australia 34%, Japan 27%, New Zealand 25%, US 8% (2000)

Imports:
$50.7 million (2000)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber, capital goods

Imports - partners:
New Zealand 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6%, Japan 2% (2000)

Debt - external:
$141 million (1996 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish the greater
part (1995)

Currency (code):
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Currency code:
NZD

Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Cook Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: Telecom Cook Islands offers international
direct dialing, Internet, email, fax, and Telex
domestic: the individual islands are connected by a combination of
satellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HF
radiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by small
exchanges connected to subscribers by open-wire, cable, and
fiber-optic cable
international: country code - 682; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
14,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (outer islands receive satellite broadcasts) (2004)

Televisions:
4,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ck

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
3,600 (2002)

Transportation Cook Islands

Highways: total: 320 km paved: 33 km unpaved: 287 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Avatiu

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,074 GRT/7,520 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2005)

Airports:
9 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Cook Islands

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Ministry of Police and Disaster
Management (2004)

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand, in consultation with
the Cook Islands and at its request

Transnational Issues Cook Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Coral Sea Islands

Introduction Coral Sea Islands

Background:
Scattered over some 1 million square kilometers of ocean, the Coral
Sea Islands were declared a territory of Australia in 1969. They are
uninhabited except for a small meteorological staff on the Willis
Islets. Automated weather stations, beacons, and a lighthouse occupy
many other islands and reefs.

Geography Coral Sea Islands

Location:
Oceania, islands in the Coral Sea, northeast of Australia

Geographic coordinates:
18 00 S, 152 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: less than 3 sq km
land: less than 3 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea
area of about 780,000 sq km, with the Willis Islets the most
important

Area - comparative:
NA

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
3,095 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Cato Island 6 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km

Natural hazards:
occasional tropical cyclones

Environment - current issues:
no permanent fresh water resources

Geography - note:
important nesting area for birds and turtles

People Coral Sea Islands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a staff of three to four at the meteorological
station (2005 est.)

Government Coral Sea Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Coral Sea Islands Territory
conventional short form: Coral Sea Islands

Dependency status:
territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the
Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories

Legal system:
the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Executive branch:
administered from Canberra by the Department of the Environment,
Sport, and Territories

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Flag description:
the flag of Australia is used

Economy Coral Sea Islands

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Communications Coral Sea Islands

Communications - note:
there are automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs
relaying data to the mainland

Transportation Coral Sea Islands

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Coral Sea Islands

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by
the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities
of visitors

Transnational Issues Coral Sea Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Costa Rica

Introduction Costa Rica

Background:
Costa Rica is a Central American success story: since the late 19th
century, only two brief periods of violence have marred its
democratic development. Although still a largely agricultural
country, it has expanded its economy to include strong technology
and tourism sectors. The standard of living is relatively high. Land
ownership is widespread.

Geography Costa Rica

Location:
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North
Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama

Geographic coordinates:
10 00 N, 84 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 51,100 sq km
land: 50,660 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Isla del Coco

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries: total: 639 km border countries: Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

Coastline: 1,290 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy
season (May to November); cooler in highlands

Terrain:
coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100
volcanic cones, of which several are major volcanoes

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m

Natural resources:
hydropower

Land use: arable land: 4.41% permanent crops: 5.88% other: 89.71% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,260 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent
flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active
volcanoes

Environment - current issues:
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing
of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal
marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air
pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San
Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu,
erupted destructively in 1963-65

People Costa Rica

Population:
4,016,173 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.9% (male 593,540/female 566,361)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,330,481/female 1,300,664)
65 years and over: 5.6% (male 104,564/female 120,563) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.03 years
male: 25.59 years
female: 26.5 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.48% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.84 years
male: 74.26 years
female: 79.55 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
900 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Costa Rican(s)
adjective: Costa Rican

Ethnic groups:
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%,
other 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%,
other Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%

Languages:
Spanish (official), English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96%
male: 95.9%
female: 96.1% (2003 est.)

Government Costa Rica

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica
conventional short form: Costa Rica
local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
local short form: Costa Rica

Government type:
democratic republic

Capital:
San Jose

Administrative divisions:
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago,
Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose

Independence:
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Constitution:
7 November 1949

Legal system:
based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First
Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since 8 May 2002); Second Vice
President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First
Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since 8 May 2002); Second Vice
President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 February
2002; run-off election held 7 April 2002 (next to be held February
2006)
election results: Abel PACHECO elected president; percent of vote -
Abel PACHECO (PUSC) 58%; Rolando ARAYA (PLN) 42%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats;
members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 3 February 2002 (next to be held 3 February
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PUSC 19, PLN 17, PAC 14, PML 6, PRC 1; note - seats by party as of
January 2005 - PUSC 19, PLN 16, PAC 8, PML 5, PRC 1, Patriotic Union
3, Homeland First 1, Authentic Member from Heredia 1, Democratic
National Alliance 1, independent 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for
eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen Action Party or
PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo
OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Juan Carlos CHAVES Mora];
Democratic National Alliance [Emilia RODRIGUEZ]; General Union Party
or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First [Juan Jose
VARGAS]; Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO
Carmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth];
National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Victor GONZALEZ]; National
Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National
Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO]; National
Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas]; National
Rescue Party or PRN [Carlos VARGAS Solano]; Patriotic Union
[Humberto ARCE]; Popular Vanguard [Trino BARRANTES Araya]; Social
Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Lorena VASQUEZ Badilla]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist
Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of
Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican
Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party
affiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National
Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association
of Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert
Brown]

International organization participation:
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tomas DUENAS
chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-2945
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and
Tampa
consulate(s): Austin

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Douglas M.
BARNES
embassy: Calle 120 Avenida O, Pavas, San Jose
mailing address: APO AA 34020
telephone: [506] 220-3939
FAX: [506] 519-2305

Flag description:
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width),
white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk on
the hoist side of the red band; above the coat of arms a light blue
ribbon contains the words, AMERICA CENTRAL, and just below it near
the top of the coat of arms is a white ribbon with the words,
REPUBLICA COSTA RICA

Economy Costa Rica

Economy - overview:
Costa Rica's basically stable economy depends on tourism,
agriculture, and electronics exports. Poverty has been substantially
reduced over the past 15 years, and a strong social safety net has
been put into place. Foreign investors remain attracted by the
country's political stability and high education levels, and tourism
continues to bring in foreign exchange. Low prices for coffee and
bananas have hurt the agricultural sector. The government continues
to grapple with its large deficit and massive internal debt. The
reduction of inflation remains a difficult problem because of rises
in the price of imports, labor market rigidities, and fiscal
deficits. The country also needs to reform its tax system and its
pattern of public expenditure. Costa Rica recently concluded
negotiations to participate in the US-Central American Free Trade
Agreement, which, if ratified by the Costa Rican Legislature, would
result in economic reforms and an improved investment climate.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$37.97 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $9,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8.5% industry: 29.7% services: 61.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.81 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20%, industry 22%, services 58% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
18% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 36.8% (2002)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
45.9 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.497 billion
expenditures: $3.094 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
58% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, pineapples, bananas, sugar, corn, rice, beans, potatoes;
beef; timber

Industries:
microprocessors, food processing, textiles and clothing,
construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products

Industrial production growth rate:
3.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.614 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.5% hydro: 81.9% nuclear: 0% other: 16.6% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.733 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
477 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
59 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
37,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-980.3 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$6.184 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic
components, medical equipment

Exports - partners:
US 46.9%, Netherlands 5.3%, Guatemala 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$7.842 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum

Imports - partners:
US 46.1%, Japan 5.9%, Mexico 5.1%, Brazil 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.736 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.962 billion (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
Costa Rican colon (CRC)

Currency code:
CRC

Exchange rates:
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003),
359.82 (2002), 328.87 (2001), 308.19 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Costa Rica

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.132 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
528,047 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good domestic telephone service in terms of
breadth of coverage; restricted cellular telephone service
domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave,
fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is
available
international: country code - 506; connected to Central American
Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); two submarine cables (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 65, FM 51, shortwave 19 (2002)

Radios:
980,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
20 (plus 43 repeaters) (2002)

Televisions:
525,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.cr

Internet hosts:
10,826 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (of which only one is legal) (2000)

Internet users:
800,000 (2002)

Transportation Costa Rica

Railways: total: 278 km narrow gauge: 278 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 35,303 km paved: 4,236 km unpaved: 31,067 km (2002)

Waterways:
730 km (seasonally navigable by small craft) (2004)

Pipelines:
refined products 242 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Caldera, Puerto Limon

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,716 GRT/ DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 2 (2005)

Airports:
149 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 30 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 119 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 95 (2004 est.)

Military Costa Rica

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security,
Government, and Police

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 997,690 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 829,874 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 41,097 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$64.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.4% (2003)

Transnational Issues Costa Rica

Disputes - international: legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on the border with Nicaragua remains unresolved

Illicit drugs:
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America;
illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots; domestic
cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cote d'Ivoire

Introduction Cote d'Ivoire

Background:
Close ties to France since independence in 1960, the development of
cocoa production for export, and foreign investment made Cote
d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the tropical African states,
but did not protect it from political turmoil. On 25 December 1999,
a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's history -
overthrew the government led by President Henri Konan BEDIE. Junta
leader Robert GUEI held elections in late 2000, but excluded
prominent opposition leader Alassane OUATTARA, blatantly rigged the
polling results, and declared himself winner. Popular protest forced
GUEI to step aside and brought runner-up Laurent GBAGBO into power.
Ivorian dissidents and disaffected members of the military launched
a failed coup attempt in September 2002. Rebel forces claimed the
northern half of the country and in January 2003 were granted
ministerial positions in a unity government under the auspices of
the Linas-Marcoussis Peace Accord. President GBAGBO and rebel forces
resumed implementation of the peace accord in December 2003 after a
three-month stalemate, but issues that sparked the civil war, such
as land reform and grounds for nationality remain unresolved. The
central government has yet to exert control over the northern
regions and tensions remain high between GBAGBO and rebel leaders.
Several thousand French and West African troops remain in Cote
d'Ivoire to maintain peace and facilitate the disarmament,
demobilization, and rehabilitation process.

Geography Cote d'Ivoire

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Ghana
and Liberia

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 N, 5 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 322,460 sq km
land: 318,000 sq km
water: 4,460 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:
total: 3,110 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km,
Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km

Coastline:
515 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm
and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet
(June to October)

Terrain:
mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m
highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt,
bauxite, copper, gold, nickel, tantalum, silica sand, clay, cocoa
beans, coffee, palm oil, hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 9.75%
permanent crops: 13.84%
other: 76.41% (2001)

Irrigated land:
730 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during the rainy
season torrential flooding is possible

Environment - current issues:
deforestation (most of the country's forests - once the largest in
West Africa - have been heavily logged); water pollution from sewage
and industrial and agricultural effluents

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
most of the inhabitants live along the sandy coastal region; apart
from the capital area, the forested interior is sparsely populated

People Cote d'Ivoire

Population:
17,298,040
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41% (male 3,490,536/female 3,596,208)
15-64 years: 56.3% (male 4,920,726/female 4,820,326)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 231,514/female 238,730) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.05 years
male: 19.36 years
female: 18.76 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.06% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.51 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 90.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 107.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 73.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.62 years
male: 46.05 years
female: 51.27 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.58 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
570,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
47,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, yellow fever, and others are high
risks in some locations
water contact: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Ivoirian(s)
adjective: Ivoirian

Ethnic groups:
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes 16.5%, Krous
11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000 Lebanese and
14,000 French) (1998)

Religions:
Christian 20-30%, Muslim 35-40%, indigenous 25-40% (2001)
note: the majority of foreigners (migratory workers) are Muslim
(70%) and Christian (20%)

Languages:
French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely
spoken

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50.9%
male: 57.9%
female: 43.6% (2003 est.)

Government Cote d'Ivoire

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire
conventional short form: Cote d'Ivoire
local long form: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire
local short form: Cote d'Ivoire
former: Ivory Coast

Government type:
republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960

Capital:
Yamoussoukro; note - although Yamoussoukro has been the official
capital since 1983, Abidjan remains the commercial and
administrative center; the US, like other countries, maintains its
Embassy in Abidjan

Administrative divisions:
19 regions; Agneby, Bafing, Bas-Sassandra, Denguele, Dix-Huit
Montagnes, Fromager, Haut-Sassandra, Lacs, Lagunes, Marahoue,
Moyen-Cavally, Moyen-Comoe, N'zi-Comoe, Savanes, Sud-Bandama,
Sud-Comoe, Vallee du Bandama, Worodougou, Zanzan

Independence:
7 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 7 August (1960)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 4 August 2000

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review
in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26 October 2000);
head of government: Prime Minister Seydou DIARRA (since 25 January
2003); note - appointed as transitional Prime Minister by President
GBAGBO as part of a French brokered peace plan
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 October 2000 (next to be held October 2005);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote
- Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other
2.2%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (225 seats;
members are elected in single- and multi-district elections by
direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: elections last held 10 December 2000 with by-elections on
14 January 2001 (next to be held October 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
FPI 96, PDCI-RDA 94, RDR 5, PIT 4, other 2, independents 22, vacant 2
note: a Senate is scheduled to be created in the next full election
in 2005

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four chambers: Judicial
Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for financial cases,
Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases, and Administrative
Chamber for civil cases; there is no legal limit to the number of
members

Political parties and leaders:
Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Eg Theodore MEL]; Democratic
Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or PDCI-RDA [Henri
Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian
Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Rally of the Republicans or
RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and Peace or UDPCI
[Paul Akoto YAO]; over 20 smaller parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Daouda DIABATE chancery: 3421 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 797-0300 FAX: [1] (202) 462-9444

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Aubrey HOOKS
embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan
mailing address: B. P. 1712, Abidjan 01
telephone: [225] 20 21 09 79
FAX: [225] 20 22 32 59

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and
green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the
colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange; also
similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side), white,
and red; design was based on the flag of France

Economy Cote d'Ivoire

Economy - overview:
Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters
of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm oil. Consequently, the economy is
highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for these
products and weather conditions. Despite government attempts to
diversify the economy, it is still heavily dependent on agriculture
and related activities, engaging roughly 68% of the population.
After several years of lagging performance, the Ivorian economy
began a comeback in 1994, due to the 50% devaluation of the CFA
franc and improved prices for cocoa and coffee, growth in
nontraditional primary exports such as pineapples and rubber,
limited trade and banking liberalization, offshore oil and gas
discoveries, and generous external financing and debt rescheduling
by multilateral lenders and France. Moreover, government adherence
to donor-mandated reforms led to a jump to 5% annual growth during
1996-99. Growth was negative in 2000-03 because of the difficulty of
meeting the conditions of international donors, continued low prices
of key exports, and severe civil war. In November 2004 the situation
deteriorated when President GBAGBO's troops attacked and killed nine
French peacekeeping forces, and the UN imposed an arms embargo.
Political uncertainty has clouded the economic outlook for 2005,
with fear among Ivorians spreading, foreign investment shriveling,
businessmen fleeing, travel within the country falling, and criminal
elements that traffic in weapons and diamonds gaining ground.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$24.78 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 27.8% industry: 19.4% services: 52.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
6.7 million (68% agricultural) (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
13% in urban areas (1998)

Population below poverty line:
37% (1995)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36.7 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
11.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.412 billion
expenditures: $2.767 billion, including capital expenditures of $420
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
74.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cocoa beans, bananas, palm kernels, corn, rice, manioc
(tapioca), sweet potatoes, sugar, cotton, rubber; timber

Industries:
foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining, truck and bus
assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials, electricity,
ship construction and repair

Industrial production growth rate:
15% (1998 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.759 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 61.9% hydro: 38.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.976 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.45 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
29,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
32,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
220 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
14.87 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-421.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$5.124 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cocoa, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm
oil, fish

Exports - partners:
US 11.6%, Netherlands 10.3%, France 9.5%, Italy 5.5%, Belgium 4.7%,
Germany 4.7% (2004)

Imports:
$3.36 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
France 24.3%, Nigeria 19.2%, UK 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.95 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$11.81 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Cote d'Ivoire

Telephones - main lines in use:
328,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.236 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: well developed by African standards but
operating well below capacity
domestic: open-wire lines and microwave radio relay; 90% digitalized
international: country code - 225; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 submarine cables
(June 1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
2.26 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
14 (1999)

Televisions:
1.09 million (2000)

Internet country code:
.ci

Internet hosts:
3,795 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
90,000 (2002)

Transportation Cote d'Ivoire

Railways:
total: 660 km
narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000-meter gauge
note: an additional 622 km of this railroad extends into Burkina
Faso (2004)

Highways:
total: 50,400 km
paved: 4,889 km
unpaved: 45,511 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
980 km (navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons)
(2003)

Pipelines:
condensate 107 km; gas 223 km; oil 104 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro

Airports:
37 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 7
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Military Cote d'Ivoire

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,696,106 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,973,265 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 189,354 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$180.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Cote d'Ivoire

Disputes - international:
rebel and ethnic fighting against the central government in 2002
has spilled into neighboring states, driven out foreign cocoa
workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted in 6,000
peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire
(UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country; the
Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supporting
Ivorian rebels

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 71,711 (Liberia)
IDPs: 500,000 (2002 coup; most IDPs are in western regions) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local consumption;
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin to
Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American cocaine
destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampant corruption and
inadequate supervision leave the banking system vulnerable to money
laundering, the lack of a developed financial system limits the
country's utility as a major money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Croatia

Introduction Croatia

Background:
The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the
Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as
Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal
independent Communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO.
Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991,
it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before
occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands. Under
UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was
returned to Croatia in 1998.

Geography Croatia

Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Slovenia

Geographic coordinates:
45 10 N, 15 30 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 56,542 sq km
land: 56,414 sq km
water: 128 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
total: 2,197 km
border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km,
Serbia and Montenegro (north) 241 km, Serbia and Montenegro (south)
25 km, Slovenia 670 km

Coastline:
5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with
hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Terrain:
geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low
mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Dinara 1,830 m

Natural resources:
oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum,
natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 26.09% permanent crops: 2.27% other: 71.65% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues: air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and
Turkish Straits

People Croatia

Population:
4,495,904 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.4% (male 378,615/female 359,231)
15-64 years: 67% (male 1,497,355/female 1,514,993)
65 years and over: 16.6% (male 283,460/female 462,250) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.97 years
male: 38.01 years
female: 41.76 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.02% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.57 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.84 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.45 years
male: 70.79 years
female: 78.31 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
200 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 10 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s)
adjective: Croatian

Ethnic groups:
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian,
Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 87.8%, Orthodox 4.4%, other Christian 0.4%, Muslim
1.3%, other and unspecified 0.9%, none 5.2% (2001 census)

Languages:
Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including
Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.5%
male: 99.4%
female: 97.8% (2003 est.)

Government Croatia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Croatia
conventional short form: Croatia
local long form: Republika Hrvatska
local short form: Hrvatska
former: People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia

Government type:
presidential/parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Zagreb

Administrative divisions:
20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad -
singular); Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska Zupanija, Brodsko-Posavska
Zupanija, Dubrovacko-Neretvanska Zupanija, Istarska Zupanija,
Karlovacka Zupanija, Koprivnicko-Krizevacka Zupanija,
Krapinsko-Zagorska Zupanija, Licko-Senjska Zupanija, Medimurska
Zupanija, Osjecko-Baranjska Zupanija, Pozesko-Slavonska Zupanija,
Primorsko-Goranska Zupanija, Sibensko-Kninska Zupanija,
Sisacko-Moslavacka Zupanija, Splitsko-Dalmatinska Zupanija,
Varazdinska Zupanija, Viroviticko-Podravska Zupanija,
Vukovarsko-Srijemska Zupanija, Zadarska Zupanija, Zagreb*,
Zagrebacka Zupanija

Independence:
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 8 October (1991); note - 25 June 1991 is the day
the Croatian Parliament voted for independence; following a 3-month
moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav
crisis peacefully, Parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991
to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia

Constitution:
adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18 February
2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ivo SANADER (since 9 December
2003); Deputy Prime Ministers Jadranka KOSOR (since 23 December
2003) and Damir POLANEC (since NA February 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and
approved by the parliamentary Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 January 2005 (next to be held January 2010);
the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority
coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president and
then approved by the Assembly
election results: Stjepan MESIC reelected president; percent of vote
- Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 66%, Jadranka KOSOR (HDZ) 34%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly or Sabor (152 seats; note - one seat was added
in the November 2003 parliamentary elections; members elected from
party lists by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Assembly - last held 23 November 2003 (next to be held in
2007)
election results: Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; number
of seats by party - HDZ 66, SDP 34, HSS 10, HNS 10, HSP 8, IDS 4,
Libra 3, HSU 3, SDSS 3, other 11
note: minority government coalition - HDZ, DC, HSLS, HSU, SDSS

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts
appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the
Republic, which is elected by the Assembly

Political parties and leaders:
Croatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC]; Croatian Christian Democratic
Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ
[Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC];
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian Pensioner
Party or HSU [Vladimir JORDAN]; Croatian People's Party or HNS
[Vesna PUSIC] (in 2005 party merged with Libra to become Croatian
People's Party-Liberal Democrats or NS-LD [Vesna PUSIC]); Croatian
Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Ivan CEHOK]; Croatian True Revival
Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN]; Democratic Centre or DC [Vesna
SKARE-OZBOLT]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav
STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC];
Liberal Party or LS [Zlatko BENASIC]; Party of Liberal Democrats or
Libra [Jozo RADOS] (in 2005 merged with HNS); Social Democratic
Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ABEDA, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM
(observer), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UPU,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Neven JURICA
chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899
FAX: [1] (202) 588-8936
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph FRANK
embassy: 2 Thomas Jefferson, 10010 Zagreb
mailing address: use street address
telephone: [385] (1) 661-2200
FAX: [385] (1) 661-2373

Flag description:
red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms
(red and white checkered)

Economy Croatia

Economy - overview:
Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Croatia,
after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area,
with a per capita output perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav
average. The economy emerged from a mild recession in 2000 with
tourism, banking, and public investments leading the way.
Unemployment remains high, at about 14 percent, with structural
factors slowing its decline. While macroeconomic stabilization has
largely been achieved, structural reforms lag because of deep
resistance on the part of the public and lack of strong support from
politicians. Growth, while impressively about 4% for the last
several years, has been achieved through high fiscal and current
account deficits. The government is gradually reducing a heavy back
log of civil cases, many involving land tenure. The EU accession
process should accelerate fiscal and structural reform.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$50.33 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $11,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8.2% industry: 30.1% services: 61.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.71 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 2.7%, industry 32.8%, services 64.5% (2004)

Unemployment rate:
13.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
11% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 24.5% (2003 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
29 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
28.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $14.14 billion
expenditures: $15.65 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
41.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, barley, alfalfa, clover,
olives, citrus, grapes, soybeans, potatoes; livestock, dairy products

Industries:
chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal,
electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper,
wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding,
petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
2.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
12.51 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 33.6% hydro: 66% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
15.2 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
406 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
3.966 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
21,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
89,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
93.6 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
1.76 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.84 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
34.36 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-1.925 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$7.845 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels

Exports - partners:
Italy 23%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 13.4%, Germany 11.4%, Austria
9.6%, Slovenia 7.6% (2004)

Imports:
$16.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transport and electrical equipment, chemicals, fuels and
lubricants, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Italy 17.1%, Germany 15.5%, Russia 7.3%, Slovenia 7.1%, Austria
6.9%, France 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$8.563 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$26.4 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $166.5 million (2002)

Currency (code):
kuna (HRK)

Currency code:
HRK

Exchange rates:
kuna per US dollar - 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002),
8.34 (2001), 8.2766 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Croatia

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.825 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2.553 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: reconstruction plan calls for replacement of all analog
circuits with digital and enlarging the network; a backup will be
included in the plan for the main trunk
international: country code - 385; digital international service is
provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in
the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project, which consists of
two fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic
trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; Croatia is also
investing in ADRIA 1, a joint fiber-optic project with Germany,
Albania, and Greece (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 16, FM 98, shortwave 5 (1999)

Radios:
1.51 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
36 (plus 321 repeaters) (September 1995)

Televisions:
1.22 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.hr

Internet hosts:
29,644 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
9 (2000)

Internet users:
1.014 million (2003)

Transportation Croatia

Railways: total: 2,726 km standard gauge: 2,726 km 1.435-m gauge (984 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 28,344 km
paved: 23,979 km (including 455 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,365 km (2002)

Waterways:
785 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Omisalj, Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Vukovar (on Danube)

Merchant marine:
total: 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 750,579 GRT/1,178,786 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 12, chemical tanker 2,
passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 31 (2005)

Airports:
68 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 23 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 45 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 37 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Croatia

Military branches:
Ground Forces (Hrvatska Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna
Mornarica, HRM), Air and Air Defense Forces (Hrvatsko Ratno
Zrakoplovstvo i Protuzrakoplovna Obrana, HRZiPZO)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service, with 6-month service obligation; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary service; Croatian Military Police planning to end conscription in 2005 (December 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,005,058 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 725,914 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 29,020 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$620 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.39% (2002 est.)

Transnational Issues Croatia

Disputes - international:
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small
disputed sections of the boundary; the Croatia-Slovenia land and
maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin
Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia,
remains un-ratified and in dispute; as a European Union peripheral
state, neighboring Slovenia must conform to the strict Schengen
border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through
southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with
Croatia

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 12,600 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992-1995 war) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to
Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for maritime
shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cuba

Introduction Cuba

Background:
The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the
European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and
following its development as a Spanish colony during the next
several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to
work the coffee and sugar plantations and Havana became the
launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from
Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule was severe and exploitative and
occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. It was US
intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 that finally
overthrew Spanish rule. The subsequent Treaty of Paris established
Cuban independence, which was granted in 1902 after a three-year
transition period. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959;
his iron rule has held the regime together since then. Cuba's
Communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout
Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The
country is now slowly recovering from a severe economic recession in
1990, following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies, worth $4
billion to $6 billion annually. Cuba portrays its difficulties as
the result of the US embargo in place since 1961. Illicit migration
to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, air flights, or
via the southwest border - is a continuing problem. The US Coast
Guard intercepted 1,498 individuals attempting to cross the Straits
of Florida in 2004.

Geography Cuba

Location:
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida

Geographic coordinates:
21 30 N, 80 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 110,860 sq km
land: 110,860 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:
total: 29 km
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km
note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains
part of Cuba

Coastline:
3,735 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April);
rainy season (May to October)

Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains in
the southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

Natural resources:
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber, silica,
petroleum, arable land

Land use: arable land: 33.05% permanent crops: 7.6% other: 59.35% (2001)

Irrigated land:
870 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November (in
general, the country averages about one hurricane every other year);
droughts are common

Environment - current issues:
air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the Greater
Antilles

People Cuba

Population:
11,346,670 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.6% (male 1,139,644/female 1,079,412)
15-64 years: 70.1% (male 3,977,110/female 3,975,818)
65 years and over: 10.4% (male 540,720/female 633,966) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 35.36 years
male: 34.73 years
female: 35.98 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.33% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.33 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.23 years
male: 74.94 years
female: 79.65 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,300 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Cuban(s) adjective: Cuban

Ethnic groups:
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Religions:
nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power;
Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also
represented

Languages:
Spanish

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97.2%
female: 96.9% (2003 est.)

People - note:
illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart
the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers,
direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use non-maritime
routes to enter the US including direct flights to Miami and
overland via the southwest border

Government Cuba

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cuba
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: Republica de Cuba
local short form: Cuba

Government type:
Communist state

Capital:
Havana

Administrative divisions:
14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special
municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila,
Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla
de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio,
Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara

Independence:
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US
from 1898 to 1902)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 10 December (1898); note - 10 December 1898 is
the date of independence from Spain, 20 May 1902 is the date of
independence from US administration; Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)

Constitution:
24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002

Legal system:
based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist
legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
16 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President of the Council of State and President of
the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the
Council of State and appointed by the National Assembly or the
31-member Council of State, elected by the Assembly to act on its
behalf when it is not in session
elections: president and vice presidents elected by the National
Assembly for a term of five years; election last held 6 March 2003
(next to be held in 2008)
election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz reelected president; percent of
legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;
percent of legislative vote - 100%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional
del Poder Popular (609 seats, elected directly from slates approved
by special candidacy commissions; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 19 January 2003 (next to be held in NA 2008)
election results: percent of vote - PCC 97.6%; seats - PCC 609

Judicial branch:
People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president, vice
president, and other judges are elected by the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first
secretary]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS
(excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: none; note - Cuba has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Dagoberto RODRIGUEZ Barrera; address: Cuban Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, 2630 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: [1] (202) 797-8518

Diplomatic representation from the US: none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Swiss Embassy, headed by Principal Officer James C. CASON; address: USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada between L and M Streets, Vedado, Havana; telephone: [53] (7) 833-3551 through 3559 (operator assistance required); FAX: [53] (7) 833-3700; protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland

Flag description:
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating
with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears
a white, five-pointed star in the center; design influenced by the
US flag

Economy Cuba

Economy - overview:
The government continues to balance the need for economic loosening
against a desire for firm political control. It has undertaken
limited reforms to increase enterprise efficiency and alleviate
serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. A major
feature of the economy is the dichotomy between relatively efficient
export enclaves and inefficient domestic sectors. The average
Cuban's standard of living remains at a lower level than before the
depression of the 1990s, which was caused by the loss of Soviet aid
and domestic inefficiencies. The government in 2004 strengthened its
controls over dollars coming into the economy from tourism,
remittances, and trade.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$33.92 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6.6% industry: 25.5% services: 67.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 4.55 million note: state sector 78%, non-state sector 22% (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 24%, industry 25%, services 51% (1999)

Unemployment rate:
2.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
11.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $18.01 billion
expenditures: $19.06 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugar, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock

Industries:
sugar, petroleum, tobacco, construction, nickel, steel, cement,
agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:
1.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 93.9% hydro: 0.6% nuclear: 0% other: 5.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
13.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
77,900 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
163,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
532 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
600 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
600 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
42.62 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-185.1 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.104 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Exports - partners:
Netherlands 22.7%, Canada 20.6%, China 7.7%, Russia 7.5%, Spain
6.4%, Venezuela 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$5.296 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Spain 14.7%, Venezuela 13.5%, US 11%, China 8.9%, Canada 6.4%,
Italy 6.2%, Mexico 4.9% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$738.6 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$12.09 billion (convertible currency); another $15-20 billion owed
to Russia (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$68.2 million (1997 est.)

Currency (code):
Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)

Currency code:
CUP (nonconvertible Cuban peso) and CUC (convertible Cuban peso)

Exchange rates:
Convertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93
note: Cuba has three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso
(CUP), the convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although
the dollar is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the
official exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC
(0.93 CUC per $1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals
can buy 24 Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban
pesos for each CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP
and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Cuba

Telephones - main lines in use:
574,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
17,900 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: greater investment beginning in 1994 and the
establishment of a new Ministry of Information Technology and
Communications in 2000 has resulted in improvements in the system;
wireless service is expensive and remains restricted to foreigners
and regime elites, many Cubans procure wireless service illegally
with the help of foreigners
domestic: national fiber-optic system under development; 85% of
switches digitized by end of 2004; telephone line density remains
low, at 10 per 100 inhabitants; domestic cellular service expanding
international: country code - 53; fiber-optic cable laid to but not
linked to US network; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
3.9 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
58 (1997)

Televisions:
2.64 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.cu

Internet hosts:
1,529 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
120,000
note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or
accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may
access the Internet in large hotels, but are subject to firewalls;
some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market, or take
advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the
government-controlled "intranet" (2004)

Transportation Cuba

Railways:
total: 4,226 km
standard gauge: 4,226 km 1.435-m gauge (140 km electrified)
note: an additional 7,742 km of track is used by sugar plantations;
about 65% of this track is standard gauge; the rest is narrow gauge
(2004)

Highways:
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
240 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 49 km; oil 230 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cienfuegos, Havana, Matanzas

Merchant marine:
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 54,818 GRT/81,850 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger 2,
petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 20 (2005)

Airports:
170 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 79 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 37 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 91 914 to 1,523 m: 29 under 914 m: 62 (2004 est.)

Military Cuba

Military branches:
Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR): Revolutionary Army (ER),
Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR),
Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth Labor Army (EJT)

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age; both sexes are eligible for military service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 2,967,865
females age 17-49: 2,913,559 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 2,441,927
females age 17-49: 2,396,741 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 91,901
females: 87,500 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$572.3 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2003)

Military - note:
Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of
Cuba, cut off almost all military aid by 1993

Transnational Issues Cuba

Disputes - international:
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Illicit drugs:
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
primarily for marijuana bound for North America; established the
death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Cyprus

Introduction Cyprus

Background:
A former British colony, Cyprus received independence in 1960
following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the
Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head
in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia.
Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic
intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into
enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek-sponsored attempt
to seize the government was met by military intervention from
Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In
1983, the Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus," but it is recognized only by Turkey. The latest
two-year round of UN-brokered direct talks - between the leaders of
the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to reach an
agreement to reunite the divided island - ended when the Greek
Cypriots rejected the UN settlement plan in an April 2004
referendum. Although only the internationally recognized Greek
Cypriot-controlled Republic of Cyprus joined the EU on 1 May 2004,
every Cypriot carrying a Cyprus passport will have the status of a
European citizen. EU laws, however, will not apply to north Cyprus.
Nicosia continues to oppose EU efforts to establish direct trade and
economic links to north Cyprus as a way of encouraging the Turkish
Cypriot community to continue to support reunification.

Geography Cyprus

Location:
Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey

Geographic coordinates:
35 00 N, 33 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 9,250 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus)
land: 9,240 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:
total: NA; note - boundary with Dhekelia is being resurveyed
border countries: Akrotiri 47.4 km, Dhekelia NA

Coastline:
648 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Terrain:
central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but
significant plains along southern coast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 1,951 m

Natural resources:
copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth
pigment

Land use: arable land: 7.79% permanent crops: 4.44% other: 87.77% (2001)

Irrigated land:
382 sq km (2001 est.)

Natural hazards:
moderate earthquake activity; droughts

Environment - current issues:
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal
disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest
aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from
sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife
habitats from urbanization

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and
Sardinia)

People Cyprus

Population:
780,133 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.9% (male 83,256/female 79,701)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 267,446/female 260,846)
65 years and over: 11.4% (male 38,766/female 50,118) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 34.68 years
male: 33.64 years
female: 35.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.54% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.57 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.65 years
male: 75.29 years
female: 80.13 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.83 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 1,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Cypriot(s)
adjective: Cypriot

Ethnic groups:
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)

Religions:
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian Apostolic, and
other 4%

Languages:
Greek, Turkish, English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.6%
male: 98.9%
female: 96.3% (2003 est.)

Government Cyprus

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form: Cyprus
note: the Turkish Cypriot community (north Cyprus) refers to itself
as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC)

Government type:
republic
note: a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the
island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this
separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in
July 1974 that followed a Greek junta-supported coup attempt gave
the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots
control the only internationally recognized government; on 15
November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared
independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey

Capital:
Nicosia

Administrative divisions:
6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia,
Paphos; note - Turkish Cypriot area's administrative divisions
include Kyrenia, all but a small part of Famagusta, and small parts
of Lefkosia (Nicosia) and Larnaca

Independence:
16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed
self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these
proclamations are only recognized by Turkey

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots
celebrate 15 November (1983) as Independence Day

Constitution:
16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer
participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for
a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better
relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in
1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985

Legal system:
based on common law, with civil law modifications

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and
vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 February 2003 (next to be held February 2008)
election results: Tassos PAPADOPOULOS elected president; percent of
vote - Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 51.5%, Glafkos KLIRIDIS 38.8%, Alekos
MARKIDIS 6.6%
note: Mehmet Ali TALAT becomes "president" of north Cyprus, 24 April
2005, after "presidential" elections on 17 April 2005; results -
Mehmet Ali TALAT 55.6%, Dervis EROGLU 22.7%; Ferdi Sabit SOYER is
"prime minister"; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in north
Cyprus, appointed by the "prime minister"

Legislative branch:
unicameral - Republic of Cyprus: House of Representatives or Vouli
Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to
Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are
filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms); north Cyprus: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi
(50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: Republic of Cyprus: last held 27 May 2001 (next to be
held May 2006); north Cyprus: last held 14 December 2003 (next to be
held NA 2008)
election results: Republic of Cyprus: House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - AKEL 34.71%, DISY 34%, DIKO 14.84%, KISOS
6.51%, others 9.94%; seats by party - AKEL (Communist) 20, DISY 19,
DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; north Cyprus: Assembly of the Republic -
percent of vote by party - CTP 35.8%, UBP 32.3%, Peace and
Democratic Movement 13.4%, DP 12.3%; seats by party - CTP 19, UBP
18, Peace and Democratic Movement 6, DP 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president and
vice president)
note: there is also a Supreme Court in north Cyprus

Political parties and leaders:
Republic of Cyprus: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos PAPADOPOULOS];
Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS]; Fighting Democratic
Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green Party of Cyprus [George
PERDIKIS]; New Horizons [Nikolaus KOUTSOU]; Restorative Party of the
Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS];
Social Democrats Movement or KISOS (formerly United Democratic Union
of Cyprus or EDEK) [Yiannakis OMIROU]; United Democrats Movement or
EDE [George VASSILIOU]; north Cyprus: Democratic Party or DP [Serder
DENKTASH]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity
Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU];
Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Alpay DURDURAN]; Peace and
Democratic Movement [Mustafa AKINCI]; Republican Turkish Party or
CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation
of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish
Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or
PEO (Communist controlled)

International organization participation:
Australia Group, C, CE, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU
(observer affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Euripides L. EVRIVIADES chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 462-5772 FAX: [1] (202) 483-6710 consulate(s) general: New York note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is Osman ERTUG; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone [1] (202) 887-6198

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KLOSSON
embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, 2407
Nicosia
mailing address: P. O. Box 24536, 1385 Nikosia
telephone: [357] (22) 393939
FAX: [357] (22) 780944

Flag description:
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name
Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green
crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches
symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek
and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag has a
horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom between which is a red
crescent and red star on a white field

Economy Cyprus

Economy - overview:
The Greek Cypriot economy is prosperous but highly susceptible to
external shocks. The service sector, mainly tourism and financial
services, dominates the economy; erratic growth rates over the past
decade reflect the economy's reliance on tourism, which often
fluctuates with political instability in the region and economic
conditions in Western Europe. Economic policy is focused on meeting
the criteria to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM2)
within the next two years although sluggish tourism and poor fiscal
management have resulted in growing budget deficits since 2001. As
in the Turkish sector, water shortages are a perennial problem; a
few desalination plants are now on-line. After 10 years of drought,
the country received substantial rainfall from 2001-03, alleviating
immediate concerns. The Turkish Cypriot economy has roughly
one-third of the per capita GDP of the south, and economic growth
tends to be volatile, given north Cyprus's relative isolation,
bloated public sector, reliance on the Turkish lira, and small
market size. The Turkish Cypriot economy grew 2.6% in 2004, fueled
by growth in the construction and education sectors as well as
increased employment of Turkish Cypriots in the Republic of Cyprus.
The Turkish Cypriots are heavily dependent on transfers from the
Turkish government. Ankara provides around $300 million a year
directly into the "TRNC" budget and regularly provides additional
financing for large infrastructure projects. Agriculture and
government service, together employ almost half of the work force,
and the potential for tourism is promising, especially with the
easing of border restrictions with the Greek Cypriots in April 2003.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
Republic of Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $15.71 billion north
Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $4.54 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
Republic of Cyprus: 3.2% north Cyprus: 2.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
Republic of Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $20,300 (2004 est.);
north Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $7,135 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
Republic of Cyprus: agriculture 4.1%; industry 19.9%; services 76%
north Cyprus: agriculture 10.6%; industry 20.5%; services 68.9%
(2004)

Labor force:
Republic of Cyprus: 330,000, north Cyprus: 95,025 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
Republic of Cyprus: agriculture 4.9%, industry 19.4%, services 75.6%
north Cyprus: agriculture 15.1%, industry 27%, services 57.9% (2003
est.)

Unemployment rate:
Republic of Cyprus: 3.2%; north Cyprus: 5.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Republic of Cyprus: 2.4% (2003 est.); north Cyprus: 12.6% (2003
est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
Republic of Cyprus: 17.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: Republic of Cyprus - $5.616 billion (2004 est.), north
Cyprus - $404.3 million (2003 est.)
expenditures: Republic of Cyprus - $685.7 million, including capital
expenditures of $685.7 million, north Cyprus - $775.7 million,
including capital expenditures of $91.4 million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
Republic of Cyprus: 74.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables, poultry,
pork, lamb, kids, dairy, cheese

Industries:
tourism, food and beverage processing; cement and gypsum
production; ship repair and refurbishment; textiles; light
chemicals; metal products; wood, paper, stone, and clay products

Industrial production growth rate:
Republic of Cyprus: 0.4% (2002); north Cyprus: -0.3% (2002)

Electricity - production:
4 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption: Republic of Cyprus: 3.663 billion kWh (2003); north Cyprus: 602 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
Republic of Cyprus: 49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-619.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
Republic of Cyprus: $1.094 billion f.o.b. north Cyprus: $49.3
million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
Republic of Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement,
clothing and cigarettes; north Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, textiles

Exports - partners:
UK 27.2%, Greece 11.9%, Germany 5%, UAE 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
Republic of Cyprus: $5.258 billion f.o.b. north Cyprus: $415.2
million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
Republic of Cyprus: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants,
intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment; north Cyprus:
vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery

Imports - partners:
Greece 15.2%, Italy 10.5%, Germany 8.9%, UK 8.6%, France 6.3%,
Japan 4.7%, Israel 4.4%, China 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Republic of Cyprus: $3.385 billion
north Cyprus: $941.6 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
Republic of Cyprus: $7.327 billion; north Cyprus: $NA (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
Republic of Cyprus - $17 million (1998); north Cyprus - $700
million from Turkey in grants and loans, which are usually forgiven
(2003)

Currency (code):
Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area:
Turkish lira (TRL)

Currency code:
CYP; TRL

Exchange rates:
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107
(2002), 0.6431 (2001), 0.6224 (2000), Turkish lira per US dollar
1.426 million (2004), 1.501 million (2003), 1.507 million (2002),
1.226 million (2001), 625,200 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Cyprus

Telephones - main lines in use:
Republic of Cyprus: 427,400 (2002); north Cyprus: 86,228 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
Republic of Cyprus: 417,900 (2002); north Cyprus: 143,178 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent in both Republic of Cyprus and north
Cyprus areas
domestic: open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 357; tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial
and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2
Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:
Republic of Cyprus: AM 7, FM 60, shortwave 1 (1998); north Cyprus:
AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
Greek Cypriot area: 310,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 56,450
(1994)

Television broadcast stations:
Republic of Cyprus: 4 (plus 225 low-power repeaters) (September
1995); north Cyprus: 4 (plus 5 repeaters) (September 1995)

Televisions:
Greek Cypriot area: 248,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 52,300
(1994)

Internet country code:
.cy

Internet hosts:
5,901 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
210,000 (2002)

Transportation Cyprus

Highways:
total: 13,943 km (Republic of Cyprus: 11,593 km; north Cyprus:
2,350 km)
paved: Republic of Cyprus: 7,211 km; north Cyprus: 1,370 km
unpaved: Republic of Cyprus: 4,382 km; north Cyprus: 980 km
(2002/1996 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos

Merchant marine:
total: 972 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 22,016,374 GRT/35,760,004 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 384, cargo 248, chemical tanker 45, container
125, liquefied gas 4, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 19, petroleum
tanker 103, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 12, vehicle
carrier 5
foreign-owned: 899 (Austria 2, Belgium 1, Canada 10, China 8,
Croatia 3, Cuba 5, Egypt 1, Estonia 3, France 1, Germany 236, Greece
396, Hong Kong 2, India 2, Iran 2, Israel 3, Japan 18, Latvia 7,
Monaco 1, Netherlands 12, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 20,
Portugal 2, Russia 56, Singapore 2, Slovenia 4, South Korea 1, Spain
4, Sweden 6, Switzerland 4, Syria 2, Ukraine 3, UAE 11, United
Kingdom 24, United States 31, Vietnam 1)
registered in other countries: 54 (2005)

Airports:
17 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
10 (2004 est.)

Military Cyprus

Military branches:
Republic of Cyprus: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; includes
air and naval elements)
north Cyprus: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 184,352 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 150,750 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 6,578 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$384 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.8% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Cyprus

Disputes - international:
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous
entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a
Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN
Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since
1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; March
2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots later opened
their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on 24 April
2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities voted in
simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve the
UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the thirty-year
division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus
Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,
Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body
of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the
north

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 265,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced for
over 30 years) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of
anti-money-laundering legislation, remains highly vulnerable to
money laundering; identification of benefiting owners and reporting
of suspicious transactions by nonresident-controlled companies in
offshore sector remains weak

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Czech Republic

Introduction Czech Republic

Background:
Following the First World War, the closely related Czechs and
Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form
Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, the new country's leaders
were frequently preoccupied with meeting the demands of other ethnic
minorities within the republic, most notably the Sudeten Germans and
the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). After World War II, a truncated
Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968,
an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's
leaders to liberalize Communist party rule and create "socialism
with a human face." Anti-Soviet demonstrations the following year
ushered in a period of harsh repression. With the collapse of Soviet
authority in 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its freedom through a
peaceful "Velvet Revolution." On 1 January 1993, the country
underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the
Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999
and the European Union in 2004.

Geography Czech Republic

Location:
Central Europe, southeast of Germany

Geographic coordinates:
49 45 N, 15 30 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 78,866 sq km
land: 77,276 sq km
water: 1,590 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:
total: 1,881 km
border countries: Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km,
Slovakia 215 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain:
Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus
surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very
hilly country

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Elbe River 115 m highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

Natural resources: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber

Land use: arable land: 39.8% permanent crops: 3.05% other: 57.15% (2001)

Irrigated land:
240 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding

Environment - current issues: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most
significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional
military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in
central Europe

People Czech Republic

Population:
10,241,138 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.7% (male 773,028/female 731,833)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 3,651,018/female 3,627,006)
65 years and over: 14.2% (male 565,374/female 892,879) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38.97 years
male: 37.2 years
female: 40.82 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.05% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.02 years
male: 72.74 years
female: 79.49 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,500 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 10 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Czech(s)
adjective: Czech

Ethnic groups:
Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4% (2001 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 26.8%, Protestant 2.1%, other 3.3%, unspecified
8.8%, unaffiliated 59% (2001 census)

Languages:
Czech

Literacy:
definition: NA
total population: 99.9% (1999 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Czech Republic

Country name:
conventional long form: Czech Republic
conventional short form: Czech Republic
local long form: Ceska Republika
local short form: Ceska Republika

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Prague

Administrative divisions:
13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni
mesto); Jihocesky Kraj, Jihomoravsky Kraj, Karlovarsky Kraj,
Kralovehradecky Kraj, Liberecky Kraj, Moravskoslezsky Kraj,
Olomoucky Kraj, Pardubicky Kraj, Plzensky Kraj, Praha (Prague)*,
Stredocesky Kraj, Ustecky Kraj, Vysocina, Zlinsky Kraj

Independence:
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and
Slovakia)

National holiday:
Czech Founding Day, 28 October (1918)

Constitution:
ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993

Legal system:
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line
with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March 2003)
note: the Czech Republic's first president Vaclav HAVEL stepped down
from office on 2 February 2003 having served exactly 10 years;
parliament finally elected a successor on 28 February 2003 after two
inconclusive elections in January 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Jiri PAROUBEK (since 25 April
2005), Deputy Prime Ministers Zdenek SKROMACH (since 4 August 2004),
Martin JAHN (since 4 August 2004), Pavel NEMEC (since 4 August
2004), Milan SIMONOVSKY (since 4 August 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
last successful election held 28 February 2003 (after earlier
elections held 15 and 24 January 2003 were inconclusive; next
election to be held January 2008); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: Vaclav KLAUS elected president on 28 February
2003; Vaclav KLAUS 142 votes, Jan SOKOL 124 votes (third round;
combined votes of both chambers of parliament)

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat
(81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year
terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of
Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held in two rounds 5-6 November and 12-13
November 2004 (next to be held November 2006); Chamber of Deputies -
last held 14-15 June 2002 (next to be held by June 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - ODS 37, KDU-CSL 14, Open Democracy 13, CSSD 7, Caucus Open
Democracy 7, independents 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - CSSD 30.2%, ODS 24.5%, KSCM 18.5%, KDU-CSL & US-DEU
coalition 14.3%, other minor 12.5%; seats by party - CSSD 70, ODS
57, KSCM 41, KDU-CSL 21, US-DEU 10, independent 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; chairman and deputy chairmen
are appointed by the president for a 10-year term

Political parties and leaders:
Caucus SNK [Josef ZOSER]; Christian and Democratic
Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Miroslav KALOUSEK,
chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA,
chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK,
chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Miroslav
GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or KSC
[Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National Social Party of CSNS
[Jaroslav ROVNY, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD
[Stanislav GROSS, acting chairman]; European Democrats [Jan KASL];
Freedom Union-Democratic Union or US-DEU [Hana Marvanova,
chairwoman]; Open Democracy [Sona PAUKRTOVA, chairwoman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Bohemian and Moravian Trade Union Confederation [Milan STECH]

International organization participation:
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE,
UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin PALOUS
chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 274-9100
FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador William J. CABANISS
embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [420] (2) 5753-0663
FAX: [420] (2) 5753-0583

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (identical to the flag of
the former Czechoslovakia)

Economy Czech Republic

Economy - overview:
The Czech Republic is one of the most stable and prosperous of the
post-Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. Growth in
2000-04 was supported by exports to the EU, primarily to Germany,
and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic investment. Domestic
demand is playing an ever more important role in underpinning growth
as interest rates drop and the availability of credit cards and
mortgages increases. Current account deficits of around 5% of GDP
are beginning to decline as demand for Czech products in the
European Union increases. Inflation is under control. Recent
accession to the EU gives further impetus and direction to
structural reform. In early 2004 the government passed increases in
the Value Added Tax (VAT) and tightened eligibility for social
benefits with the intention to bring the public finance gap down to
4% of GDP by 2006, but more difficult pension and healthcare reforms
will have to wait until after the next elections. Privatization of
the state-owned telecommunications firm Cesky Telecom is scheduled
to take place in 2005. Intensified restructuring among large
enterprises, improvements in the financial sector, and effective use
of available EU funds should strengthen output growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$172.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $16,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.4% industry: 39.3% services: 57.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
5.25 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 4%, industry 38%, services 58% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.3% highest 10%: 22.4% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
25.4 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
29% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $39.31 billion
expenditures: $45.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
33.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, poultry

Industries:
metallurgy, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, glass,
armaments

Industrial production growth rate:
4.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
71.75 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 76.1% hydro: 2.9% nuclear: 20% other: 1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
55.33 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
9.5 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
7,419 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
175,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
26,670 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
192,300 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
17.25 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
160 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
9.892 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
1 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
9.521 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.057 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-5.73 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$66.51 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 52%, chemicals 5%, raw materials
and fuel 9% (2003)

Exports - partners:
Germany 36.1%, Slovakia 8.4%, Austria 6%, Poland 5.3%, UK 4.7%,
France 4.7%, Italy 4.3%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$68.19 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 46%, raw materials and fuels 15%,
chemicals 10% (2003)

Imports - partners:
Germany 31.7%, Slovakia 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, China 5.2%, Poland 4.8%,
France 4.8%, Russia 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$32.78 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$36.28 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.4 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion
funds (2004-06)

Currency (code):
Czech koruna (CZK)

Currency code:
CZK

Exchange rates:
koruny per US dollar - 25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003), 32.739 (2002),
38.035 (2001), 38.598 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Czech Republic

Telephones - main lines in use:
3.626 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
9,708,700 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: privatization and modernization of the Czech
telecommunication system got a late start but is advancing steadily;
growth in the use of mobile cellular telephones is particularly
vigorous
domestic: 86% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber
systems now being enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals;
trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 2
Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1
Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 31, FM 304, shortwave 17 (2000)

Radios:
3,159,134 (December 2000)

Television broadcast stations:
150 (plus 1,434 repeaters) (2000)

Televisions:
3,405,834 (December 2000)

Internet country code:
.cz

Internet hosts:
295,677 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
more than 300 (2000)

Internet users:
2.7 million (2003)

Transportation Czech Republic

Railways:
total: 9,543 km
standard gauge: 9,421 km 1.435-m gauge (2,893 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 122 km 0.760-m gauge (23 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 127,204 km
paved: 127,204 km (including 518 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
664 km (on Elbe, Vltava, and Oder rivers) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 7,020 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem

Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 3

Airports:
120 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 44 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 76 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 48 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Czech Republic

Military branches:
Army of the Czech Republic (ACR): Joint Forces Command, Support and
Training Forces Command (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18-50 years of age for voluntary military service; military service transformed into a fully professional, all-volunteer force no longer dependent on conscription beginning in January 2004 (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,414,728 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,996,631 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 66,583 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$2.17 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.02% (2004)

Transnational Issues Czech Republic

Disputes - international:
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the restitution of
Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech Republic
confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten Germans
seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with their
expulsion after World War II

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and minor transit
point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe; producer of
synthetic drugs for local and regional markets; susceptible to money
laundering related to drug trafficking, organized crime

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Denmark

Introduction Denmark

Background:
Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European
power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is
participating in the general political and economic integration of
Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973.
However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the
European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic
and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and issues
concerning certain justice and home affairs.

Geography Denmark

Location:
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a
peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes two major
islands (Sjaelland and Fyn)

Geographic coordinates:
56 00 N, 10 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 43,094 sq km
land: 42,394 sq km
water: 700 sq km
note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest
of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major
islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and
Greenland

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts

Land boundaries: total: 68 km border countries: Germany 68 km

Coastline: 7,314 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Terrain:
low and flat to gently rolling plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m
highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel
and sand

Land use: arable land: 54.02% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 45.79% (2001)

Irrigated land:
4,760 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of
Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are
protected from the sea by a system of dikes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions;
nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and
surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and
North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater
Copenhagen

People Denmark

Population:
5,432,335 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.8% (male 524,250/female 497,683)
15-64 years: 66.1% (male 1,811,787/female 1,780,907)
65 years and over: 15.1% (male 349,458/female 468,250) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.47 years
male: 38.55 years
female: 40.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.34% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.36 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.56 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.62 years
male: 75.34 years
female: 80.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.74 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Dane(s)
adjective: Danish

Ethnic groups:
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali

Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran 95%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%,
Muslim 2%

Languages:
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small
minority)
note: English is the predominant second language

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Government Denmark

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark
conventional short form: Denmark
local long form: Kongeriget Danmark
local short form: Danmark

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Copenhagen

Administrative divisions:
metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 2
boroughs* (amtskommuner, singular - amtskommune); Arhus, Bornholm,
Frederiksberg*, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kobenhavn, Kobenhavn
(Copenhagen)*, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkobing, Roskilde,
Sonderjylland, Storstrom, Vejle, Vestsjalland, Viborg
note: since 2005 Bornholm may have become a borough; in the future
the counties may be replaced by regions; see separate entries for
the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of the Kingdom of
Denmark and are self-governing overseas administrative divisions

Independence:
first organized as a unified state in 10th century; in 1849 became
a constitutional monarchy

National holiday:
none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally
viewed as the National Day

Constitution:
5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major overhaul of
5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief
of state

Legal system:
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir
Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born 26
May 1968)
head of government: Prime Minister Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN (since 27
November 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral People's Assembly or Folketinget (179 seats, including 2
from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members are elected by
popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 8 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 29%,
Social Democrats 25.9%, Danish People's Party 13.2%, Conservative
Party 10.3%, Social Liberal Party 9.2%, Socialist People's Party 6%,
Unity List 3.4%; seats by party - Liberal Party 52, Social Democrats
47, Danish People's Party 24, Conservative Party 18, Social Liberal
Party 17, Socialist People's Party 11, Unity List 6; note - does not
include the 2 seats from Greenland and the 2 seats from the Faroe
Islands

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch for life)

Political parties and leaders:
Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian Democrats (was
Christian People's Party) [Marianne KARLSMOSE]; Conservative Party
(sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN];
Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh
RASMUSSEN]; Social Democratic Party [Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social
Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED,
leader; Soren BALD, chairman]; Socialist People's Party [Villy
SOEVNDAL]; Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party,
Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective
leadership]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer),
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Friis PETERSEN chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4300 FAX: [1] (202) 328-1470 consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sally M.
LIGHT
embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen
mailing address: PSC 73, APO AE 09716
telephone: [45] 35 55 31 44
FAX: [45] 35 43 02 23

Flag description:
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that
design element of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was subsequently
adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway,
and Sweden

Economy Denmark

Economy - overview:
This thoroughly modern market economy features high-tech
agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry,
extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards,
a stable currency, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is
a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance
of payments surplus. Government objectives include streamlining the
bureaucracy and further privatization of state assets. The
government has been successful in meeting, and even exceeding, the
economic convergence criteria for participating in the third phase
(a common European currency) of the European Economic and Monetary
Union (EMU), but Denmark has decided not to join 12 other EU members
in the euro; even so, the Danish krone remains pegged to the euro.
Growth in 2004 was sluggish, yet above the scanty 0.3% of 2003.
Because of high GDP per capita, welfare benefits, a low Gini index,
and political stability, the Danish people enjoy living standards
topped by no other nation. A major long-term issue will be the sharp
decline in the ratio of workers to retirees.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$174.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $32,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.2% industry: 25.5% services: 72.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.87 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 4%, industry 17%, services 79% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 24% (2000 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
24.7 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $136.1 billion
expenditures: $133.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $500
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
42.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets; pork, dairy products; fish

Industries:
iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing,
machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing,
electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products,
shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills

Industrial production growth rate:
1.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
36.38 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 82.7% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 17.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
31.63 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
11.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
8.9 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
346,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
218,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
332,100 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
195,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
1.23 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
8.38 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
5.28 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
3.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
81.98 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$6.529 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$73.06 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products,
fish, chemicals, furniture, ships, windmills

Exports - partners:
Germany 18%, Sweden 13.2%, UK 8.7%, US 5.8%, Netherlands 5.5%,
Norway 5.4%, France 5% (2004)

Imports:
$63.45 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures for
industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
Germany 22.3%, Sweden 13.5%, Netherlands 6.8%, UK 6.1%, France
4.5%, Norway 4.5%, Italy 4.1%, China 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$37.98 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$21.7 billion (2000)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1.63 billion (1999)

Currency (code):
Danish krone (DKK)

Currency code:
DKK

Exchange rates:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947
(2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Denmark

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,610,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
4,785,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent telephone and telegraph services
domestic: buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form
trunk network, 4 cellular mobile communications systems
international: country code - 45; 18 submarine fiber-optic cables
linking Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth
stations - 6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat
(Blaavand-Atlantic-East); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark,
Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station
and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (1997)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 355, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
6.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
26 (plus 51 repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
3.121 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.dk

Internet hosts:
1,219,925 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
13 (2000)

Internet users:
2.756 million (2002)

Transportation Denmark

Railways: total: 2,628 km standard gauge: 2,628 km 1.435-m gauge (595 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 71,847 km
paved: 71,847 km (including 918 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
417 km (2001)

Pipelines:
condensate 12 km; gas 3,892 km; oil 455 km; oil/gas/water 2 km;
unknown (oil/water) 64 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Aalborg, Aarhus, Asnaesvaerkets, Copenhagen, Elsinore, Ensted,
Esbjerg, Fredericia, Frederikshavn, Graasten, Kalundborg, Odense,
Roenne

Merchant marine:
total: 287 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,952,473 GRT/9,030,444 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 67, chemical tanker 40, container 79,
liquefied gas 10, livestock carrier 2, passenger 1, passenger/cargo
42, petroleum tanker 25, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 8,
specialized tanker 4
foreign-owned: 23 (Bahamas 14, France 1, Greece 1, Greenland 1,
Norway 2, Sweden 2, UAE 1, Vietnam 1)
registered in other countries: 487 (2005)

Airports:
97 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 28 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 69 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 63 (2004 est.)

Military Denmark

Military branches:
Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home
Guard (Hjemmevaernet)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and volunteer military service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies from 4 to 12 months according to specialization; reservists are assigned to mobilization units following completion of their conscript service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,175,108 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 955,168 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 31,317 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3,271.6 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Denmark

Disputes - international:
Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line; Iceland,
the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands'
continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study
proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty dispute
with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Dhekelia

Introduction Dhekelia

Background:
By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created the
independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovereignty and
jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers in
total: Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The larger of these is the Dhekelia
Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as the Eastern
Sovereign Base Area.

Geography Dhekelia

Location:
on the southeast coast of Cyprus near Famagusta

Geographic coordinates:
34 59 N, 33 45 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 130.8 sq km
note: area surrounds three Cypriot enclaves

Area - comparative:
about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
total: NA; note - boundary with Cyprus is being resurveyed

Coastline:
27.5 km

Climate:
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Environment - current issues:
netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the spring and
autumn

Geography - note:
British extraterritorial rights also extended to several small
off-post sites scattered across Cyprus

People Dhekelia

Population:
no indigenous personnel
note: approximately 2,200 military personnel are on the base; there
are another 5,000 British citizens who are families of military
personnel or civilian staff on both the bases of Akrotiri and
Dhekelia; Cyprus citizens work on the base, but do not live there

Languages:
English, Greek

Government Dhekelia

Country name:
conventional long form: Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area
conventional short form: Dhekelia

Dependency status:
overseas territory of UK; administered by an administrator who is
also the Commander, British Forces Cyprus

Capital:
Episkopi Cantonment; located in Akrotiri

Legal system:
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Tomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003); note - reports to the British Ministry
of Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
the flag of the UK is used

Economy Dhekelia

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to providing services to the military
and their families located in Dhekelia. All food and manufactured
goods must be imported.

Industries:
none

Military Dhekelia

Military - note:
includes Dheklia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station connected by a
roadway

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Djibouti

Introduction Djibouti

Background:
The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in
1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian one-party
state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999. Unrest among
the Afars minority during the 1990s led to a civil war that ended in
2001 following the conclusion of a peace accord between Afar rebels
and the Issa-dominated government. Djibouti's first multi-party
presidential elections in 1999 resulted in the election of Ismail
Omar GUELLEH. Djibouti occupies a very strategic geographic location
at the mouth of the Red Sea and serves as an important transshipment
location for goods entering and leaving the east African highlands.
The present leadership favors close ties to France, which maintains
a significant military presence in the country, but has also
developed increasingly stronger ties with the United States in
recent years. Djibouti currently hosts the only United States
military base in sub-Saharan Africa and is a front-line state in the
global war on terrorism.

Geography Djibouti

Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between
Eritrea and Somalia

Geographic coordinates:
11 30 N, 43 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 23,000 sq km
land: 22,980 sq km
water: 20 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Land boundaries: total: 516 km border countries: Eritrea 109 km, Ethiopia 349 km, Somalia 58 km

Coastline: 314 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
desert; torrid, dry

Terrain:
coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m
highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m

Natural resources:
geothermal areas, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt,
diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum

Land use: arable land: 0.04% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.96% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the
Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods

Environment - current issues:
inadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land;
desertification; endangered species

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to
Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly
wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa

People Djibouti

Population:
476,703 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.3% (male 103,516/female 102,860)
15-64 years: 53.5% (male 133,168/female 121,823)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 7,748/female 7,588) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.23 years
male: 18.77 years
female: 17.69 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.06% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
39.98 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
19.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 104.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 111.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 96.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 43.1 years
male: 41.84 years
female: 44.39 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.4 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
9,100 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
690 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality: noun: Djiboutian(s) adjective: Djiboutian

Ethnic groups:
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%

Religions:
Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

Languages:
French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 67.9%
male: 78%
female: 58.4% (2003 est.)

Government Djibouti

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti
conventional short form: Djibouti
former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas, French Somaliland

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Djibouti

Administrative divisions:
5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); 'Ali Sabih, Dikhil,
Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura

Independence:
27 June 1977 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

Constitution:
multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992

Legal system:
based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and
Islamic law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed Dileita DILEITA (since 4
March 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 8 April 2005 (next to be held by April 2011);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president; percent
of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH 100%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (65 seats;
members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)
elections: last held 10 January 2003 (next to be held January 2008)
election results: percent of vote - RPP 62.2%, FRUD 36.9%; seats -
RPP 65, FRUD 0; note - RPP (the ruling party) dominated the election

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti Development
Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la Restauration de
l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]; People's Progress
Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GUELLEH]; Peoples
Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon FARAH]; Republican
Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED]; Union for
Democracy and Justice or UDJ [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Union for Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD,
PPSD and PND); Union for Democratic Changeover or UAD (opposition
coalition includes ARD, MRDD, UDJ, and PDD) [Ahmed Dini AHMED]

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador ROBLE Olhaye
chancery: Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 331-0270
FAX: [1] (202) 331-0302

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Marguerita RAGSDALE embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti telephone: [253] 35 39 95 FAX: [253] 35 39 40

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with
a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red
five-pointed star in the center

Economy Djibouti

Economy - overview:
The economy is based on service activities connected with the
country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in
northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital
city, the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scanty rainfall
limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must
be imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for
the region and an international transshipment and refueling center.
Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation
is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help
support its balance of payments and to finance development projects.
An unemployment rate of at least 50% continues to be a major
problem. While inflation is not a concern, due to the fixed tie of
the Djiboutian franc to the US dollar, the artificially high value
of the Djiboutian franc adversely affects Djibouti's balance of
payments. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the
last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high
population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Faced
with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen
in arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to
meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$619 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.5% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.5% industry: 15.8% services: 80.7% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
282,000 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
50% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $135 million
expenditures: $182 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1999 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fruits, vegetables; goats, sheep, camels, animal hides

Industries:
construction, agricultural processing, salt

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (1996 est.)

Electricity - production:
180 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
167.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$155 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

Exports - partners:
Somalia 63.8%, Yemen 22.6%, Ethiopia 5% (2004)

Imports:
$665 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 19.7%, India 12.4%, Ethiopia 11.8%, China 8.1%, France
5.6%, US 4.8% (2004)

Debt - external:
$366 million (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$36 million (2001)

Currency (code):
Djiboutian franc (DJF)

Currency code:
DJF

Exchange rates:
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2004), 177.72 (2003),
177.72 (2002), 177.72 (2001), 177.72 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Djibouti

Telephones - main lines in use:
9,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
23,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti
are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to
outlying areas of the country
domestic: microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 253; submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez,
Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations
- 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regional
microwave radio relay telephone network

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)

Radios:
52,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
28,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.dj

Internet hosts:
702 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
6,500 (2003)

Transportation Djibouti

Railways:
total: 100 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway)
narrow gauge: 100 km 1.000-m gauge
note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2004)

Highways:
total: 2,890 km
paved: 364 km
unpaved: 2,526 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Djibouti

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
13 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1524 to 2437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Djibouti

Military branches:
Djibouti National Army (includes Navy and Air Force)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 95,328 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 46,020 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$28.6 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Djibouti

Disputes - international:
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; although most of the 26,000 Somali
refugees in Djibouti who fled civil unrest in the early 1990s have
returned, several thousand still await repatriation in UNHCR camps

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 25,474 (Somalia) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Dominica

Introduction Dominica

Background:
Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be colonized by
Europeans, due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the native
Caribs. France ceded possession to Great Britain in 1763, which made
the island a colony in 1805. In 1980, two years after independence,
Dominica's fortunes improved when a corrupt and tyrannical
administration was replaced by that of Mary Eugenia CHARLES, the
first female prime minister in the Caribbean, who remained in office
for 15 years. Some 3,000 Carib Indians still living on Dominica are
the only pre-Columbian population remaining in the eastern Caribbean.

Geography Dominica

Location:
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, about one-half of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and
Tobago

Geographic coordinates:
15 25 N, 61 20 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 754 sq km
land: 754 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
148 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Terrain:
rugged mountains of volcanic origin

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Morne Diablatins 1,447 m

Natural resources: timber, hydropower, arable land

Land use: arable land: 6.67% permanent crops: 20% other: 73.33% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes can be
expected during the late summer months

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
known as "The Nature Island of the Caribbean" due to its
spectacular, lush, and varied flora and fauna, which are protected
by an extensive natural park system; the most mountainous of the
Lesser Antilles, its volcanic peaks are cones of lava craters and
include Boiling Lake, the second-largest, thermally active lake in
the world

People Dominica

Population:
69,029 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 9,328/female 9,125)
15-64 years: 65.4% (male 23,225/female 21,900)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 2,193/female 3,258) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 29.59 years
male: 29.26 years
female: 29.95 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.27% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-11.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.15 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 18.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.65 years
male: 71.73 years
female: 77.71 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Dominican(s) adjective: Dominican

Ethnic groups:
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib Amerindian

Religions:
Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), other 6%, none 2%

Languages:
English (official), French patois

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 94%
male: 94%
female: 94% (2003 est.)

Government Dominica

Country name:
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Dominica
conventional short form: Dominica

Government type:
parliamentary democracy; republic within the Commonwealth

Capital:
Roseau

Administrative divisions:
10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John,
Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul,
Saint Peter

Independence:
3 November 1978 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 3 November (1978)

Constitution:
3 November 1978

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nicholas J. O. LIVERPOOL (since October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8
January 2004); note - assumed post after death of Prime Minister
Pierre CHARLES
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 1 October 2003 (next to be held
October 2008); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Nicholas LIVERPOOL elected president; percent of
legislative vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Assembly (30 seats, 9 appointed senators, 21
elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 5 May 2005 (next to be held by 5 August 2010);
note - tradition dictates that the election will be held within five
years of the last election, but technically it is five years from
the first seating of parliament (12 May 2005) plus a 90-day grace
period
election results: percent of vote by party - DLP 52.08%, UWP 43.6%,
DFP 3.15%; seats by party - DLP 12, UWP 8, independent 1

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the Court of Appeal
and the High Court (located in Saint Lucia; one of the six judges
must reside in Dominica and preside over the Court of Summary
Jurisdiction)

Political parties and leaders:
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica Labor
Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; United Workers Party or UWP
[Edison JAMES]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Swinburne LESTRADE chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 364-6781 FAX: [1] (202) 364-6791 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Dominica; the US Ambassador to
Barbados is accredited to Dominica

Flag description:
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical
part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the horizontal
part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center
of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10
green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent
the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)

Economy Dominica

Economy - overview:
The Dominican economy depends on agriculture, primarily bananas,
and remains highly vulnerable to climatic conditions and
international economic developments. Production of bananas dropped
precipitously in 2003, a major reason for the 1% decline in GDP.
Tourism increased in 2003 as the government sought to promote
Dominica as an "ecotourism" destination. Development of the tourism
industry remains difficult, however, because of the rugged
coastline, lack of beaches, and the absence of an international
airport. The government began a comprehensive restructuring of the
economy in 2003 - including elimination of price controls,
privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to
address Dominica's economic crisis and to meet IMF targets. In order
to diversify the island's production base the government is
attempting to develop an offshore financial sector and is planning
to construct an oil refinery on the eastern part of the island.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$384 million (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-1% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,500 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 18% industry: 24% services: 58% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
25,000 (1999 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28%

Unemployment rate:
23% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
30% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $73.9 million
expenditures: $84.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2001)

Agriculture - products: bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, coconuts, cocoa; forest and fishery potential not exploited

Industries:
soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes

Industrial production growth rate:
-10% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
68.41 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 47.1% hydro: 52.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
63.62 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$39 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

Exports - partners:
UK 21.6%, Jamaica 14.8%, Antigua and Barbuda 8.8%, Guyana 7.5%,
Japan 5.4%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.8%, US 4.3%, Saint Lucia 4% (2004)

Imports:
$98.2 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals

Imports - partners:
China 20.4%, US 16.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 12.3%, UK 6.9%, South
Korea 4.6%, Japan 4.3% (2004)

Debt - external:
$161.5 million (2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
$22.8 million (2003 est.)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Dominica

Telephones - main lines in use:
23,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
9,400 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: fully automatic network
international: country code - 1-767; microwave radio relay and SHF
radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF
radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
46,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2004)

Televisions:
6,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.dm

Internet hosts:
681 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
12,500 (2002)

Transportation Dominica

Highways: total: 780 km paved: 393 km unpaved: 387 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Portsmouth, Roseau

Merchant marine:
total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,771 GRT/19,736 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 19, chemical tanker 2, container 1,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 21 (Estonia 6, Greece 3, Pakistan 1, Russia 2,
Singapore 6, Syria 2, UAE 1) (2005)

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Dominica

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force
(includes Coast Guard)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Dominica

Disputes - international:
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which
permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and Europe;
minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement is weak,
making the country particularly vulnerable to money laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Dominican Republic

Introduction Dominican Republic

Background:
Explored and claimed by Columbus on his first voyage in 1492, the
island of Hispaniola became a springboard for Spanish conquest of
the Caribbean and the American mainland. In 1697, Spain recognized
French dominion over the western third of the island, which in 1804
became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by then known as Santo
Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in 1821, but was
conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it finally
attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In 1861,
the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but two
years later they launched a war that restored independence in 1865.
A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative, rule for much of
its subsequent history was brought to an end in 1966 when Joaquin
BALAGUER became president. He maintained a tight grip on power for
most of the next 30 years when international reaction to flawed
elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then,
regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition
candidates have won the presidency. The Dominican economy has had
one of the fastest growth rates in the hemisphere over the past
decade.

Geography Dominican Republic

Location:
Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, between
the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, east of Haiti

Geographic coordinates:
19 00 N, 70 40 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 48,730 sq km
land: 48,380 sq km
water: 350 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: Haiti 360 km

Coastline: 1,288 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 6 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal
variation in rainfall

Terrain:
rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m

Natural resources:
nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

Land use:
arable land: 22.65%
permanent crops: 10.33%
other: 67.02% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,590 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe
storms from June to October; occasional flooding; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
water shortages; soil eroding into the sea damages coral reefs;
deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti

People Dominican Republic

Population:
8,950,034 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 32.9% (male 1,505,964/female 1,438,809)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 2,815,544/female 2,703,012)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 226,372/female 260,333) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.88 years
male: 23.68 years
female: 24.09 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.29% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.28 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 32.38 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.44 years
male: 69.94 years
female: 73.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.86 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
88,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
7,900 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Dominican(s) adjective: Dominican

Ethnic groups:
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:
Spanish

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84.7%
male: 84.6%
female: 84.8% (2003 est.)

Government Dominican Republic

Country name:
conventional long form: Dominican Republic
conventional short form: The Dominican
local long form: Republica Dominicana
local short form: La Dominicana

Government type:
representative democracy

Capital:
Santo Domingo

Administrative divisions:
31 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district*
(distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*,
Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia,
La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor
Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata,
Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San Cristobal, San Jose de Ocoa,
San Juan, San Pedro de Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Santo
Domingo, Valverde

Independence:
27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 February (1844)

Constitution:
28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002

Legal system:
based on French civil codes; undergoing modification in 2004
towards an accusatory system

Suffrage:
18 years of age, universal and compulsory; married persons
regardless of age
note: members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August
2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16 August
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16
August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16
August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 16 May 2004
(next to be held in May 2008)
election results: Leonel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of
vote - Leonel FERNANDEZ (PLD) 57.1%, Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez
(PRD) 33.7%, Eduardo ESTRELLA (PRSC) 8.7%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the
Senate or Senado (32 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de
Diputados (150 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held May
2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held
May 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PRD 29, PLD 2, PRSC 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 73, PLD 41, PRSC 36

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by a the
National Judicial Council comprised of the President, the leaders of
both chambers of congress, the President of the Supreme Court, and
an opposition or non-governing party member)

Political parties and leaders:
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna];
Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Vicente Sanchez BARET]; Social
Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique ATUN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Collective of Popular Organizations or COP; Citizen Participation
Group (Participacion Ciudadania); Foundation for
Institution-Building (FINJUS)

International organization participation:
ACP, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS,
OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Flavio Dario Espinal JACOBO chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-6280 FAX: [1] (202) 265-8057 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hans H. HERTELL embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo Domingo mailing address: Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500 telephone: [1] (809) 221-2171 FAX: [1] (809) 686-7437

Flag description:
a centered white cross that extends to the edges divides the flag
into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red,
and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of
arms featuring a shield supported by an olive branch (left) and a
palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross; above the shield
a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA, LIBERTAD (God,
Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
appears on a red ribbon

Economy Dominican Republic

Economy - overview:
The Dominican Republic is a Caribbean representative democracy
which enjoyed GDP growth of more than 7% in 1998-2000. Growth
subsequently plummeted as part of the global economic slowdown.
Although the country has long been viewed primarily as an exporter
of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, in recent years the service sector
has overtaken agriculture as the economy's largest employer, due to
growth in tourism and free trade zones. The country suffers from
marked income inequality; the poorest half of the population
receives less than one-fifth of GNP, while the richest 10% enjoys
nearly 40% of national income. Growth turned negative in 2003 with
reduced tourism, a major bank fraud, and limited growth in the US
economy (the source of about 85% of export revenues), but recovered
slightly in 2004. Resumption of a badly needed IMF loan, slowed due
to government repurchase of electrical power plants, is basic to the
restoration of social and economic stability. Newly elected
President FERNANDEZ in mid-2004 promised belt-tightening reform. His
administration has passed tax reform and is working to meet
preconditions for a $600 IMF standby arrangement to ease the
country's fiscal situation.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$55.68 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10.7% industry: 31.5% services: 57.8% (2003)

Labor force: 2.3 million - 2.6 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 17%, industry 24.3%, services and government 58.7% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
17% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
25%

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37.9% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
47.4 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
55% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.625 billion
expenditures: $3.382 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.1
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
61.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rice, beans, potatoes,
corn, bananas; cattle, pigs, dairy products, beef, eggs

Industries:
tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles,
cement, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate:
2% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
9.583 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 92% hydro: 7.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
8.912 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
129,900 bbl/day (2003)

Current account balance:
$762.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$5.446 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, meats,
consumer goods

Exports - partners:
US 80%, South Korea 2.1%, Canada 1.9% (2004)

Imports:
$8.093 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and
pharmaceuticals

Imports - partners:
US 48.1%, Venezuela 13.5%, Colombia 4.8%, Mexico 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$426 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$7.745 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$239.6 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Dominican peso (DOP)

Currency code:
DOP

Exchange rates:
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 42.12 (2004), 30.831 (2003), 18.61
(2002), 16.952 (2001), 16.415 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Dominican Republic

Telephones - main lines in use:
901,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,120,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwave
radio relay network
international: country code - 1-809; 1 coaxial submarine cable;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 120, FM 56, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
1.44 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
25 (2003)

Televisions:
770,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.do

Internet hosts:
64,197 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
24 (2000)

Internet users:
500,000 (2003)

Transportation Dominican Republic

Railways:
total: 1,743 km
standard gauge: 375 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge
note: additional 1,226 km operated by sugar companies in 1.076-m,
0.889-m, and 0.762-m gauges (2004)

Highways:
total: 12,600 km
paved: 6,224 km
unpaved: 6,376 km (1999)

Ports and harbors:
Boca Chica, Puerto Plata, Rio Haina, Santo Domingo

Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 11,230 GRT/17,011 DWT
by type: cargo 3 (2005)

Airports:
31 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 13 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Military Dominican Republic

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,108,197 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,420,693 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 91,597 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$180 million (1998)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.1% (1998)

Transnational Issues Dominican Republic

Disputes - international: increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find work

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
and Europe; has become a transshipment point for ecstasy from the
Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada; substantial
money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor the
Dominican Republic for illicit financial transactions

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@East Timor

Introduction East Timor

Background:
The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in the early
16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing with the
Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty in which
Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial Japan
occupied East Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed colonial
authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East Timor
declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975 and
was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later. It
was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of East
Timor. An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the
next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000
individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised
popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of East
Timor voted for independence from Indonesia. Between the referendum
and the arrival of a multinational peacekeeping force in late
September 1999, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and
supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale,
scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed
approximately 1,300 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into
West Timor as refugees. The majority of the country's
infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply
systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical
grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999 the Australian-led
peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor
(INTERFET) deployed to the country and brought the violence to an
end. On 20 May 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an
independent state.

Geography East Timor

Location:
Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser Sunda
Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note -
East Timor includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the
Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of
Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco

Geographic coordinates:
8 50 S, 125 55 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 15,007 sq km
land: NA
water: NA

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Connecticut

Land boundaries: total: 228 km border countries: Indonesia 228 km

Coastline: 706 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: NA exclusive economic zone: NA continental shelf: NA exclusive fishing zone: NA

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Terrain:
mountainous

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m highest point: Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m

Natural resources: gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble

Land use: arable land: 4.71% permanent crops: 0.67% other: 94.62% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,065 sq km (est.)

Natural hazards:
floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical
cyclones

Environment - current issues:
widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to
deforestation and soil erosion

Environment - international agreements:
NA

Geography - note:
Timor comes from the Malay word for "East"; the island of Timor is
part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of
the Lesser Sunda Islands

People East Timor

Population: 1,040,880 note: other estimates range as low as 800,000 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.1% (male 196,108/female 189,753)
15-64 years: 59.9% (male 318,173/female 305,479)
65 years and over: 3% (male 15,353/female 16,014) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.41 years
male: 20.46 years
female: 20.35 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.09% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
27.19 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 47.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.9 years
male: 63.63 years
female: 68.29 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Timorese
adjective: Timorese

Ethnic groups:
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority

Religions:
Roman Catholic 90%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 3%, Hindu 0.5%, Buddhist,
Animist (1992 est.)

Languages:
Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English
note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole,
Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58.6% (2002)

Government East Timor

Country name:
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
conventional short form: East Timor
local long form: Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum];
Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese]
local short form: Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese]
former: Portuguese Timor

Government type:
Republic

Capital:
Dili

Administrative divisions:
13 administrative districts; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau, Bobonaro
(Maliana), Cova-Lima (Suai), Dili, Ermera, Lautem (Los Palos),
Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oecussi (Ambeno), Viqueque

Independence:
28 November 1975 (date of proclamation of independence from
Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of international
recognition of East Timor's independence from Indonesia

National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 November (1975)

Constitution:
22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)

Legal system:
UN-drafted legal system based on Indonesian law remains in place
but will be replaced by civil and penal codes based on Portuguese
law (2004)

Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 20 May
2002); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is
able to veto some legislation; he formerly used the name Jose
Alexandre GUSMAO
head of government: Prime Minister Mari Bin Amude ALKATIRI (since 20
May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 April 2002 (next to be held in April 2007);
after the first legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party was appointed prime minister by the president, suggesting a
precedent for the future
election results: Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO elected president; percent
of vote - Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO 82.7%, Francisco Xavier do AMARAL
17.3%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Parliament (number of seats can vary, minimum
requirement of 52 and a maximum of 65 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - for its first term of
office, the National Parliament is comprised of 88 members on an
exceptional basis
elections: (next to be held August 2006); direct elections for
national parliament were never held; elected delegates to the
national convention named themselves legislators instead of having
elections; hence the exceptional numbers for this term of the
national parliament.
election results: percent of vote by party - FRETILIN 57.37%, PD
8.72%, PSD 8.18%, ASDT 7.84%, UDT 2.36%, PNT 2.21%, KOTA 2.13%, PPT
2.01%, PDC 1.98%, PST 1.78%, independents/other 5.42%; seats by
party - FRETILIN 55, PD 7, PSD 6, ASDT 6, PDC 2, UDT 2, KOTA 2, PNT
2, PPT 2, UDC/PDC 1, PST 1, PL 1, independent 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice - constitution calls for one judge to be
appointed by National Parliament and rest appointed by Superior
Council for Judiciary; note - until Supreme Court is established,
Court of Appeals is highest court

Political parties and leaders:
Associacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [Francisco Xavier do
AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC [Antonio
XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC [Vicente da
Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando de ARAUJO];
Liberal Party or PL [leader NA]; Maubere Democratic Party or PDM
[leader NA]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER];
Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Lu OLO];
Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario CARRASCALAO];
Socialist Party of Timor or PST [leader Avelino COELHO]; Sons of the
Mountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese Heroes) or
KOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union or UDT
[Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas DA
SILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]; Timorese
Popular Democratic Association or APODETI [Frederico Almeida-Santos
DA COSTA]

Political pressure groups and leaders: Popular Council for the Defense of the Democratic Republic of East Timor or CPD-RDTL [leader Antonio-Aitahan MATAK] is largest political pressure group; it rejects current government and claims to be rightful government; Kolimau 2000 [leader Dr. Bruno MAGALHAES] is another opposition group; dissatisfied veterans of struggle against Indonesia, led by one-time government advisor Cornelio GAMA (also known as L-7), also play an important role in pressuring government

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICCt, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer),
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, MIGA, OPCW, PIF (observer), UN, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Luis GUTERRES
chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: 202 965-1515
FAX: 202 965-1517
consulate(s) general: New York (the ambassador resides in New York)
(2004)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Grover Joseph REES
embassy: Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Conqueiros, Dili
mailing address: Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington,
DC 20521-8250
telephone: (670) 332-4684
FAX: (670) 331-3206

Flag description:
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side)
superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to
the center of the flag; there is a white star in the center of the
black triangle

Economy East Timor

Economy - overview:
In late 1999, about 70% of the economic infrastructure of East
Timor was laid waste by Indonesian troops and anti-independence
militias, and 300,000 people fled westward. Over the next three
years, however, a massive international program, manned by 5,000
peacekeepers (8,000 at peak) and 1,300 police officers, led to
substantial reconstruction in both urban and rural areas. By 2003,
all but about 30,000 of the refugees had returned. Growth was held
back in 2003 by extensive drought and the gradual winding down of
the international presence. The country faces great challenges in
continuing the rebuilding of infrastructure, strengthening the
infant civil administration, and generating jobs for young people
entering the workforce. One promising long-term project is the
planned development of oil and gas resources in nearby waters, which
have begun to supplement government revenues ahead of schedule.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$370 million (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 25.4%
industry: 17.2%
services: 57.4% (2001)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
50% (including underemployment) (1992 est.)

Population below poverty line:
42% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
38 (2002 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $107.7 million
expenditures: $73 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: coffee, rice, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, soybeans, cabbage, mangoes, bananas, vanilla

Industries:
printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth

Industrial production growth rate:
8.5%

Electricity - production:
NA kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Exports:
$8 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, sandalwood, marble; note - the potential for oil and
vanilla exports

Exports - partners:
Indonesia 100%

Imports:
$167 million (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery

Imports - partners:
NA

Debt - external:
none

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.2 billion (1999-2002 est.)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is the legal tender

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications East Timor

Telephones - main lines in use:
NA

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
NA

Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.tl; note - ICANN approved the change from .tp in January 2005

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation East Timor

Highways: total: 3,800 km paved: 428 km unpaved: 3,372 km (1995)

Ports and harbors:
Dili

Airports:
8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military East Timor

Military branches:
East Timor Defense Force (Forcas de Defesa de Timor-L'este, FDTL):
Army, Navy (Armada) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
NA

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: NA

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
NA

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$4.4 million (FY03)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues East Timor

Disputes - international:
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has maintained about
a thousand peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and
delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the
northern maritime boundaries; many of 28,000 East Timorese refugees
still residing in Indonesia in 2003 have returned, but many continue
to refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australia continue to meet
but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and
share unexploited potential petroleum resources that fall outside
the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea
Treaty; dispute with Australia also hampers creation of a southern
maritime boundary with Indonesia

Illicit drugs:
NA

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Ecuador

Introduction Ecuador

Background:
The "Republic of the Equator" was one of three countries that
emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are
Colombia and Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost
territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border
war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although
Ecuador marked 25 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period
has been marred by political instability. Seven presidents have
governed Ecuador since 1996.

Geography Ecuador

Location:
Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator,
between Colombia and Peru

Geographic coordinates:
2 00 S, 77 30 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 283,560 sq km
land: 276,840 sq km
water: 6,720 sq km
note: includes Galapagos Islands

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Nevada

Land boundaries: total: 2,010 km border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km

Coastline: 2,237 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 100 nm from 2,500 meter isobath

Climate:
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations;
tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Terrain:
coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and
flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 5.85% permanent crops: 4.93% other: 89.22% (2001)

Irrigated land:
8,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods;
periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution;
pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas
of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

People Ecuador

Population:
13,363,593 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.5% (male 2,282,252/female 2,195,942)
15-64 years: 61.5% (male 4,094,146/female 4,130,096)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 310,336/female 350,821) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.27 years
male: 22.82 years
female: 23.74 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.24% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 23.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.21 years
male: 73.35 years
female: 79.22 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
21,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,700 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Ecuadorian(s)
adjective: Ecuadorian

Ethnic groups:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish
and others 7%, black 3%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%, other 5%

Languages:
Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 94%
female: 91% (2003 est.)

Government Ecuador

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form: Ecuador
local long form: Republica del Ecuador
local short form: Ecuador

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Quito

Administrative divisions:
22 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar,
Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos,
Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo,
Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe

Independence:
24 May 1822 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)

Constitution:
10 August 1998

Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages
18-65, optional for other eligible voters

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April 2005);
Vice President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; former President Lucio GUTIERREZ was removed from office
by congress effective 20 April 2005
head of government: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April 2005);
Vice President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: the president and vice president are elected on the same
ticket by popular vote for a four-year term (no immediate
reelection); election last held 20 October 2002; runoff election
held 24 November 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election -
Lucio GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ
54.3%; Alvaro NOBOA 45.7%; note - Vice President Alfredo PALACIO
assumed the presidency on 20 April 2005 after congress removed Lucio
GUTIERREZ from office

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (100 seats;
members are popularly elected by province to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 October 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PSC 25, PRE 15, ID 16, PRIAN 10, PSP 9, Pachakutik Movement 6, MPD
5, DP 4, PS-FA 3, independents 7; note - defections by members of
National Congress are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in
the numbers of seats held by the various parties

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (according to the Constitution, new
justices are elected by the full Supreme Court; in December 2004,
however, Congress successfully replaced the entire court via a
simple-majority resolution)

Political parties and leaders:
Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];
Democratic Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National Action
Institutional Renewal Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik
Movement [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio
GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel
FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta];
Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist
Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or
PS-FA [Victor GRANDA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE
[Luis MACAS, president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F.
Napoleon SANTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or
FEINE [Marco MURILLO, president]; National Federation of Indigenous
Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE LA CRUZ,
president]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS]

International organization participation:
CAN, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM,
OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL,
UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200
FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Jersey City (New Jersey),
Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kristie Anne KENNEY
embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito
mailing address: APO AA 34039
telephone: [593] (2) 256-2890
FAX: [593] (2) 250-2052
consulate(s) general: Guayaquil

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red
with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag;
similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not bear
a coat of arms

Economy Ecuador

Economy - overview:
Ecuador has substantial petroleum resources, which have accounted
for 40% of the country's export earnings and one-fourth of central
government budget revenues in recent years. Consequently,
fluctuations in world market prices can have a substantial domestic
impact. In the late 1990s, Ecuador suffered its worst economic
crisis, with natural disasters and sharp declines in world petroleum
prices driving Ecuador's economy into free fall in 1999. Real GDP
contracted by more than 6%, with poverty worsening significantly.
The banking system also collapsed, and Ecuador defaulted on its
external debt later that year. The currency depreciated by some 70%
in 1999, and, on the brink of hyperinflation, the MAHAUD government
announced it would dollarize the economy. A coup, however, ousted
MAHAUD from office in January 2000, and after a short-lived junta
failed to garner military support, Vice President Gustavo NOBOA took
over the presidency. In March 2000, Congress approved a series of
structural reforms that also provided the framework for the adoption
of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the
economy, and growth returned to its pre-crisis levels in the years
that followed. Under the administration of Lucio GUTIERREZ - January
2003 to April 2005 - Ecuador benefited from higher world petroleum
prices, but the government has made little progress on economic
reforms necessary to reduce Ecuador's vulnerability to petroleum
price swings and financial crises.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$49.51 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8.7% industry: 30.5% services: 60.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.53 million (urban) (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 8%, industry 24%, services 68% (2001)

Unemployment rate:
11.1%; note - underemployment of 47% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
45% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32%
note: data for urban households only (October 2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
42
note: data are for urban households (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
20.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $7.9 billion
expenditures: planned $7.3 billion, including capital expenditures
of $1.6 billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
49.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca),
plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy
products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp

Industries:
petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals

Industrial production growth rate:
10% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
11.54 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81% hydro: 19% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
10.79 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
57 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
523,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
387,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
4.408 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
160 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
160 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
106.5 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$261.1 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$7.56 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp

Exports - partners:
US 42.9%, Panama 14.3%, Peru 7.9%, Italy 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$7.65 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
vehicles, medicinal products, telecommunications equipment,
electricity

Imports - partners:
US 16.5%, Colombia 14.1%, China 9.2%, Venezuela 7.1%, Brazil 6.5%,
Chile 4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Mexico 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.436 billion (December 2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$16.81 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$216 million (2002)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003), 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001), 24,988
(2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Ecuador

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.549 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,394,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable
international: country code - 593; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 392, FM 35, shortwave 29 (2001)

Radios:
5 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (plus 14 repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
2.5 million (2001)

Internet country code:
.ec

Internet hosts:
3,188 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
31 (2001)

Internet users:
569,700 (2003)

Transportation Ecuador

Railways: total: 966 km narrow gauge: 966 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 43,197 km paved: 8,164 km unpaved: 35,033 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2003)

Pipelines:
extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined products
1,185 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar

Merchant marine:
total: 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 241,403 GRT/391,898 DWT
by type: chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 8, petroleum
tanker 20
foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 1, Greece 1, Paraguay 1) (2005)

Airports:
205 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 62 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 19 under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 143 914 to 1,523 m: 30 under 914 m: 113 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Ecuador

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard),
Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE)

Military service age and obligation:
20 years of age for conscript military service; 12-month service
obligation (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 2,792,770 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 2,338,428 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 133,922 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$655 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Ecuador

Disputes - international:
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across
Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to flee into
Ecuador in 2004

Illicit drugs:
significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and
Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit
narcotics; attractive location for cash-placement by drug
traffickers laundering money because of dollarization and weak
anti-money-laundering regime, especially vulnerable along the border
with Colombia; increased activity on the northern frontier by
trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Egypt

Introduction Egypt

Background:
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled
with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west,
allowed for the development of one of the world's great
civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C. and a series
of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last
native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were
replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who
introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who
ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the
Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the
conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the
completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important
world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt.
Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of
Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman
Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in
1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The
completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake
Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the
agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the
largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on
the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The
government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium
through economic reform and massive investment in communications and
physical infrastructure.

Geography Egypt

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and
the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the
Asian Sinai Peninsula

Geographic coordinates:
27 00 N, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

Land boundaries:
total: 2,665 km
border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya 1,115 km,
Sudan 1,273 km

Coastline:
2,450 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

Terrain:
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone,
gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

Land use: arable land: 2.87% permanent crops: 0.48% other: 96.65% (2001)

Irrigated land:
33,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides;
hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms,
sandstorms

Environment - current issues:
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands;
increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification;
oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats;
other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and
industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh water resources
away from the Nile which is the only perennial water source; rapid
growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and
remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link
between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition
to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics;
dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues;
prone to influxes of refugees

People Egypt

Population:
77,505,756 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33% (male 13,106,043/female 12,483,899)
15-64 years: 62.6% (male 24,531,266/female 23,972,216)
65 years and over: 4.4% (male 1,457,097/female 1,955,235) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.68 years
male: 23.31 years
female: 24.05 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.78% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.32 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 32.59 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 31.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71 years
male: 68.5 years
female: 73.62 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.88 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
700 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian

Ethnic groups:
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%

Religions:
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%

Languages:
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated
classes

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.7%
male: 68.3%
female: 46.9% (2003 est.)

Government Egypt

Country name:
conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Cairo

Administrative divisions:
26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah,
Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah, Al
Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya, Al
Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As Suways,
Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina', Kafr ash
Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj

Independence:
28 February 1922 (from UK)

National holiday:
Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)

Constitution:
11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980

Legal system:
based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes;
judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees
validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October
1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed NAZIF (since 9 July 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term; note
- a national referendum in May 2005 approved a constitutional
amendment that changed the presidential election to a multicandidate
popular vote; previously the president was nominated by the People's
Assembly and the nomination was validated by a national, popular
referendum; last referendum held 26 September 1999; first election
under terms of constitutional amendment held 7 September 2005; next
election scheduled for 2011
election results: Hosni MUBARAK reelected president; percent of vote
- Hosni MUBARAK 88.6%, Ayman NOUR 7.6%, Noman GOMAA 2.9%

Legislative branch:
bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis
al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by
the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory
Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative
role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the
president; members serve six-year terms; mid-term elections for half
the members)
elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19
October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held
October-November 2005); Advisory Council - last held May-June 2004
(next to be held May-June 2007)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA;
seats by party - NDP 388, Tagammu 6, NWP 7, Nasserists 3, Al-Ahrar
1, independents 37 (2 seats determined by a later byelection, 10
seats appointed by President); Advisory Council - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders:
Al-Ahrar Party [Helmi SALEM]; Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or
Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (governing party)]; National Progressive
Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP
[No'man GOMAA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the
government

Political pressure groups and leaders: despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are officially sanctioned

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, EBRD,
FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS
(observer), OIC, ONUB, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador M. Nabil FAHMY
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador designate Francis J. RICCIARDONE, Jr
embassy: 8 Kamal El Din Salah St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900
telephone: [20] (2) 797-3300
FAX: [20] (2) 797-3200

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the
national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with
a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name
of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; design is
based on the Arab Liberation flag and similar to the flag of Syria,
which has two green stars, Iraq, which has three green stars (plus
an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white
band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band

Economy Egypt

Economy - overview:
Lack of substantial progress on economic reform since the mid 1990s
has limited foreign direct investment in Egypt and kept annual GDP
growth in the range of 2%-3% in 2001-03. However, in 2004 Egypt
implemented several measures to boost foreign direct investment. In
September 2004, Egypt pushed through custom reforms, proposed income
and corporate tax reforms, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized
several enterprises. The budget deficit rose to an estimated 8% of
GDP in 2004 compared to 6.1% of GDP the previous year, in part as a
result of these reforms. Monetary pressures on an overvalued
Egyptian pound led the government to float the currency in January
2003, leading to a sharp drop in its value and consequent
inflationary pressure. In 2004, the Central Bank implemented
measures to improve currency liquidity. Egypt reached record tourism
levels, despite the Taba and Nuweiba bombings in September 2004. The
development of an export market for natural gas is a bright spot for
future growth prospects, but improvement in the capital-intensive
hydrocarbons sector does little to reduce Egypt's persistent
unemployment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$316.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17.2% industry: 33% services: 49.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
20.71 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 32%, industry 17%, services 51% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10.9% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
16.7% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.4% highest 10%: 25% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
34.4 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
15.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $15.42 billion
expenditures: $20.76 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.7
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
102.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water
buffalo, sheep, goats

Industries:
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons,
construction, cement, metals

Industrial production growth rate:
2.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
81.27 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81% hydro: 19% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
75.58 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
740,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
562,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
2.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
21.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
21.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.264 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$2.113 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$11 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products,
chemicals

Exports - partners:
Italy 11.9%, US 10.8%, UK 7%, Syria 6.2%, Germany 4.7%, Spain 4.2%
(2004)

Imports:
$19.21 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels

Imports - partners:
US 12.2%, Germany 7%, Italy 6.6%, France 5.7%, China 5.4%, UK 4.7%,
Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$14.03 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$33.75 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $1.12 billion (2002)

Currency (code):
Egyptian pound (EGP)

Currency code:
EGP

Exchange rates:
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 6.1963 (2004), 5.8509 (2003),
4.4997 (2002), 3.973 (2001), 3.4721 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Egypt

Telephones - main lines in use:
9.6 million (2005)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
8,583,940 (2005)

Telephone system:
general assessment: large system; underwent extensive upgrading
during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access and cellular
service are available
domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah,
Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and
microwave radio relay
international: country code - 20; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1
Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan;
microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999)

Radios:
20.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
98 (September 1995)

Televisions:
7.7 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.eg

Internet hosts:
3,401 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
50 (2000)

Internet users:
4.2 million (2005)

Transportation Egypt

Railways: total: 5,063 km standard gauge: 5,063 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 64,000 km paved: 49,984 km unpaved: 14,016 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
3,500 km
note: includes Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway,
and numerous smaller canals in delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including
approaches) navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m
(2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 289 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,115 km; liquid
petroleum gas 852 km; oil 5,032 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refined
products 246 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said, Suez, Zeit

Merchant marine:
total: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,194,696 GRT/1,754,815 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 34, container 2, passenger/cargo 5,
petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 8
foreign-owned: 10 (Denmark 1, Greece 6, Lebanon 2, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 34 (2005)

Airports:
87 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 72
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 38
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 15
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
2 (2004 est.)

Military Egypt

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for conscript military service; 3-year service obligation (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 18,347,560 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 15,540,234 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 802,920 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$2.44 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Egypt

Disputes - international:
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since
the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in
October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with
Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to
some 70,000 persons who identify as Palestinians but who largely
lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition as
refugees

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 70,215 (Palestinian Territories)
(2004)

Illicit drugs:
transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin and
opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop for
Nigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to lax
financial regulations and enforcement

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@El Salvador

Introduction El Salvador

Background:
El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the
Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost
about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the
government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for
military and political reforms.

Geography El Salvador

Location:
Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between
Guatemala and Honduras

Geographic coordinates:
13 50 N, 88 55 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 21,040 sq km
land: 20,720 sq km
water: 320 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Land boundaries: total: 545 km border countries: Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km

Coastline:
307 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to
April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands

Terrain:
mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central plateau

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Cerro El Pital 2,730 m

Natural resources:
hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 31.85%
permanent crops: 12.07%
other: 56.08% (2001)

Irrigated land:
360 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes very
destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely susceptible
to hurricanes

Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
smallest Central American country and only one without a coastline
on Caribbean Sea

People El Salvador

Population:
6,704,932 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 36.5% (male 1,250,901/female 1,198,589)
15-64 years: 58.3% (male 1,860,084/female 2,051,140)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 153,133/female 191,085) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.57 years
male: 20.44 years
female: 22.69 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.75% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
27.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 25.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.98 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.22 years
male: 67.61 years
female: 75.01 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.16 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
29,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
2,200 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Salvadoran(s) adjective: Salvadoran

Ethnic groups:
mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 83%, other 17%
note: there is extensive activity by Protestant groups throughout
the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 million
Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador

Languages:
Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)

Literacy:
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 80.2%
male: 82.8%
female: 77.7% (2003 est.)

Government El Salvador

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of El Salvador
conventional short form: El Salvador
local long form: Republica de El Salvador
local short form: El Salvador

Government type:
republic

Capital:
San Salvador

Administrative divisions:
14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz,
La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente,
Sonsonate, Usulutan

Independence:
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Constitution:
23 December 1983

Legal system:
based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez (since 1 June
2004); Vice President Ana Vilma DE ESCOBAR (since 1 June 2004); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez (since 1
June 2004); Vice President Ana Vilma DE ESCOBAR (since 1 June 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 21 March
2004 (next to be held March 2009)
election results: Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez elected president;
percent of vote - Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez (ARENA) 57.7%, Schafik
HANDAL (FMLN) 35.6%, Hector SILVA (CDU-PDC) 3.9%, other 2.8%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (84 seats;
members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve three-year
terms)
elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
FMLN 31, ARENA 28, PCN 15, PDC 5, CD 5

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are selected by the
Legislative Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER]; Democratic
Convergence or CD (formerly United Democratic Center or CDU) [Ruben
ZAMORA, secretary general]; Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ];
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo
GONZALEZ]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO,
president]; National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS,
secretary general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ
ZEPEDA, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Elias
Antonio SACA Gonzalez]; Social Christian Union or USC (formed by the
merger of Christian Social Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity Movement
or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president]; Social Democratic Party or
PSD [Juan MEDRANO]

Political pressure groups and leaders: labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El Salvador or SIES; Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS; National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS; National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS; Port Industry Union of El Salvador or SIPES; Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC; Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS; Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL; business organizations - National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP; Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC; Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI

International organization participation:
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rene Antonio LEON Rodriguez chancery: 2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-9671 FAX: [1] (202) 234-3834 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, New York (2), San Francisco, and Washington, DC consulate(s): Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador H. Douglas BARCLAY embassy: Final Boulevard Santa Elena Sur, Antiguo Cuscatlan, La Libertad, San Salvador mailing address: Unit 3116, APO AA 34023 telephone: [503] 278-4444 FAX: [503] 278-5522

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with
the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of
arms features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL
SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag of Nicaragua,
which has a different coat of arms centered in the white band - it
features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on
top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar to the flag of
Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern
centered in the white band

Economy El Salvador

Economy - overview:
GDP per capita is roughly half that of Brazil, Argentina, and
Chile, and the distribution of income is highly unequal. The
government is striving to open new export markets, encourage foreign
investment, modernize the tax and healthcare systems, and stimulate
the sluggish economy. Implementation of the Central
America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, ratified by El
Salvador in 2004, is viewed as a key policy to help achieve these
objectives. The trade deficit has been offset by annual remittances
from Salvadorans living abroad - 16% of GDP in 2004 - and external
aid. With the adoption of the US dollar as its currency, El Salvador
has lost control over monetary policy and must concentrate on
maintaining a disciplined fiscal policy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$32.35 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 9.2% industry: 31.1% services: 59.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.75 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 17.1%, industry 17.1%, services 65.8% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6.3% - but the economy has much underemployment (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
36.1% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 39.3% (2001)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
52.5 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.491 billion
expenditures: $2.782 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
41.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, sugar, corn, rice, beans, oilseed, cotton, sorghum; shrimp;
beef, dairy products

Industries:
food processing, beverages, petroleum, chemicals, fertilizer,
textiles, furniture, light metals

Industrial production growth rate:
0.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.158 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 44% hydro: 30.9% nuclear: 0% other: 25.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.45 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
91 million kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
473 million kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
39,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-880.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.249 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, shrimp, textiles,
chemicals, electricity

Exports - partners:
US 65.6%, Guatemala 11.8%, Honduras 6.3% (2004)

Imports:
$5.968 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels, foodstuffs,
petroleum, electricity

Imports - partners:
US 46.3%, Guatemala 8.1%, Mexico 6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.888 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.792 billion (September 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$125 million of which, $53 million from US (2003)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications El Salvador

Telephones - main lines in use:
752,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,149,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system
international: country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave
System

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 61 (plus 24 repeaters), FM 30, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
2.75 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (1997)

Televisions:
600,000 (1990)

Internet country code:
.sv

Internet hosts:
4,084 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
4 (2000)

Internet users:
550,000 (2003)

Transportation El Salvador

Railways:
total: 283 km
narrow gauge: 283 km 0.914-m gauge
note: length of operational route reduced from 562 km to 283 km by
disuse and lack of maintenance (2004)

Highways:
total: 10,029 km
paved: 1,986 km (including 327 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,043 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
Rio Lempa partially navigable (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Acajutla, Puerto Cutuco

Airports:
73 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 69 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 54 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military El Salvador

Military branches:
Army, Navy (FNES), Air Force (FAS)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service, with 12-month service obligation; 16 years of age for volunteers (2002)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,391,278 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 960,315 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 70,286 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$157 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.1% (2003)

Transnational Issues El Salvador

Disputes - international:
in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed
areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite OAS
intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of
the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite
resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating
Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny
Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in
the Gulf of Fonseca

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of marijuana
produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse on the rise

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Equatorial Guinea

Introduction Equatorial Guinea

Background:
Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968 after 190 years of
Spanish rule. This tiny country, composed of a mainland portion plus
five inhabited islands, is one of the smallest on the African
continent. President OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO has ruled the country for
over two decades since seizing power from his uncle, then President
MACIAS, in a 1979 coup. Although nominally a constitutional
democracy since 1991, the 1996 and 2002 presidential elections - as
well as the 1999 legislative elections - were widely seen as being
flawed. The president controls most opposition parties through the
judicious use of patronage. Despite the country's economic windfall
from oil production resulting in a massive increase in government
revenue in recent years, there have been few improvements in the
country's living standards.

Geography Equatorial Guinea

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between Cameroon and
Gabon

Geographic coordinates:
2 00 N, 10 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 28,051 sq km
land: 28,051 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries: total: 539 km border countries: Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km

Coastline: 296 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; always hot, humid

Terrain:
coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are volcanic

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite, diamonds, tantalum,
sand and gravel, clay

Land use:
arable land: 4.63%
permanent crops: 3.57%
other: 91.8% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
violent windstorms, flash floods

Environment - current issues:
tap water is not potable; deforestation

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: insular and continental regions rather widely separated

People Equatorial Guinea

Population:
535,881 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41.7% (male 112,326/female 111,244)
15-64 years: 54.5% (male 140,568/female 151,500)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 8,900/female 11,343) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.83 years
male: 18.2 years
female: 19.46 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.42% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
36.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 85.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 91.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 49.7 years
male: 48.01 years
female: 51.44 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.62 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
3.4% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5,900 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
370 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)
adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean

Ethnic groups:
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni (primarily
Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Religions:
nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic, pagan
practices

Languages:
Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi,
Ibo

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.7%
male: 93.3%
female: 78.4% (2003 est.)

Government Equatorial Guinea

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
conventional short form: Equatorial Guinea
local long form: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial
local short form: Guinea Ecuatorial
former: Spanish Guinea

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Malabo

Administrative divisions:
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Annobon, Bioko
Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral, Wele-Nzas

Independence:
12 October 1968 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 October (1968)

Constitution:
approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January
1995

Legal system:
partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA
MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized power in a military coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Miguel Abia BITEO BORICO (since
14 June 2004); First Deputy Prime Minister Mercelino Oyono NTUTUMU
(since 15 June 2004); Deputy Prime Minister Ricardo Mangue Obama
NFUBEA (since 15 June 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held December 2009);
prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president;
percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 97.1%, Celestino
Bonifacio BACALE 2.2%; elections marred by widespread fraud

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of People's Representatives or Camara de
Representantes del Pueblo (80 seats; members directly elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 25 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
PDGE 98, NA 2
note: Parliament has little power since the constitution vests all
executive authority in the president

Judicial branch:
Supreme Tribunal

Political parties and leaders:
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido MIKO
Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE (ruling
party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress of
Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP
[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP
[Victorino Bolekia BONAY]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI
[Daniel OYONO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
OAS (observer), OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Teodoro Biyogo NSUE
chancery: 2020 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 518-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 518-5252

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Equatorial Guinea (embassy
closed September 1995); the US ambassador to Cameroon is accredited
to Equatorial Guinea; the US State Department is considering opening
a Consulate Agency in Malabo

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a
blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side and the coat of arms
centered in the white band; the coat of arms has six yellow
six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and five offshore
islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton tree and below
which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ, JUSTICIA (Unity,
Peace, Justice)

Economy Equatorial Guinea

Economy - overview:
The discovery and exploitation of large oil reserves have
contributed to dramatic economic growth in recent years. Forestry,
farming, and fishing are also major components of GDP. Subsistence
farming predominates. Although pre-independence Equatorial Guinea
counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings, the neglect
of the rural economy under successive regimes has diminished
potential for agriculture-led growth (the government has stated its
intention to reinvest some oil revenue into agriculture). A number
of aid programs sponsored by the World Bank and the IMF have been
cut off since 1993 because of corruption and mismanagement. No
longer eligible for concessional financing because of large oil
revenues, the government has been unsuccessfully trying to agree on
a "shadow" fiscal management program with the World Bank and IMF.
Businesses, for the most part, are owned by government officials and
their family members. Undeveloped natural resources include
titanium, iron ore, manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. Growth
presumably remained strong in 2004, led by oil.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.27 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
20% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3%
industry: 95.7%
services: 1.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Unemployment rate:
30% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
50.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $813.2 million
expenditures: $375.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, cassava (tapioca), bananas, palm oil nuts; livestock; timber

Industries:
petroleum, fishing, sawmilling, natural gas

Industrial production growth rate:
30% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
26.69 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 94.3% hydro: 5.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
24.82 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
350,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
563.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
20 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
20 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
68.53 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-578.6 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.771 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, methanol, timber, cocoa

Exports - partners:
US 29.3%, China 22.8%, Spain 16%, Taiwan 14.9%, Canada 6.8% (2004)

Imports:
$1.167 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum sector equipment, other equipment

Imports - partners:
US 26.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 21.4%, Spain 13.6%, France 8.8%, UK 7.8%,
Italy 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$235.2 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$248 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$33.8 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
XAF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 January - 31 December

Communications Equatorial Guinea

Telephones - main lines in use:
9,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
41,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poor system with adequate government services
domestic: NA
international: country code - 240; international communications from
Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth
station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 5 (2002)

Radios:
180,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
4,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gq

Internet hosts:
3 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
1,800 (2002)

Transportation Equatorial Guinea

Highways:
total: 2,880 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
condensate 37 km; gas 39 km; liquid natural gas 4 km; oil 24 km
(2004)

Ports and harbors:
Malabo

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,556 GRT/9,704 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
less than 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Equatorial Guinea

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 106,571 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 66,379 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$126.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Equatorial Guinea

Disputes - international:
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of
Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an
island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined maritime
coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been
pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Eritrea

Introduction Eritrea

Background:
Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a federation.
Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years later
sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991 with
Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was
overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year
border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN
auspices on 12 December 2000. Eritrea currently hosts a UN
peacekeeping operation that is monitoring a 25 km-wide Temporary
Security Zone on the border with Ethiopia. An international
commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its
findings in 2002 but final demarcation is on hold due to Ethiopian
objections.

Geography Eritrea

Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and Sudan

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 39 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 121,320 sq km
land: 121,320 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:
total: 1,626 km
border countries: Djibouti 109 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km

Coastline:
2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea
1,083 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the
central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in
western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September
except in coastal desert

Terrain:
dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending highlands,
descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the northwest
to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75 m
highest point: Soira 3,018 m

Natural resources:
gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish

Land use: arable land: 4.95% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 95.02% (2001)

Irrigated land:
220 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent droughts; locust swarms

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing; loss of
infrastructure from civil warfare

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest shipping
lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia along the
Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993

People Eritrea

Population:
4,561,599 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.8% (male 1,023,898/female 1,019,389)
15-64 years: 51.9% (male 1,170,823/female 1,194,741)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 74,312/female 78,436) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.54 years
male: 17.35 years
female: 17.73 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.51% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
38.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
13.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: UNHCR began repatriating about 150,000 Eritrean refugees from
Sudan in 2001 following the restoration of diplomatic relations
between the two countries in 2000 (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 74.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 82.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 58.47 years
male: 56.96 years
female: 60.02 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
60,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
6,300 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean

Ethnic groups:
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea
coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%

Religions:
Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant

Languages:
Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 58.6% male: 69.9% female: 47.6% (2003 est.)

Government Eritrea

Country name:
conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia

Government type:
transitional government
note: following a successful referendum on independence for the
Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National
Assembly, composed entirely of the People's Front for Democracy and
Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a
Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a
constitution; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the
transitional legislature; the constitution, ratified in May 1997,
did not enter into effect, pending parliamentary and presidential
elections; parliamentary elections had been scheduled in December
2001, but were postponed indefinitely; currently the sole legal
party is the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ)

Capital:
Asmara

Administrative divisions:
6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); Anseba, Debub (Southern),
Debubawi K'eyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash Barka, Ma'akel
(Central), Semenawi Keyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)

Independence:
24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 May (1993)

Constitution:
a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced
by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented

Legal system:
primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957, with revisions;
new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been
promulgated; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted
laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Sharia law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority;
members appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election last
held 8 June 1993 (next election date uncertain as the National
Assembly did not hold a presidential election in December 2001 as
anticipated)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; term limits not
established)
elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new
constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old
Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member
Constituent Assembly, that had been established in 1997 to discuss
and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans
living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to
serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections
to a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of
the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution
stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the
National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible
voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were
postponed indefinitely

Judicial branch:
High Court - regional, subregional, and village courts; also have
military and special courts

Political parties and leaders: People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki]; note - a National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or voted on it

Political pressure groups and leaders: Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ [leader NA] (also including Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM (also known as the Abu Sihel Movement) [leader NA]); Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement) [leader NA]; Eritrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru]; Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador GIRMA Asmerom
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
consulate(s) general: Oakland (California)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Scott H. DELISI
embassy: Franklin D. Roosevelt Street, Asmara
mailing address: P. O. Box 211, Asmara
telephone: [291] (1) 120004
FAX: [291] (1) 127584

Flag description:
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing the flag
into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the lower one
is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is centered on
the hoist side of the red triangle

Economy Eritrea

Economy - overview:
Since independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993, Eritrea has faced
the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country. Like the
economies of many African nations, the economy is largely based on
subsistence agriculture, with 80% of the population involved in
farming and herding. The Ethiopian-Eritrea war in 1998-2000 severely
hurt Eritrea's economy. GDP growth fell to zero in 1999 and to
-12.1% in 2000. The May 2000 Ethiopian offensive into northern
Eritrea caused some $600 million in property damage and loss,
including losses of $225 million in livestock and 55,000 homes. The
attack prevented planting of crops in Eritrea's most productive
region, causing food production to drop by 62%. Even during the war,
Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure, asphalting new
roads, improving its ports, and repairing war damaged roads and
bridges. Since the war ended, the government has maintained a firm
grip on the economy, expanding the use of the military and
party-owned businesses to complete Eritrea's development agenda.
Erratic rainfall and the delayed demobilization of agriculturalists
from the military kept cereal production well below normal, holding
down growth in 2002-04. Eritrea's economic future depends upon its
ability to master social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment,
and low skills, and to open its economy to private enterprise so the
diaspora's money and expertise can foster economic growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.154 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 12.4%
industry: 25.9%
services: 61.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20%

Unemployment rate:
NA (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
26.3% of GDP (2002)

Budget:
revenues: $235.2 million
expenditures: $373.2 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sorghum, lentils, vegetables, corn, cotton, tobacco, coffee, sisal;
livestock, goats; fish

Industries:
food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, salt, cement,
commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
246.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
229.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
6,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-144.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$64.44 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures (2000)

Exports - partners:
Malaysia 26.6%, Italy 17.1%, Japan 8%, Germany 6.6%, China 5%, UK
4.9%, US 4.7%, France 4.4%, Poland 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$622 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods (2000)

Imports - partners:
Ireland 26.6%, US 18.6%, Italy 16.6%, Turkey 6.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$30.87 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$311 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$77 million (1999)

Currency (code):
nakfa (ERN)

Currency code:
ERN

Exchange rates:
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003), 13.958
(2002), 11.31 (2001), 9.625 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Eritrea

Telephones - main lines in use:
38,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate
domestic: very inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government
is seeking international tenders to improve the system (2002)
international: country code - 291; note - international connections
exist

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM NA, shortwave 2 (2000)

Radios:
345,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2000)

Televisions:
1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.er

Internet hosts:
1,047 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
9,500 (2003)

Transportation Eritrea

Railways: total: 306 km narrow gauge: 306 km 0.950-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 4,010 km paved: 874 km unpaved: 3,136 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Assab, Massawa

Merchant marine:
total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 16,069 GRT/19,549 DWT
by type: cargo 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll
off 1
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
17 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 13 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Eritrea

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 16 months (2004)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: NA (2005)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$151 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
13.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Eritrea

Disputes - international:
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea
Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite
international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations and
armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to
withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors made by
the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the
award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war; Eritrea insists that
the EEBC decision be implemented immediately without modifications;
since 2000, the UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea
(UNMEE) monitors the 25km-wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea
until the demarcation; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese
rebel groups; Eritrea protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish
Islands awarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 59,000 (border war with Ethiopia from 1998-2000; most IDPs
are near the central border region) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Estonia

Introduction Estonia

Background:
After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule,
Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into
the USSR in 1940, it regained its freedom in 1991, with the collapse
of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994,
Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with
Western Europe. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.

Geography Estonia

Location:
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland,
between Latvia and Russia

Geographic coordinates:
59 00 N, 26 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 45,226 sq km
land: 43,211 sq km
water: 2,015 sq km
note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined

Land boundaries: total: 633 km border countries: Latvia 339 km, Russia 294 km

Coastline:
3,794 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with
neighboring states

Climate:
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Terrain:
marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

Natural resources:
oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite,
arable land, sea mud

Land use: arable land: 16.04% permanent crops: 0.45% other: 83.51% (2001)

Irrigated land:
40 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
sometimes flooding occurs in the spring

Environment - current issues:
air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning power
plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to
the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less
than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to
water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in
connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the
pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400
natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural
areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain
locations

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore
lie more than 1,500 islands

People Estonia

Population:
1,332,893 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 106,300/female 100,446)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 429,843/female 472,034)
65 years and over: 16.8% (male 74,037/female 150,233) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.06 years
male: 35.52 years
female: 42.35 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.65% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female
total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.77 years
male: 66.28 years
female: 77.6 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
7,800 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Estonian(s)
adjective: Estonian

Ethnic groups:
Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.3%,
Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)

Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian
(including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic,
Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%,
none 6.1% (2000 census)

Languages:
Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7%
(2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2003 est.)

Government Estonia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Estonia
conventional short form: Estonia
local long form: Eesti Vabariik
local short form: Eesti
former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
parliamentary republic

Capital:
Tallinn

Administrative divisions:
15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond): Harjumaa (Tallinn),
Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa
(Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa
(Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare),
Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa
(Voru)
note: counties have the administrative center name following in
parentheses

Independence:
20 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 is
the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia; 20
August 1991 is the date it declared its independence from the Soviet
Union

Constitution:
adopted 28 June 1992

Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Arnold RUUTEL (since 8 October 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if
a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three
rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly
(made up of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the
president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest
percentage of votes; election last held 21 September 2001 (next to
be held in the fall of 2006); prime minister nominated by the
president and approved by Parliament
election results: Arnold RUUTEL elected president on 21 September
2001 by a 367-member electoral assembly that convened following
Parliament's failure in August to elect then-President MERI's
successor; on the second ballot of voting, RUUTEL received 186 votes
to Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's 155; the remaining 26 ballots
were either left blank or invalid

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members are elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - Center Party 25.4%, Res
Publica 24.6%, Reform Party 17.7%, Estonian People's Union 13%, Pro
Patria Union (Fatherland League) 7.3% People's Party Moodukad 7%;
seats by party - Center Party 28, Res Publica 28, Reform Party 19,
Estonian People's Union 13, Pro Patria Union 7, People's Party
Moodukad 6

Judicial branch:
National Court (chairman appointed by Parliament for life)

Political parties and leaders:
Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman];
Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN, chairman];
Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP]; Estonian
United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG, chairman];
Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit) [Tunne KELAM, chairman]; Res Publica
[Juhan PARTS, chairman]; Social Democratic Party (formerly People's
Party Moodukad or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR, chairman]; Social
Liberals (group of 8 parliamentarians, former Center Party members)
[Peeter Kreitzberg]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member),
FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NATO, NIB,
NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNTSO,
UPU, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Juri LUIK
chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Aldona Zofia WOS
embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [372] 668-8100
FAX: [372] 668-8134

Flag description:
pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three equal
horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white

Economy Estonia

Economy - overview:
Estonia, as a new member of the World Trade Organization and the
European Union, has transitioned effectively to a modern market
economy with strong ties to the West, including the pegging of its
currency to the euro. The economy benefits from strong electronics
and telecommunications sectors and is greatly influenced by
developments in Finland, Sweden, and Germany, three major trading
partners. The current account deficit remains high; however, the
state budget enjoyed a surplus of $130 million in 2003.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$19.23 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $14,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.1% industry: 28.9% services: 67% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
660,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 11%, industry 20%, services 69% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
9.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA (2000)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
28.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.622 billion
expenditures: $4.601 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
5.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish

Industries:
engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textile;
information technology, telecommunications

Industrial production growth rate:
5% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
8.301 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.8% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0.2% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.358 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.562 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
200 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
5,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.27 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.27 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-1.169 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$5.701 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 33%, wood and paper 15%, textiles 14%, food
products 8%, furniture 7%, metals, chemical products (2001)

Exports - partners:
Finland 23.1%, Sweden 15.3%, Germany 8.4%, Latvia 7.9%, Russia
5.7%, Lithuania 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$7.318 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 33.5%, chemical products 11.6%, textiles
10.3%, foodstuffs 9.4%, transportation equipment 8.9% (2001)

Imports - partners:
Finland 22.1%, Germany 12.9%, Sweden 9.7%, Russia 9.2%, Lithuania
5.3%, Latvia 4.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.503 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$8.373 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$108 million (2000)

Currency (code):
Estonian kroon (EEK)

Currency code:
EEK

Exchange rates:
krooni per US dollar - 12.596 (2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612 (2002),
17.478 (2001), 16.969 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Estonia

Telephones - main lines in use:
475,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
881,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: foreign investment in the form of joint
business ventures greatly improved telephone service; substantial
fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in
the digital mode; Internet services are available throughout most of
the country - only about 11,000 subscriber requests were unfilled by
September 2000
domestic: a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet
services is available throughout the country
international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland,
Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched
service; two international switches are located in Tallinn (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 98, shortwave 0 (2001)

Radios:
1.01 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (2001)

Televisions:
605,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ee

Internet hosts:
82,142 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
38 (2001)

Internet users:
444,000 (2002)

Transportation Estonia

Railways: total: 958 km broad gauge: 958 km 1.520-m/1.524-m gauge (132 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 55,944 km
paved: 13,874 km (including 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 42,070 km (2002)

Waterways:
500 km (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 859 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Kopli, Kuivastu, Muuga, Tallinn, Virtsu

Merchant marine:
total: 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 212,998 GRT/177,488 DWT
by type: cargo 17, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 6 (Norway 6)
registered in other countries: 51 (2005)

Airports:
29 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Military Estonia

Military branches:
Estonian Defense Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and Air
Defense Staff, Republic Security Forces (internal and border
troops), Volunteer Defense League (Kaitseliit), Maritime Border
Guard, Coast Guard
note: Border Guards and Ministry of Internal Affairs become part of
the Estonian Defense Forces in wartime; the Coast Guard is
subordinate to the Ministry of Defense in peacetime and the Estonian
Navy in wartime

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service, with 11-month service obligation; Estonia has committed to retaining conscription for men and women up to 2010; 17 years of age for volunteers (2004)

Manpower available for military service: males age 18-49: 291,696 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service: males age 18-49: 200,382 (2005 est.) : note - in 2004, 51% of the young men called up for service were determined to be unfit; main obstacles to conscription were psychiatric and behavioral

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 11,146 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$155 million (2002 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2% (2002 est.)

Transnational Issues Estonia

Disputes - international:
in 1996, the Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was
initialed but both states have been hesitant to sign and ratify it,
with Russia asserting that Estonia needs to better assimilate
Russian-speakers and Estonian groups pressing for realignment of the
boundary based more closely on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that
would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the
Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen
border rules

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest Asia
and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America to Western
Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from Western Europe to
Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem; possible
precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking; potential money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a
concern as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Ethiopia

Introduction Ethiopia

Background:
Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian monarchy
maintained its freedom from colonial rule, with the exception of the
1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. In 1974 a military
junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since
1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups,
uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the
regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of rebel forces,
the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A
constitution was adopted in 1994 and Ethiopia's first multiparty
elections were held in 1995. A two and a half year border war with
Eritrea ended with a peace treaty on 12 December 2000. Final
demarcation of the boundary is currently on hold due to Ethiopian
objections to an international commission's finding requiring it to
surrender sensitive territory.

Geography Ethiopia

Location:
Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 N, 38 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,127,127 sq km
land: 1,119,683 sq km
water: 7,444 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,328 km
border countries: Djibouti 349 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 861 km,
Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 1,606 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Terrain:
high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great Rift
Valley

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m
highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m

Natural resources:
small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas,
hydropower

Land use: arable land: 10.71% permanent crops: 0.75% other: 88.54% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,900 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water
shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor
management

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost with the
de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; the Blue Nile, the
chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in T'ana Hayk
(Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are believed to
have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and castor bean

People Ethiopia

Population:
73,053,286
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.9% (male 16,082,504/female 15,999,602)
15-64 years: 53.4% (male 19,452,737/female 19,525,746)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 905,648/female 1,087,049) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.75 years
male: 17.64 years
female: 17.85 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.36% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
38.61 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan for refuge from
war and famine in earlier years is expected to continue for several
years; some Sudanese and Somali refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from
the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to
their homes (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 95.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 85.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.83 years
male: 47.67 years
female: 50.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.5 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
120,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and hepatitis E vectorborne diseases: malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high risks in some locations respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Ethiopian(s)
adjective: Ethiopian

Ethnic groups:
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali
6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Religions:
Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%, other 3%-8%

Languages:
Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other
local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.7%
male: 50.3%
female: 35.1% (2003 est.)

Government Ethiopia

Country name:
conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
conventional short form: Ethiopia
local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik
local short form: Ityop'iya
former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa
abbreviation: FDRE

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Addis Ababa

Administrative divisions:
9 ethnically-based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2
self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular -
astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara),
Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples),
Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali),
Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations,
Nationalities and Peoples)

Independence:
oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the
world - at least 2,000 years

National holiday:
National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)

Constitution:
ratified December 1994, effective 22 August 1995

Legal system:
currently transitional mix of national and regional courts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President GIRMA Woldegiorgis (since 8 October 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August
1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994
constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and
approved by the House of People's Representatives
elections: president elected by the House of People's
Representatives for a six-year term; election last held 8 October
2001 (next to be held October 2007); prime minister designated by
the party in power following legislative elections
election results: GIRMA Woldegiorgis elected president; percent of
vote by the House of People's Representatives - 100%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation or upper
chamber (108 seats; members are chosen by state assemblies to serve
five-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives or lower
chamber (548 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote
from single-member districts to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 15 May 2005 (next to be held NA 2010)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - OPDO 177,
ANDM 134, TPLF 38, WGGPDO 27, EPRDF 19, SPDO 18, GNDM 15, KSPDO 10,
ANDP 8, GPRDF 7, SOPDM 7, BGPDUF 6, BMPDO 5, KAT 4, other regional
political groupings 22, independents 8; note - 43 seats unconfirmed
note: irregularities and violence at some polling stations
necessitated the rescheduling of voting in certain constituencies;
voting postponed in Somali regional state because of severe drought

Judicial branch:
Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the
Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and
appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other
federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's
Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal
Judicial Administrative Council)

Political parties and leaders:
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA]; Benishangul
Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [Mulualem BESSE];
Coalition for Unity and Democracy or CUD [HAILU Shawil]; Ethiopian
People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an
alliance of ANDM, OPDO, SEPDF, and TPLF); Gurage Nationalities'
Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; United Ethopian Democratic
Forces or UEDF [MERARA Gudina]; dozens of small parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Afar Revolutionary Democratic Union Front or ARDUF [leader NA];
Council of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy in Ethiopia or
CAFPDE [BEYANE Petros]; Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic
Coalition or SEPDC [BEYANE Petros]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,
ITU, MIGA, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMIL, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador KASSAHUN Ayele chancery: 3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 364-1200 FAX: [1] (202) 686-9551 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia A. BRAZEAL embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa telephone: [251] (1) 550666 FAX: [251] (1) 551328

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a
yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles
between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands;
Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the three
main colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African
countries upon independence that they became known as the
pan-African colors

Economy Ethiopia

Economy - overview:
Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on agriculture,
accounting for half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of total
employment. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent drought
and poor cultivation practices. Coffee is critical to the Ethiopian
economy with exports of some $156 million in 2002, but historically
low prices have seen many farmers switching to qat to supplement
income. The war with Eritrea in 1998-2000 and recurrent drought have
buffeted the economy, in particular coffee production. In November
2001, Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly Indebted
Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Under Ethiopia's land tenure
system, the government owns all land and provides long-term leases
to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the
industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as
collateral for loans. Drought struck again late in 2002, leading to
a 2% decline in GDP in 2003. Normal weather patterns late in 2003
helped agricultural and GDP growth recover in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$54.89 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
11.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 47%
industry: 12.4%
services: 40.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, industry and construction 8%,
government and services 12% (1985)

Unemployment rate:
NA (2002)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 33.7% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.887 billion
expenditures: $2.388 billion, including capital expenditures of $788
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, sugarcane, potatoes, qat; hides,
cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals processing,
cement

Industrial production growth rate:
6.7% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.149 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.3% hydro: 97.6% nuclear: 0% other: 1.2% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.998 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
214,000 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
12.46 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-464.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$562.8 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds

Exports - partners:
Djibouti 13.3%, Germany 10%, Japan 8.4%, Saudi Arabia 5.6%, US
5.2%, UAE 5%, Italy 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$2.104 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles

Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 25.3%, US 15.8%, China 6.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$923.1 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$2.9 billion (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$308 million (FY00/01)

Currency (code):
birr (ETB)

Currency code:
ETB

Exchange rates:
birr per US dollar - 8.68 (2004), 8.5997 (2003), 8.5678 (2002),
8.4575 (2001), 8.2173 (2000)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

Fiscal year:
8 July - 7 July

Communications Ethiopia

Telephones - main lines in use:
435,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
97,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate for government use
domestic: open-wire; microwave radio relay; radio communication in
the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; two domestic satellites provide
the national trunk service
international: country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti;
microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth
stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
15.2 million (2002)

Television broadcast stations:
1 plus 24 repeaters (2002)

Televisions:
682,000 (2002)

Internet country code:
.et

Internet hosts:
9 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
75,000 (2003)

Transportation Ethiopia

Railways:
total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti
railroad)
narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge
note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2004)

Highways:
total: 33,297 km
paved: 3,996 km
unpaved: 29,301 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Ethiopia is landlocked and has used ports of Assab and Massawa in
Eritrea and port of Djibouti

Merchant marine:
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 81,933 GRT/101,287 DWT
by type: cargo 6, roll on/roll off 2 (2005)

Airports:
83 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 14 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 69 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Military Ethiopia

Military branches:
Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Air Force
note: Ethiopia is landlocked and has no navy; following the
secession of Eritrea, Ethiopian naval facilities remained in
Eritrean possession (2003)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 14,568,277 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 8,072,755 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 803,777 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$337.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Ethiopia

Disputes - international:
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia
Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite
international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations and
armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to
withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors made by
the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the
award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war; Eritrea insists that
the EEBC decision be implemented immediately without modifications;
Ethiopia has only an administrative line and no international border
with the Oromo region of southern Somalia where it maintains
alliances with local clans in opposition to the unrecognized Somali
Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists provide
port facilities and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; the UNHCR
expects most of the remaining 23,000 Somali refugees in Ethiopia to
be repatriated in 2005; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary
with Sudan have been delayed by civil war

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 93,032 (Sudan) 23,578 (Somalia)
IDPs: 132,000 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000 and ethnic
clashes in Gambela; most IDPs are in Tigray and Gambela Provinces)
(2004)

Illicit drugs:
Transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and Southeast Asia
and destined for Europe and North America as well as cocaine
destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for
local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia
(legal in all three countries); the lack of a well-developed
financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering
center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Europa Island

Introduction Europa Island

Background:
A French possession since 1897, the island is heavily wooded; it is
the site of a small military garrison that staffs a weather station.

Geography Europa Island

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about half way
between southern Madagascar and southern Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
22 20 S, 40 22 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 28 sq km
land: 28 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.16 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
22.2 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
low and flat

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 24 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (mangrove forests and woodlands) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
wildlife sanctuary

People Europa Island

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison and a few
meteorologists; visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)

Government Europa Island

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Europa Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Europa

Dependency status:
possession of France; administered by the Administrateur Superieur
of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Europa Island

Economy - overview:
no economic activity

Industries:
none

Communications Europa Island

Communications - note: 1 meteorological station

Transportation Europa Island

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Europa Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Europa Island

Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@European Union

Introduction European Union

Preliminary statement:
The evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic
agreement among six neighboring states in 1951 to today's
supranational organization of 25 countries across the European
continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of
history. Dynastic unions for territorial consolidation were long the
norm in Europe. On a few occasions even country-level unions were
arranged - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the
Austro-Hungarian Empire were examples - but for such a large number
of nation-states to cede some of their sovereignty to an overarching
entity is truly unique. Although the EU is not a federation in the
strict sense, it is far more than a free-trade association such as
ASEAN, NAFTA, or Mercosur, and it has many of the attributes
associated with independent nations: its own flag, anthem, founding
date, and currency, as well as an incipient common foreign and
security policy in its dealings with other nations. In the future,
many of these nation-like characteristics are likely to be expanded.
Thus, inclusion of basic intelligence on the EU has been deemed
appropriate as a new, separate entity in The World Factbook.
However, because of the EU's special status, this description is
placed after the regular country entries.

Background: Following the two devastating World Wars of the first half of the 20th century, a number of European leaders in the late 1940s became convinced that the only way to establish a lasting peace was to unite the two chief belligerent nations - France and Germany - both economically and politically. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed an eventual union of all Europe, the first step of which would be the integration of the coal and steel industries of Western Europe. The following year the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, signed the Treaty of Paris. The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other parts of the countries' economies. In 1957, the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and they have been held every five years since. In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU). In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU, raising the membership total to 15. A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it become the unit of exchange for all of the EU states except the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Denmark. In 2002, citizens of the 12 euro-area countries began using the euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia - bringing the current membership to 25. In order to ensure that the EU can continue to function efficiently with an expanded membership, the 2003 Treaty of Nice set forth rules streamlining the size and procedures of EU institutions. An EU Constitutional Treaty, signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, gave member states two years to ratify the document before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006. Referenda held in France and the Netherlands in May-June 2005 that rejected the constitution suspended the ratification effort. Despite the expansion of membership and functions, "Eurosceptics" in various countries have raised questions about the erosion of national cultures and the imposition of a flood of regulations from the EU capital in Brussels. Failure by all member states to ratify the constitution or the inability of newcomer countries to meet euro currency standards might force a loosening of some EU agreements and perhaps lead to several levels of EU participation. These "tiers" might eventually range from an "inner" core of politically integrated countries to a looser "outer" economic association of members.

Geography European Union

Location:
Europe between Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, southeastern Europe, and
the North Atlantic Ocean

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 3,976,372 sq km

Area - comparative:
less than one-half the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 11,214.8 km
border countries: Albania 282 km, Andorra 120.3 km, Belarus 1,050
km, Bulgaria 494 km, Croatia 999 km, Holy See 3.2 km, Liechtenstein
34.9 km, Macedonia 246 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Norway 2,348 km, Romania
443 km, Russia 2,257 km, San Marino 39 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151
km, Switzerland 1,811 km, Turkey 206 km, Ukraine 726 km
note: data for European Continent only

Coastline:
65,413.9 km

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate;
mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south

Terrain:
fairly flat along the Baltic and Atlantic coast; mountainous in the
central and southern areas

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lammefjord, Denmark -7 m; Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands
-7 m
highest point: Mount Blanc, France/Italy 4,807 m

Natural resources:
iron ore, arable land, natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, lead,
zinc, hydropower, uranium, potash, fish

Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA%

Irrigated land:
115,807 sq km

Natural hazards:
flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous area; earthquakes
in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy; periodic droughts in
Spain; ice floes in the Baltic

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical
Timber 94
signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

People European Union

Population:
456,953,258 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.03% (male 37,608,010/female 35,632,351)
15-64 years: 67.17% (male 154,439,536/female 152,479,619)
65 years and over: 16.81% (male 31,515,921/female 45,277,821) (2005
est.)

Median age:
NA

Population growth rate:
0.15% (July 2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10 births/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: NA
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and older: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (July 2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (July 2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.3 years
male: 75.1 years
female: 81.6 years (July 2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.47 children born/woman (July 2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Religions:
Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish

Languages:
Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German,
Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish,
Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official
languages are listed; Irish (Gaelic) will become the twenty-first
language on 1 January 2007

Government European Union

Union name:
conventional long form: European Union
abbreviation: EU

Political structure:
a hybrid intergovernmental and supranational organization

Capital:
Brussels, Belgium
note: the Council of the European Union meets in Brussels, the
European Parliament meets in Strasbourg, France, and the Court of
Justice of the European Communities meets in Luxembourg

Member states:
25 countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; note - Canary Islands
(Spain), Azores and Madeira (Portugal), and French Guyana,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion (France) are sometimes listed
separately even though they are legally a part of Spain, Portugal,
and France; candidate countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Turkey

Independence:
7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed establishing the EU); 1
November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered into force)

National holiday:
Europe Day 9 May (1950); note - a Union-wide holiday, the day that
Robert Schuman proposed the creation of an organized Europe

Constitution:
based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up
the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties
of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single
European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in
1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in
2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October
2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either
by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled
to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch
referenda in May-June 2005 caused a suspension of the ratification
process

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of union: President of the European Commission Jose DURAO
BARROSO (since 22 November 2004)
cabinet: European Commission (composed of 25 members, one from each
member country; each commissioner responsible for one or more policy
areas)
elections: the president of the European Commission is designated by
member governments; the president-designate then chooses the other
Commission members; the European Parliament confirms the entire
Commission for a five-year term; election last held 18 November 2004
(next to be held 2009)
election results: European Parliament approved the European
Commission by an approval vote of 449 to 149 with 82 abstentions
note: the European Council brings together heads of state and
government and the president of the European Commission and meets at
least twice a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the major
political issues relating to European integration and to issue
general policy guidelines

Legislative branch:
Council of the European Union (25 member-state ministers having 321
votes; the number of votes is roughly proportional to member-states'
population); note - the Council is the main decision-making body of
the EU; European Parliament (732 seats; seats allocated among member
states by proportion to population); members elected by direct
universal suffrage for a five-year term
elections: last held 10-13 June 2004 (next to be held June 2009)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - EPP-ED
268, PES 202, ALDE 88, Greens/EFA 42, EUL/NGL 41, IND/DEM 36, UEN
27, independents 28

Judicial branch:
Court of Justice of the European Communities (ensures that the
treaties are interpreted and applied correctly) - 25 justices (one
from each member state) appointed for a six-year term; note - for
the sake of efficiency, the court can sit with 11 justices known as
the "Grand Chamber"; Court of First Instance - 25 justices appointed
for a six-year term

Political parties and leaders:
Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE
[Graham R. WATSON]; Independence/Democracy Group or IND/DEM
[Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Group of Greens/European Free
Alliance or Greens/EFA [Monica FRASSONI and Daniel Marc
COHN-BENDIT]; Socialist Group in the European Parliament or PES
[Martin SCHULZ]; Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic
Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's
Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Hans-Gert POETTERING]; Union for
Europe of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and Cristiana
MUSCARDINI]

International organization participation:
European Union: ASEAN (dialogue member), ARF (dialogue member),
EBRD, IDA, OAS (observer), OECD, WTO
European Commission: Australian Group, CBSS, CERN, FAO, G-10, NSG
(observer), UN (observer)
European Central Bank: BIS
European Investment Bank: WADB (nonregional member)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador John BRUTON chancery: 2300 M Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 862-9500 FAX: [1] (202) 429-1766

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rockwell SCHNABEL embassy: 13 Zinnerstraat/Rue Zinner, B-1000 Brussels mailing address: same as above telephone: [32] (2) 508-2222 FAX: [32] (2) 512-5720

Flag description:
on a blue field, 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged in a circle,
representing the union of the peoples of Europe; the number of stars
is fixed

Economy European Union

Economy - overview:
Domestically, the European Union attempts to lower trade barriers,
adopt a common currency, and move toward convergence of living
standards. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster Europe's trade
position and its political and economic power. Because of the great
differences in per capita income (from $10,000 to $28,000) and
historic national animosities, the European Community faces
difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies. For example,
both Germany and France since 2003 have flouted the member states'
treaty obligation to prevent their national budgets from running
more than a 3% deficit. In 2004, the EU admitted 10 central and
eastern European countries that are, in general, less advanced
technologically and economically than the existing 15. Twelve EU
member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1
January 1999. The UK, Sweden, and Denmark do not now participate;
the 10 new member states may choose to adopt the euro when they meet
the EU's fiscal and monetary criteria and the member states so agree.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.65 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $26,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.2% industry: 28.3% services: 69.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 215 million (various)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 4.5%, industry 27.4%, services 66.9% note: the remainder is in miscellaneous public and private sector industries and services (2004)

Unemployment rate:
9.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
See individual country listings

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25.4% (1995 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31.2 (2003 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
percent of GDP - 19.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes, dairy products,
cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, fish

Industries:
among the world's largest and most technologically advanced, the
European Union industrial base includes: ferrous and non-ferrous
metal production and processing, metal products, petroleum, coal,
cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail transportation
equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, construction
equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding, electrical power
equipment, machine tools and automated manufacturing systems,
electronics and telecommunications equipment, fishing, food and
beverage processing, furniture, paper, textiles, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
2.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.888 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - consumption:
2.661 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - exports:
270.8 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
268.5 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Oil - production:
2.648 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - consumption:
14.54 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - exports:
5.322 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
15.69 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
28.21 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
242.6 billion cu m (2001)

Natural gas - consumption:
467.7 billion cu m (2001)

Natural gas - exports:
78.1 billion cu m (2001)

Natural gas - imports:
297.8 billion cu m (2001)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.256 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$NA

Exports:
$1.109 trillion
note: external exports, excluding intra EU trade (2003)

Exports - commodities:
machinery, motor vehicles, aircraft, plastics, pharmaceuticals and
other chemicals, fuels, iron and steel, nonferrous metals, wood pulp
and paper products, textiles, meat, dairy products, fish, alcoholic
beverages.

Exports - partners:
US 22.9%, Switzerland 6.9%, China 4.1%, Japan 4%

Imports:
$1.123 trillion
note: external imports, excluding intra-EU trade (2003)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, vehicles, aircraft, plastics, crude oil, chemicals,
textiles, metals, foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:
US 15.1%, China 9.7%, Japan 6.7%, Switzerland 5.6%

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$NA

Currency (code):
euro, British pound, Danish kroner, Swedish kroner, Cypriot pound,
koruny (Czech Republic), krooni (Estonia), forint (Hungary), lati
(Latvia), litai (Lithuania), Maltese liri, zloty (Poland), koruny
(Slovakia), tolar (Slovenia)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06 (2002), 1.12
(2001), 1.09 (2000)

Fiscal year:
NA

Communications European Union

Telephones - main lines in use:
238,763,162 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
314,644,700 (2002)

Telephone system:
note - see individual country entries of member states

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 866, FM 13,396, shortwave 73 (1998); note - sum of individual
country radio broadcast stations; there is also a European-wide
station (Euroradio)

Television broadcast stations:
2,791 (1995); note - does not include repeaters; sum of individual
country television broadcast stations; there is also a European-wide
station (Eurovision)

Internet country code:
.eu (effective 2005); note - see country entries of member states
for individual country codes

Internet hosts:
22,000,414 (2004); note - sum of individual country Internet hosts

Internet users:
206,032,067 (September 2004)

Transportation European Union

Railways:
total: 222,293 km
broad gauge: 28,438 km
standard gauge: 186,405 km
narrow gauge: 7,427 km
other: 23 km (2003)

Highways:
total: 4,634,810 km (including 56,704 km of expressways)
paved: 4,161,318 km
unpaved: 473,492 km (1999-2000)

Waterways:
53,512 km

Ports and harbors:
Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Bremen (Germany), Copenhagen
(Denmark), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland),
Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon
(Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Naples (Italy),
Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Riga (Latvia), Rotterdam
(Netherlands), Stockholm (Sweden), Talinn (Estonia)

Airports:
3,130 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1,834

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1,296

Heliports:
94 (2004)

Military European Union

Military - note:
In November 2004, the European Union heads of government signed a
"Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe" that offers
possibilities - with some limits - for increased defense and
security cooperation. If ratified, in a process that may take some
two years, this treaty will in effect make operational the European
Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) approved in the 2000 Nice Treaty.
Despite limits of cooperation for some EU members, development of a
European military planning unit is likely to continue. So is
creation of a rapid-reaction military force and a humanitarian aid
system, which the planning unit will support. France, Germany,
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy continue to press for
wider coordination. The five-nation Eurocorps - created in 1992 by
France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg - has already
deployed troops and police on peacekeeping missions to Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo and
assumed command of the International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) in Afghanistan in August 2004. Eurocorps directly commands
the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational Command
Support Brigade, and EUFOR, which took over from SFOR in Bosnia in
December 2004. Other troop contributions are under national command
- committments to provide 67,100 troops were made at the Helsinki EU
session in 2000. Some 56,000 EU troops were actually deployed in
2003. In August 2004, the new European Defense Agency, tasked with
promoting cooperative European defense capabilities, began
operations. In November 2004, the EU Council of Ministers formally
committed to creating thirteen 1,500-man "battle groups" by the end
of 2007, to respond to international crises on a rotating basis.
Twenty-two of the EU's 25 nations have agreed to supply troops.
France, Italy, and the UK are to form the first three battle groups
in 2005, with Spain to follow. In May 2005, Norway, Sweden, and
Finland agreed to establish one of the battle groups, possibly to
include Estonian forces. The remaining groups are to be formed by
2007. (2005)

Transnational Issues European Union

Disputes - international:
the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries; it has
set up a Schengen area - consisting of 13 EU member states that have
signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and
1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of
border controls in Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became
incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty
of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states
Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included
in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the
total current membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland
(since 2002) take part in some aspects of the Schengen area,
especially with respect to police and criminal matters; the 10 new
member states that joined the EU in 2004 eventually are expected to
participate in Schengen, following a transition period to upgrade
their border controls and procedures

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Introduction Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Background:
Although first sighted by an English navigator in 1592, the first
landing (English) did not occur until almost a century later in
1690, and the first settlement (French) was not established until
1764. The colony was turned over to Spain two years later and the
islands have since been the subject of a territorial dispute, first
between Britain and Spain, then between Britain and Argentina. The
UK asserted its claim to the islands by establishing a naval
garrison there in 1833. Argentina invaded the islands on 2 April
1982. The British responded with an expeditionary force that landed
seven weeks later and after fierce fighting forced Argentine
surrender on 14 June 1982.

Geography Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Location:
Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east
of southern Argentina

Geographic coordinates:
51 45 S, 59 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 12,173 sq km
land: 12,173 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and
about 200 small islands

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,288 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on
more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches
in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and
February, but does not accumulate

Terrain:
rocky, hilly, mountainous with some boggy, undulating plains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m

Natural resources: fish, squid, wildlife, calcified seaweed, sphagnum moss

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
strong winds persist throughout the year

Environment - current issues:
overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were
introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is
the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the
Chornobyl disaster

Geography - note:
deeply indented coast provides good natural harbors; short growing
season

People Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Population: 2,967 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.44% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Falkland Islander(s)
adjective: Falkland Island

Ethnic groups:
British

Religions:
primarily Anglican, Roman Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist
Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist

Languages:
English

Government Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Stanley

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

National holiday:
Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Constitution:
3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998

Legal system:
English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor Howard PEARCE (since 3 December 2002);
Chief Executive Chris SIMPKINS (since NA March 2003); Financial
Secretary Derek F. HOWATT (since NA)
cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative
Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial
secretary), and the governor
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council (10 seats - 2 ex officio, 8 elected
by popular vote, members serve four-year terms); presided over by
the governor
elections: last held 22 November 2001 (next to be held November 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 8;
note - 71% voter turnout

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (chief justice is a nonresident); Magistrates Court
(senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions);
Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Political parties and leaders:
none; all independents

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ICFTU, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the
flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once
the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose
crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the
motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

Economy Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Economy - overview:
The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep
farming, but today fishing contributes the bulk of economic
activity. In 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to
foreign trawlers operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing
zone. These license fees total more than $40 million per year, which
goes to support the island's health, education, and welfare system.
Squid accounts for 75% of the fish taken. Dairy farming supports
domestic consumption; crops furnish winter fodder. Exports feature
shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and the sale of postage
stamps and coins. The islands are now self-financing except for
defense. The British Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil
exploration zone around the islands in 1993, and early seismic
surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500,000
barrels per day; to date no exploitable site has been identified. An
agreement between Argentina and the UK in 1995 seeks to defuse
licensing and sovereignty conflicts that would dampen foreign
interest in exploiting potential oil reserves. Tourism, especially
eco-tourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 30,000 visitors in
2001. Another large source of income is interest paid on money the
government has in the bank. The British military presence also
provides a sizeable economic boost.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$75 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $25,000 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force:
1,100 (est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding and fishing)

Unemployment rate:
full employment; labor shortage (2001)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.6% (1998)

Budget:
revenues: $66.2 million
expenditures: $67.9 million, including capital expenditures of $23.2
million (FY98/99 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fodder and vegetable crops; sheep, dairy products

Industries:
fish and wool processing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
19.06 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
17.72 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$82 million (2002)

Exports - commodities:
wool, hides, meat

Exports - partners:
Spain 77.4%, UK 9.4%, US 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$53 million (2002)

Imports - commodities:
fuel, food and drink, building materials, clothing

Imports - partners:
UK 63.2%, Spain 30.3%, France 3.6% (2004)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$0 (1997 est.)

Currency (code):
Falkland pound (FKP)

Currency code:
FKP

Exchange rates:
Falkland pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003),
0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB
radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all
points on both islands
international: country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other
countries

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 7, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
1,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 2 (operated by the British Forces Broadcasting Service) note: cable television is available in Stanley (2002)

Televisions:
1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.fk

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
NA; however one-half of all households are reported to have
internet access (2002)

Transportation Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Highways: total: 440 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 390 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Stanley

Merchant marine:
none

Airports:
5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Military branches:
no regular military forces

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Disputes - international:
Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly
occupied the islands by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer
seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests
for sovereignty talks

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Faroe Islands

Introduction Faroe Islands

Background:
The population of the Faroe Islands is largely descended from
Viking settlers who arrived in the 9th century. The islands have
been connected politically to Denmark since the 14th century. A high
degree of self-government was attained in 1948.

Geography Faroe Islands

Location:
Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Iceland to
Norway

Geographic coordinates:
62 00 N, 7 00 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 1,399 sq km
land: 1,399 sq km
water: 0 sq km (some lakes and streams)

Area - comparative:
eight times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,117 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

Climate:
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy

Terrain:
rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m

Natural resources: fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Land use: arable land: 2.14% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.86% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one uninhabited island, and
a few uninhabited islets; strategically located along important sea
lanes in northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits
habitation to small coastal lowlands

People Faroe Islands

Population:
46,962 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21.3% (male 4,997/female 4,999)
15-64 years: 64.9% (male 16,120/female 14,360)
65 years and over: 13.8% (male 2,923/female 3,563) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 35.11 years
male: 34.64 years
female: 35.68 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.62% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
13.97 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.21 years
male: 75.77 years
female: 82.67 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Faroese (singular and plural)
adjective: Faroese

Ethnic groups:
Scandinavian

Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran

Languages:
Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% note: probably the same as Denmark proper

Government Faroe Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Faroe Islands
local long form: none
local short form: Foroyar

Dependency status:
part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas
administrative division of Denmark since 1948

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Torshavn

Administrative divisions:
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas
administrative division of Denmark); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 49 municipalities

Independence:
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas
administrative division of Denmark)

National holiday:
Olaifest (Olavasoka), 29 July

Constitution:
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Legal system:
Danish

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January
1972), represented by High Commissioner Birgit KLEIS, chief
administrative officer (since 1 November 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Joannes EIDESGAARD (since 3
February 2004)
cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held
20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than January 2008)
election results: Joannes EIDESGAARD elected prime minister; percent
of parliamentary vote - NA%
note: coalition of Social Democrats, Union Party, and People's Party

Legislative branch:
unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (32 seats; members are
elected by popular vote on a proportional basis from the seven
constituencies to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than
January 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - Union Party 23.7%,
Social Democrats 21.8%, Republican Party 21.7%, People's Party
20.6%, Center Party 5.2%, Independence Party 4.6%; seats by party -
Union Party 7, Social Democrats 7, Republican Party 8, People's
Party 7, Center Party 2, Independence Party 1
note: election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on
8 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009); results - percent
of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 1, People's
Party 1

Judicial branch:
none

Political parties and leaders:
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party [Kari P.
HOJGAARD]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG]; Republican Party
[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union
Party [Kaj Oeo JOHANNESEN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
IMO (associate), NC, NIB, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Flag description:
white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of
the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist
side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Faroe Islands

Economy - overview:
The Faroese economy has had a strong performance since 1994, mostly
as a result of increasing fish landings and high and stable export
prices. Unemployment is minimal and there are signs of labor
shortages in several sectors. The positive economic development has
helped the Faroese Home Rule Government produce increasing budget
surpluses, which in turn has helped to reduce the large public debt,
most of it owed to Denmark. However, the total dependence on fishing
makes the Faroese economy extremely vulnerable, and the present
fishing efforts appear in excess of what is a sustainable level of
fishing in the long term. Oil finds close to the Faroese area give
hope for deposits in the immediate Faroese area, which may
eventually lay the basis for a more diversified economy and thus
lessen dependence on Danish economic assistance. Aided by a
substantial annual subsidy (15% of GDP) from Denmark, the Faroese
have a standard of living not far below the Danes and other
Scandinavians.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
10% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $22,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 27% industry: 11% services: 62% (1999)

Labor force: 24,250 (October 2000)

Labor force - by occupation: fishing, fish processing, and manufacturing 33%, construction and private services 33%, public services 34%

Unemployment rate:
1% (October 2000)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.1% (1999)

Budget:
revenues: $488 million
expenditures: $484 million, including capital expenditures of $21
million (1999)

Agriculture - products:
milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, other fish

Industries:
fishing, fish processing, small ship repair and refurbishment,
handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
8% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
220 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 62.4% hydro: 37.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
204.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$408 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)

Exports - partners:
Denmark 33.5%, UK 29.7%, Norway 8.4%, Nigeria 7.2% (2004)

Imports:
$466 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 29%, consumer goods 36%, raw
materials and semi-manufactures 32%, fuels, fish and salt (1999)

Imports - partners:
Denmark 52.8%, Norway 18.3%, Iceland 4.4%, Sweden 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$64 million (1999)

Economic aid - recipient:
$135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)

Currency (code):
Danish krone (DKK)

Currency code:
DKK

Exchange rates:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947
(2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Faroe Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
23,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
30,700 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good international communications; good
domestic facilities
domestic: digitalization was completed in 1998; both NMT (analog)
and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed
international: country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1
Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands,
linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic
submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
26,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus 43 low-power repeaters) (September 1995)

Televisions:
15,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.fo

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
25,000 (2002)

Transportation Faroe Islands

Highways: total: 463 km paved: 454 km unpaved: 9 km (1999)

Ports and harbors:
Torshavn

Merchant marine:
total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 24,051 GRT/11,998 DWT
by type: cargo 6, container 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 8 (Denmark 2, Germany 1, Iceland 2, Norway 2, United
Kingdom 1) (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Faroe Islands

Military branches:
no regular military forces

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Denmark

Transnational Issues Faroe Islands

Disputes - international:
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources have not been
realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full independence have been
deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line
boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Fiji

Introduction Fiji

Background:
Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly a century as a
British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military
coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as
dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers
brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). A 1990
constitution favored native Melanesian control of Fiji, but led to
heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic
difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority.
Amendments enacted in 1997 made the constitution more equitable.
Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by
an Indo-Fijian, but a coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period
of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001
provided Fiji with a democratically elected government and gave a
mandate to the government of Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE.

Geography Fiji

Location:
Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds
of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
18 00 S, 175 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 18,270 sq km
land: 18,270 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,129 km

Maritime claims:
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation;
rectilinear shelf claim added

Climate:
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
mostly mountains of volcanic origin

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

Natural resources: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 10.95% permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
cyclonic storms can occur from November to January

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited

People Fiji

Population:
893,354 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 31.4% (male 143,066/female 137,346)
15-64 years: 64.5% (male 288,434/female 287,720)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 16,797/female 19,991) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.28 years
male: 23.84 years
female: 24.74 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.4% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.05 years
female: 72.14 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Fijian(s)
adjective: Fijian

Ethnic groups:
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture),
Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and
other 5% (1998 est.)

Religions:
Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim
8%, other 2%
note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is
a Muslim minority (1986)

Languages:
English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.7%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.9% (2003 est.)

Government Fiji

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands
conventional short form: Fiji

Government type:
republic
note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally
declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987

Capital:
Suva (Viti Levu)

Administrative divisions:
4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*,
Western

Independence:
10 October 1970 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

Constitution:
promulgated on 25 July 1990; amended on 25 July 1997 to allow
nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty
government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998

Legal system:
based on British system

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda (since 18
July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10
September 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - there
is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters
of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs, which consists
of the highest ranking members of the traditional chief system
elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a
five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president
by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (34 seats; 24 appointed
by the President on the advice of the Great Council of Chiefs, nine
appointed by the president, and one appointed by the council of
Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 reserved for
ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, three reserved for
other ethnic groups, one reserved for the council of Rotuma
constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open seats;
members serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 25 August through 1
September and 19 September 2001 (next to be held not later than
September 2006)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - FLP 26.5%, SDL 27.5%, NFP 1.2%, MV 4.2%, NLUP 1.3%, UGP .3%,
independents 1.4%; seats by party - FLP 27, SDL 32, MV 6, NFP 1,
NLUP 2, UGP 1, independents 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of
Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Bai Kei Viti Party or BKV [Ratu Tevita MOMOEDONU]; Conservative
Alliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or MV [Ratu Rakuita VAKALALABURE];
Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic
Party or FDP [Felipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat
Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or
FAP [Adi Kuini SPEED], Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily
Fijian) [Felipe BOLE], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Tupeni
BABA]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDRHRY]; General Voters
Party or GVP [leader NA] (became part of United General Party);
Girmit Heritage Party or GHP [leader NA]; Justice and Freedom Party
or AIM [leader NA]; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR [leader NA];
National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];
Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of
National Unity or PANU [Meli BOGILEKA]; Party of the Truth or POTT
[leader NA]; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or
SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis Mick
BEDDOES]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Mr. Paula NAVUNISARAVI (Charge D'Affaires ad
Interim)
chancery: 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 240, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 337-8320
FAX: [1] (202) 337-1996

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador David L. LYON
embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva
mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva
telephone: [679] 331-4466
FAX: [679] 330-0081

Flag description:
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant
and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the
shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the
cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree,
bananas, and a white dove

Economy Fiji

Economy - overview:
Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of
the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though still
with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports and a growing tourist
industry - with 300,000 to 400,000 tourists annually - are the major
sources of foreign exchange. Sugar processing makes up one-third of
industrial activity, but is inefficient. Long-term problems include
low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the
government's ability to manage its budget. Yet short-run economic
prospects are good, provided tensions do not again erupt between
indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians. Overseas remittances from
Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have increased significantly.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$5.173 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.6% industry: 22.4% services: 61% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
137,000 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture, including subsistence agriculture 70% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
7.6% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
25.5% (1990-91)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.6% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $427.9 million
expenditures: $531.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), rice, sweet potatoes,
bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish

Industries:
tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small
cottage industries

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
750 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 18.5% hydro: 81.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
697.5 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$609 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil

Exports - partners:
US 24%, Australia 19%, UK 12.6%, Samoa 6.5%, Japan 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$835 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum
products, food, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Australia 25.9%, Singapore 23.1%, New Zealand 21.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$188.1 million (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$40.3 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Fijian dollar (FJD)

Currency code:
FJD

Exchange rates:
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003), 2.1869
(2002), 2.2766 (2001), 2.1286 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Fiji

Telephones - main lines in use:
102,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
109,900 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern local, interisland, and international
(wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone,
telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications
center
domestic: NA
international: country code - 679; access to important cable links
between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
541,476 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
88,110 (1999)

Internet country code:
.fj

Internet hosts:
493 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
55,000 (2003)

Transportation Fiji

Railways:
total: 597 km
narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge
note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used
to haul sugarcane during harvest season (May to December) (2003)

Highways:
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
203 km
note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges
(2004)

Ports and harbors:
Lambasa, Lautoka, Suva

Merchant marine:
total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,372 GRT/7,453 DWT
by type: passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Australia 1) (2005)

Airports:
28 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Military Fiji

Military branches:
Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Forces, Naval
Division (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 215,104 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 163,960 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 9,266 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$36 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.2% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Fiji

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Finland

Introduction Finland

Background:
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the
12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia
after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World
War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist
invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory.
In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable
transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern
industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western
Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only
Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January
1999.

Geography Finland

Location:
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and
Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Geographic coordinates:
64 00 N, 26 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 338,145 sq km
land: 304,473 sq km
water: 33,672 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries: total: 2,681 km border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km

Coastline:
1,250 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary
with Sweden

Climate:
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Terrain:
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low
hills

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m

Natural resources:
timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold,
silver, limestone

Land use: arable land: 7.19% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 92.78% (2001)

Irrigated land:
640 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to
acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural
chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national
capital on European continent; population concentrated on small
southwestern coastal plain

People Finland

Population:
5,223,442 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.3% (male 460,977/female 443,859)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 1,764,874/female 1,723,385)
65 years and over: 15.9% (male 328,952/female 501,395) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.97 years
male: 39.43 years
female: 42.52 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.16% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.89 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.35 years
male: 74.82 years
female: 82.02 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish

Ethnic groups:
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma 0.2%,
Sami 0.1%

Religions:
Lutheran National Church 84.2%, Greek Orthodox in Finland 1.1%,
other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 13.5% (2003)

Languages:
Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small
Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100% (2000 est.)
male: 100%
female: 100%

Government Finland

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen Tasavalta
local short form: Suomi

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Helsinki

Administrative divisions:
6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani,
Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani

Independence:
6 December 1917 (from Russia)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Constitution:
1 March 2000

Legal system:
civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request
the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June
2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Eero HEINALUOMA (since 24 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the
president, responsible to parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be
held February 2006); the president appoints the prime minister and
deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority
coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must
approve the appointment
election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote -
Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4%
note: government coalition - Kesk, SDP, and SFP

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected
by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 24.7%, SDP 24.5%,
Kok 18.5%, VAS 9.9%, VIHR 8%, KD 5.3%, SFP 4.6%; seats by party -
Kesk 55, SDP 53, Kok 40, VAS 19, VIHR 14, KD 7, SFP 8, others 4

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD
[Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left
Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and
Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP
[Jan-Erik ENESTAM]

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU
(observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka Robert VALTASAARI
chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800
FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Earle I. MACK
embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address: APO AE 09723
telephone: [358] (9) 616250
FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800

Flag description:
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the
vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style
of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Finland

Economy - overview:
Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy,
with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and
Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the
wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics
industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling two-fifths of
GDP. Finland excels in high-tech exports, e.g., mobile phones.
Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports
of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured
goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited
to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an
important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the
rural population. Rapidly increasing integration with Western Europe
- Finland was one of the 12 countries joining the European Economic
and Monetary Union (EMU) - will dominate the economic picture over
the next several years. Growth in 2003 was held back by the global
slowdown but picked up in 2004. High unemployment remains a
persistent problem.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$151.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $29,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.3% industry: 30.2% services: 66.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 2.66 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 8%, industry 22%, construction 6%, commerce 14%, finance, insurance, and business services 10%, transport and communications 8%, public services 32%

Unemployment rate:
8.9% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
25.6 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $96.43 billion
expenditures: $91.95 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
46.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Industries:
metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific
instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textiles, clothing

Industrial production growth rate:
2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
71.59 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 39% hydro: 18.7% nuclear: 30.4% other: 11.8% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
78.58 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
13.5 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
211,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
101,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
318,300 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
4.557 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
4.567 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$11.39 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$61.04 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp
(1999)

Exports - partners:
Sweden 11.1%, Germany 10.7%, Russia 8.9%, UK 7%, US 6.4%,
Netherlands 5.1% (2004)

Imports:
$45.17 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport
equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics,
grains (1999)

Imports - partners:
Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.3%, Russia 12.8%, Netherlands 6.3%,
Denmark 5.2%, UK 4.6%, France 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$11.17 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$30 billion (December 1993)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $379 million (2001)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06 (2002), 1.12
(2001), 1.09 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Finland

Telephones - main lines in use:
2.548 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
4.7 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system with excellent service
domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive
cellular network provide domestic needs
international: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (Finland
Estonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat
transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1
Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares
the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark,
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
7.7 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999)

Televisions:
3.2 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.fi

Internet hosts:
1,219,173 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2002)

Internet users:
2.65 million (2002)

Transportation Finland

Railways: total: 5,851 km broad gauge: 5,851 km 1.524-m gauge (2,400 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 78,197 km
paved: 50,539 km (including 794 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,658 km (2004)

Waterways:
7,842 km
note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased
from Russia (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 694 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Hamina, Hanko, Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Porvou, Raahe,
Rauma, Turku

Merchant marine:
total: 94 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,152,175 GRT/1,053,906 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 27, chemical tanker 6, container 1,
passenger 5, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll
off 25
foreign-owned: 2 (Norway 1, United States 1)
registered in other countries: 42 (2005)

Airports:
148 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 75 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 73 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 69 (2004 est.)

Military Finland

Military branches:
Finnish Defense Forces: Army, Navy (includes Coastal Defense
Forces), Air Force (2003)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service
(October 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,121,275 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 913,617 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 32,040 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2% (FY98/99)

Transnational Issues Finland

Disputes - international:
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other
areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts
no territorial demands

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@France

Introduction France

Background:
Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France
suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank
as a dominant nation-state. Nevertheless, France today is one of the
most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European
nations. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy
resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier parliamentary
democracies. In recent years, its reconciliation and cooperation
with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of
Europe, including the introduction of a common exchange currency,
the euro, in January 1999. At present, France is at the forefront of
efforts to develop the EU's military capabilities to supplement
progress toward an EU foreign policy.

Geography France

Location:
Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel,
between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the
Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

Geographic coordinates:
46 00 N, 2 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 547,030 sq km
land: 545,630 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km
note: includes only metropolitan France; excludes the overseas
administrative divisions

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Colorado

Land boundaries:
total: 2,889 km
border countries: Andorra 56.6 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km,
Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km,
Switzerland 573 km

Coastline:
3,427 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean)
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot
summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,
north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

Terrain:
mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west;
remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m
highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash,
feldspar, fluorospar, gypsum, timber, fish

Land use: arable land: 33.53% permanent crops: 2.07% other: 64.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest fires
in south near the Mediterranean

Environment - current issues:
some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from industrial
and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes,
agricultural runoff

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
largest West European nation

People France

Population:
60,656,178 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.4% (male 5,717,761/female 5,440,060)
15-64 years: 65.2% (male 19,784,749/female 19,752,432)
65 years and over: 16.4% (male 4,084,193/female 5,876,983) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 38.85 years male: 37.3 years female: 40.39 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.37% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.15 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.6 years
male: 75.96 years
female: 83.42 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
120,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French

Ethnic groups:
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese,
Basque minorities

Religions:
Roman Catholic 83%-88%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim 5%-10%,
unaffiliated 4%

Languages:
French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages
(Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (1980 est.)

Government France

Country name:
conventional long form: French Republic
conventional short form: France
local long form: Republique Francaise
local short form: France

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Paris

Administrative divisions:
22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine,
Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre,
Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie,
Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine,
Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie,
Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes
note: metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including the
"territorial collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and is subdivided
into 96 departments; see separate entries for the overseas
departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the
overseas territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and
Miquelon)

Dependent areas:
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:
486 (unified by Clovis)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October 1958;
amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply
with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam Treaty,
2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993;
amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a
five-year term

Legal system:
civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative
but not legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Dominique DE VILLEPIN (since 31
May 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
suggestion of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(changed from seven-year term in October 2000); election last held
21 April and 5 May 2002 (next to be held, first round April 2007,
second round May 2007); prime minister nominated by the National
Assembly majority and appointed by the president
election results: Jacques CHIRAC reelected president; percent of
vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 81.96%, Jean-Marie LE PEN
(FN) 18.04%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat
(321 seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas
departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad;
members are indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve
nine-year terms; elected by thirds every three years); note -
between now and 2010, 25 new seats will be added to the Senate for a
total of 346 seats - 326 for metropolitan France and overseas
departments, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for Mayotte, 1 for Saint-Pierre
and Miquelon, 3 for overseas territories, and 12 for French
nationals abroad; members will be indirectly elected by an electoral
college to serve six-year terms, with one-half the seats being
renewed every three years; and the National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (577 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a
single-member majority system to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 26 September 2004 (next to be held
September 2007); National Assembly - last held 8-16 June 2002 (next
to be held not later than June 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - UMP 156, PS 97, UDF 33, PCF 23, RDSE 15, other 7; National
Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 355,
PS 140, UDF 29, PCF 21, Radical Party 7, Greens 3, other 22

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are appointed
by the president from nominations of the High Council of the
Judiciary); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (three
members appointed by the president, three appointed by the president
of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the president of
the Senate); Council of State or Conseil d'Etat

Political parties and leaders:
Citizen and Republican Movement or MCR [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT];
Democratic and European Social Rally or RDSE (mainly Radical
Republican and Socialist Parties, and PRG) [Jacques PELLETIER];
French Communist Party or PCF [Marie-George BUFFET]; Left Radical
Party or PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left
Radical Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Movement for France
or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS]; National Front or NF [Jean-Marie LE
PEN]; Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]; Socialist Party or
PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Greens [Yann WEHRLING, national secretary];
Union for French Democracy or UDF [Francois BAYROU]; Union for a
Popular Movement or UMP (including RPR, DL, and a part of UDF)
[Nicolas SARKOZY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
historically-Communist labor union (Confederation Generale du
Travail) or CGT, approximately 700,000 members (claimed);
left-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du
Travail) or CFDT, approximately 889,000 members (claimed);
independent labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail - Force
Ouvriere) or FO, 300,000 members (est.); independent white-collar
union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) or CGC, 196,000 members
(claimed); employers' union (Mouvement des Entreprises de France) or
MEDEF, 750,000 companies as members (claimed)

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC
(observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FZ, G- 5,
G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN
Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB
(nonregional), WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jean-David LEVITTE
chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000
FAX: [1] (202) 944-6166
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Howard H. LEACH
embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris Cedex 08
mailing address: PSC 116, APO AE 09777
telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22
FAX: [33] (1) 42 66 97 83
consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red;
known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the origin of
the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution; the design and/or
colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of
Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands;
the official flag for all French dependent areas

Economy France

Economy - overview:
France is in the midst of transition, from a well-to-do modern
economy that has featured extensive government ownership and
intervention to one that relies more on market mechanisms. The
government has partially or fully privatized many large companies,
banks, and insurers. It retains controlling stakes in several
leading firms, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and
Thales, and is dominant in some sectors, particularly power, public
transport, and defense industries. The telecommunications sector is
gradually being opened to competition. France's leaders remain
committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by
means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that reduce income
disparity and the impact of free markets on public health and
welfare. The government has lowered income taxes and introduced
measures to boost employment and reform the pension system. In
addition, it is focusing on the problems of the high cost of labor
and labor market inflexibility resulting from the 35-hour workweek
and restrictions on lay-offs. The tax burden remains one of the
highest in Europe (43.8% of GDP in 2003). The lingering economic
slowdown and inflexible budget items have pushed the budget deficit
above the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP limit. Finance Minister Herve GAYMARD
has promised that the 2005 deficit will fall below 3%.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.737 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $28,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.7% industry: 24.3% services: 73% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
27.7 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 4.1%, industry 24.4%, services 71.5% (1999)

Unemployment rate:
10.1% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
6.5% (2000)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.1% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.7 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.005 trillion
expenditures: $1.08 trillion, including capital expenditures of $23
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
67.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy
products; fish

Industries:
machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft,
electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
1.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
528.6 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 8.2% hydro: 14% nuclear: 77.1% other: 0.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
414.7 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
79.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
34,920 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.026 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
409,600 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
2.281 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
144.3 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
1.898 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
42.01 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
1.725 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
40.26 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
12.86 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-305 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$419 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics,
chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages

Exports - partners:
Germany 15%, Spain 9.5%, UK 9.3%, Italy 9%, Belgium 7.2%, US 6.7%
(2004)

Imports:
$419.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics,
chemicals

Imports - partners:
Germany 19.2%, Belgium 9.9%, Italy 8.8%, Spain 7.4%, UK 7%,
Netherlands 6.7%, US 5.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$70.76 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $5.4 billion (2002)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications France

Telephones - main lines in use:
33,905,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
41,683,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: highly developed
domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive
introduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system
international: country code - 33; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for
Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HF
radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 41, FM about 3,500 (this figure is an approximation and includes
many repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
55.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
34.8 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.fr

Internet hosts:
2,396,761 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
62 (2000)

Internet users:
21.9 million (2003)

Transportation France

Railways:
total: 29,519 km
standard gauge: 29,352 km 1.435-m gauge (14,481 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 167 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 893,100 km
paved: 893,100 km (including 12,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
8,500 km (1,686 km accessible to craft of 3,000 metric tons) (2000)

Pipelines:
gas 14,232 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bordeaux, Calais, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre, Marseille,
Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Strasbourg

Merchant marine:
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 703,639 GRT/889,705 DWT
by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 4, passenger 3,
passenger/cargo 30, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 6 (Sweden 5, Switzerland 1)
registered in other countries: 139 (2005)

Airports:
478 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 283 over 3,047 m: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 28 1,524 to 2,437 m: 95 914 to 1,523 m: 82 under 914 m: 65 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 195 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 72 under 914 m: 120 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 3 (2004 est.)

Military France

Military branches:
Army (includes Marines, Foreign Legion, Army Light Aviation), Navy
(includes naval air), Air Force (includes Air Defense), National
Gendarmerie

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age with consent for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 13,676,509 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 11,262,661 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 389,204 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$45,238.1 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.6% (2003)

Transnational Issues France

Disputes - international:
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims
Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French
overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial
claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew
and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for and consumer of South American cocaine,
Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@French Guiana

Introduction French Guiana

Background:
First settled by the French in 1604, French Guiana was the site of
notorious penal settlements until 1951. The European Space Agency
launches its communication satellites from Kourou.

Geography French Guiana

Location:
Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Brazil and Suriname

Geographic coordinates:
4 00 N, 53 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 91,000 sq km
land: 89,150 sq km
water: 1,850 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries: total: 1,183 km border countries: Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km

Coastline: 378 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Bellevue de l'Inini 851 m

Natural resources:
bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), petroleum, kaolin, fish,
niobium, tantalum, clay

Land use: arable land: 0.14% permanent crops: 0.05% other: 99.81% (90% forest, 10% other) (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
high frequency of heavy showers and severe thunderstorms; flooding

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
mostly an unsettled wilderness; the only non-independent portion of
the South American continent

People French Guiana

Population:
195,506 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29.3% (male 29,262/female 27,947)
15-64 years: 64.7% (male 67,895/female 58,534)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 6,038/female 5,830) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 28.45 years
male: 29.49 years
female: 27.31 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.1% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.7 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.16 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female
total population: 1.12 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.07 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.09 years
male: 73.77 years
female: 80.58 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: French Guianese (singular and plural)
adjective: French Guianese

Ethnic groups:
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian
12%, other 10%

Religions:
Roman Catholic

Languages:
French

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83%
male: 84%
female: 82% (1982 est.)

Government French Guiana

Country name:
conventional long form: Department of Guiana
conventional short form: French Guiana
local long form: none
local short form: Guyane

Dependency status:
overseas department of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Cayenne

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas department of France)

Independence:
none (overseas department of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French legal system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by Prefect Ange MANCINI (since 31 July 2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Joseph
HO-TEN-YOU (since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council
Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional
Councils are appointed by the members of those councils

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a
unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (31 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be
held NA 2006); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to
be held NA 2004)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PSG 5, various left-wing parties 5, independents 7,
other 2; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - PS 28.28%,
various left parties 22.56%, RPR 15.91%, independents 8.6%, Walwari
Committee 6%; seats by party - PS 11, various left parties 9, RPR 6,
independents 3, Walwari Committee 2
note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998
(next to be held September 2007); results - percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - NA; 2 seats were elected to the French
National Assembly on 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);
results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP/RPR
1, Walwari Committee 1

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel (highest local court based in
Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French
Guiana)

Political parties and leaders:
Guyanese Democratic Action or ADG [Andre LECANTE]; Guyanese
Socialist Party or PSG [Marie-Claude VERDAN]; Guyana Democratic
Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Popular National Guyanese Party or
PNPG [Jose DORCY]; Socialist Party or PS [Paul DEBRIETTE]; Union for
a Popular Movement or UMP (includes RPR) [Muriel ICARE]; Walwari
Committee (aligned with the PRG in France) [Christine
TAUBIRA-DELANON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
UPU, WCL, WFTU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy French Guiana

Economy - overview:
The economy is tied closely to the much larger French economy
through subsidies and imports. Besides the French space center at
Kourou (which accounts for 25% of GDP), fishing and forestry are the
most important economic activities. Forest and woodland cover 90% of
the country. The large reserves of tropical hardwoods, not fully
exploited, support an expanding sawmill industry that provides sawn
logs for export. Cultivation of crops is limited to the coastal
area, where the population is largely concentrated; rice and manioc
are the major crops. French Guiana is heavily dependent on imports
of food and energy. Unemployment is a serious problem, particularly
among younger workers.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.551 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,300 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA% (2001 est.)

Labor force: 58,800 (1997)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 18.2%, industry 21.2%, services, government, and commerce 60.6% (1980)

Unemployment rate:
22% (2001)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.5% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105
million (1996)

Agriculture - products: corn, rice, manioc (tapioca), sugar, cocoa, vegetables, bananas; cattle, pigs, poultry

Industries:
construction, shrimp processing, forestry products, rum, gold mining

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
460.1 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
427.9 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$155 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood essence, clothing

Exports - partners:
France 62%, Switzerland 7%, US 2% (2001)

Imports:
$625 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food (grains, processed meat), machinery and transport equipment,
fuels and chemicals

Imports - partners:
France 63%, US, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy (2002 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.2 billion (1988)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
Euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications French Guiana

Telephones - main lines in use:
51,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
138,200 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system
international: country code - 594; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 14 (including 6 repeaters), shortwave 6 (including 5
repeaters) (1998)

Radios:
104,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus eight low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
30,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gf

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
3,200 (2002)

Transportation French Guiana

Highways:
total: 817 km (1998)

Waterways:
3,760 km
note: 460 km navigable by small oceangoing vessels and coastal and
river steamers, 3,300 km by native craft (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Degrad des Cannes

Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 3

Airports:
11 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Military French Guiana

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Gendarmerie

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 47,809 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 38,676 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues French Guiana

Disputes - international:
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini
(both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana

Illicit drugs:
small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption; minor
transshipment point to Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@French Polynesia

Introduction French Polynesia

Background:
The French annexed various Polynesian island groups during the 19th
century. In September 1995, France stirred up widespread protests by
resuming nuclear testing on the Mururoa atoll after a three-year
moratorium. The tests were suspended in January 1996.

Geography French Polynesia

Location:
Oceania, archipelagoes in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half
of the way from South America to Australia

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 S, 140 00 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 4,167 sq km (118 islands and atolls)
land: 3,660 sq km
water: 507 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
2,525 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical, but moderate

Terrain:
mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with reefs

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Orohena 2,241 m

Natural resources: timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 0.82% permanent crops: 5.46% other: 93.72% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
occasional cyclonic storms in January

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
includes five archipelagoes (4 volcanic, 1 coral); Makatea in
French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in
the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati
and Nauru

People French Polynesia

Population:
270,485 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 36,947/female 35,403)
15-64 years: 67.4% (male 94,710/female 87,546)
65 years and over: 5.9% (male 8,018/female 7,861) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.48 years
male: 27.84 years
female: 27.1 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.52% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.44 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.9 years
male: 73.5 years
female: 78.42 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.04 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: French Polynesian(s)
adjective: French Polynesian

Ethnic groups:
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%

Religions:
Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 10%, no religion 6%

Languages:
French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian
languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 14 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 98% (1977 est.)

Government French Polynesia

Country name:
conventional long form: Overseas Lands of French Polynesia
conventional short form: French Polynesia
local long form: Pays d'outre-mer de la Polynesie Francaise
local short form: Polynesie Francaise
former: French Colony of Oceania

Dependency status:
overseas lands of France; overseas territory of France from
1946-2004

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Papeete

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas lands of France); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 5 archipelagic divisions named Archipel des Marquises, Archipel
des Tuamotu, Archipel des Tubuai, Iles du Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent
note: Clipperton Island is administered by France from French
Polynesia

Independence:
none (overseas lands of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
based on French system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by High Commissioner of the Republic Michel
MATHIEU (since 24 October 2001); note - Michel MATHIER leaves 30
July 2005, replaced by Jacques MICHAUT (acting high commissioner),
until the arrival of Anne BOQUET in early September 2005
head of government: President of the Territorial Government of
French Polynesia Oscar TEMARU (since 3 March 2005); President of the
Territorial Assembly Antony GEROS (since 9 May 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members
of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as
ministers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly
are elected by the members of the assembly

Legislative branch:
unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (57 seats
- changed from 49 seats for May 2004 election; members are elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 23 May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 28, Union for Democracy
27, New Star 1, This Country is Yours 1; after by-elections of 13
February 2005 seating was as follows: People's Rally for the
Republic 27, Union for Democracy 27, and Alliance for a New
Democracy 3
note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998
(next to be held September 2007); results - percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - NA; two seats were elected to the French
National Assembly on 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);
results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP/RPR
1, UMP 1

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court of the First Instance or
Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or
Tribunal Administratif

Political parties and leaders:
Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia (Tavini
Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile
VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic of Polynesia or RPR
(Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]; The New Star (Te Fetia Api)
[Philippe SHYLE]; This Country is Yours (No Oe E Te Nunaa) [Nicle
BOUTEAU]; Union for Democracy or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
FZ, ICFTU, PIF (observer), UPU, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas lands of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas lands of France)

Flag description:
two narrow red horizontal bands encase a wide white band; centered
on the white band is a disk with blue and white wave pattern on the
lower half and gold and white ray pattern on the upper half; a
stylized red, blue and white ship rides on the wave pattern; the
French flag is used for official occasions

Economy French Polynesia

Economy - overview:
Since 1962, when France stationed military personnel in the region,
French Polynesia has changed from a subsistence agricultural economy
to one in which a high proportion of the work force is either
employed by the military or supports the tourist industry. With the
halt of French nuclear testing in 1996, the military contribution to
the economy fell sharply. Tourism accounts for about one-fourth of
GDP and is a primary source of hard currency earnings. Other sources
of income are pearl farming and deep-sea commercial fishing. The
small manufacturing sector primarily processes agricultural
products. The territory benefits substantially from development
agreements with France aimed principally at creating new businesses
and strengthening social services.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.58 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $17,500 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 18% services: 78% (2002)

Labor force:
70,000 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 13%, industry 19%, services 68% (2002)

Unemployment rate:
11.8% (1994)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.5% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $900 million, including capital expenditures of $185
million (1996)

Agriculture - products: coconuts, vanilla, vegetables, fruits; poultry, beef, dairy products, coffee

Industries:
tourism, pearls, agricultural processing, handicrafts, phosphates

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
380 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 60.7% hydro: 39.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
353.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$244 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
cultured pearls, coconut products, mother-of-pearl, vanilla, shark
meat

Exports - partners:
France 36.6%, Japan 22.7%, US 16.1%, Niger 13%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$1.341 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment

Imports - partners:
France 47.6%, New Zealand 8.8%, Singapore 8.4%, Australia 8.3%, US
7.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$367 million (1997)

Currency (code):
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Currency code:
XPF

Exchange rates:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 96.04
(2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications French Polynesia

Telephones - main lines in use:
52,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
90,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 689; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 14, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
128,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (plus 17 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
40,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.pf

Internet hosts:
5,123 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
35,000 (2002)

Transportation French Polynesia

Highways: total: 2,590 km paved: 1,735 km unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Ports and harbors:
Papeete

Merchant marine:
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 17,537 GRT/15,150 DWT
by type: cargo 4, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 5, refrigerated cargo
1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 1 (France 1) (2005)

Airports:
50 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 37 over 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military French Polynesia

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Gendarmerie and National Police Force

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues French Polynesia

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Introduction French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Background:
The Southern Lands consist of two archipelagos, Iles Crozet and
Iles Kerguelen, and two volcanic islands, Ile Amsterdam and Ile
Saint-Paul. They contain no permanent inhabitants and are visited
only by researchers studying the native fauna. The Antarctic portion
consists of "Adelie Land," a thin slice of the Antarctic continent
discovered and claimed by the French in 1840.

Geography French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Location:
southeast of Africa, islands in the southern Indian Ocean, about
equidistant between Africa, Antarctica, and Australia; note - French
Southern and Antarctic Lands include Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul,
Iles Crozet, and Iles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, along
with the French-claimed sector of Antarctica, "Adelie Land"; the US
does not recognize the French claim to "Adelie Land"

Geographic coordinates:
43 00 S, 67 00 E

Map references:
Antarctic Region

Area:
total: 7,829 sq km
land: 7,829 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet and Iles
Kerguelen; excludes "Adelie Land" claim of about 500,000 sq km in
Antarctica that is not recognized by the US

Area - comparative:
slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Delaware

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,232 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen (does not
include the rest of French Southern and Antarctic Lands)

Climate:
antarctic

Terrain:
volcanic

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Ross on Iles Kerguelen 1,850 m

Natural resources: fish, crayfish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul are extinct volcanoes

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
islands component is widely scattered across remote locations in
the southern Indian Ocean

People French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants (July 2005 est.)
note: in 2002, there were 145 researchers whose numbers vary from
winter (July) to summer (January) (July 2005 est.)

Government French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of the French Southern and
Antarctic Lands
conventional short form: French Southern and Antarctic Lands
local long form: Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques
Francaises
local short form: Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises

Dependency status:
overseas territory of France since 1955; administered from Paris by
Administrateur Superieur Michel CHAMPON (since 20 December 2004),
assisted by Secretary General Jean-Yves HERMOSO (since NA)

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 3 districts named Ile Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles
Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes "Adelie Land" claim in Antarctica
that is not recognized by the US

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and
geophysical research stations and French and other fishing fleets.
The fish catches landed on Iles Kerguelen by foreign ships are
exported to France and Reunion.

Communications French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Internet country code: .tf

Transportation French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Merchant marine:
total: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,092,387 GRT/5,056,658 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 1, chemical tanker 21, container 19,
liquefied gas 7, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle
carrier 4
foreign-owned: 71 (Belgium 5, Denmark 2, France 45, Germany 2,
Greece 2, Hong Kong 5, Japan 4, Saudi Arabia 1, Sweden 5) (2005)

Airports:
none (2004 est.)

Military French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Disputes - international: French claim to "Adelie Land" in Antarctica is not recognized by the United States

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Gabon

Introduction Gabon

Background:
Only two autocratic presidents have ruled Gabon since independence
from France in 1960. Gabon's current President, El Hadj Omar BONGO
Ondimba - one of the longest-serving heads of state in the world -
has dominated Gabon's political scene for almost four decades.
President BONGO introduced a nominal multiparty system and a new
constitution in the early 1990s. However, the low turnout and
allegations of electoral fraud during the most recent local
elections in 2002-03 have exposed the weaknesses of formal political
structures in Gabon. Presidential elections scheduled for 2005 are
unlikely to bring change since the opposition remains weak, divided,
and financially dependent on the current regime. Despite political
conditions, a small population, abundant natural resources, and
considerable foreign support have helped make Gabon one of the more
prosperous and stable African countries.

Geography Gabon

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator,
between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Geographic coordinates:
1 00 S, 11 45 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 267,667 sq km
land: 257,667 sq km
water: 10,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Colorado

Land boundaries:
total: 2,551 km
border countries: Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903 km,
Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Coastline:
885 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; always hot, humid

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium, gold,
timber, iron ore, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 1.26% permanent crops: 0.66% other: 98.08% (2001)

Irrigated land:
150 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; poaching

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped Gabon
become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these
circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its
pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity

People Gabon

Population:
1,389,201
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.1% (male 293,668/female 291,816)
15-64 years: 53.8% (male 372,134/female 374,850)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 23,551/female 33,182) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.57 years
male: 18.34 years
female: 18.8 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.45% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
36.24 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.72 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 53.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 43.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 55.02 years
male: 53.63 years
female: 56.45 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.77 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
8.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
48,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
3,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Gabonese (singular and plural)
adjective: Gabonese

Ethnic groups:
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Bapounou,
Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000, including
10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Religions:
Christian 55%-75%, animist, Muslim less than 1%

Languages:
French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 63.2%
male: 73.7%
female: 53.3% (1995 est.)

Government Gabon

Country name:
conventional long form: Gabonese Republic
conventional short form: Gabon
local long form: Republique Gabonaise
local short form: Gabon

Government type:
republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties
legalized in 1990)

Capital:
Libreville

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga,
Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem

Independence:
17 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Founding of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 12 March (1968)

Constitution:
adopted 14 March 1991

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review
of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba (since 2
December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE
(since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba reelected;
percent of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba 66.6%, Pierre
MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%

Legislative branch:
bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats; members
elected by members of municipal councils and departmental
assemblies) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120
seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 9 and 23 December 2001
(next to be held December 2006); Senate - last held 26 January and 9
February 2003 (next to be held by January 2009)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - PDG 86, RNB-RPG 8, PGP 3, ADERE 3, CLR 2, PUP
1, PSD 1, independents 13, others 3; Senate - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1,
CLR 1, independents 9

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers -
Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts
of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE];
Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide Bourdes
OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE
[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG,
former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE]; National Rally of
Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul
M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]; Union for
Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS [leader NA]; Union of
Gabonese People or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jules Marius OGOUEBANDJA
chancery: Suite 200, 2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-1000
FAX: [1] (202) 332-0668
consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Barrie R. WALKLEY
embassy: Boulevard du Bord de Mer, Libreville
mailing address: Centre Ville, B. P. 4000, Libreville
telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, after hours - 74 34 92
FAX: [241] 74 55 07

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

Economy Gabon

Economy - overview:
Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most of
sub-Saharan African nations. This has supported a sharp decline in
extreme poverty; yet because of high income inequality a large
proportion of the population remains poor. Gabon depended on timber
and manganese until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s.
The oil sector now accounts for 50% of GDP. Gabon continues to face
fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports.
Despite the abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management
hobbles the economy. Devaluation of its currency by 50% in January
1994 sparked a one-time inflationary surge, to 35%; the rate dropped
to 6% in 1996. The IMF provided a one-year standby arrangement in
1994-95, a three-year Enhanced Financing Facility (EFF) at near
commercial rates beginning in late 1995, and stand-by credit of $119
million in October 2000. Those agreements mandate progress in
privatization and fiscal discipline. France provided additional
financial support in January 1997 after Gabon had met IMF targets
for mid-1996. In 1997, an IMF mission to Gabon criticized the
government for overspending on off-budget items, overborrowing from
the central bank, and slipping on its schedule for privatization and
administrative reform. The rebound of oil prices in 1999-2000 helped
growth, but drops in production hampered Gabon from fully realizing
potential gains. In December 2000, Gabon signed a new agreement with
the Paris Club to reschedule its official debt. A follow-up
bilateral repayment agreement with the US was signed in December
2001. Gabon signed a 14 month Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF in
May 2004, and received Paris Club debt rescheduling later that year.
Short-term progress depends on an upbeat world economy and fiscal
and other adjustments in line with IMF policies.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$7.966 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.4% industry: 46.7% services: 45.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
650,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25%

Unemployment rate:
21% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
21.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.129 billion
expenditures: $1.64 billion, including capital expenditures of $310
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
29.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber; cattle; okoume (a tropical
softwood); fish

Industries:
petroleum extraction and refining; manganese, and gold mining;
chemicals; ship repair; food and beverage; textile; lumbering and
plywood; cement

Industrial production growth rate:
1.6% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.161 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 34.5% hydro: 65.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.08 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
264,900 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
2.022 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
80 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
80 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
66.47 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$196.8 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.71 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil 77%, timber, manganese, uranium (2001)

Exports - partners:
US 53.3%, China 8.5%, France 7.4% (2004)

Imports:
$1.225 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction
materials

Imports - partners:
France 43.8%, US 6.3%, UK 5.9%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$268.6 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3.804 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$331 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
XAF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Gabon

Telephones - main lines in use:
38,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
300,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate service by African standards and
improving with the help of the growing mobile cell system
domestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay,
tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a
domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 241; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 7 (and 11 repeaters), shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
208,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (plus four low-power repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
63,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ga

Internet hosts:
93 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2001)

Internet users:
35,000 (2003)

Transportation Gabon

Railways: total: 814 km standard gauge: 814 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 8,464 km paved: 838 km unpaved: 7,626 km (2000 est.)

Waterways:
1,600 km (310 km on Ogooue River) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 210 km; oil 1,385 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Gamba, Libreville, Lucinda, Owendo, Port-Gentil

Airports:
56 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 45 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Military Gabon

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 276,310 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 156,632 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 15,150 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$184.8 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Gabon

Disputes - international:
UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty
dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to establish a maritime
boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only a few hundred out of
the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who fled militia fighting
in 2000 remain in Gabon

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Gambia, The

Introduction Gambia, The

Background:
The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965; it formed a
short-lived federation of Senegambia with Senegal between 1982 and
1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation
treaty. A military coup in 1994 overthrew the president and banned
political activity, but a 1996 constitution and presidential
elections, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, completed a
nominal return to civilian rule. The country undertook another round
of presidential and legislative elections in late 2001 and early
2002. Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH, the leader of the coup, has been
elected president in all subsequent elections.

Geography Gambia, The

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal

Geographic coordinates:
13 28 N, 16 34 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 11,300 sq km
land: 10,000 sq km
water: 1,300 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Delaware

Land boundaries: total: 740 km border countries: Senegal 740 km

Coastline: 80 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season
(November to May)

Terrain:
flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 53 m

Natural resources:
fish, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon, silica sand,
clay, petroleum

Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0.5% other: 74.5% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years)

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases prevalent

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the continent of
Africa

People Gambia, The

Population:
1,593,256 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.5% (male 356,079/female 352,894)
15-64 years: 52.8% (male 416,809/female 424,429)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 22,111/female 20,934) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.59 years
male: 17.45 years
female: 17.74 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.93% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
39.86 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 72.02 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 78.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 53.75 years
male: 51.91 years
female: 55.64 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
6,800 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
600 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Gambian(s)
adjective: Gambian

Ethnic groups:
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli
9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Religions:
Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages:
English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous
vernaculars

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.1%
male: 47.8%
female: 32.8% (2003 est.)

Government Gambia, The

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of The Gambia
conventional short form: The Gambia

Government type:
republic under multiparty democratic rule

Capital:
Banjul

Administrative divisions:
5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Central River, Lower River, North
Bank, Upper River, Western

Independence:
18 February 1965 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 February (1965)

Constitution:
24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by
national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January 1997

Legal system:
based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and
customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October
1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 he was Chairman of the Junta); Vice
President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18
October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 was he Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 18 October 2001 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH reelected president; percent
of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 52.9%, Ousainou DARBOE 32.7%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (53 seats; 48 elected by popular vote,
five appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 17 January 2002 (next to be held February 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
APRC 45, PDOIS 2, NRP 1,

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC - the ruling party [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; Gambian People's Party-Progressive People's Party-United Democratic Party or GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition [Ousainou DARBOE]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA] note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowed the reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties banned since 1996

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU,
MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
chancery: Suite 905, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1379
FAX: [1] (202) 785-1430

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph D. STAFFORD, III embassy: Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, Banjul mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul telephone: [220] 392856, 392858, 391971 FAX: [220] 392475

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with white edges,
and green

Economy Gambia, The

Economy - overview:
The Gambia has no significant mineral or natural resource deposits
and has a limited agricultural base. About 75% of the population
depends on crops and livestock for its livelihood. Small-scale
manufacturing activity features the processing of peanuts, fish, and
hides. Reexport trade normally constitutes a major segment of
economic activity, but a 1999 government-imposed preshipment
inspection plan, and instability of the Gambian dalasi (currency)
have drawn some of the reexport trade away from The Gambia. The
government's 1998 seizure of the private peanut firm Alimenta
eliminated the largest purchaser of Gambian groundnuts; the
following two marketing seasons saw substantially lower prices and
sales. Despite an announced program to begin privatizing key
parastatals, no plans have been made public that would indicate that
the government intends to follow through on its promises.
Unemployment and underemployment rates remain extremely high;
short-run economic progress depends on sustained bilateral and
multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, on
continued technical assistance from the IMF and bilateral donors,
and on expected growth in the construction sector.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.799 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 26.8% industry: 14.5% services: 58.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
400,000 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 75%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 6%

Unemployment rate:
NA (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
25.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $44.85 million
expenditures: $59.94 million, including capital expenditures of $4.1
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, millet, sorghum, peanuts, corn, sesame, cassava (tapioca),
palm kernels; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
processing peanuts, fish, and hides; tourism; beverages;
agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking; clothing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
90.31 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
83.99 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,900 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-16.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$114.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels, re-exports

Exports - partners:
India 21.4%, Thailand 15.1%, UK 13.7%, France 12.9%, Germany 8.7%,
Italy 7.5% (2004)

Imports:
$180.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport equipment

Imports - partners:
China 23.7%, Senegal 11.6%, Brazil 5.9%, UK 5.5%, Netherlands 4.5%,
US 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$113.1 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$476 million (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$45.4 million (1995)

Currency (code):
dalasi (GMD)

Currency code:
GMD

Exchange rates:
dalasi per US dollar - 27.306 (2003), 27.306 (2003), 19.918 (2002),
15.687 (2001), 12.788 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Gambia, The

Telephones - main lines in use:
38,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
100,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate; a packet switched data network is
available
domestic: adequate network of microwave radio relay and open-wire
international: country code - 220; microwave radio relay links to
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)

Radios:
196,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (government-owned) (1997)

Televisions:
5,000 (2000)

Internet country code:
.gm

Internet hosts:
568 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2001)

Internet users:
25,000 (2002)

Transportation Gambia, The

Highways: total: 2,700 km paved: 956 km unpaved: 1,744 km (1999)

Waterways:
390 km (on River Gambia; small ocean-going vessels can reach 190
km) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Banjul

Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 30,976 GRT/10,978 DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Switzerland 1) (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Gambia, The

Military branches:
Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambian Navy (GN), Presidential Guard,
National Guard

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 309,279 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 188,117 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Gambia, The

Disputes - international:
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and
other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's
Casamance region as well as from conflicts in other west African
states

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Gaza Strip

Introduction Gaza Strip

Background:
The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government
Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993,
provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of
Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West
Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and
responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which includes the
Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January 1996, as part of
the interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip
and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo
Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and in additional
areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28 September 1995
Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol
Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23 October 1998
Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh
Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility
during the transitional period for external and internal security
and for public order of settlements and Israeli citizens. Direct
negotiations to determine the permanent status of Gaza and West Bank
began in September 1999 after a three-year hiatus, but were derailed
by a second intifadah that broke out in September 2000. The
resulting widespread violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,
Israel's military response, and instability within the Palestinian
Authority continued to undermine progress toward a permanent
agreement. Following the death of longtime Palestinian leader Yasir
ARAFAT in November 2004, the election of his successor Mahmud ABBAS
in January 2005 brought about a turning point in the conflict. In
February 2005 the Israeli Government voted to disengage from the
Gaza Strip by dismantling all Israeli settlements and removing all
Israeli settlers. This process was completed in September 2005.
Nonetheless, Israel maintains offshore maritime control as well as
airspace control. The future political status of the Gaza Strip has
yet to be determined.

Geography Gaza Strip

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and
Israel

Geographic coordinates:
31 25 N, 34 20 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 360 sq km
land: 360 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 62 km border countries: Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km

Coastline:
40 km

Maritime claims:
Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the
Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be
determined through further negotiation

Climate:
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Terrain:
flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda) 105 m

Natural resources:
arable land, natural gas

Land use:
arable land: 28.95%
permanent crops: 21.05%
other: 50% (2001)

Irrigated land:
120 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
droughts

Environment - current issues:
desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment;
water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion and contamination
of underground water resources

Geography - note:
there are 25 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the
Gaza Strip (February 2002 est.)

People Gaza Strip

Population:
1,376,289
note: in addition, there are more than 5,000 Israeli settlers in the
Gaza Strip (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 48.5% (male 342,186/female 325,899)
15-64 years: 48.8% (male 342,927/female 329,354)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 15,036/female 20,887) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 15.65 years
male: 15.5 years
female: 15.81 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.77% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
40.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 22.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.79 years
male: 70.5 years
female: 73.15 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: NA
adjective: NA

Ethnic groups:
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Religions:
Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 98.7%, Christian 0.7%, Jewish 0.6%

Languages:
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians),
English (widely understood)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.9%
male: 96.3%
female: 87.4% (2003 est.)

Government Gaza Strip

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Gaza Strip local long form: none local short form: Qita Ghazzah

Economy Gaza Strip

Economy - overview:
High population density, limited land access, and strict internal
and external controls have kept economic conditions in the Gaza
Strip - the smaller of the two areas under the Palestinian Authority
- even more degraded than in the West Bank. An anticipated Israeli
withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005 may offer some medium-term
opportunities for economic growth. The beginning of the second
intifadah in September 2000 sparked an economic downturn, largely
the result of Israeli closure policies; these policies, which were
imposed in response to security interests in Israel, disrupted labor
and commodity relationships with the Gaza Strip. In 2001, and even
more severely in 2003, Israeli military measures in Palestinian
Authority areas resulted in the destruction of much capital plant,
the disruption of administrative structure, and widespread business
closures. Including the West Bank, the UN estimates that more than
100,000 Palestinians out of the 125,000 who used to work in Israel
or in joint industrial zones have lost their jobs. International aid
of $2 billion to Gaza Strip and the West Bank in 2004 prevented the
complete collapse of the economy and allowed some reforms in the
government's financial operations. Meanwhile unemployment has
continued at half the labor force. ARAFAT's death in 2004 leaves
open more political options that could affect the economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$768 million (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.5% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $600 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 9% industry: 28% services: 63% (includes West Bank) (2002 est.)

Labor force:
725,000 (2004)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 14%, industry 19%, services 66% (2004)

Unemployment rate:
50% (includes West Bank) (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
81% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (includes West Bank) (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $676.6 million
expenditures: $1.155 billion, including capital expenditures of NA;
note - these budget data include West Bank (2003)

Agriculture - products:
olives, citrus, vegetables; beef, dairy products

Industries:
generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap,
olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis
have established some small-scale modern industries in an industrial
center

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel (2001)

Exports:
$205 million f.o.b., includes West Bank (2002)

Exports - commodities:
citrus, flowers

Exports - partners:
Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Imports:
$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes West Bank (2002)

Imports - commodities:
food, consumer goods, construction materials

Imports - partners:
Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Debt - external:
$108 million (includes West Bank) (1997 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2 billion (includes West Bank) (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
new Israeli shekel (ILS)

Currency code:
ILS

Exchange rates:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003),
4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Gaza Strip

Telephones - main lines in use: 95,729 (total for Gaza Strip and West Bank) (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 320,000 (cellular subscribers in both Gaza Strip and West Bank) (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: rudimentary telephone services provided by an open-wire
system
international: NA

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
NA; note - most Palestinian households have radios (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (operated by the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation) (1997)

Televisions:
NA; note - most Palestinian households have televisions (1997)

Internet country code:
.ps

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (1999)

Internet users:
60,000 (includes West Bank) (2001)

Transportation Gaza Strip

Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: small, poorly developed road network

Ports and harbors:
Gaza

Airports:
2 (2001)
note: includes Gaza International Airport (GIA), inaugurated on 24
November 1998 as part of agreements stipulated in the September 1995
Oslo II Accord and the 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum; GIA has
been largely closed since October 2000 by Israeli orders and its
runway was destroyed by the Israeli Defense Forces in December 2001
(2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Gaza Strip

Military branches:
in accordance with the peace agreement, the Palestinian Authority
is not permitted conventional military forces; there are, however,
public security forces (2002)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Gaza Strip

Disputes - international:
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status
subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent
status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel
announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw from the
Gaza Strip in 2005

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 922,674 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Georgia

Introduction Georgia

Background:
The region of present-day Georgia contained the ancient kingdoms of
Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman influence in
the first centuries AD and Christianity became the state religion in
the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a
Georgian golden age (11th to the 13th centuries) that was cut short
by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the Ottoman and
Persian empires competed for influence in the region. Georgia was
absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Independent
for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian revolution, it was
forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the Soviet Union dissolved
in 1991. Despite myriad problems, some progress on market reforms
and democratization has been made since then. An attempt by the
government to manipulate legislative elections in November 2003
touched off widespread protests that led to the resignation of
Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. New elections in early
2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along with his National
Movement Party.

Geography Georgia

Location:
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and
Russia

Geographic coordinates:
42 00 N, 43 30 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 69,700 sq km
land: 69,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:
total: 1,461 km
border countries: Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km,
Turkey 252 km

Coastline:
310 km

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Terrain:
largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the north and
Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida
Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River Basin in
the east; good soils in river valley flood plains, foothills of
Kolkhida Lowland

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Mt'a Shkhara 5,201 m

Natural resources:
forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor
coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important
tea and citrus growth

Land use:
arable land: 11.44%
permanent crops: 3.86%
other: 84.7% (2001)

Irrigated land:
4,700 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of Mtkvari
River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable water; soil
pollution from toxic chemicals

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia controls much
of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them

People Georgia

Population:
4,677,401 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18% (male 444,779/female 398,162)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 1,480,557/female 1,603,743)
65 years and over: 16% (male 300,859/female 449,301) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 37.36 years
male: 34.93 years
female: 39.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.35% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.25 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.16 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 18.59 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.88 years
male: 72.59 years
female: 79.67 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.41 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Georgian(s)
adjective: Georgian

Ethnic groups:
Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5%
(2002 census)

Religions:
Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic 0.8%,
Muslim 9.9%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census)

Languages:
Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%
note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 100%
female: 98% (1999 est.)

Government Georgia

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Georgia
local long form: none
local short form: Sak'art'velo
former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
T'bilisi

Administrative divisions:
9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 9 cities (k'alak'ebi,
singular - k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics (avtomnoy
respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)
: regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti,
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti,
Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli
: cities: Chiat'ura, Gori, K'ut'aisi, P'ot'i, Rust'avi, T'bilisi,
Tqibuli, Tsqaltubo, Zugdidi
: autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri
Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika
(Bat'umi)
note: the administrative centers of the 2 autonomous republics are
shown in parentheses

Independence:
9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 is the date of
independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 is the date of
independence from the Soviet Union

Constitution:
adopted 24 August 1995

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government for the power ministries: state security (includes
interior) and defense
head of government: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January
2004); Prime Minister Zurab NOGHAIDELI (since 17 February 2005);
note - the president is the chief of state and head of government
for the power ministries: state security (includes interior) and
defense; the prime minister is head of the remaining ministries of
government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 4 January 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Mikheil SAAKASHVILI elected president; percent of
vote - Mikheil SAAKASHVILI 96.3%, Temur SHASHIASHVILI 1.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Supreme Council (commonly referred to as Parliament) or
Umaghiesi Sabcho (235 seats - 150 elected by party lists); members
are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held spring 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - National
Movement-Democrats 67.6%, Rightist Opposition 7.6%, all other
parties received less than 7% each; seats by party - National
Movement-Democrats 135, Rightist Opposition 15

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the
president's recommendation); Constitutional Court; first and second
instance courts

Political parties and leaders:
Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People's Front
[Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG
[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry
Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor
Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil
SAAKASHVILI] bloc composed of National Movement and
Burjanadze-Democrats; National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New
Right [David GAMKRELIDZE]; Republican Party [David BERDZENISHVILI];
Rightist Opposition [David GAMKRELIDZE] bloc composed of
Industrialists and New Right Party; Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli
MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; Union of National
Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and Zviad DZIDZIGURI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Georgian independent deputies from Abkhaz government in exile;
separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia;
supporters of the late ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDYA

International organization participation:
BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ITU, MIGA, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Levan MIKELADZE
chancery: Suite 602, 1101 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 387-4537
FAX: [1] (202) 393-4537

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard M. MILES embassy: #25 Atoneli Street, T'bilisi 0105 mailing address: 7060 Tbilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060 telephone: [995] (32) 989-967/68 FAX: [995] (32) 933-759

Flag description:
white rectangle, in its central portion a red cross connecting all
four sides of the flag; in each of the four corners is a small red
bolnur-katskhuri cross; the five-cross flag appears to date back to
the 14th century

Economy Georgia

Economy - overview:
Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation of
agricultural products such as citrus fruits, tea, hazelnuts, and
grapes; mining of manganese and copper; and output of a small
industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages,
metals, machinery, and chemicals. The country imports the bulk of
its energy needs, including natural gas and oil products. Its only
sizable internal energy resource is hydropower. Despite the severe
damage the economy has suffered due to civil strife, Georgia, with
the help of the IMF and World Bank, has made substantial economic
gains since 1995, achieving positive GDP growth and curtailing
inflation. However, the Georgian Government has suffered from
limited resources due to a chronic failure to collect tax revenues.
Georgia's new government is making progress in reforming the tax
code, enforcing taxes, and cracking down on corruption. Georgia also
suffers from energy shortages; it privatized the T'bilisi
electricity distribution network in 1998, but payment collection
rates remain low, both in T'bilisi and throughout the regions. The
country is pinning its hopes for long-term growth on its role as a
transit state for pipelines and trade. The construction on the
Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas
pipeline have brought much-needed investment and job opportunities.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$14.45 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
9.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 20.5% industry: 22.6% services: 56.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.1 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 40%, industry 20%, services 40% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
17% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
54% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 27.9% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37.1 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $671.7 million
expenditures: $804.7 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock

Industries:
steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances, mining
(manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2000)

Electricity - production:
6.732 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 19.7% hydro: 80.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.811 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
300 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
850 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
31,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
60 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.16 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-632.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$909.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
scrap metal, machinery, chemicals; fuel reexports; citrus fruits,
tea, wine

Exports - partners:
Turkey 18.3%, Turkmenistan 17.8%, Russia 16.2%, Armenia 8.4%, UK
4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$1.806 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
fuels, machinery and parts, transport equipment, grain and other
foods, pharmaceuticals

Imports - partners:
Russia 14%, Turkey 11%, UK 9.3%, Azerbaijan 8.5%, Germany 8.2%,
Ukraine 7.7%, US 6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$231.4 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.8 billion (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $150 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
lari (GEL)

Currency code:
GEL

Exchange rates:
lari per US dollar - 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957 (2002),
2.073 (2001), 1.9762 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Georgia

Telephones - main lines in use:
650,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
522,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: local - T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi have cellular telephone
networks; urban telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; rural
telephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilities
include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi;
nationwide pager service is available
international: country code - 995; Georgia and Russia are working on
a fiber-optic line between P'ot'i and Sochi (Russia); present
international service is available by microwave, landline, and
satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail
and telex service are available

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
3.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
12 (plus repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
2.57 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ge

Internet hosts:
5,160 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
150,500 (2003)

Transportation Georgia

Railways:
total: 1,612 km (1,612 km electrified)
broad gauge: 1,575 km 1.520-m gauge (1,575 electrified)
narrow gauge: 37 km 0.912-m gauge (37 electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 20,229 km
paved: 18,914 km
unpaved: 1,315 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 1,697 km; oil 1,027 km; refined products 232 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bat'umi, P'ot'i

Merchant marine:
total: 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 855,908 GRT/1,288,812 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 133, container 3, liquefied gas 1,
passenger 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 6, refrigerated
cargo 4, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 105 (Albania 1, Azerbaijan 2, Cyprus 2, Egypt 3,
Estonia 1, Germany 1, Greece 4, Israel 1, Lebanon 3, Romania 6,
Russia 8, Syria 27, Turkey 14, Ukraine 30, UAE 2)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
30 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
2 (2004 est.)

Transportation - note:
transportation network is in poor condition resulting from ethnic
conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages; network lacks
maintenance and repair

Military Georgia

Military branches:
Ground Forces (includes National Guard), Air and Air Defense
Forces, Maritime Defense Force, Interior Forces

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,038,736 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 827,281 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 38,857 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$23 million (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.59% (FY00)

Military - note:
a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in the
Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer
group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia

Transnational Issues Georgia

Disputes - international:
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border,
leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary
unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the
Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia;
UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force
in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the
former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia
remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of
Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government;
Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the alignment of their
boundary at certain crossing areas

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 260,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Germany

Introduction Germany

Background:
As Europe's largest economy and most populous nation, Germany
remains a key member of the continent's economic, political, and
defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in
two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and
left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US,
UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the
Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal
Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic
(GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic
and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO,
while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led
Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War
allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has
expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages
up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU
countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Geography Germany

Location:
Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, between
the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Geographic coordinates:
51 00 N, 9 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 357,021 sq km
land: 349,223 sq km
water: 7,798 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 3,621 km
border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646
km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577
km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

Coastline:
2,389 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Terrain:
lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m
highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

Natural resources:
coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel, uranium,
potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

Land use: arable land: 33.85% permanent crops: 0.59% other: 65.56% (2001)

Irrigated land:
4,850 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding

Environment - current issues:
emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries contribute to
air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions,
is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and
industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany; hazardous waste
disposal; government established a mechanism for ending the use of
nuclear power over the next 15 years; government working to meet EU
commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the
EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on North European Plain and along the entrance
to the Baltic Sea

People Germany

Population:
82,431,390 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 6,078,885/female 5,766,065)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 28,006,268/female 27,003,958)
65 years and over: 18.9% (male 6,359,776/female 9,216,438) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 42.16 years male: 40.88 years female: 43.53 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
8.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.61 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.65 years
male: 75.66 years
female: 81.81 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
43,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: German(s)
adjective: German

Ethnic groups:
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek,
Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Religions:
Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%, unaffiliated or
other 28.3%

Languages:
German

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1997 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Germany

Country name:
conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany
conventional short form: Germany
local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland
local short form: Deutschland
former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Berlin

Administrative divisions:
13 states (Laender, singular - Land) and 3 free states*
(Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern*,
Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen*, Sachsen-Anhalt,
Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen*

Independence:
18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four
zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945
following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West
Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and
French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany)
proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone;
unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October
1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

National holiday:
Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Constitution:
23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united
German people 3 October 1990

Legal system:
civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Horst KOEHLER (since 1 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October
1998); Vice Chancellor Joschka FISCHER (since 17 October 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by
the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal
Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an
equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election
last held 23 May 2004 (next to be held 23 May 2009); chancellor
elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a
four-year term; election last held 22 September 2002 (next to be
held September 2006)
election results: Horst KOEHLER elected president; received 604
votes of the Federal Convention against 589 for Gesine SCHWAN;
Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly
vote 50.7%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal Assembly
or Bundestag (613 seats; elected by popular vote under a system
combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win
5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain
representation; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal
Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly
represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on population
and are required to vote as a block)
elections: Federal Assembly - last held 18 September 2005 (next to
be held September 2009); note - there are no elections for the
Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the
state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the
potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election
election results: Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party -
CDU/CSU 35.2%, SPD 34.3%, FDP 9.8%, Left 8.7%, Greens 8.1%; seats by
party - CDU/CSU 225, SPD 222, FDP 61, Left 54, Greens 51; Federal
Council - current composition - NA

Judicial branch:
Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the
judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance '90/Greens [Angelika BEER and Reinhard BUETIKOFER];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or
FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Left Party or PDS/WASG [Oskar
LAFONTAINE and Gregor GYSI]; Party of Democratic Socialism or PDS
[Lothar BISKY]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Franz MUENTEFERING]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
business associations, employers' organizations; expellee, refugee,
trade unions, and veterans groups

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CDB, CE,
CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM
(guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris
Club, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Wolfgang Friedrich ISCHINGER chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 298-8140 FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel R. COATS embassy: Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, 10117 Berlin; note - a new embassy will be built near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin; ground was broken in October 2004 and completion is scheduled for 2008 mailing address: PSC 120, Box 1000, APO AE 09265 telephone: [49] (030) 8305-0 FAX: [49] (030) 8305-1215 consulate(s) general: Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold

Economy Germany

Economy - overview:
Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth
largest in the world - has become one of the slowest growing
economies in the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not in the offing
in the foreseeable future. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of 1%,
rising to 1.7% in 2004. The modernization and integration of the
eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process,
with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70
billion. Germany's aging population, combined with high
unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level
exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the
labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers
and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made
unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing
capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany
to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration
and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are
further addressed. In the short run, however, the fall in government
revenues and the rise in expenditures have raised the deficit above
the EU's 3% debt limit.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.362 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $28,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 31% services: 68% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
42.63 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999)

Unemployment rate:
10.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 25.1% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
30 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.6% of GDP (2004)

Budget:
revenues: $1.2 trillion
expenditures: $1.3 trillion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
65.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle,
pigs, poultry

Industries:
among the world's largest and most technologically advanced
producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery,
vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages;
shipbuilding; textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
2.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
560 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 61.8% hydro: 4.2% nuclear: 29.9% other: 4.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
519.5 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
53.8 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
45.8 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
74,100 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - consumption:
2.891 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - exports:
12,990 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
2.135 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
395.8 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Natural gas - production:
21 billion cu m (2003)

Natural gas - consumption:
99.55 billion cu m (2003)

Natural gas - exports:
7.731 billion cu m (2003)

Natural gas - imports:
85.02 billion cu m (2003)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
293 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Current account balance:
$73.59 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$893.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures,
foodstuffs, textiles

Exports - partners:
France 10.3%, US 8.8%, UK 8.3%, Italy 7.2%, Netherlands 6.2%,
Belgium 5.6%, Austria 5.4%, Spain 5% (2004)

Imports:
$716.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals

Imports - partners:
France 9%, Netherlands 8.3%, US 7%, Italy 6.1%, UK 5.9%, China
5.6%, Belgium 4.9%, Austria 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$96.84 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Germany

Telephones - main lines in use:
54.35 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
64.8 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: Germany has one of the world's most
technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of
intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly
backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to
World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the
western part
domestic: Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic
telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic
cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic
satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available,
expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign
countries
international: country code - 49; Germany's international service is
excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable
facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
77.8 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
51.4 million (1998)

Internet country code:
.de

Internet hosts:
2,686,119 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
200 (2001)

Internet users:
39 million (2003)

Transportation Germany

Railways:
total: 46,142 km (20,100 km electrified)
standard gauge: 45,928 km 1.435-m gauge (20,084 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 214 km 1.000-m gauge (16 km electrified); 24 km
0.750-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 230,735 km
paved: 230,735 km (including 11,515 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Waterways:
7,300 km
note: Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North
Sea and Black Sea (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 325 km; gas 25,293 km; oil 3,540 km; refined products
3,827 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bremen, Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Duisburg, Frankfurt, Hamburg,
Karlsruhe, Mainz, Rostock, Wilhemshaven

Merchant marine:
total: 332 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,721,495 GRT/6,810,631 DWT
by type: cargo 69, chemical tanker 13, container 208, liquefied gas
3, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll
off 4
foreign-owned: 5 (Finland 2, Netherlands 1, Switzerland 1, UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 2,289 (2005)

Airports:
550 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 331 over 3,047 m: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 51 1,524 to 2,437 m: 62 914 to 1,523 m: 71 under 914 m: 134 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 219 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 31 under 914 m: 185 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 34 (2004 est.)

Military Germany

Military branches:
Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy (Deutsche
Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint
Support Service, Central Medical Service

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age (conscripts serve a nine-month tour of compulsory military service) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 18,917,537 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 15,258,931 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 497,048 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$35.063 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2003)

Transnational Issues Germany

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic
drugs; major financial center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Ghana

Introduction Ghana

Background:
Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and
the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first
sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. A
long series of coups resulted in the suspension of the constitution
in 1981 and a ban on political parties. A new constitution,
restoring multiparty politics, was approved in 1992. Lt. Jerry
RAWLINGS, head of state since 1981, won presidential elections in
1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a
third term in 2000. John KUFUOR, who defeated former Vice President
Atta MILLS in a free and fair election, succeeded him.

Geography Ghana

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire
and Togo

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 N, 2 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 239,460 sq km
land: 230,940 sq km
water: 8,520 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 2,094 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 549 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo
877 km

Coastline:
539 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and
humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Terrain:
mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m

Natural resources:
gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish,
rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone

Land use: arable land: 16.26% permanent crops: 9.67% other: 74.07% (2001)

Irrigated land:
110 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to
March; droughts

Environment - current issues: recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake

People Ghana

Population:
21,029,853
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.1% (male 3,946,326/female 3,862,390)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 6,203,035/female 6,235,107)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 366,472/female 416,523) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.45 years
male: 20.2 years
female: 20.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.25% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.97 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.84 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 51.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 54.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 58.47 years
male: 57.7 years
female: 59.26 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
3.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
350,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
30,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Ghanaian(s)
adjective: Ghanaian

Ethnic groups:
black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%,
Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5% (1998)

Religions:
Christian 63%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 21%

Languages:
English (official), African languages (including Akan,
Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 74.8%
male: 82.7%
female: 67.1% (2003 est.)

Government Ghana

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
conventional short form: Ghana
former: Gold Coast

Government type:
constitutional democracy

Capital:
Accra

Administrative divisions:
10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra,
Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western

Independence:
6 March 1957 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

Constitution:
approved 28 April 1992

Legal system:
based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject
to approval by Parliament
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 December
2004 (next to be held December 2008)
election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR reelected president in
election; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 53.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.7%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (230 seats; note - increased from 200 seats
in last election; members are elected by direct, popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 December 2004 (next to be held December 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NPP 128, NDC 92, other 10

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general
secretary]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,
chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National
Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's
Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];
People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party
[Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS
(observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL,
UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Alan J. KYEREMATEN
chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520
FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Carlin YATES
embassy: 6th and 10th Lanes, 798/1 Osu, Accra
mailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accra
telephone: [233] (21) 775-347, 775-348
FAX: [233] (21) 701-813

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a
large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the
popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of
Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

Economy Ghana

Economy - overview:
Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has roughly twice the
per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa. Even so,
Ghana remains heavily dependent on international financial and
technical assistance. Gold, timber, and cocoa production are major
sources of foreign exchange. The domestic economy continues to
revolve around subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 34% of
GDP and employs 60% of the work force, mainly small landholders.
Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country
(HIPC) program in 2002. Priorities include tighter monetary and
fiscal policies, accelerated privatization, and improvement of
social services. Receipts from the gold sector helped sustain GDP
growth in 2004. Inflation should ease, but remain a major internal
problem.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$48.27 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 34.3% industry: 24.2% services: 41.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
10.24 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
20% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
31.4% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.2% highest 10%: 30.1% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.7 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
13% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.17 billion
expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cocoa, rice, coffee, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts,
bananas; timber

Industries:
mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food
processing, cement, small commercial ship building

Industrial production growth rate:
3.8% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.922 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 5% hydro: 95% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.137 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
500 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
200 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
7,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
38,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
8.255 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
11.89 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$83.87 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.01 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore,
diamonds

Exports - partners:
Mexico 69.8%, Netherlands 3.7%, UK 3% (2004)

Imports:
$3.699 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Nigeria 12.6%, China 11.4%, UK 6.6%, US 6.4%, France 4.9%,
Netherlands 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.267 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$7.396 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$6.9 billion (1999)

Currency (code):
cedi (GHC)

Currency code:
GHC

Exchange rates:
cedis per US dollar - 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7
(2002), 7,170.8 (2001), 5,455.1 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Ghana

Telephones - main lines in use:
302,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
799,900 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poor to fair system; Internet accessible; many
rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services is
underway
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has
been installed
international: country code - 233; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel
system connects Ghana to its neighbors; fiber optic submarine cable
(SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 49, shortwave 3 (2001)

Radios:
12.5 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
10 (2001)

Televisions:
1.9 million (2001)

Internet country code:
.gh

Internet hosts:
407 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
12 (2000)

Internet users:
170,000 (2002)

Transportation Ghana

Railways: total: 953 km narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 46,176 km paved: 8,496 km unpaved: 37,679 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,293 km
note: 168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano
rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta
(2003)

Pipelines:
refined products 74 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Takoradi, Tema

Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 19,086 GRT/26,185 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 3
foreign-owned: 1 (Brazil 1) (2005)

Airports:
12 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Ghana

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and volunteer military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,761,226 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,721,239 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 250,782 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$49.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Ghana

Disputes - international: Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 42,466 (Liberia) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a
lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the
US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a
well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility
as a money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Gibraltar

Introduction Gibraltar

Background:
Strategically important, Gibraltar was ceded to Great Britain by
Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison was
formally declared a colony in 1830. In referendums held in 1967 and
2002, Gibraltarians ignored Spanish pressure and voted
overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency.

Geography Gibraltar

Location:
Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar, which links
the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southern
coast of Spain

Geographic coordinates:
36 8 N, 5 21 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 6.5 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 1.2 km border countries: Spain 1.2 km

Coastline:
12 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm

Climate:
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Terrain:
a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
limited natural freshwater resources: large concrete or natural
rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used for drinking
water) and adequate desalination plant

Geography - note:
strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the North
Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

People Gibraltar

Population:
27,884 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.8% (male 2,529/female 2,426)
15-64 years: 66% (male 9,442/female 8,970)
65 years and over: 16.2% (male 2,008/female 2,509) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.4 years
male: 39.12 years
female: 39.63 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.17% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.87 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.67 years
male: 76.8 years
female: 82.7 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.65 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Gibraltarian(s)
adjective: Gibraltar

Ethnic groups:
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German, North
Africans

Religions:
Roman Catholic 78.1%, Church of England 7%, other Christian 3.2%,
Muslim 4%, Jewish 2.1%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 0.9%, none
2.9% (2001 census)

Languages:
English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish,
Italian, Portuguese

Literacy: definition: NA total population: above 80% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Gibraltar

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Gibraltar

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Gibraltar

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the national
referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or go with Spain

Constitution:
30 May 1969

Legal system:
English law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects who have been
residents six months or more

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief Sir Francis RICHARDS
(since 27 May 2003)
head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected
members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation
with the chief minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Assembly (18 seats - 15 elected by popular
vote, one appointed for the Speaker, and two ex officio members;
members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 November 2003 (next to be held not later
than February 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - GSD 58%, GSLP 41%;
seats by party - GSD 8, GSLP 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:
Gibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar Social Democrats
or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP
[Joseph John BOSSANO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization;
Women's Association

International organization participation:
Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red with a
three-towered red castle in the center of the white band; hanging
from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band

Economy Gibraltar

Economy - overview:
Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping
trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international
conference center. The British military presence has been sharply
reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared
with 60% in 1984. The financial sector, tourism (almost 5 million
visitors in 1998), shipping services fees, and duties on consumer
goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, the shipping
sector, and tourism each contribute 25%-30% of GDP.
Telecommunications accounts for another 10%. In recent years,
Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a
private sector economy, but changes in government spending still
have a major impact on the level of employment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$769 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $27,900 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture negligible, industry 40%, services 60%

Unemployment rate:
2% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.5% (1998)

Budget:
revenues: $307 million
expenditures: $284 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY00/01 est.)

Agriculture - products:
none

Industries:
tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
104 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
96.76 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
42,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$136 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods 41%,
other 8%

Exports - partners:
France 19.4%, Spain 14.1%, Turkmenistan 12.1%, Switzerland 11.7%,
Germany 10.1%, UK 9.1%, Greece 6.8% (2004)

Imports:
$1.743 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Spain 19.9%, Russia 18.4%, UK 10.8%, Italy 8.8%, Germany 7.5%, US
5.1%, Sweden 4.7%, France 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$NA (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$NA

Currency (code):
Gibraltar pound (GIP)

Currency code:
GIP

Exchange rates:
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003),
0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Gibraltar

Telephones - main lines in use:
24,512 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
9,797 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate, automatic domestic system and
adequate international facilities
domestic: automatic exchange facilities
international: country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radio
relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
37,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus three low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
10,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gi

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
6,200 (2002)

Transportation Gibraltar

Highways: total: 29 km paved: 29 km unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Gibraltar

Merchant marine:
total: 161 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 980,636 GRT/1,254,661 DWT
by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 2, cargo 96, chemical tanker
21, container 22, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker
11, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 142 (Belgium 1, Cyprus 1, Finland 1, France 1,
Germany 105, Greece 12, Iceland 1, Ireland 1, Italy 1, Latvia 1,
Norway 8, Sweden 2, Switzerland 1, Taiwan 1, United Kingdom 3,
United States 2) (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Gibraltar

Military branches:
Royal Gibraltar Regiment

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK; the last British regular
infantry forces left Gibraltar in 1992, replaced by the Royal
Gibraltar Regiment

Transnational Issues Gibraltar

Disputes - international:
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to
remain a British colony and against a "total shared sovereignty"
arrangement while demanding participation in talks between the UK
and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even
greater autonomy

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Glorioso Islands

Introduction Glorioso Islands

Background:
A French possession since 1892, the Glorioso Islands are composed
of two lushly vegetated coral islands (Ile Glorieuse and Ile du Lys)
and three rock islets. A military garrison operates a weather and
radio station on Ile Glorieuse.

Geography Glorioso Islands

Location:
Southern Africa, group of islands in the Indian Ocean, northwest of
Madagascar

Geographic coordinates:
11 30 S, 47 20 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 5 sq km
land: 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock,
and South Rock

Area - comparative:
about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
35.2 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
low and flat

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 12 m

Natural resources: guano, coconuts

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic cyclones

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
the islands and rocks are surrounded by an extensive reef system

People Glorioso Islands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison along with a few
meteorologists; visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)

Government Glorioso Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Glorioso Islands
local long form: none
local short form: Iles Glorieuses

Dependency status:
possession of France; administered by the Administrateur Superieur
of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (possession of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (possession of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Glorioso Islands

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Communications Glorioso Islands

Communications - note: 1 meteorological station

Transportation Glorioso Islands

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Glorioso Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Glorioso Islands

Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Greece

Introduction Greece

Background:
Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829.
During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the
20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and
territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II,
Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied
by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war
between royalist supporters of the king and communist rebels.
Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece was able to join NATO
in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many
political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted
seven years. The 1974 democratic elections and a referendum created
a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. Greece joined
the European Community or EC in 1981 (which became the EU in 1992);
it became the 12th member of the euro zone in 2001.

Geography Greece

Location:
Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

Geographic coordinates:
39 00 N, 22 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 131,940 sq km
land: 130,800 sq km
water: 1,140 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Alabama

Land boundaries:
total: 1,228 km
border countries: Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km,
Macedonia 246 km

Coastline:
13,676 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Terrain:
mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas
or chains of islands

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m

Natural resources:
lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel,
magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential

Land use: arable land: 21.1% permanent crops: 8.78% other: 70.12% (2001)

Irrigated land:
14,220 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
severe earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution; water pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Geography - note:
strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach
to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago
of about 2,000 islands

People Greece

Population:
10,668,354 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 791,227/female 744,178)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 3,561,689/female 3,564,675)
65 years and over: 18.8% (male 884,497/female 1,122,088) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.5 years
male: 39.39 years
female: 41.65 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.19% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.72 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.09 years
male: 76.59 years
female: 81.76 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
9,100 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Greek(s)
adjective: Greek

Ethnic groups:
Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece

Religions:
Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%

Languages:
Greek 99% (official), English, French

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.6%
female: 96.5% (2003 est.)

People - note:
women, men, and children are trafficked to and within Greece for
the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor

Government Greece

Country name:
conventional long form: Hellenic Republic
conventional short form: Greece
local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia
local short form: Ellas or Ellada
former: Kingdom of Greece

Government type:
parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December
1974

Capital:
Athens

Administrative divisions:
51 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos) and 1 autonomous region*;
Agion Oros* (Mt. Athos), Achaia, Aitolia kai Akarmania, Argolis,
Arkadia, Arta, Attiki, Chalkidiki, Chanion, Chios, Dodekanisos,
Drama, Evros, Evrytania, Evvoia, Florina, Fokidos, Fthiotis,
Grevena, Ileia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Karditsa, Kastoria,
Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Kyklades,
Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lefkas, Lesvos, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella,
Pieria, Preveza, Rethynnis, Rodopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia,
Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakynthos

Independence:
1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 March (1821)

Constitution:
11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001

Legal system:
based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil,
criminal, and administrative courts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Karolos PAPOULIAS (since 12 March 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos KARAMANLIS (since 7
March 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by parliament for a five-year term;
election last held 8 February 2005 (next to be held by February
2010); according to the Greek Constitution, presidents may only
serve two terms; president appoints leader of the party securing
plurality of vote in election to become prime minister and form a
government
election results: Karolos PAPOULIAS elected president; number of
parlimentary votes, 279 out of 300

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are
elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: elections last held 7 March 2004 (next to be held by
March 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - ND 45.4%, PASOK 40.6%,
KKE 5.9%, Synaspismos 3.3%; seats by party - ND 165, PASOK 117, KKE
12, Synaspismos 6

Judicial branch:
Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges
appointed for life by the president after consultation with a
judicial council

Political parties and leaders:
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Alekos ALAVANOS];
Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New Democracy or
ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS]; Panhellenic Socialist
Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU]; Popular Orthodox Rally
[Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
General Confederation of Greek Workers or GSEE [Khristos
POLYZOGOPOLOS]; Federation of Greek Industries or SEV [Odysseas
KYRIAKOPOULOS]; Civil Servants Confederation or ADEDY [Spyros
PAPASPYROS]

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, EU,
FAO, G- 6, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA,
MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UPU, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Yeoryios SAVVAIDIS
chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-1300
FAX: [1] (202) 939-1324
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco, and Tampa
consulate(s): Atlanta, Houston, and New Orleans

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Charles RIES embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Avenue, 10160 Athens mailing address: PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108 telephone: [30] (210) 721-2951 FAX: [30] (210) 645-6282 consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki

Flag description:
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there
is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white
cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established
religion of the country

Economy Greece

Economy - overview:
Greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector accounting
for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP 70% of the leading
euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15% of GDP. Immigrants make up
nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in menial jobs. Greece is
a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP.
The Greek economy grew by about 4.0% for the past two years, largely
because of an investment boom and infrastructure upgrades for the
2004 Athens Olympic Games. Despite strong growth, Greece has failed
to meet the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criteria
of 3% of GDP since 2000; public debt, inflation, and unemployment
are also above the eurozone average. Further restructuring of the
economy will need to include privatizing of several state
enterprises, undertaking pension and other reforms, and minimizing
bureaucratic inefficiencies.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$226.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $21,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7% industry: 22% services: 71% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.4 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 12%, industry 20%, services 68% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 28.3% (1998 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.4 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
27% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $54.39 billion
expenditures: $64.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
112% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco,
potatoes; beef, dairy products

Industries:
tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles; chemicals, metal
products; mining, petroleum

Industrial production growth rate:
4.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
47.22 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 94.5% hydro: 3.8% nuclear: 0% other: 1.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
47.42 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
4.6 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
5,992 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
405,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
84,720 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
468,300 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
4.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
35 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.021 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
2.018 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
254.9 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-8 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$15.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products,
chemicals, textiles

Exports - partners:
Germany 13.2%, Italy 10.3%, UK 7.5%, Bulgaria 6.3%, US 5.3%, Cyprus
4.6%, Turkey 4.5%, France 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$54.28 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Germany 13.3%, Italy 12.8%, France 6.4%, Netherlands 5.5%, Russia
5.5%, US 4.4%, UK 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$7.3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$67.23 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$8 billion from EU (2000-06)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Greece

Telephones - main lines in use:
5,205,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
8,936,200 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good
mobile telephone and international service
domestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire
connections; submarine cable to offshore islands
international: country code - 30; tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine
cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and
1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
5.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
36 (plus 1,341 low-power repeaters); also two stations in the US
Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995)

Televisions:
2.54 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.gr

Internet hosts:
208,977 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
27 (2000)

Internet users:
1,718,400 (2003)

Transportation Greece

Railways:
total: 2,571 km (764 km electrified)
standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge
dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges (three rail
system) (2004)

Highways:
total: 117,000 km
paved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,594 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
6 km
note: Corinth Canal (6 km) crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; shortens
sea voyage by 325 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Agioitheodoroi, Aspropyrgos, Irakleion, Pachi, Peiraiefs,
Thessaloniki

Merchant marine:
total: 861 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 30,186,624 GRT/52,943,968 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 296, cargo 65, chemical tanker 47, combination
ore/oil 2, container 46, liquefied gas 2, passenger 13,
passenger/cargo 121, petroleum tanker 252, roll on/roll off 17
foreign-owned: 25 (Chile 1, China 1, Cyprus 5, Norway 6, Sweden 1,
United Kingdom 11)
registered in other countries: 2,208 (2005)

Airports:
80 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 66 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 16 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 7 (2004 est.)

Military Greece

Military branches:
Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force (Polemiki
Aeroporia, EPA)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; during wartime the law allows for recruitment after reaching January of the year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 17 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation - 12 months for the Army and Air Force, 15 months for Navy (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,459,988 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,018,557 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 58,399 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$5.89 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.3% (2003)

Transnational Issues Greece

Disputes - international:
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex
maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea;
Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name
Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Illicit drugs:
a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin
from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor
chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is
consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and
organized crime

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Greenland

Introduction Greenland

Background:
The world's largest island, Greenland is about 81% ice-capped.
Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from Iceland; Danish
colonization began in the 18th century and Greenland was made an
integral part of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European Community
(now the European Union) with Denmark in 1973 but withdrew in 1985
over a dispute over stringent fishing quotas. Greenland was granted
self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament. The law went into
effect the following year. Denmark continues to exercise control of
Greenland's foreign affairs.

Geography Greenland

Location:
Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean and the
North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada

Geographic coordinates:
72 00 N, 40 00 W

Map references:
Arctic Region

Area:
total: 2,166,086 sq km
land: 2,166,086 sq km (410,449 sq km ice-free, 1,755,637 sq km
ice-covered) (2000 est.)

Area - comparative:
slightly more than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
44,087 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

Climate:
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Terrain:
flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow,
mountainous, barren, rocky coast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium,
fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the island

Environment - current issues:
protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the Inuit
traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Geography - note:
dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe;
sparse population confined to small settlements along coast, but
close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital, Nuuk;
world's second largest ice cap

People Greenland

Population:
56,375 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 25% (male 7,216/female 6,888)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 20,897/female 17,823)
65 years and over: 6.3% (male 1,672/female 1,879) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 33.83 years
male: 35.15 years
female: 32.14 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.02% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-8.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.17 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.12 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.65 years
male: 66.07 years
female: 73.31 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.41 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
100 (1999)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Greenlander(s)
adjective: Greenlandic

Ethnic groups:
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish and
others 12% (January 2000)

Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran

Languages:
Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% note: similar to Denmark proper

Government Greenland

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Greenland local long form: none local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat

Dependency status:
part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas
administrative division of Denmark since 1979

Government type:
parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Nuuk (Godthab)

Administrative divisions:
3 districts (landsdele); Avannaa (Nordgronland), Tunu
(Ostgronland), Kitaa (Vestgronland)
note: there are 18 municipalities in Greenland

Independence:
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is the
responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates in
international agreements relating to Greenland)

National holiday:
June 21 (longest day)

Constitution:
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Legal system:
Danish

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January
1972), represented by High Commissioner Peter LAURITEEN (since NA
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Hans ENOKSEN (since 14 December
2002)
cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the parliament
(Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed
by the monarch; prime minister is elected by parliament (usually the
leader of the majority party); election last held 3 December 2002
(next to be held December 2006)
election results: Hans ENOKSEN elected prime minister
note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Landstinget (31 seats; members are elected
by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held on 3 December 2002 (next to be held by December
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Siumut 28.7%, Inuit
Ataqatigiit 25.5%, Atassut Party 20.4%, Demokratiit 15.6%,
Katusseqatigiit 5.3%; seats by party - Siumut 10, Inuit Ataqatigiit
8, Atassut 7, Demokratiit 5, Katusseqatigiit 1
note: two representatives were elected to the Danish Parliament or
Folketing on 8 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009);
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Siumut 1, Inuit
Ataqatigiit 1

Judicial branch:
High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre Landsret
or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in Copenhagen)

Political parties and leaders:
Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring continuing
close relations with Denmark) [Augusta SALLING]; Demokratiit [Per
BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood, a leftist
party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home
rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (Polar Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH];
Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an independent right-of-center
party with no official platform [leader NA]; Siumut (Forward Party,
a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic
identity and greater autonomy from Denmark) [Hans ENOKSEN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
NC, NIB, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a large disk
slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of the disk is
red, the bottom half is white

Economy Greenland

Economy - overview:
The economy remains critically dependent on exports of fish and
substantial support from the Danish Government, which supplies about
half of government revenues. The public sector, including
publicly-owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays the
dominant role in the economy. Despite several interesting
hydrocarbon and minerals exploration activities, it will take
several years before production can materialize. Tourism is the only
sector offering any near-term potential, and even this is limited
due to a short season and high costs.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.1 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.8% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $20,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force:
24,500 (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.6% (1999 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $646 million
expenditures: $629 million, including capital expenditures of $85
million (1999)

Agriculture - products:
forage crops, garden and greenhouse vegetables; sheep, reindeer;
fish

Industries:
fish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut); gold,
niobium, tantalite, uranium, iron and diamond mining; handicrafts,
hides and skins, small shipyards

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
245 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%
note: Greenland is shifting its electricity production from fossil
fuel to hydropower production (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
227.9 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$388 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
fish and fish products 94% (prawns 63%)

Exports - partners:
Denmark 63.8%, Japan 12.6%, China 3.9% (2004)

Imports:
$445 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
petroleum products

Imports - partners:
Denmark 78.7%, Sweden 11.9%, Norway 2.7% (2004)

Debt - external:
$25 million (1999)

Economic aid - recipient:
$380 million subsidy from Denmark (1997)

Currency (code):
Danish krone (DKK)

Currency code:
DKK

Exchange rates:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947
(2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Greenland

Telephones - main lines in use:
26,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
16,747 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate domestic and international service
provided by satellite, cables and microwave radio relay; totally
digitalized in 1995
domestic: microwave radio relay and satellite
international: country code - 299; satellite earth stations - 12
Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 5, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
30,000 (1998 est.)

Television broadcast stations:
1 publicly-owned station, some local low-power stations, and three
AFRTS (US Air Force) stations (1997)

Televisions:
30,000 (1998 est.)

Internet country code:
.gl

Internet hosts:
2,642 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
20,000 (2002)

Transportation Greenland

Highways:
total: NA (there are no roads between towns) (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Sisimiut

Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,593 GRT/3,640 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
14 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 9 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Greenland

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Denmark

Transnational Issues Greenland

Disputes - international: uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Grenada

Introduction Grenada

Background:
One of the smallest independent countries in the western
hemisphere, Grenada was seized by a Marxist military council on 19
October 1983. Six days later the island was invaded by US forces and
those of six other Caribbean nations, which quickly captured the
ringleaders and their hundreds of Cuban advisers. Free elections
were reinstituted the following year.

Geography Grenada

Location:
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean,
north of Trinidad and Tobago

Geographic coordinates:
12 07 N, 61 40 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 344 sq km
land: 344 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
121 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Terrain:
volcanic in origin with central mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Saint Catherine 840 m

Natural resources: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors

Land use: arable land: 5.88% permanent crops: 29.41% other: 64.71% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from June to
November

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is
divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada

People Grenada

Population:
89,502 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.9% (male 15,329/female 14,997)
15-64 years: 62.7% (male 29,711/female 26,436)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 1,431/female 1,598) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.26 years
male: 21.73 years
female: 20.76 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.19% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.3 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-13.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.53 years
male: 62.74 years
female: 66.31 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.37 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Grenadian(s)
adjective: Grenadian

Ethnic groups:
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East Indian
5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Religions:
Roman Catholic 53%, Anglican 13.8%, other Protestant 33.2%

Languages:
English (official), French patois

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 98% (1970 est.)

Government Grenada

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Grenada

Government type:
constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament

Capital:
Saint George's

Administrative divisions:
6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit Martinique*,
Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mark,
Saint Patrick

Independence:
7 February 1974 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 7 February (1974)

Constitution:
19 December 1973

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June
1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 13-member body, 10
appointed by the government and three by the leader of the
opposition) and the House of Representatives (15 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 27 November 2003 (next to be held by
November 2008)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NNP 8, NDC 7

Judicial branch:
West Indies Associate States Supreme Court (an associate judge
resides in Grenada)

Political parties and leaders:
Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS]; New National
Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]; People Labor Movement or PLM [Dr.
Francis ALEXIS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber),
ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Denis G. ANTOINE chancery: 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 265-2561 FAX: [1] (202) 265-2468 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to
Grenada
embassy: Lance-aux-Epines Stretch, Saint George's
mailing address: P. O. Box 54, Saint George's, Grenada, West Indies
telephone: [1] (473) 444-1173 through 1176
FAX: [1] (473) 444-4820

Flag description:
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top and
bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a red
border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed stars
with three centered in the top red border, three centered in the
bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the center
of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the hoist-side
triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer of nutmeg,
after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven administrative
divisions

Economy Grenada

Economy - overview:
Grenada relies on tourism as its main source of foreign exchange,
especially since the construction of an international airport in
1985. Strong performances in construction and manufacturing,
together with the development of an offshore financial industry,
have also contributed to growth in national output.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$440 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.5% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.7% industry: 23.9% services: 68.4% (2000)

Labor force:
42,300 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 24%, industry 14%, services 62% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12.5% (2000)

Population below poverty line:
32% (2000)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.8% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $85.8 million
expenditures: $102.1 million, including capital expenditures of $28
million (1997)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, mace, citrus, avocados, root crops,
sugarcane, corn, vegetables

Industries:
food and beverages, textiles, light assembly operations, tourism,
construction

Industrial production growth rate:
0.7% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
149 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
138.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$46 million (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace

Exports - partners:
Saint Lucia 12.7%, US 12.2%, Antigua and Barbuda 8.7%, Netherlands
7.9%, Saint Kitts and Nevis 7.8%, Dominica 7.8%, Germany 7.1%,
France 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$208 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel

Imports - partners:
Trinidad and Tobago 29.6%, US 27.8%, UK 4.8% (2004)

Debt - external:
$196 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$8.3 million (1995)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Grenada

Telephones - main lines in use:
33,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7,600 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: automatic, islandwide telephone system
domestic: interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links
international: country code - 1-473; new SHF radiotelephone links to
Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to
Trinidad

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
57,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1997)

Televisions:
33,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gd

Internet hosts:
18 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
14 (2000)

Internet users:
15,000 (2002)

Transportation Grenada

Highways: total: 1,040 km paved: 638 km unpaved: 402 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Saint George's

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Grenada

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Royal Grenada Police Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Grenada

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point for
marijuana and cocaine to US

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guadeloupe

Introduction Guadeloupe

Background:
Guadeloupe has been a French possession since 1635. The island of
Saint Martin is shared with the Netherlands; its southern portion is
named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles and its
northern portion is named Saint-Martin and is part of Guadeloupe

Geography Guadeloupe

Location:
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:
16 15 N, 61 35 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 1,780 sq km
land: 1,706 sq km
water: 74 sq km
note: Guadeloupe is an archipelago of nine inhabited islands,
including Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Desirade,
Iles des Saintes (2), Saint-Barthelemy, Iles de la Petite Terre, and
Saint-Martin (French part of the island of Saint Martin)

Area - comparative:
10 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 10.2 km border countries: Netherlands Antilles (Sint Maarten) 10.2 km

Coastline: 306 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity

Terrain:
Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior mountains;
Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the seven other
islands are volcanic in origin

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Soufriere 1,484 m

Natural resources: cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism

Land use: arable land: 11.24% permanent crops: 3.55% other: 85.21% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hurricanes (June to October); Soufriere de Guadeloupe is an active
volcano

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
a narrow channel, the Riviere Salee, divides Guadeloupe proper into
two islands: the larger, western Basse-Terre and the smaller,
eastern Grande-Terre

People Guadeloupe

Population:
448,713 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 24% (male 55,072/female 52,677)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 148,880/female 151,238)
65 years and over: 9.1% (male 17,032/female 23,814) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 31.81 years
male: 30.91 years
female: 32.73 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.92% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.42 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.9 years
male: 74.74 years
female: 81.21 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Guadeloupian(s)
adjective: Guadeloupe

Ethnic groups:
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese less
than 5%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 4%, Protestant 1%

Languages:
French (official) 99%, Creole patois

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90%
male: 90%
female: 90% (1982 est.)

Government Guadeloupe

Country name:
conventional long form: Department of Guadeloupe
conventional short form: Guadeloupe
local long form: Departement de la Guadeloupe
local short form: Guadeloupe

Dependency status:
overseas department of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Basse-Terre

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas department of France)

Independence:
none (overseas department of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French legal system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by Prefect Paul GIROT DE LANGLADE (since 17
August 2004)
head of government: President of the General Council Jacques GILLOT
(since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council Victorin
LUREL (since 2 April 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
election results: NA

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (42 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the
unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held March 2004 (next to be held
by NA 2010); Regional Council - last held 28 March 2004 (next to be
held NA 2010)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - left-wing candidates 11, PS 8, RPR 8, PPDG 6,
right-wing candidates 5, PCG 3, UDF 1; Regional Council (second
round) - percent of vote by party - PS 58.4%, UMP 41.6%; seats by
party - PS 29, UMP 12
note: Guadeloupe elects two representatives to the French Senate;
elections last held September 2004 (next to be held September 2013);
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA, Guadeloupe
elects four representatives to the French National Assembly;
elections last held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 2, PS 1,
different right parties 1

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe,
French Guiana, and Martinique

Political parties and leaders:
Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Mona CADOCE]; FGPS [Dominique
LARIFLA]; Left Radical Party or PRG [Flavien FERRANT]; Progressive
Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Socialist Party or PS
[Marlene MELISSE and Favrot DAVRAIN]; Union for French Democracy or
UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP (including
RPR) [Robert JOYEUX]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or KLPG;
General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G; General Union of
Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG; Movement for Independent Guadeloupe or
MPGI; The Socialist Renewal Movement

International organization participation:
WCL, WFTU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Guadeloupe

Economy - overview:
The Caribbean economy depends on agriculture, tourism, light
industry, and services. It also depends on France for large
subsidies and imports. Tourism is a key industry, with most tourists
from the US; an increasingly large number of cruise ships visit the
islands. The traditional sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by
other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export
earnings), eggplant, and flowers. Other vegetables and root crops
are cultivated for local consumption, although Guadeloupe is still
dependent on imported food, mainly from France. Light industry
features sugar and rum production. Most manufactured goods and fuel
are imported. Unemployment is especially high among the young.
Hurricanes periodically devastate the economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.513 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,900 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15% industry: 17% services: 68% (1997 est.)

Labor force:
125,900 (1997)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
27.8% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%

Budget:
revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105
million (1996)

Agriculture - products: bananas, sugarcane, tropical fruits and vegetables; cattle, pigs, goats

Industries:
construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
1.16 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.079 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$140 million f.o.b. (1997)

Exports - commodities:
bananas, sugar, rum

Exports - partners:
France 60%, Martinique 18%, US 4% (1999)

Imports:
$1.7 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, fuels, vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods,
construction materials

Imports - partners:
France 63%, Germany 4%, US 3%, Japan 2%, Netherlands Antilles 2%
(1999)

Debt - external:
$NA (yearend 2003 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies (2004)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 j(2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Guadeloupe

Telephones - main lines in use:
210,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
323,500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic facilities inadequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 590; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua and
Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
113,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
118,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gp

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
20,000 (2002)

Transportation Guadeloupe

Highways:
total: 947 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Basse-Terre, Gustavia, Pointe-a-Pitre

Merchant marine: total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,240 GRT/109 DWT by type: passenger 1 foreign-owned: 1 (France 1) (2005)

Airports: 9 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 8 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Guadeloupe

Military branches:
no regular military forces

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Guadeloupe

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guam

Introduction Guam

Background:
Guam was ceded to the US by Spain in 1898. Captured by the Japanese
in 1941, it was retaken by the US three years later. The military
installation on the island is one of the most strategically
important US bases in the Pacific.

Geography Guam

Location:
Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of
the way from Hawaii to the Philippines

Geographic coordinates:
13 28 N, 144 47 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 549 sq km
land: 549 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
three times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
125.5 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast
trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July
to December; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat
coralline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water), with steep
coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low hills in
center, mountains in south

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Lamlam 406 m

Natural resources: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)

Land use: arable land: 9.09% permanent crops: 16.36% other: 74.55% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but
potentially very destructive typhoons (June - December)

Environment - current issues:
extirpation of native bird population by the rapid proliferation of
the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species

Geography - note:
largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands archipelago;
strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean

People Guam

Population:
168,564 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29.4% (male 25,645/female 23,887)
15-64 years: 64.1% (male 55,115/female 52,935)
65 years and over: 6.5% (male 5,157/female 5,825) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 28.38 years
male: 28.16 years
female: 28.61 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.46% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
19.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.61 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.4 years
male: 75.34 years
female: 81.64 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.6 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Guamanian(s)
adjective: Guamanian

Ethnic groups:
Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%, white
6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%, mixed 9.8%
(2000 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 85%, other 15% (1999 est.)

Languages:
English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other
Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages
3.5% (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (1990 est.)

Government Guam

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of Guam
conventional short form: Guam
local long form: Guahan

Dependency status:
organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations
between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the Office of
Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Hagatna (Agana)

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of the US)

Independence:
none (territory of the US)

National holiday:
Discovery Day, first Monday in March (1521)

Constitution:
Organic Act of 1 August 1950

Legal system:
modeled on US; US federal laws apply

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US
presidential elections

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)
head of government: Governor Felix P. P. CAMACHO (since 6 January
2003) and Lieutenant Governor Kaleo MOYLAN (since 6 January 2003)
cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with
the consent of the Guam legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor
elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term;
election last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held November 2006)
election results: Felix P. P. CAMACHO elected governor; percent of
vote - Felix P. P. CAMACHO (Republican Party) 55.4%, Robert A.
UNDERWOOD (Democratic Party) 44.6%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislature (15 seats; members are elected by popular
vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Democratic Party 6, Republican Party 9
note: Guam elects one nonvoting delegate to the US House of
Representatives; election last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2006); results - Madeleine BORDALLO (Democratic Party) was
elected as delegate; percent of vote by party - Democratic Party
64.6%, Republican Party 35.4%; seats by party - Democratic Party 1

Judicial branch:
Federal District Court (judge is appointed by the president);
Territorial Superior Court (judges appointed for eight-year terms by
the governor)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party [leader Michael PHILLIPS]; Republican Party
(controls the legislature) [leader Philip J. FLORES]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of the US)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of the US)

Flag description:
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all four
sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse
containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree
with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the
national flag

Economy Guam

Economy - overview:
The economy depends on US military spending, tourism, and the
export of fish and handicrafts. Total US grants, wage payments, and
procurement outlays amounted to $1 billion in 1998. Over the past 20
years, the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a
construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones.
More than 1 million tourists visit Guam each year. The industry had
recently suffered setbacks because of the continuing Japanese
slowdown; the Japanese normally make up almost 90% of the tourists.
Most food and industrial goods are imported. Guam faces the problem
of building up the civilian economic sector to offset the impact of
military downsizing.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.2 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $21,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7% industry: 15% services: 78% (2002 est.)

Labor force: 60,000 (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: private 74% (industry 10%, trade 24%, other services 40%), federal and territorial government 26% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
15% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
23% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0% (1999 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $340 million
expenditures: $445 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fruits, copra, vegetables; eggs, pork, poultry, beef

Industries:
US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services,
concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
835 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
776.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$38 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products; construction
materials, fish, food and beverage products

Exports - partners:
Japan 66.1%, South Korea 9.9%, Singapore 8.4% (2004)

Imports:
$462 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods

Imports - partners:
Singapore 39.5%, South Korea 20.8%, Japan 19%, Hong Kong 9%,
Philippines 4.3% (2004)

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal Treasury
($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no income or excise
taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam
Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes
paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam
(2001 est.)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Guam

Telephones - main lines in use:
84,134 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
32,600 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system, integrated with US facilities
for direct dialing, including free use of 800 numbers
domestic: modern digital system, including cellular mobile service
and local access to the Internet
international: country code - 1-671; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to US and Japan (Guam is
a trans-Pacific communications hub for MCI, Sprint, AT&T, IT&E, and
GTE, linking the US and Asia)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 7, shortwave 2 (2003)

Radios:
221,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (1997)

Televisions:
106,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gu

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
20 (2000)

Internet users:
50,000 (2002)

Transportation Guam

Highways: total: 977 km paved: 962 km unpaved: 15 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Apra Harbor

Airports:
5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Guam

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Guam

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guatemala

Introduction Guatemala

Background:
The Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala and surrounding
regions during the first millennium A.D. After almost three
centuries as a Spanish colony, Guatemala won its independence in
1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a
variety of military and civilian governments as well as a 36-year
guerrilla war. In 1996, the government signed a peace agreement
formally ending the conflict, which had left more than 100,000
people dead and had created some 1 million refugees.

Geography Guatemala

Location:
Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between El
Salvador and Mexico, and bordering the Gulf of Honduras (Caribbean
Sea) between Honduras and Belize

Geographic coordinates:
15 30 N, 90 15 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 108,890 sq km
land: 108,430 sq km
water: 460 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Tennessee

Land boundaries:
total: 1,687 km
border countries: Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256
km, Mexico 962 km

Coastline:
400 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Terrain:
mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling limestone
plateau (Peten)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan Tajumulco 4,211 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 12.54% permanent crops: 5.03% other: 82.43% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,250 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent
earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and
other tropical storms

Environment - current issues:
deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water pollution

Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: no natural harbors on west coast

People Guatemala

Population:
14,655,189 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.4% (male 3,185,037/female 3,033,947)
15-64 years: 54.2% (male 4,019,052/female 3,928,984)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 226,745/female 261,424) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.47 years
male: 18.25 years
female: 18.71 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.57% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
34.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 35.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 35.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.06 years
male: 67.37 years
female: 70.84 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.53 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
78,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
5,800 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Guatemalan(s)
adjective: Guatemalan

Ethnic groups:
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish called Ladino)
and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9%, Q'eqchi
6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%, other 0.1% (2001
census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic, Protestant, indigenous Mayan beliefs

Languages:
Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized
Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam,
Garifuna, and Xinca)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70.6%
male: 78%
female: 63.3% (2003 est.)

Government Guatemala

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Guatemala
conventional short form: Guatemala
local long form: Republica de Guatemala
local short form: Guatemala

Government type:
constitutional democratic republic

Capital:
Guatemala

Administrative divisions:
22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alta
Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso,
Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten,
Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa
Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa

Independence:
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Constitution:
31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May
1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following
ouster of president; amended November 1993

Legal system:
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal (active duty members of the armed forces
may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo (since
14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas (since 14
January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo
(since 14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas
(since 14 January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 9 November 2003; runoff held 28 December 2003
(next to be held November 2007)
election results: Oscar BERGER Perdomo elected president; percent of
vote - Oscar BERGER Perdomo (GANA) 54.1%, Alvarado COLOM (UNE) 45.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la Republica
(158 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year
terms)
elections: last held 9 November 2003 (next to be held November 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
GANA 49, FRG 41, UNE 33, PAN 17, other 18
note: for the 9 November 2003 election, the number of congressional
seats increased from 113 to 158

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitutcionalidad is Guatemala's
highest court (five judges are elected for concurrent five-year
terms by Congress, each serving one year as president of the
Constitutional Court; one is elected by Congress, one elected by the
Supreme Court of Justice, one appointed by the President, one
elected by Superior Counsel of Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala,
and one by Colegio de Abogados); Supreme Court of Justice or Corte
Suprema de Justicia (13 members serve concurrent five-year terms and
elect a president of the Court each year from among their number;
the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial
judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER]; Democratic
Union or UD [Rodolfo PAIZ Andrade]; Grand National Alliance or GANA
[Oscar BERGER Perdomo]; Green Party or LOV [Rodolfo ROSALES
Garcis-Salaz]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO
Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Alba
ESTELA Maldonado, secretary general]; Guatemalan Republican Front or
FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for Guatemalan Unity or MGU
[Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principals and Values or
MPV [Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN [Leonel
LOPEZ Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope or UNE
[Alvarado COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN (formed by
an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of whom
subsequently defected) [led by three co-equal partners - Nineth
Varenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge Antonio
BALSELLS TUT]; Patriot Party or PP [retired General Otto PEREZ
Molina]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES
Molina]; Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE, secretary
general]; Unionista Party [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO; Alliance Against Impunity or AAI;
Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC; Coordinating Committee of
Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or
CACIF; Mutual Support Group or GAM

International organization participation:
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM,
OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Guillermo CASTILLO chancery: 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 745-4952 FAX: [1] (202) 745-1908 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador John R. HAMILTON embassy: 7-01 Avenida Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City mailing address: APO AA 34024 telephone: [502] 2331-1541/55 FAX: [502] 2334-8477

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side), white, and
light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the national bird)
and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE
1821 (the original date of independence from Spain) all superimposed
on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed swords and framed
by a wreath

Economy Guatemala

Economy - overview:
Guatemala is the largest and most populous of the Central American
countries with a GDP per capita roughly one-half that of Brazil,
Argentina, and Chile. The agricultural sector accounts for about
one-fourth of GDP, two-thirds of exports, and half of the labor
force. Coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products. The 1996
signing of peace accords, which ended 36 years of civil war, removed
a major obstacle to foreign investment, but widespread political
violence and corruption scandals continue to dampen investor
confidence. The distribution of income remains highly unequal, with
perhaps 75% of the population below the poverty line. Other ongoing
challenges include increasing government revenues, negotiating
further assistance from international donors, upgrading both
government and private financial operations, curtailing drug
trafficking, and narrowing the trade deficit.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$59.47 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 22.7% industry: 19.5% services: 57.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3.68 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 50%, industry 15%, services 35% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
7.5% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
75% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 46% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
55.8 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
14.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.878 billion
expenditures: $3.411 billion, including capital expenditures of $750
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
32% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom; cattle, sheep,
pigs, chickens

Industries:
sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, petroleum,
metals, rubber, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
4.1% (1999)

Electricity - production:
6.608 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 51.9% hydro: 35.2% nuclear: 0% other: 12.9% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.76 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
440 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
55 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
25,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
61,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
3,104 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
263 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.543 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-1.381 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.911 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, sugar, petroleum, apparel, bananas, fruits and vegetables,
cardamom

Exports - partners:
US 53%, El Salvador 11.4%, Honduras 7.1%, Mexico 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$7.77 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials,
grain, fertilizers, electricity

Imports - partners:
US 34%, Mexico 8.1%, South Korea 6.8%, China 6.6%, Japan 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.084 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.969 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$250 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed

Currency code:
GTQ; USD

Exchange rates:
quetzales per US dollar - 7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003), 7.8216
(2002), 7.8586 (2001), 7.7632 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Guatemala

Telephones - main lines in use:
846,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,577,100 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fairly modern network centered in the city of
Guatemala
domestic: NA
international: country code - 502; connected to Central American
Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 130, FM 487, shortwave 15 (2000)

Radios:
835,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
26 (plus 27 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
1.323 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.gt

Internet hosts:
20,360 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2000)

Internet users:
400,000 (2002)

Transportation Guatemala

Railways: total: 886 km narrow gauge: 886 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 14,118 km
paved: 4,871 km (including 74 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,247 km (1999)

Waterways:
990 km
note: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable
during high-water season (2004)

Pipelines:
oil 480 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla

Airports:
452 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 441
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 109
under 914 m: 323 (2004 est.)

Military Guatemala

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,020,292 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,106,847 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 161,964 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$201.9 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.8% (2003)

Transnational Issues Guatemala

Disputes - international:
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain forests of
Belize's border region; OAS is attempting to revive the 2002 failed
Differendum that created a small adjustment to land boundary, a
Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park
for the disputed Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial
package; Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit
to the US

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 250,000 (government's scorched-earth offensive in 1980s
against indigenous people) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
major transit country for cocaine and heroin; minor producer of
illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domestic consumption;
proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging area for drugs
(particularly for cocaine); money laundering is a serious problem;
corruption is a major problem; remains on Financial Action Task
Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continued
failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guernsey

Introduction Guernsey

Background:
The island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands represent the
last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy, which held sway
in both France and England. The islands were the only British soil
occupied by German troops in World War II.

Geography Guernsey

Location:
Western Europe, islands in the English Channel, northwest of France

Geographic coordinates:
49 28 N, 2 35 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 78 sq km
land: 78 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other
smaller islands

Area - comparative:
about one-half the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
50 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Climate:
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are
overcast

Terrain:
mostly level with low hills in southwest

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Sark 114 m

Natural resources: cropland

Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA%

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port

People Guernsey

Population:
65,228 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.4% (male 5,084/female 4,937)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 21,611/female 22,002)
65 years and over: 17.8% (male 4,882/female 6,712) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.99 years
male: 40.03 years
female: 41.91 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.29% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.71 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 80.3 years
male: 77.3 years
female: 83.41 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Channel Islander(s)
adjective: Channel Islander

Ethnic groups:
UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from other
European countries

Religions:
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational,
Methodist

Languages:
English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Guernsey

Country name:
conventional long form: Bailiwick of Guernsey
conventional short form: Guernsey

Dependency status:
British crown dependency

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Saint Peter Port

Administrative divisions:
none (British crown dependency); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 10 parishes including Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson, Vale,
Castel, Saint Saviour, Saint Pierre du Bois, Torteval, Forest, Saint
Martin, Saint Andrew

Independence:
none (British crown dependency)

National holiday:
Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Constitution:
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:
English law and local statutes; justice is administered by the
Royal Court

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt. Gen.
Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Laurie MORGAN (since 1 May 2004)
cabinet: Policy Council elected by the States of Deliberation
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed
by the monarch; chief minister is elected by States of Delibertion
election results: Laurie MORGAN elected chief minister, percent of
vote of the States of Deliberation NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral States of Deliberation (45 seats; members are elected by
popular vote for 4 years); note - Alderney and Sark have their own
parliaments
elections: last held 21 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Judicial branch:
Royal Court

Political parties and leaders:
none; all independents

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (British crown dependency)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (British crown dependency)

Flag description:
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England)
extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed cross of
William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross

Economy Guernsey

Economy - overview:
Financial services - banking, fund management, insurance - account
for about 55% of total income in this tiny, prosperous Channel
Island economy. Tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture, mainly
tomatoes and cut flowers, have been declining. Light tax and death
duties make Guernsey a popular tax haven. The evolving economic
integration of the EU nations is changing the environment under
which Guernsey operates.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.59 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $40,000 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3% industry: 10% services: 87% (2000)

Labor force:
32,290 (2001)

Unemployment rate:
0.5% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.9% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $539.2 million
expenditures: $448.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2002 est.)

Agriculture - products:
tomatoes, greenhouse flowers, sweet peppers, eggplant, fruit;
Guernsey cattle

Industries:
tourism, banking

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Exports:
$NA

Exports - commodities:
tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other
vegetables

Exports - partners:
UK (regarded as internal trade)

Imports:
$NA

Imports - commodities:
coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment

Imports - partners:
UK (regarded as internal trade)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound

Currency code:
GBP

Exchange rates:
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003),
0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Guernsey

Telephones - main lines in use:
55,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
31,500 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: 1 submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.gg

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Guernsey

Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:
Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Guernsey

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Guernsey

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guinea

Introduction Guinea

Background:
Guinea has had only two presidents since gaining its independence
from France in 1958. Lansana CONTE came to power in 1984, when the
military seized the government after the death of the first
president, Sekou TOURE. Guinea did not hold democratic elections
until 1993 when Gen. CONTE (head of the military government) was
elected president of the civilian government. He was reelected in
1998 and again in 2003. Unrest in Sierra Leone and Liberia has
spilled over into Guinea on several occasions over the past decade,
threatening stability and creating humanitarian emergencies.

Geography Guinea

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone

Geographic coordinates:
11 00 N, 10 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 245,857 sq km
land: 245,857 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries: total: 3,399 km border countries: Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km

Coastline: 320 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds

Terrain:
generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish, salt

Land use: arable land: 3.63% permanent crops: 2.58% other: 93.79% (2001)

Irrigated land:
950 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry
season

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;
desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,
overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices have led to
environmental damage

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the Niger and its important tributary the Milo have their sources
in the Guinean highlands

People Guinea

Population:
9,467,866 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.4% (male 2,123,207/female 2,079,475)
15-64 years: 52.4% (male 2,478,820/female 2,486,300)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 131,130/female 168,934) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.67 years
male: 17.42 years
female: 17.93 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.37% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
42.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
15.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: as a result of conflict in neighboring countries, Guinea is
host to approximately 150,000 Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees
(2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 90.37 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 84.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 49.36 years
male: 48.19 years
female: 50.57 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.83 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
3.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
140,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
9,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Guinean(s)
adjective: Guinean

Ethnic groups:
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%

Religions:
Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%

Languages:
French (official), each ethnic group has its own language

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 35.9%
male: 49.9%
female: 21.9% (1995 est.)

Government Guinea

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Guinea
conventional short form: Guinea
local long form: Republique de Guinee
local short form: Guinee
former: French Guinea

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Conakry

Administrative divisions:
33 prefectures and 1 special zone (zone special)*; Beyla, Boffa,
Boke, Conakry*, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Dubreka, Faranah,
Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane, Kindia,
Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma, Lola,
Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri, Telimele,
Tougue, Yomou

Independence:
2 October 1958 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 2 October (1958)

Constitution:
23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)

Legal system:
based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal
codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military
government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Cellou Dalein DIALLO (since 4
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected
president; election last held 21 December 2003 (next to be held
December 2008); the prime minister is appointed by the president
election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of vote
- Lansana CONTE (PUP) 95.3%, Mamadou Boye BARRY (UPR) 4.6%

Legislative branch:
unicameral People's National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
Populaire (114 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PUP 61.6%, UPR 26.6%,
other 11.8%; seats by party - PUP 85, UPR 20, other 9

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El
Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for Progress or
UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY]; Party for Unity and Progress or PUP
[Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; People's Party of Guinea or
PPG [Pascal TOLNO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha
CONDE]; Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Mamadou BA];
Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]; Union for Progress
and Renewal or UPR [Siradiou DIALLO]; Union for Progress of Guinea
or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rafiou Alpha Oumar BARRY chancery: 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 986-4300 FAX: [1] (202) 478-3010

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jackson MCDONALD embassy: Rue Ka 038, Conakry mailing address: B. P. 603, Conakry telephone: [224] 41 15 20, 41 15 21, 41 15 23 FAX: [224] 41 15 22

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy Guinea

Economy - overview:
Guinea possesses major mineral, hydropower, and agricultural
resources, yet remains an underdeveloped nation. The country
possesses over 30% of the world's bauxite reserves and is the
second-largest bauxite producer. The mining sector accounted for
about 75% of exports in 1999. Long-run improvements in government
fiscal arrangements, literacy, and the legal framework are needed if
the country is to move out of poverty. Fighting along the Sierra
Leonean and Liberian borders, as well as refugee movements, have
caused major economic disruptions, aggravating a loss in investor
confidence. Foreign mining companies have reduced expatriate staff.
Panic buying has created food shortages and inflation and caused
riots in local markets. Guinea is not receiving multilateral aid.
The IMF and World Bank cut off most assistance in 2003. Growth rose
slightly in 2004, primarily due to increases in global demand and
commodity prices on world markets.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$19.5 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 25% industry: 38.2% services: 36.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 32% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.3 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
18% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
21% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $382.7 million
expenditures: $711.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, cassava (tapioca), bananas,
sweet potatoes; cattle, sheep, goats; timber

Industries:
bauxite, gold, diamonds; alumina refining; light manufacturing and
agricultural processing industries

Industrial production growth rate:
3.2% (1994)

Electricity - production:
855 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 45.5% hydro: 54.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
795.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
8,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-308.3 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$709.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
bauxite, alumina, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural
products

Exports - partners:
France 17.7%, Belgium 14.7%, UK 14.7%, Switzerland 12.8%, Ukraine
4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$641.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment,
textiles, grain and other foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Cote d'Ivoire 15.5%, France 9%, Belgium 6.1%, China 6%, South
Africa 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$201.7 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3.25 billion (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$359.2 million (1998)

Currency (code):
Guinean franc (GNF)

Currency code:
GNF

Exchange rates:
Guinean francs per US dollar - 2,550 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003),
1,975.8 (2002), 1,950.6 (2001), 1,746.9 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Guinea

Telephones - main lines in use:
26,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
111,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small
radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radio relay
system
domestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communication
international: country code - 224; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4 (one station is inactive), FM 1 (plus 7 repeaters), shortwave
3 (2001)

Radios:
357,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
6 low-power stations (2001)

Televisions:
85,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gn

Internet hosts:
380 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
4 (2001)

Internet users:
40,000 (2003)

Transportation Guinea

Railways:
total: 837 km
standard gauge: 175 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 662 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 30,500 km
paved: 5,033 km
unpaved: 25,467 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,295 km (navigable by shallow-draft native craft) (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Kamsar

Airports:
16 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 5
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Guinea

Military branches:
Army (includes Presidential Guard, Republican Guard), Navy, Air
Force, National Gendarmerie, General Directorate of National Police

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,853,316 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,038,036 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$56.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Guinea

Disputes - international:
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states has spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone pressures Guinea to remove its
forces from the town of Yenga occupied since 1998

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 133,175 (Liberia) 13,633 (Sierra
Leone) 7,064 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 100,000 (cross-border incursions from Liberia, Sierra Leone,
Cote d'Ivoire) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guinea-Bissau

Introduction Guinea-Bissau

Background:
Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has
experienced considerable upheaval. The founding government consisted
of a single party system and command economy. In 1980, a military
coup established Joao VIEIRA as president and a path to a market
economy and multiparty system was implemented. A number of coup
attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him and
in 1994 he was elected president in the country's first free
elections. A military coup attempt and civil war in 1998 eventually
led to VIEIRA's ouster in 1999. In February 2000, an interim
government turned over power when opposition leader Kumba YALA took
office following two rounds of transparent presidential elections.
YALA was ousted in a bloodless coup in September 2003, and Henrique
ROSA was sworn in as President. Guinea-Bissau's transition back to
democracy will be complicated by its crippled economy, devastated in
the civil war.

Geography Guinea-Bissau

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea
and Senegal

Geographic coordinates:
12 00 N, 15 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 36,120 sq km
land: 28,000 sq km
water: 8,120 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries: total: 724 km border countries: Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km

Coastline: 350 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season
(June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to
May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Terrain:
mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the
country 300 m

Natural resources:
fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone,
unexploited deposits of petroleum

Land use: arable land: 10.67% permanent crops: 8.82% other: 80.51% (2001)

Irrigated land:
170 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry
season; brush fires

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying
further inland

People Guinea-Bissau

Population:
1,416,027 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41.5% (male 293,280/female 294,483)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 376,719/female 409,402)
65 years and over: 3% (male 17,865/female 24,278) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.97 years
male: 18.37 years
female: 19.57 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.96% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
37.65 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 107.17 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 117.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 96.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 46.61 years
male: 44.77 years
female: 48.52 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
10% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
17,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,200 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Guinean(s)
adjective: Guinean

Ethnic groups:
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%,
Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Muslim 45%, Christian 5%

Languages:
Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.4%
male: 58.1%
female: 27.4% (2003 est.)

Government Guinea-Bissau

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau
local long form: Republica da Guine-Bissau
local short form: Guine-Bissau
former: Portuguese Guinea

Government type:
republic, multiparty since mid-1991

Capital:
Bissau

Administrative divisions:
9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau,
Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali; note - Bolama may have
been renamed Bolama/Bijagos

Independence:
24 September 1973 (unilaterally declared by Guinea-Bissau); 10
September 1974 (recognized by Portugal)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 September (1973)

Constitution:
16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993,
9 June 1993, and 1996

Legal system:
NA

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Henrique ROSA (interim; since 28
September 2003); note - a September 2003 coup overthrew the elected
government of Kumba YALA; General Verissimo Correia SEABRA served as
interim president from 14 to 28 September 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Carlos GOMES Junior (since 9 May
2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be
held May 2005); prime minister appointed by the president after
consultation with party leaders in the legislature
election results: Kumba YALA elected president; percent of vote,
second ballot - Kumba YALA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%
note: a bloodless coup led to the dissolution of the elected
government of Kumba YALA in September 2003; General Verissimo
Correia SEABRA served as interim president from 14 September 2003
until stepping aside on 28 September 2003 with the establishment of
a caretaker government

Legislative branch:
unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional
Popular (100 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve a
maximum of four years)
elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAIGC 31.5%, PRS 24.8%,
PUSD 16.1%, UE 4.1%, APU 1.3%, 13 other parties 22.2%; seats by
party - PAIGC 45, PRS 35, PUSD 17, UE 2, APU 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists of nine
justices appointed by the president and serve at his pleasure; final
court of appeals in criminal and civil cases); Regional Courts (one
in each of nine regions; first court of appeals for Sectoral Court
decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases valued at over
$1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not necessarily trained
lawyers; they hear civil cases under $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal
cases)

Political parties and leaders:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Front for the Liberation and
Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY]; Guinea-Bissau
Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz LOPES]; Guinean
Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES]; International League for
Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje Bubacar DJALO, president];
National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE,
secretary general]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor
MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS [Kumba YALA]; Union for
Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary
general]; United Platform or UP [coalition formed by PCD, FDS,
FLING, and RGB-MB]; United Social Democratic Party or PUSD
[Francisco Jose FADUL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Henrique
Adriano DA SILVA
chancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 519, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 347-3950
FAX: [1] (202) 347-3954

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US Embassy suspended operations on 14 June 1998 in the midst of
violent conflict between forces loyal to then President VIEIRA and
military-led junta; US embassy Dakar is responsible for covering
Guinea-Bissau: telephone - [221] 823-4296; FAX - [221] 822-5903

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a
vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed
star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors
of Ethiopia

Economy Guinea-Bissau

Economy - overview:
One of the 10 poorest countries in the world, Guinea-Bissau depends
mainly on farming and fishing. Cashew crops have increased
remarkably in recent years, and the country now ranks sixth in
cashew production. Guinea-Bissau exports fish and seafood along with
small amounts of peanuts, palm kernels, and timber. Rice is the
major crop and staple food. However, intermittent fighting between
Senegalese-backed government troops and a military junta destroyed
much of the country's infrastructure and caused widespread damage to
the economy in 1998; the civil war led to a 28% drop in GDP that
year, with partial recovery in 1999-2002. Before the war, trade
reform and price liberalization were the most successful part of the
country's structural adjustment program under IMF sponsorship. The
tightening of monetary policy and the development of the private
sector had also begun to reinvigorate the economy. Because of high
costs, the development of petroleum, phosphate, and other mineral
resources is not a near-term prospect. However, unexploited offshore
oil reserves could provide much-needed revenue in the long run. The
inequality of income distribution is one of the most extreme in the
world. The government and international donors continue to work out
plans to forward economic development from a lamentably low base. In
December 2003, the World Bank, IMF, and UNDP were forced to step in
to provide emergency budgetary support in the amount of $107 million
for 2004, representing over 80% of the total national budget.
Government drift and indecision, however, have resulted in continued
low growth in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.008 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 62% industry: 12% services: 26% (1999 est.)

Labor force:
480,000 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 82% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA (1998)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 42.4% (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Agriculture - products:
rice, corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), cashew nuts, peanuts, palm
kernels, cotton; timber; fish

Industries:
agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks

Industrial production growth rate:
2.6% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
55 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
51.15 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$54 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cashew nuts, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber

Exports - partners:
India 52.1%, US 22.2%, Nigeria 13.2% (2004)

Imports:
$104 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
Senegal 44.6%, Portugal 13.8%, China 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$941.5 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$115.4 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States; previously
the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used

Currency code:
XOF; GWP

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to the euro at a
rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Guinea-Bissau

Telephones - main lines in use:
10,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: small system
domestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone, and cellular communications
international: country code - 245

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1 (transmitter out of service), FM 4, shortwave 0 (2002)

Radios:
49,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
NA (1997)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.gw

Internet hosts:
2 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2002)

Internet users:
19,000 (2003)

Transportation Guinea-Bissau

Highways: total: 4,400 km paved: 453 km unpaved: 3,947 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
4 largest rivers are navigable for some distance; many inlets and
creeks give shallow-water access to much of interior (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim

Airports:
28 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Military Guinea-Bissau

Military branches:
People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; includes Army, Navy, and
Air Force), paramilitary force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 288,770 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 152,760 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$8.9 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Guinea-Bissau

Disputes - international:
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms smuggling,
and political instability from a separatist movement in Senegal's
Casamance region

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Guyana

Introduction Guyana

Background:
Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana had
become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to black
settlement of urban areas and the importation of indentured servants
from India to work the sugar plantations. This ethnocultural divide
has persisted and has led to turbulent politics. Guyana achieved
independence from the UK in 1966, but until the early 1990s it was
ruled mostly by socialist-oriented governments. In 1992, Cheddi
JAGAN was elected president, in what is considered the country's
first free and fair election since independence. Upon his death five
years later, he was succeeded by his wife Janet, who resigned in
1999 due to poor health. Her successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was
reelected in 2001.

Geography Guyana

Location:
Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Suriname and Venezuela

Geographic coordinates:
5 00 N, 59 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 214,970 sq km
land: 196,850 sq km
water: 18,120 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Idaho

Land boundaries: total: 2,462 km border countries: Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km

Coastline:
459 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental
margin

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy
seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)

Terrain:
mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Roraima 2,835 m

Natural resources: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish

Land use: arable land: 2.44% permanent crops: 0.15% other: 97.41% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons

Environment - current issues:
water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial
chemicals; deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname and
Uruguay; substantial portions of its western and eastern territories
are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively

People Guyana

Population:
765,283
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 103,054/female 99,279)
15-64 years: 68.5% (male 263,953/female 260,000)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 16,801/female 22,196) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.91 years
male: 26.44 years
female: 27.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.45 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-7.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 33.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.5 years
male: 62.86 years
female: 68.28 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
11,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Guyanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Guyanese

Ethnic groups:
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese, and
mixed 7%

Religions:
Christian 50%, Hindu 35%, Muslim 10%, other 5%

Languages:
English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.1%
female: 98.5% (2003 est.)

Government Guyana

Country name:
conventional long form: Co-operative Republic of Guyana
conventional short form: Guyana
former: British Guiana

Government type:
republic within the Commonwealth

Capital:
Georgetown

Administrative divisions:
10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica, East
Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, Mahaica-Berbice,
Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Demerara-Berbice, Upper
Takutu-Upper Essequibo

Independence:
26 May 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 23 February (1970)

Constitution:
6 October 1980

Legal system:
based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August 1999);
note - assumed presidency after resignation of President Janet JAGAN
head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since December 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president,
responsible to the legislature
elections: president elected by the majority party in the National
Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at
least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to
be held by March 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of
legislative vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (68 seats, 65 elected by popular vote,
1 elected Speaker of the National Assembly, and 2 nonvoting members
appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 19 March 2001 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PPP/C 34, PNC 27, GAP and WPA 2, ROAR 1, TUF 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Judicature; Judicial Court of Appeal; High Court

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party or GLP and
Working People's Alliance or WPA) [Rupert ROOPNARAINE]; Guyana
Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP [leader
NA]; People's National Congress or PNC [Robert Herman Orlando
CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or PPP/C [Bharrat JAGDEO];
Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United Force or
TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; Working People's Alliance or WPA [Rupert
ROOPNARAINE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Civil Liberties Action Committee or CLAC; Guyana Council of Indian
Organizations or GCIO; Trades Union Congress or TUC
note: the GCIO and the CLAC are small and active but not well
organized

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA,
RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Bayney KARRAN
chancery: 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-6900
FAX: [1] (202) 232-1297
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Roland BULLEN
embassy: 100 Young and Duke Streets, Kingston, Georgetown
mailing address: P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown
telephone: [592] 225-4900 through 4909
FAX: [592] 225-8497

Flag description:
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side)
superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow, black
border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border
between the yellow and the green

Economy Guyana

Economy - overview:
The Guyanese economy exhibited moderate economic growth in 2001-02,
based on expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more
favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic
exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of
international organizations. Growth then slowed in 2003 and came
back gradually in 2004, buoyed largely by increased export earnings.
Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labor and a deficient
infrastructure. The government is juggling a sizable external debt
against the urgent need for expanded public investment. The bauxite
mining sector should benefit in the near term from restructuring and
partial privatization.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.899 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38.3% industry: 19.9% services: 41.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
418,000 (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
9.1% (understated) (2000)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
34.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $287.6 million
expenditures: $371.6 million, including capital expenditures of
$93.4 million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: sugarcane, rice, wheat, vegetable oils; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish, shrimp

Industries:
bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining

Industrial production growth rate:
7.1% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
808 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.4% hydro: 0.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
751.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-129.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$570.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum, timber

Exports - partners:
Canada 23.2%, US 19.2%, UK 10.9%, Portugal 9%, Belgium 6.4%,
Jamaica 5.2% (2004)

Imports:
$650.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food

Imports - partners:
Trinidad and Tobago 24.8%, US 24.5%, Cuba 6.8%, UK 5.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$280.6 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.2 billion (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC)
$253 million (1997)

Currency (code):
Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Currency code:
GYD

Exchange rates:
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 198.33 (2004), 193.88 (2003),
190.67 (2002), 187.32 (2001), 182.43 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Guyana

Telephones - main lines in use:
80,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
87,300 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fair system for long-distance service
domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines
international: country code - 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
420,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 3 (one public station; two private stations which relay US satellite services) (1997)

Televisions:
46,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.gy

Internet hosts:
613 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
125,000 (2002)

Transportation Guyana

Railways:
total: 187 km
standard gauge: 139 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 48 km 0.914-m gauge
note: all dedicated to ore transport (2001 est.)

Highways:
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,077 km
note: Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers are navigable by
oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km respectively (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Georgetown

Merchant marine:
total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,475 GRT/8,758 DWT
by type: cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 1
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Airports:
49 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 41 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Military Guyana

Military branches:
Guyana Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Corps, Guyana
People's Militia

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 206,098 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 137,964 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$6.5 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2004)

Transnational Issues Guyana

Disputes - international:
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS
arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over
the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich
waters

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for narcotics from South America - primarily
Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Haiti

Introduction Haiti

Background:
The native Arawak Amerindians - who inhabited the island of
Hispaniola when it was discovered by Columbus in 1492 - were
virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the
early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola,
and in 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the
island - Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and
sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the
Caribbean, but only through the heavy importation of African slaves
and considerable environmental degradation. In the late 18th
century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint
L'OUVERTURE and after a prolonged struggle, became the first black
republic to declare its independence in 1804. Haiti has been plagued
by political violence for most of its history. It is the poorest
country in the Western Hemisphere.

Geography Haiti

Location:
Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola, between
the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the
Dominican Republic

Geographic coordinates:
19 00 N, 72 25 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 27,750 sq km
land: 27,560 sq km
water: 190 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: Dominican Republic 360 km

Coastline: 1,771 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Terrain:
mostly rough and mountainous

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m

Natural resources: bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 28.3% permanent crops: 11.61% other: 60.09% (2001)

Irrigated land:
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe
storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes;
periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land is
being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes

Geography - note:
shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western
one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)

People Haiti

Population:
8,121,622
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.6% (male 1,741,622/female 1,721,436)
15-64 years: 53.9% (male 2,137,225/female 2,242,639)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 124,383/female 154,317) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.03 years
male: 17.63 years
female: 18.44 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
36.59 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 73.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 79.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 66.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 52.92 years
male: 51.58 years
female: 54.31 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
5.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
280,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
24,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Haitian(s) adjective: Haitian

Ethnic groups:
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal 4%,
Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982)
note: roughly half of the population practices Voodoo

Languages:
French (official), Creole (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 52.9%
male: 54.8%
female: 51.2% (2003 est.)

Government Haiti

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Haiti
conventional short form: Haiti
local long form: Republique d'Haiti
local short form: Haiti

Government type:
elected government

Capital:
Port-au-Prince

Administrative divisions:
9 departments (departements, singular - departement); Artibonite,
Centre, Grand 'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Est

Independence:
1 January 1804 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 January (1804)

Constitution:
approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles
reinstated March 1989; in October 1991 government claimed to be
observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in
October 1994

Legal system:
based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Interim President Boniface ALEXANDRE (since 29
February 2004)
note: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE resigned as president on 29 February
2004; ALEXANDRE, as Chief of the Supreme Court, constitutionally
succeeded Aristide
head of government: Interim Prime Minister Gerald LATORTUE (since 12
March 2004), chosen by extraconstitutional Council of Eminent
Persons representing cross-section of political and civic interests
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in November
2005); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the
National Assembly
election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent
of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale consists of the
Senate (27 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year
terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of
Deputies (83 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms); note - the National Assembly stopped functioning
in January 2004 when the terms of all Deputies and two-thirds of
sitting Senators expired; no replacements have been elected; the
President is currently ruling by decree
elections: Senate - last held for two-thirds of seats 21 May 2000
with runoffs on 9 July boycotted by the opposition; seven seats
still disputed; election for remaining one-third held on 26 November
2000 (next to be held in 2005); Chamber of Deputies - last held 21
May 2000 with runoffs on 30 July boycotted by the opposition; one
vacant seat rerun 26 November 2000 (next to be held in November 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - FL 26, independent 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - FL 73, MOCHRENA 3, PLB 2, OPL 1,
vacant 1, other minor parties and independents 3

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH
[Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or
RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Ayiti Kapab [Ernst VERDIEU]; Convention for
Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]; National Congress of
Democratic Movements or KONAKOM [Victor BENOIT]; Nationalist
Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA [Serge GILLES]; Democratic
Movement for the Liberation of Haiti or MODELH [Francois LATORTUE];
Grand Center Right Front coalition (composed of MDN, MRN, and PDCH)
[Hubert de RONCERAY, Jean BUTEAU, Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise
CLAUDE]; Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and
Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEMH [Clark
PARENT]; Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany
TOUSSAINT and Pierre Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together [Dr. Gerard
BLOT]; Lavalas Family or FL [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Haiti or
PLH [Michael MADSEN]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN
[Hubert DE RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN
[Jean Henold BUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in
Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; National Front for the Reconstruction of
Haiti or FRON [Guy PHILIPPE]; National Progressive Democratic Party
or PNDPH [Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or
MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open the Gate Party (Parti Louvri Bayre) or
PLB [leader NA]; Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti, or
Generation 2000 [Claude ROMAIN and Daniel SUPPLICE]; Struggling
People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]; MNP28 [Dejean
BELIZAIRE]; KOMBA [Evans LESCOUFLAIR]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole
ST-CYR]; Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH; Federation of
Workers Trade Unions or FOS; Group of 184 Civil Society
Organization, or G-184 [Andy APAID]; National Popular Assembly or
APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE];
Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic
Church; Protestant Federation of Haiti

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, Caricom (suspended), FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, MIGA, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory),
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Raymond JOSEPH (as of November
2004)
chancery: 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4090
FAX: [1] (202) 745-7215
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan
(Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador James B. FOLEY embassy: 5 Harry S Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince mailing address: P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince telephone: [509] 222-0354, 222-0269, 222-0200, 222-0327 FAX: [509] 223-1641 or 222-0200 ext 460

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered
white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree
flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto
L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)

Economy Haiti

Economy - overview:
In this poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, 80% of the
population lives in abject poverty, and natural disasters frequently
sweep the nation. Two-thirds of all Haitians depend on the
agriculture sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence
farming. Following legislative elections in May 2000, fraught with
irregularities, international donors - including the US and EU -
suspended almost all aid to Haiti. The economy shrank an estimated
1.2% in 2001, 0.9% in 2002, grew 0.4% in 2003, and shrank by 3.5% in
2004. Suspended aid and loan disbursements totaled more than $500
million at the start of 2003. Haiti also suffers from rampant
inflation, a lack of investment, and a severe trade deficit. In
early 2005 Haiti paid its arrears to the World Bank, paving the way
to reengagement with the Bank. The resumption of aid flows from all
donors is alleviating but not ending the nation's bitter economic
problems. Civil strife in 2004 combined with extensive damage from
flooding in southern Haiti in May 2004 and Tropical Storm Jeanne in
northwestern Haiti in September 2004 further impoverished Haiti.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$12.05 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-3.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 30% industry: 20% services: 50% (2001 est.)

Labor force: 3.6 million note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 66%, industry 9%, services 25%

Unemployment rate:
widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than two-thirds
of the labor force do not have formal jobs (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
80% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
22% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $330.2 million
expenditures: $529.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum, wood

Industries:
sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, light assembly
industries based on imported parts

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
618 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 60.3% hydro: 39.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
574.7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-27.63 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$338.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
manufactures, coffee, oils, cocoa, mangoes

Exports - partners:
US 81.2%, Dominican Republic 7.3%, Canada 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$1.085 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels,
raw materials

Imports - partners:
US 34.8%, Netherlands Antilles 18%, Malaysia 5.1%, Colombia 4.7%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$80.64 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.2 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$150 million (FY04 est.)

Currency (code):
gourde (HTG)

Currency code:
HTG

Exchange rates:
gourdes per US dollar - 38.352 (2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251
(2002), 24.429 (2001), 21.171 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Haiti

Telephones - main lines in use:
130,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
140,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic facilities barely adequate;
international facilities slightly better
domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk service
international: country code - 509; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 41, FM 26, shortwave 0 (1999)

Radios:
415,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (plus a cable TV service) (1997)

Televisions:
38,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ht

Internet hosts:
NA

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
80,000 (2002)

Transportation Haiti

Highways: total: 4,160 km paved: 1,011 km unpaved: 3,149 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Cap-Haitien

Airports:
13 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Military Haiti

Military branches:
the regular Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH) - Army, Navy, and Air Force
- have been demobilized but still exist on paper until or unless
they are constitutionally abolished

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary recruitment into the police force (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,626,491 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 948,320 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 98,554 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$26 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2003)

Transnational Issues Haiti

Disputes - international:
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic
privation and civil unrest continue to cross into Dominican Republic
and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered
Navassa Island

Illicit drugs:
major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US
and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian
narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial
transactions; pervasive corruption

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Introduction Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Background:
These uninhabited, barren, sub-Antarctic islands were transferred
from the UK to Australia in 1947. Populated by large numbers of seal
and bird species, the islands have been designated a nature preserve.

Geography Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Location:
islands in the Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from
Madagascar to Antarctica

Geographic coordinates:
53 06 S, 72 31 E

Map references:
Antarctic Region

Area:
total: 412 sq km
land: 412 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than two times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
101.9 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
antarctic

Terrain:
Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by
a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak);
McDonald Islands - small and rocky

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Mawson Peak, on Big Ben 2,745 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km

Natural hazards:
Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is on Heard Island

Environment - current issues:
NA

People Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Population: uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Government Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald
Islands
conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Dependency status:
territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the
Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment
and Heritage

Legal system:
the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Flag description:
the flag of Australia is used

Economy Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Economy - overview:
No indigenous economic activity, but the Australian Government
allows limited fishing around the islands.

Communications Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Internet country code: .hm

Transportation Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Australia; Australia conducts
fisheries patrols

Transnational Issues Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Holy See (Vatican City)

Introduction Holy See (Vatican City)

Background:
Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula
for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many
of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of
Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when
Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of "prisoner"
popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties,
which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted
Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat
between the Holy See and Italy modified certain of the earlier
treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the
Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include
religious freedom, international development, the Middle East,
terrorism, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the
application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and
globalization. About 1 billion people worldwide profess the Catholic
faith.

Geography Holy See (Vatican City)

Location:
Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)

Geographic coordinates:
41 54 N, 12 27 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 0.44 sq km
land: 0.44 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 3.2 km border countries: Italy 3.2 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry
summers (May to September)

Terrain:
low hill

Elevation extremes: lowest point: unnamed location 19 m highest point: unnamed location 75 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
urban; landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state;
outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo
(the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights

People Holy See (Vatican City)

Population:
921 (July 2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.01% (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: none
adjective: none

Ethnic groups:
Italians, Swiss, other

Religions:
Roman Catholic

Languages:
Italian, Latin, French, various other languages

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100%

Government Holy See (Vatican City)

Country name:
conventional long form: The Holy See (State of the Vatican City)
conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City)
local long form: Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano)
local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)

Government type:
ecclesiastical

Capital:
Vatican City

Administrative divisions:
none

Independence:
11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed
with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the
full sovereignty of the Vatican and established its territorial
extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over the
years have varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to the
8th century

National holiday:
Coronation Day of Pope BENEDICT XVI, 24 April (2005)

Constitution:
new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November
2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law
of 1929)

Legal system:
based on Code of Canon Law and revisions to it

Suffrage:
limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

Executive branch:
chief of state: Pope BENEDICT XVI (since 19 April 2005)
head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since
1 December 1990)
cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope
elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals;
election last held 19 April 2005 (next to be held after the death of
the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope
election results: Joseph RATZINGER elected Pope BENEDICT XVI

Legislative branch:
unicameral Pontifical Commission

Judicial branch:
there are three tribunals responsible for civil and criminal
matters within Vatican City; three other tribunals rule on issues
pertaining to the Holy See
note: judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pius
XII on 1 May 1946

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)

International organization participation:
CE (observer), IAEA, ICFTU, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM (guest), OAS
(observer), OPCW, OSCE, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO,
WToO (observer), WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Apostolic Nuncio Archbishop Gabriel MONTALVO chancery: 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7121 FAX: [1] (202) 337-4036

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) embassy: Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00153 Rome mailing address: PSC 59, Box 66, APO AE 09624 telephone: [39] (06) 4674-3428 FAX: [39] (06) 575-8346

Flag description:
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the
crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter centered in the
white band

Economy Holy See (Vatican City)

Economy - overview:
This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by an
annual contribution from Roman Catholic dioceses throughout the
world (known as Peter's Pence); by the sale of postage stamps,
coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to
museums; and by the sale of publications. Investments and real
estate income also account for a sizable portion of revenue. The
incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those
of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
essentially services with a small amount of industry; note -
dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers live
outside the Vatican

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Budget:
revenues: $245.2 million
expenditures: $260.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2002)

Industries:
printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; a small
amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and
financial activities

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh

Electricity - imports:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Economic aid - recipient:
none

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Holy See (Vatican City)

Telephones - main lines in use:
NA

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: automatic exchange
domestic: tied into Italian system
international: country code - 39; uses Italian system

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1996)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.va

Internet hosts:
9 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Holy See (Vatican City)

Highways:
none; all city streets

Airports:
none (2004 est.)

Military Holy See (Vatican City)

Military branches:
Pontifical Swiss Guard (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia)

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited
security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard

Transnational Issues Holy See (Vatican City)

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Honduras

Introduction Honduras

Background:
Once part of Spain's vast empire in the New World, Honduras became
an independent nation in 1821. After two and a half decades of
mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to
power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras proved a haven for
anti-Sandinista contras fighting the Marxist Nicaraguan Government
and an ally to Salvadoran Government forces fighting leftist
guerrillas. The country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998,
which killed about 5,600 people and caused approximately $2 billion
in damage.

Geography Honduras

Location:
Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and
Nicaragua and bordering the Gulf of Fonseca (North Pacific Ocean),
between El Salvador and Nicaragua

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 86 30 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 112,090 sq km
land: 111,890 sq km
water: 200 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:
total: 1,520 km
border countries: Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua
922 km

Coastline:
820 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Terrain:
mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m

Natural resources:
timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal,
fish, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 9.55% permanent crops: 3.22% other: 87.23% (2001)

Irrigated land:
760 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to
damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast

Environment - current issues:
urban population expanding; deforestation results from logging and
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further land
degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled development
and improper land use practices such as farming of marginal lands;
mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the country's largest
source of fresh water), as well as several rivers and streams, with
heavy metals

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
has only a short Pacific coast but a long Caribbean shoreline,
including the virtually uninhabited eastern Mosquito Coast

People Honduras

Population:
6,975,204
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 40.8% (male 1,452,646/female 1,393,271)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 1,921,432/female 1,948,656)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 122,146/female 137,053) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.15 years
male: 18.75 years
female: 19.56 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.16% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
30.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 29.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.3 years
male: 67.71 years
female: 70.97 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.87 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.8% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
63,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
4,100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Honduran(s)
adjective: Honduran

Ethnic groups:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, black
2%, white 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant 3%

Languages:
Spanish, Amerindian dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.2%
male: 76.1%
female: 76.3% (2003 est.)

Government Honduras

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Honduras
conventional short form: Honduras
local long form: Republica de Honduras
local short form: Honduras

Government type:
democratic constitutional republic

Capital:
Tegucigalpa

Administrative divisions:
18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida,
Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco
Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz,
Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro

Independence:
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Constitution:
11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995

Legal system:
rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law with increasing influence of
English common law; recent judicial reforms include abandoning
Napoleonic legal codes in favor of the oral adversarial system;
accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (since 27 January
2002); First Vice President Vicente WILLIAMS Agasse (since 27
January 2002); Second Vice President Armida Villela Maria DE LOPEZ
Contreras (since 27 January 2002); Third Vice President Alberto DIAZ
Lobo (since 27 January 2002); note - the president is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (since 27
January 2002); First Vice President Vicente WILLIAMS Agasse (since
27 January 2002); Second Vice President Armida Villela Maria DE
LOPEZ Contreras (since 27 January 2002); Third Vice President
Alberto DIAZ Lobo (since 27 January 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 25 November 2001 (next to be held 27 November
2005)
election results: Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (PN) elected president -
52.2%, Raphael PINEDA Ponce (PL) 44.3%, others 3.5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (128 seats;
members are elected proportionally to the number of votes their
party's presidential candidate receives to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 25 November 2001 (next to be held 27 November
2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PN 61, PL 55, PUD 5, PDC 4, PINU-SD 3

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are
elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress)

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Juan Ramon VELAZQUEZ Nassar];
Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Matias FUNES]; Liberal Party or
PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain]; National Innovation and Unity
Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban F. VALLADARES];
National Party of Honduras or PN [Jose Celin DISCUA Elvir]; United
Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH;
Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH; Coordinating Committee of
Popular Organizations or CCOP; General Workers Confederation or CGT;
Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP; National
Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH; National Union of
Campesinos or UNC; Popular Bloc or BP; United Federation of Honduran
Workers or FUTH

International organization participation:
ABEDA, BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OAS,
OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) chancery: Suite 4-M, 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 966-7702 FAX: [1] (202) 966-9751 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Phoenix, San Francisco honorary consulate(s): Boston, Detroit, Jacksonville

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Larry Leon PALMER embassy: Avenida La Paz, Apartado Postal No. 3453, Tegucigalpa mailing address: American Embassy, APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa telephone: [504] 238-5114, 236-9320 FAX: [504] 236-9037

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with
five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered in
the white band; the stars represent the members of the former
Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El
Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white
band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a
triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band

Economy Honduras

Economy - overview:
Honduras, one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere
with an extraordinarily unequal distribution of income and massive
unemployment, is banking on expanded trade under the U.S.-Central
America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and on debt relief under the
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. The country has
met most of its macroeconomic targets, and began a three-year IMF
Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PGRF) program in February
2004. Growth remains dependent on the economy of the US, its largest
trading partner, on commodity prices, particularly coffee, and on
reduction of the high crime rate.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$18.79 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 12.7% industry: 32.1% services: 55.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.47 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 34%, industry 21%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
28.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
53% (1993 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.6% highest 10%: 42.7% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
56.3 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
24.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.467 billion
expenditures: $1.722 billion, including capital expenditures of $106
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
74.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, coffee, citrus; beef; timber; shrimp

Industries:
sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products

Industrial production growth rate:
7.7% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
3.626 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 50.2% hydro: 49.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
3.771 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
16 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
415 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
29,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$258.3 million (2003 est.)

Exports:
$1.457 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, shrimp, bananas, gold, palm oil, fruit, lobster, lumber

Exports - partners:
US 54.4%, El Salvador 8.1%, Germany 5.9%, Guatemala 5.4% (2004)

Imports:
$3.332 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, industrial raw materials,
chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs (2000)

Imports - partners:
US 37.5%, Guatemala 6.9%, Mexico 5.4%, Costa Rica 4.3%, El Salvador
4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.464 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.365 billion (September 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$557.8 million (1999)

Currency (code):
lempira (HNL)

Currency code:
HNL

Exchange rates:
lempiras per US dollar - 18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003), 16.433
(2002), 15.474 (2001), 14.839 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Honduras

Telephones - main lines in use:
322,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
326,500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 504; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave
System

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 241, FM 53, shortwave 12 (1998)

Radios:
2.45 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
11 (plus 17 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
570,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.hn

Internet hosts:
1,944 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
8 (2000)

Internet users:
168,600 (2002)

Transportation Honduras

Railways: total: 699 km narrow gauge: 279 km 1.067-m gauge; 420 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 13,603 km paved: 2,775 km unpaved: 10,828 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
465 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela

Merchant marine:
total: 137 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 598,600 GRT/616,158 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 67, chemical tanker 6, container 2,
liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger 4, passenger/cargo
5, petroleum tanker 30, refrigerated cargo 9, roll on/roll off 1,
specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 44 (Canada 1, China 3, Egypt 1, Greece 4, Hong Kong
2, Israel 1, Japan 4, Lebanon 1, Mexico 1, Singapore 12, South Korea
6, Taiwan 2, Tanzania 1, Turkey 1, United States 2, Vanuatu 1,
Vietnam 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
115 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 104 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)

Military Honduras

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary 2-3 year military service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,448,369 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 955,019 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 77,399 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$100.6 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Honduras

Disputes - international:
in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed
areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, but despite OAS
intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of
the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite
resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with
consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ
ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims
Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a
joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in
the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is
attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in
1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute
over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit producer of
cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local
consumption; corruption is a major problem; some money-laundering
activity

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Hong Kong

Introduction Hong Kong

Background:
Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded by China
the following year; various adjacent lands were added later in the
19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and the UK on
19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. In this
agreement, China has promised that, under its "one country, two
systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be
imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong will enjoy a high degree of
autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the
next 50 years.

Geography Hong Kong

Location:
Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Geographic coordinates:
22 15 N, 114 10 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 1,092 sq km
land: 1,042 sq km
water: 50 sq km

Area - comparative:
six times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 30 km regional border: China 30 km

Coastline:
733 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm

Climate:
tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from
spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Terrain:
hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north

Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Tai Mo Shan 958 m

Natural resources: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar

Land use: arable land: 5.05% permanent crops: 1.01% other: 93.94% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons

Environment - current issues:
air and water pollution from rapid urbanization

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Marine Dumping (associate member)

Geography - note:
more than 200 islands

People Hong Kong

Population:
6,898,686 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 13.8% (male 498,771/female 454,252)
15-64 years: 73.5% (male 2,479,656/female 2,591,170)
65 years and over: 12.7% (male 404,308/female 470,529) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.4 years
male: 39.3 years
female: 39.6 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.65% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
7.23 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
5.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 2.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.5 years
male: 78.81 years
female: 84.41 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
0.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Chinese/Hong Konger
adjective: Chinese/Hong Kong

Ethnic groups:
Chinese 95%, other 5%

Religions:
eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10%

Languages:
Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 93.5%
male: 96.9%
female: 89.6% (2002)

Government Hong Kong

Country name:
conventional long form: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
conventional short form: Hong Kong
local long form: Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu
local short form: Xianggang
abbreviation: HK

Dependency status:
special administrative region of China

Government type:
limited democracy

Administrative divisions:
none (special administrative region of China)

Independence:
none (special administrative region of China)

National holiday:
National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic
of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July 1997 is celebrated as
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

Constitution:
Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's
Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents
living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years;
indirect election limited to about 200,000 members of functional
constituencies and an 800-member election committee drawn from broad
regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government
bodies

Executive branch:
chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003)
head of government: Chief Executive Donald TSANG (since 24 June 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of seven non-official members
and 14 official members
elections: previous chief executive TUNG Chee-hwa was elected to
second five-year term in March 2002 by 800-member election committee
dominated by pro-Beijing forces, resignation accepted 12 March 2005;
Donald TSANG acted as chief executive between 12 March 2005 and 25
May 2005; Henry TANG acted as chief executive between 25 May 2005
and 24 June 2005; last election 16 June 2005 to fill final two years
of TUNG's term (next to be held in June 2007)

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (60 seats; in 2004 30 seats
indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 30 elected by
popular vote; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 12 September 2004 (next to be held in September
2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - pro-democracy group
62%; seats by party - (pro-Beijing 34) DAB 12, Liberal Party 10,
independents 11, FTU 1; (pro-democracy 25) independents 11,
Democratic Party 9, CTU 2, ADPL 1, Frontier Party 1, NWSC 1; other 1

Judicial branch:
Court of Final Appeal in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Political parties and leaders:
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN
Kai-chung]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong or
DAB [MA Lik, chairman]; Democratic Party [LEE Wing-tat, chairman];
Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Liberal Party
[James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association for
Democracy and People's Livelihood, Democratic Party, Frontier Party;
pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Chinese
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade
Unions or CTU (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE
Cheuk-yan, general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries;
Federation of Trade Unions or FTU (pro-China) [CHENG Yiu-tong,
executive councilor]; Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic
Democratic Movement in China [Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and
Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber
of Commerce; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG
Man-kwong, president]; Neighborhood and Workers' Service Center or
NWSC (pro-democracy); The Alliance [Bernard CHAN, exco member]

International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, BIS, ICC, ICFTU, IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), UPU, WCL, WCO, WMO, WToO (associate), WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: none (special administrative region of China)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Consul General James B. CUNNINGHAM consulate(s) general: 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong mailing address: PSC 461, Box 1, FPO AP 96521-0006 telephone: [852] 2523-9011 FAX: [852] 2524-0860

Flag description: red with a stylized, white, five-petal bauhinia flower in the center

Economy Hong Kong

Economy - overview:
Hong Kong has a free market, entrepot economy, highly dependent on
international trade. Natural resources are limited, and food and raw
materials must be imported. Gross imports and exports (i.e.,
including reexports to and from third countries) each exceed GDP in
dollar value. Even before Hong Kong reverted to Chinese
administration on 1 July 1997, it had extensive trade and investment
ties with China. Hong Kong has been further integrating its economy
with China because China's growing openness to the world economy has
made manufacturing in China much more cost effective. Hong Kong's
reexport business to and from China is a major driver of growth. Per
capita GDP is comparable to that of the four big economies of
Western Europe. GDP growth averaged a strong 5% from 1989 to 1997,
but Hong Kong suffered two recessions in the past six years because
of the Asian financial crisis in 1998 and the global downturn in
2001 and 2002. Although the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
outbreak also battered Hong Kong's economy, a boom in tourism from
the mainland because of China's easing of travel restrictions, a
return of consumer confidence, and a solid rise in exports resulted
in the resumption of strong growth in late 2003 and in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$234.5 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $34,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.1% industry: 11.3% services: 88.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3.54 million (October 2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
manufacturing 7.5%, construction 2.9%, wholesale and retail trade,
restaurants, and hotels 43.7%, financing, insurance, and real estate
19.2%, transport and communications 7.9%, community and social
services 18.5%
note: above data exclude public sector (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6.7% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-0.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $26.6 billion
expenditures: $31.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.9
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
2.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fresh vegetables, poultry, fish, pork

Industries:
textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping, electronics,
plastics, toys, watches, clocks

Industrial production growth rate:
1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
35.51 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
38.45 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
3 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
10.4 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
257,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
NA

Natural gas - consumption:
680.9 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
680.9 million cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$14.85 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$268.1 billion f.o.b., including reexports (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, apparel, footwear,
watches and clocks, toys, plastics, precious stones, printed material

Exports - partners:
China 44%, US 17%, Japan 5.3% (2004)

Imports:
$275.9 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods, capital goods,
foodstuffs, fuel (most is re-exported)

Imports - partners:
China 43.5%, Japan 12.1%, Taiwan 7.3%, US 5.3%, Singapore 5.3%,
South Korea 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$123.6 billion (31 December 2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$66.94 billion (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

Currency code:
HKD

Exchange rates:
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.788 (2004), 7.7868 (2003),
7.7989 (2002), 7.7988 (2001), 7.7912 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Hong Kong

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,801,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7,241,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern facilities provide excellent domestic
and international services
domestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic
network
international: country code - 852; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to
Guangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cables
providing connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan,
Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 5, FM 9, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
4.45 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (2004)

Televisions:
1.84 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.hk

Internet hosts:
591,993 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
17 (2000)

Internet users:
3,212,800 (2003)

Transportation Hong Kong

Highways: total: 1,831 km paved: 1,831 km unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Hong Kong

Merchant marine:
total: 837 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 20,478,042 GRT/34,554,455 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 446, cargo 119, chemical
tanker 44, combination ore/oil 2, container 105, liquefied gas 20,
passenger 6, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 75, roll on/roll
off 5, vehicle carrier 8
foreign-owned: 453 (Australia 1, Bahamas 1, Belgium 3, Canada 9,
China 246, Denmark 3, France 5, Germany 13, Greece 19, India 1,
Indonesia 1, Israel 1, Japan 51, Norway 16, Philippines 13,
Singapore 17, South Korea 8, Taiwan 5, Thailand 4, UAE 1, United
Kingdom 32, United States 3)
registered in other countries: 373 (2005)

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Hong Kong

Military branches:
no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong garrison of
China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the PLA
Ground Forces, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are under
the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in Beijing
and under administrative control of the adjacent Guangzhou Military
Region

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,743,972 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,403,088 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 40,343 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of China

Transnational Issues Hong Kong

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
makes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but faces difficult
challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to
regional and world markets; modern banking system provides conduit
for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs,
especially among young people

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Howland Island

Introduction Howland Island

Background:
Discovered by the US early in the 19th century, the island was
officially claimed by the US in 1857. Both US and British companies
mined for guano until about 1890. Earhart Light is a day beacon near
the middle of the west coast that was partially destroyed during
World War II, but has since been rebuilt; it is named in memory of
the famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART. The island is administered by the
US Department of the Interior as a National Wildlife Refuge.

Geography Howland Island

Location:
Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between
Hawaii and Australia

Geographic coordinates:
0 48 N, 176 38 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 1.6 sq km
land: 1.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
6.4 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:
low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow
fringing reef; depressed central area

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Natural resources:
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic
wildlife

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km

Natural hazards:
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be a maritime
hazard

Environment - current issues:
no natural fresh water resources

Geography - note:
almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines, and
low-growing shrubs; small area of trees in the center; primarily a
nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds,
and marine wildlife

People Howland Island

Population:
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually
by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2005 est.)

Government Howland Island

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Howland Island

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington,
DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the
Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Howland Island

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Howland Island

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one small boat
landing area along the middle of the west coast

Airports:
airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling stop on the
round-the-world flight of Amelia EARHART and Fred NOONAN - they left
Lae, New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen again; the
airstrip is no longer serviceable (2004 est.)

Transportation - note:
Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast
that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has since been
rebuilt; named in memory of famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART

Military Howland Island

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US
Coast Guard

Transnational Issues Howland Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Hungary

Introduction Hungary

Background:
Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which
collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist rule
following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal
from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention
by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary
began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash
Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and
initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU
in 2004.

Geography Hungary

Location:
Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Geographic coordinates:
47 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 93,030 sq km
land: 92,340 sq km
water: 690 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:
total: 2,171 km
border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Slovakia 677 km, Slovenia 102 km,
Ukraine 103 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the
Slovakian border

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
highest point: Kekes 1,014 m

Natural resources:
bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Land use: arable land: 50.09% permanent crops: 2.06% other: 47.85% (2001)

Irrigated land: 2,100 sq km (1998 est.)

Environment - current issues: the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU requirements will require large investments

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Geography - note:
landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between
Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and
Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna (Danube) and Tisza
Rivers divide the country into three large regions

People Hungary

Population:
10,006,835 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.8% (male 813,203/female 769,687)
15-64 years: 69.1% (male 3,405,559/female 3,511,141)
65 years and over: 15.1% (male 547,323/female 959,922) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38.57 years
male: 36.1 years
female: 41.24 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
13.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.4 years
male: 68.18 years
female: 76.89 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,800 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective: Hungarian

Ethnic groups:
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek Catholic
2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%, unaffiliated
14.5% (2001 census)

Languages:
Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

Government Hungary

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Hungary
conventional short form: Hungary
local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag
local short form: Magyarorszag

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Budapest

Administrative divisions:
19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 20 urban counties (singular
- megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)
: counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen,
Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves,
Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy,
Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
: urban counties: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Gyor,
Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa,
Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szolnok,
Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg
: capital city: Budapest

Independence:
1001 (unification by King Stephen I)

National holiday:
Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August

Constitution:
18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18
October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and
constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and
also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997
amendment streamlined the judicial system

Legal system:
rule of law based on Western model

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Laszlo SOLYOM (since 5 August 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Ferenc GYURCSANY (since 29
September 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on
the recommendation of the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 6-7 June 2005 (next to be held by
June 2010); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the
recommendation of the president; election last held 29 September 2004
election results: Laszlo SOLYOM elected president by a simple
majority in the third round of voting, 185 to 182; Ferenc GYURCSANY
elected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 197 to 12
note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of
legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the
third round

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members
are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and
direct representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 and 21 April 2002 (next to be held NA April
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote
required for parliamentary representation in the first round) -
Fidesz/MDF 48.70%, MSzP 46.11%, SzDSz 4.92%, other 0.27%; seats by
party - Fidesz 164, MSzP 178, MDF 24, SzDSz 20

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly
for nine-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE]; Hungarian Civic
Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman]; Hungarian Democratic
Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian Democratic People's Party or
MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP
[Istvan HILLER, chairman]; Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula
THURMER, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA
(cooperating state), EU (new member), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member
affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Andras SIMONYI chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador George Herbert WALKER embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270 telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400 FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green

Economy Hungary

Economy - overview:
Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a
market economy, with a per capita income one-half that of the Big
Four European nations. Hungary continues to demonstrate strong
economic growth and acceded to the European Union in May 2004. The
private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of
and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative
foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since 1989.
Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 and together with the
Czech Republic holds the highest rating among the Central European
transition economies; however, ratings agencies have expressed
concerns over Hungary's unsustainable budget and current account
deficits. Inflation has declined from 14% in 1998 to 7% in 2004.
Unemployment has persisted around the 6% level, but Hungary's labor
force participation rate of 57% is one of the lowest in the OECD.
Germany is by far Hungary's largest economic partner. Policy
challenges include cutting the public sector deficit to 3% of GDP by
2008, from about 5% in 2004, and orchestrating an orderly interest
rate reduction without sparking capital outflows.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$149.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $14,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.3% industry: 31.4% services: 65.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.17 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 6.2%, industry 27.1%, services 66.7% (2002)

Unemployment rate:
5.9% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
8.6% (1993 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 20.5% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
24.4 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $46.07 billion
expenditures: $51.36 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
58.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle,
poultry, dairy products

Industries:
mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods,
textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate:
9.6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
34.07 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 60.1% hydro: 0.5% nuclear: 39% other: 0.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
35.99 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
12.6 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
41,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
140,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
47,180 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
136,600 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
110.7 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
3.231 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
13.37 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
4 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
9.587 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
50.45 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-7.941 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$54.62 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 61.1%, other manufactures 28.7%, food
products 6.5%, raw materials 2%, fuels and electricity 1.6% (2003)

Exports - partners:
Germany 31.4%, Austria 6.8%, France 5.7%, Italy 5.6%, UK 5.1% (2004)

Imports:
$58.68 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 51.6%, other manufactures 35.7%, fuels and
electricity 7.7%, food products 3.1%, raw materials 2.0% (2003)

Imports - partners:
Germany 29.2%, Austria 8.3%, Russia 5.7%, Italy 5.5%, Netherlands
4.9%, China 4.8%, France 4.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$14.8 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$57 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $4.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Currency (code):
forint (HUF)

Currency code:
HUF

Exchange rates:
forints per US dollar - 202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89
(2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Hungary

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,666,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6,862,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the telephone system has been modernized and is
capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication service
domestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk
services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave
radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was
initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones
international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable
connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch
is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture
terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
7.01 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
35 (plus 161 low-power repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
4.42 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.hu

Internet hosts:
383,071 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
1.6 million (2002)

Transportation Hungary

Railways:
total: 7,937 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,682 km 1.435-m gauge (2,628 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (including 533 km of expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs (2003)

Airports:
44 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 18 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 26 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 5 (2004 est.)

Military Hungary

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Air Forces

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in June 2004 (June 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,303,116 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,780,513 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 63,847 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.75% (2002 est.)

Transnational Issues Hungary

Disputes - international:
in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special social
and cultural benefits and voted down a referendum to extend dual
citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring states, which
have objected to such measures; consultations continue between
Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary
must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and for
South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer
of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and
methamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Iceland

Introduction Iceland

Background:
Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants
during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the
world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing,
established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was
subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja
volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused
widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the
island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Limited
home rule from Denmark was granted in 1874 and complete independence
attained in 1944. Literacy, longevity, income, and social cohesion
are first-rate by world standards.

Geography Iceland

Location:
Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North
Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK

Geographic coordinates:
65 00 N, 18 00 W

Map references:
Arctic Region

Area:
total: 103,000 sq km
land: 100,250 sq km
water: 2,750 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Kentucky

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
4,988 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers

Terrain:
mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast
deeply indented by bays and fiords

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m (at Vatnajokull glacier)

Natural resources:
fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite

Land use:
arable land: 0.07%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.93% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
earthquakes and volcanic activity

Environment - current issues:
water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater
treatment

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation

Geography - note:
strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost
European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in
the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental
Europe

People Iceland

Population:
296,737 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 22.1% (male 33,302/female 32,257)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 99,513/female 96,886)
65 years and over: 11.7% (male 15,723/female 19,056) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 34 years
male: 33.53 years
female: 34.49 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.91% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
13.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.45 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 80.19 years
male: 78.13 years
female: 82.34 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
220 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Icelander(s)
adjective: Icelandic

Ethnic groups:
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%

Religions:
Lutheran Church of Iceland 85.5%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.1%, Roman
Catholic Church 2%, Hafnarfjorour Free Church 1.5%, other Christian
2.7%, other or unspecified 3.8%, unaffiliated 2.4% (2004)

Languages:
Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.9% (1997 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Iceland

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Iceland
conventional short form: Iceland
local long form: Lydhveldidh Island
local short form: Island

Government type:
constitutional republic

Capital:
Reykjavik

Administrative divisions:
8 regions; Austurland, Hofudhborgarsvaedhi, Nordhurland Eystra,
Nordhurland Vestra, Sudhurland, Sudhurnes, Vestfirdhir, Vesturland

Independence:
1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown);
17 June 1944 (from Denmark)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 17 June (1944)

Constitution:
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times

Legal system:
civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August
1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Halldor ASGRIMSSON (since 15
September 2004); note - Former Prime Minister David ODDSSON switched
positions with former Foreign Minister Halldor ASGRIMMSON
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
parliament
elections: president, which is largely a ceremonial post, elected by
popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 June 2004
(next to be held June 2008); following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually the prime minister
election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON wins with 85.6% of the
vote, Baldur AGUSTSSON 12.5%, Astthor MAGNUSSON 1.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 10 May 2003 (next to be held by May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - Independence Party
33.7%, Social Democratic Alliance 31.0%, Progressive Party 17.7%,
Left-Green Alliance 8.8%, Liberal Party 7.4%; seats by party -
Independence Party 22, Social Democratic Alliance 20, Progressive
Party 12, Left-Green Alliance 5, Liberal Party 4

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for life by
the Minister of Justice); eight district courts (justices are
appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)

Political parties and leaders:
Independence Party or IP [David ODDSSON]; Left-Green Alliance or
LGP [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon
KRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; Social
Democratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social
Democratic Party or SDP, Women's List) or SDA [Ingibjorg Solrun
GISLADOTTIR]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Helgi AGUSTSSON
chancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1704
telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653
FAX: [1] (202) 265-6656
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James I. GADSDEN
embassy: Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavik
mailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340
telephone: [354] 562-9100
FAX: [354] 562-9118

Flag description:
blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of
the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist
side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Iceland

Economy - overview:
Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically capitalistic, yet
with an extensive welfare system (including generous housing
subsidies), low unemployment, and remarkably even distribution of
income. In the absence of other natural resources (except for
abundant geothermal power), the economy depends heavily on the
fishing industry, which provides 70% of export earnings and employs
8% of the work force. The economy remains sensitive to declining
fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main
exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon.
Government policies include reducing the budget and current account
deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising
agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying the economy, and
privatizing state-owned industries. The government remains opposed
to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders' concern about
losing control over their fishing resources. Iceland's economy has
been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the
last decade, and new developments in software production,
biotechnology, and financial services are taking place. The tourism
sector is also expanding, with the recent trends in ecotourism and
whale watching. Growth had been remarkably steady in 1996-2001 at
3%-5%, but could not be sustained in 2002 in an environment of
global recession. Growth resumed in 2003, and estimates call for
strong growth until 2007, slowly dropping until the end of the
decade.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$9.373 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $31,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.2% industry: 9.6% services: 79.2% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 158,100 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture, fishing and fish processing 10.3%, industry 18.3%, services 71.4% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
3.1% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.154 billion
expenditures: $4.058 billion, including capital expenditures of $467
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
35.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, green vegetables, mutton, dairy products, fish

Industries:
fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production,
geothermal power; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
8.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
8.271 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.1% hydro: 82.5% nuclear: 0% other: 17.5% (geothermal) (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
7.692 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
16,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
15,470 bbl/day (2001)

Current account balance:
$-570 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.902 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
fish and fish products 70%, aluminum, animal products,
ferrosilicon, diatomite

Exports - partners:
UK 19.1%, Germany 17.2%, Netherlands 11.5%, US 9.8%, Spain 6.8%,
Denmark 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$3.307 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, petroleum products; foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners:
Germany 12.3%, US 9.9%, Norway 9.7%, Denmark 7.9%, UK 7.2%, Sweden
6.7%, Netherlands 6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$935 million (2004)

Debt - external:
$3.073 billion (2002)

Economic aid - donor:
$NA

Currency (code):
Icelandic krona (ISK)

Currency code:
ISK

Exchange rates:
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 70.192 (2004), 76.709 (2003),
91.662 (2002), 97.425 (2001), 78.616 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Iceland

Telephones - main lines in use:
190,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
279,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: extensive domestic service
domestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic
cables and microwave radio relay links
international: country code - 354; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean
regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the
other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM about 70 (including repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
260,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
14 (plus 156 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
98,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.is

Internet hosts:
122,175 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
20 (2001)

Internet users:
195,000 (2003)

Transportation Iceland

Highways:
total: 13,004 km
paved/oiled gravel: 4,331 km
unpaved: 8,673 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Hornafjordhur, Reykjavik,
Seydhisfjordhur

Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,341 GRT/6,019 DWT
by type: cargo 2, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries: 30 (2005)

Airports:
98 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 5
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 93
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 61 (2004 est.)

Military Iceland

Military branches:
no regular armed forces; Icelandic National Police, Icelandic Coast
Guard (Islenska Landhelgisgaeslan)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 69,038 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 56,777 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
0

Military - note:
defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF)
headquartered at Keflavik

Transnational Issues Iceland

Disputes - international:
Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@India

Introduction India

Background:
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world,
dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest
invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian
inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions
starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by
those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By
the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually
all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a
vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British
colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought
independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular
state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war
between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming
the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in
economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such
as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive
overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and
ethnic and religious strife.

Geography India

Location:
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal,
between Burma and Pakistan

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 N, 77 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than one-third the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463
km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km

Coastline:
7,000 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Terrain:
upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along
the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

Natural resources:
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese,
mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds,
petroleum, limestone, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 54.4%
permanent crops: 2.74%
other: 42.86% (2001)

Irrigated land:
590,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive
flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air
pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap
water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing
population is overstraining natural resources

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean
trade routes

People India

Population:
1,080,264,388 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 31.2% (male 173,634,432/female 163,932,475)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male 356,932,082/female 333,283,590)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 26,542,025/female 25,939,784) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 24.66 years male: 24.64 years female: 24.67 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.4% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.32 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 56.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.86 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 55.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.35 years
male: 63.57 years
female: 65.16 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.9% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5.1 million (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
310,000 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian

Ethnic groups:
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Religions:
Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other 1.8%,
unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)

Languages:
English enjoys associate status but is the most important language
for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the
national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are
14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu,
Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri,
Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu
spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official
language

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 59.5%
male: 70.2%
female: 48.3% (2003 est.)

Government India

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
New Delhi

Administrative divisions:
28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*,
Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*,
Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa,
Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand,
Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal

Independence:
15 August 1947 (from UK)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 26 January (1950)

Constitution:
26 January 1950; amended many times

Legal system:
based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative
acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;
separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President A.P.J. Abdul KALAM (since 26 July 2002);
Vice President Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 August 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since NA May 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of
the states for a five-year term; election last held July 2002 (next
to be held 18 July 2007); vice president elected by both houses of
Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12 August 2002
(next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosen by
parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative
elections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May
2009)
election results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vice
president; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or
Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to
12 of whom are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen
by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies;
members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha
(545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the
president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May
2004 (next to be held 2009)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - INC 145, BJP 138, CPI(M) 43, SP 36, RJD 24,
BSP 19, DMK 16, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 9, JDU 8, SAD 8, PMK 6,
TDP 5, TRS 5, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, independents 5, other 30

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president and remain in
office until they reach the age of 65)

Political parties and leaders:
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C. Jayalalitha
JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB, [Debabrata BISWAS]; Asom
Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP
[MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Lal Krishna ADVANI]; Biju
Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI
[Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or
CPI (M) Hakishan Singh SURJEET]; Congress (I) Party [Sonia GANDHI];
Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a regional party in Tamil Nadu)
[M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI];
Indian National League [Suliaman SAITH]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D.
Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand
Mukti Morcha or JMM [leader NA]; Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K.
M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [leader NA]; Marumalarchi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M.
BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR];
Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or
RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP
[Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani
Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];
Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; Telangana Rashtra Samithi or
TRS [leader NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU];
Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations,
including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater
communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties
Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley and the National Socialist
Council of Nagaland in the Northeast

International organization participation:
AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, C, CERN (observer),
CP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW,
PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE,
UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note -
Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORD
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000
FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai
(Bombay)

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top),
white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in
the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small
orange disk centered in the white band

Economy India

Economy - overview:
India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming,
modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries,
and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of
economic growth, though two-thirds of the workforce is in
agriculture. The UPA government has committed to furthering economic
reforms and developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of
the rural poor and boost economic performance. Government controls
on foreign trade and investment have been reduced in some areas, but
high tariffs (averaging 20% in 2004) and limits on foreign direct
investment are still in place. The government has indicated it will
do more to liberalize investment in civil aviation, telecom, and
insurance sectors in the near term. Privatization of
government-owned industries has proceeded slowly, and continues to
generate political debate; continued social, political, and economic
rigidities hold back needed initiatives. The economy has posted an
excellent average growth rate of 6.8% since 1994, reducing poverty
by about 10 percentage points. India is capitalizing on its large
numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to
become a major exporter of software services and software workers.
Despite strong growth, the World Bank and others worry about the
combined state and federal budget deficit, running at approximately
9% of GDP. The huge and growing population is the fundamental
social, economic, and environmental problem. In late December 2004,
a major tsunami took nearly 11,000 lives, left almost 6,000 missing,
destroyed $1.2 billion worth of property, and severely damaged the
fishing fleet.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.319 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 23.6% industry: 28.4% services: 48% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
482.2 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 60%, industry 17%, services 23% (1999)

Unemployment rate:
9.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
25% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37.8 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $67.3 billion
expenditures: $104 billion, including capital expenditures of $13.5
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
59.7% of GDP (federal debt only; state debt not included) (2004
est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes;
cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish

Industries:
textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation
equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software

Industrial production growth rate:
7.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
547.2 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 81.7% hydro: 14.5% nuclear: 3.4% other: 0.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
510.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
350 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.54 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
780,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.13 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
5.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
542.4 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$4.897 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$69.18 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,
leather manufactures

Exports - partners:
US 17%, UAE 8.8%, China 5.5%, Hong Kong 4.7%, UK 4.5%, Singapore
4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$89.33 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals

Imports - partners:
China 6.1%, US 6%, Switzerland 5.2%, Belgium 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$126 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$117.2 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.9 billion (FY98/99)

Currency (code):
Indian rupee (INR)

Currency code:
INR

Exchange rates:
Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61
(2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications India

Telephones - main lines in use:
48.917 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
26,154,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization of
telecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change;
local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of
the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban
areas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission
of private and private-public investors, but telephone density
remains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but only
one per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list of
over 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modest
growth in fixed lines
domestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak in
rural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramatic
reductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobile
cellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 and
organized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecom
circles each with about three private service providers and one
state-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunk
capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the
world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National
Satellite system (INSAT), with five satellites supporting 33,000
very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); nine
gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata
(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,
Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3
with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic Link
Around the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South
Africa - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linking
to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai
(Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras),
provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both
voice and data traffic (2004)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)

Radios:
116 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)

Televisions:
63 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.in

Internet hosts:
86,871 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
43 (2000)

Internet users:
18.481 million (2003)

Transportation India

Railways:
total: 63,230 km (16,693 km electrified)
broad gauge: 45,718 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 14,406 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,106 km 0.762-m gauge and
0.610-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 2,525,989 km
paved: 1,448,655 km
unpaved: 1,077,334 km (1999)

Waterways:
14,500 km
note: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for
mechanized vessels (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km; refined
products 5,567 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta),
Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam

Merchant marine:
total: 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,555,507 GRT/11,069,791 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 85, cargo 75, chemical tanker 13, combination
ore/oil 1, container 7, liquefied gas 14, passenger 3,
passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 91, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Australia 1, China 1, Greece 1, UAE 6, United
Kingdom 1)
registered in other countries: 30 (2005)

Airports:
333 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 234 over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 47 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78 914 to 1,523 m: 74 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 99 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 20 (2004 est.)

Military India

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard,
various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border Security
Force, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan Border
Police, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force,
Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, and
Defense Security Corps)

Military service age and obligation:
16 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 287,551,111 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 219,471,999 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 11,446,452 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$18.86 billion (2005)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.93% (2005/06)

Transnational Issues India

Disputes - international:
China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in
2005, consolidating discussions related to the dispute over most of
their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,
Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other
matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to
defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); in 2004, India and
Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir and in 2005,
restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control;
Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's
building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir
to the World Bank for arbitration; UN Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of
peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding
historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; disputes persist with
Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and
prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, in 2004, India and
Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek
estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani maps continue
to show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with
Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river
boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to
allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade,
migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous
border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off
high-traffic sections; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South
Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime
boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma
to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote
areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues
to demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India has instituted
a stricter border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control
illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 92,394 (Tibet/China) 60,922 (Sri
Lanka)
IDPs: 650,000 (Jammu and Kashmir conflicts; most IDPs are Kashmiri
Hindus); 113,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit
international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics
produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;
vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Indian Ocean

Introduction Indian Ocean

Background:
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans
(after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the
Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important access
waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb
(Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait of
Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the International
Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth
ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Ocean
south of 60 degrees south.

Geography Indian Ocean

Location:
body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia, and
Australia

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 S, 80 00 E

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 68.556 million sq km
note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,
Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,
Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of
Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Area - comparative:
about 5.5 times the size of the US

Coastline:
66,526 km

Climate:
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to
October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and
October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February
in the southern Indian Ocean

Terrain:
surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad, circular system
of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique reversal of
surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low atmospheric
pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer air results in
the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast winds and currents,
while high pressure over northern Asia from cold, falling, winter
air results in the northeast monsoon and northeast-to-southwest
winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated by the Mid-Indian Ocean
Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge, Southwest
Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Natural resources:
oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates,
placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

Natural hazards:
occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in southern reaches

Environment - current issues:
endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and
whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea

Geography - note:
major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, Strait
of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and the Lombok Strait

Economy Indian Ocean

Economy - overview:
The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle
East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries
a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products
from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its fish are
of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for
domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan,
South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for
shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in
the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western
Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production
comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and
offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering
countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,
and Thailand.

Transportation Indian Ocean

Ports and harbors:
Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban (South
Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India) Melbourne
(Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South Africa)

Transnational Issues Indian Ocean

Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Indonesia

Introduction Indonesia

Background:
The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century;
the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia
declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required
four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and
UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state. Current issues
include: alleviating widespread poverty, preventing terrorism,
continuing the transition to popularly-elected governments after
four decades of authoritarianism, implementing reforms of the
banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, and
holding the military and police accountable for human rights
violations. Indonesia has been dealing with armed separatist
movements in Aceh and in Papua.

Geography Indonesia

Location:
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates:
5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New
Guinea 820 km

Coastline:
54,716 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain:
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,
fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use: arable land: 11.32% permanent crops: 7.23% other: 81.45% (2001)

Irrigated land:
48,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,
volcanoes, forest fires

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian
Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People Indonesia

Population:
241,973,879 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29.1% (male 35,823,456/female 34,590,631)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 79,447,560/female 79,449,399)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 5,526,389/female 7,136,444) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.48 years
male: 26.03 years
female: 26.93 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.45% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.71 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 35.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 40.72 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 30.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.57 years
male: 67.13 years
female: 72.13 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
110,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
2,400 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups:
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,
other 26%

Religions:
Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist
1%, other 1% (1998)

Languages:
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,
Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002 est.)

Government Indonesia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Jakarta

Administrative divisions:
30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special
regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1
special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*,
Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**,
Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,
Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan
Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa
Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat,
Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi
Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,
Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1
January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the key
administrative units responsible for providing most government
services

Independence:
17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949
(Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution:
August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20
October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20
October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20
October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20
October 2004);
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were elected for five-year
terms by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004
(next to be held in September 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president
receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
(DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House
of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),
constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input
to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly
(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and
impeaching President and in amending constitution; consists of
popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate
national policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P
18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others
19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN
53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not
always follow the number of votes received by parties

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the
president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a
separate Constitutional Court or Makhama Konstitusi was invested by
the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court
assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower
court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights

Political parties and leaders:
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,
chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman];
Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; Indonesia
Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,
chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,
chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; United
Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and
San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the
flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of
Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy Indonesia

Economy - overview:
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has restored financial stability
and pursued sober fiscal policies since the Asian financial crisis,
but many economic development problems remain, including high
unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic corruption,
inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate, and unequal
resource distribution among regions. Indonesia became a net oil
importer in 2004 due to declining production and lack of new
exploration investment. As a result, Jakarta is not reaping the
benefits of high world oil prices, and the cost of subsidizing
domestic fuel prices has placed an increasing strain on the budget.
Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the
confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong
global economic growth. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took
nearly 127,000 lives, left more than 93,000 missing and nearly
441,000 displaced, and destroyed $4.5 to $5.0 billion worth of
property.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$827.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.6% industry: 45% services: 40.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
111.5 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
9.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
27% (1999)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $52.13 billion
expenditures: $55.88 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil,
copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Industries:
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining,
cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
10.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
110.2 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 86.9% hydro: 10.5% nuclear: 0% other: 2.6% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
92.35 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
971,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.183 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
518,100 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
370,500 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
4.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
77.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
55.3 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
39.7 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
2.549 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$7.338 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$69.86 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners:
Japan 22.3%, US 12.3%, Singapore 8.4%, South Korea 6.8%, China
6.4%, Malaysia 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$45.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Singapore 13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand 6%,
Australia 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$35.82 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$141.5 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$43 billion
note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still
receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia
(CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and
again in 2005; nearly $4 billion in aid money pledged by a variety
of foreign governments and other groups following the 2004 tsunami;
money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh.

Currency (code):
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Currency code:
IDR

Exchange rates:
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003),
9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.8 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but
starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Communications Indonesia

Telephones - main lines in use:
7.75 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
11.7 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic service fair, international service
good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;
domestic satellite communications system
international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Radios:
31.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
41 (1999)

Televisions:
13.75 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.id

Internet hosts:
62,036 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
24 (2000)

Internet users:
8 million (2002)

Transportation Indonesia

Railways:
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km
0.750-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
21,579 km
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460
km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km; oil 7,472
km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang,
Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Merchant marine:
total: 728 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847 GRT/4,319,739 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 35, cargo 409, chemical tanker 19, container
36, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 1, passenger 41,
passenger/cargo 36, petroleum tanker 125, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 13, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 19 (France 1, Japan 3, Philippines 1, Singapore 11,
Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2)
registered in other countries: 113 (2005)

Airports:
667 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 154 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 44 914 to 1,523 m: 49 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 513 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 22 (2004 est.)

Military Indonesia

Military branches:
Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, includes
Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 60,543,028 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 48,687,234 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 2,201,047 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.3 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Indonesia

Disputes - international:
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey
and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty
of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which
hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty
between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime
boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and
Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to
and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia
and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime
boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam
Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants
create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a
problem in the Malacca Strait

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 535,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most
IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi
Provinces); 441,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunmai) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible
growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Iran

Introduction Iran

Background:
Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979
after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was forced
into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic
system of government with ultimate political authority nominally
vested in a learned religious scholar. Iranian-US relations have
been strained since a group of Iranian students seized the US
Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January
1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq
that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes
between US Navy and Iranian military forces between 1987-1988. Iran
has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities
in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US
economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued
involvement. Following the elections of a reformist president and
Majlis in the late 1990s, attempts to foster political reform in
response to popular dissatisfaction have floundered as conservative
politicians have prevented reform measures from being enacted,
increased repressive measures, and consolidated their control over
the government.

Geography Iran

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the
Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

Geographic coordinates:
32 00 N, 53 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 1.648 million sq km
land: 1.636 million sq km
water: 12,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:
total: 5,440 km
border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km,
Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq
1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

Coastline:
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the
Persian Gulf
continental shelf: natural prolongation

Climate:
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Terrain:
rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts,
mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead,
manganese, zinc, sulfur

Land use: arable land: 8.72% permanent crops: 1.39% other: 89.89% (2001)

Irrigated land:
75,620 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions,
refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation;
overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf;
wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination);
inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw
sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz, which
are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport

People Iran

Population:
68,017,860 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.1% (male 9,465,475/female 8,973,828)
15-64 years: 68% (male 23,556,970/female 22,701,065)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 1,637,512/female 1,683,010) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.23 years
male: 24.03 years
female: 24.44 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.86% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 41.58 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 41.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 41.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.96 years
male: 68.58 years
female: 71.4 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.82 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
31,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
800 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Iranian(s)
adjective: Iranian

Ethnic groups:
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab
3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Religions:
Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 9%, Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian,
and Baha'i 2%

Languages:
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%,
Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.4%
male: 85.6%
female: 73% (2003 est.)

Government Iran

Country name:
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
conventional short form: Iran
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
local short form: Iran
former: Persia

Government type:
theocratic republic

Capital:
Tehran

Administrative divisions:
30 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e
Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari,
Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman,
Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Janubi, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khorasan-e
Shemali, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan,
Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan,
Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

Independence:
1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran include
Revolution Day, 11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21
March; Constitutional Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925)

Constitution:
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency
and eliminate the prime ministership

Legal system:
the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

Suffrage:
15 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI
(since 4 June 1989)
head of government: President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD (since 3 August
2005) First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-Yazdi (since 26
August 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with
legislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over
appointments to the more sensitive ministries
elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by
the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 17 June 2005 with a two-candidate
runoff on 24 June 2005 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD elected president; percent of
vote - Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD 62%, Ali Akbar Hashemi RAFSANJANI 36%;
note - 2% of ballots spoiled

Legislative branch:
unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or
Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats
with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 February 2004 with a runoff held 7 May 2004
(next to be held February 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party -
conservatives/Islamists 190, reformers 50, independents 43,
religious minorities 5, and 2 seats unaccounted for

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court - above a special clerical court, a revolutionary
court, and a special administrative court

Political parties and leaders:
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in Iran
and most conservatives still prefer to work through political
pressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reform coalition
called the 2nd Khordad front, which includes political parties as
well as less formal pressure groups and organizations, achieved
considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000;
groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front
(IIPF); Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran); Solidarity
Party; Islamic Labor Party; Mardom Salari; Mojahedin of the Islamic
Revolution Organization (MIRO); and Militant Clerics Society
(Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles
elections in early 2004; a new apparently conservative group, the
Builders of Islamic Iran, took a leading position in the new Majles
after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004

Political pressure groups and leaders: political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political activities; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh), and Islamic Engineers Society; active pro-reform student groups include the Organization for Strengthening Unity; opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various ethnic and Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been almost completely repressed by the government include Mujahidin-e Khalq Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan, and Komala

International organization participation:
CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani
Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209
Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202)
965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red; the
national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in the
shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in the
white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is
repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11
times along the top edge of the red band

Economy Iran

Economy - overview:
Iran's economy is marked by a bloated, inefficient state sector,
over reliance on the oil sector, and statist policies that create
major distortions throughout. Most economic activity is controlled
by the state. Private sector activity is typically small-scale -
workshops, farming, and services. President KHATAMI has continued to
follow the market reform plans of former President RAFSANJANI, with
limited progress. Relatively high oil prices in recent years have
enabled Iran to amass some $30 billion in foreign exchange reserves,
but have not eased economic hardships such as high unemployment and
inflation. The proportion of the economy devoted to the development
of weapons of mass destruction remains a contentious issue with
leading Western nations.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$516.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.2% industry: 40.9% services: 48.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 23 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
11.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
15.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
31.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $43.34 billion
expenditures: $47.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.6
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
27% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton; dairy
products, wool; caviar

Industries:
petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other construction
materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and
vegetable oil production), metal fabrication, armaments

Industrial production growth rate:
3.5% excluding oil (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
129 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 97.1% hydro: 2.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
119.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
3.962 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.4 million bbl/day (2002 est.)

Oil - exports:
2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
130.8 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
79 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
72.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
3.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
4.92 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
26.7 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$2.1 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$38.79 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and
nuts, carpets

Exports - partners:
Japan 18.4%, China 9.7%, Italy 6%, South Africa 5.8%, South Korea
5.4%, Taiwan 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Imports:
$31.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods,
foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military
supplies

Imports - partners:
Germany 12.8%, France 8.3%, Italy 7.7%, China 7.2%, UAE 7.2%, South
Korea 6.1%, Russia 5.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$29.87 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$13.4 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$408 million (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
Iranian rial (IRR)

Currency code:
IRR

Exchange rates:
rials per US dollar - 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907 (2002),
1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.4 (2000)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002

Fiscal year:
21 March - 20 March

Communications Iran

Telephones - main lines in use:
14,571,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,376,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized and
expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and
increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing
telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently
connected
domestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system
since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave
radio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been
brought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systems
has approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellular
subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the
system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital
switches
international: country code - 98; HF radio and microwave radio relay
to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria,
Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to
UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);
Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan
through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion
to Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and
4 Inmarsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)

Radios:
17 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
4.61 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ir

Internet hosts:
5,269 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
100 (2002)

Internet users:
4.3 million (2003)

Transportation Iran

Railways:
total: 7,203 km
broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,109 km 1.435-m gauge (189 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 167,157 km
paved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways)
unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)

Waterways:
850 km (on Karun River and Lake Urmia) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570 km;
oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Assaluyeh, Bushehr

Merchant marine:
total: 144 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,715,242 GRT/8,240,069 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 49, chemical tanker 4, container 14,
liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker
30, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 1 (UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005)

Airports:
305 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 127 over 3,047 m: 39 2,438 to 3,047 m: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 914 to 1,523 m: 32 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 178 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 129 under 914 m: 39 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 13 (2004 est.)

Military Iran

Military branches:
Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground Forces,
Navy, Air Force (includes Air Defense)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e
Eslami, IRGC): Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Qods Force (special
operations), and Basij Force (Popular Mobilization Army)
Law Enforcement Forces: (2004)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for volunteers; soldiers as young as 9 were recruited extensively during the Iran-Iraq War; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 18,319,545 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 15,665,725 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 862,056 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$4.3 billion (2003 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.3% (2003 est.)

Transnational Issues Iran

Disputes - international:
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to
the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime
boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of
the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE engage in direct
talks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes over
Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island; Iran stands
alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of the
Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 1,223,823 (Afghanistan) 124,014
(Iraq) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domestic
narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and according to
official Iranian statistics there are at least two million drug
users in the country; lax anti-money-laundering regulations

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Iraq

Introduction Iraq

Background:
Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britain
during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League
of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next
dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A
"republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of
military strongmen ruled the country, the latest was SADDAM Husayn.
Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly
eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait, but
was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of
January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN
Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass
destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification
inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions
over a period of 12 years resulted in the US-led invasion of Iraq in
March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. Coalition
forces remain in Iraq, helping to restore degraded infrastructure
and facilitating the establishment of a freely elected government,
while simultaneously dealing with a robust insurgency. The Coalition
Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim
Government (IG) in June 2004. Iraqis voted on 30 January 2005 to
elect a 275-member Transitional National Assembly that will draft a
permanent constitution and pave the way for new national elections
at the end of 2005.

Geography Iraq

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait

Geographic coordinates:
33 00 N, 44 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 437,072 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km
water: 4,910 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Idaho

Land boundaries:
total: 3,650 km
border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi
Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km

Coastline:
58 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: not specified

Climate:
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq

Terrain:
mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south
with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and
Turkey

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: unnamed peak; 3,611 m; note - this peak is not Gundah
Zhur 3,607 m or Kuh-e Hajji-Ebrahim 3,595 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur

Land use: arable land: 13.15% permanent crops: 0.78% other: 86.07% (2001)

Irrigated land:
35,250 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dust storms, sandstorms, floods

Environment - current issues:
government water control projects have drained most of the
inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting
the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh
Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been
displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses
serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate
supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian
Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and
erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the
Persian Gulf

People Iraq

Population:
26,074,906 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 40% (male 5,293,709/female 5,130,826)
15-64 years: 57% (male 7,530,619/female 7,338,109)
65 years and over: 3% (male 367,832/female 413,811) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.43 years
male: 19.35 years
female: 19.51 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.7% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
32.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 50.25 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 44.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.7 years
male: 67.49 years
female: 69.97 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi

Ethnic groups:
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Religions:
Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%

Languages:
Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.4%
male: 55.9%
female: 24.4% (2003 est.)

Government Iraq

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah
local short form: Al Iraq

Government type:
none; note - the Iraqi Interim Government (IG) was appointed on 1
June 2004

Capital:
Baghdad

Administrative divisions:
18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al
Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah,
At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan,
Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit

Independence:
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional
Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government

National holiday:
Revolution Day, 17 July (1968); note - this holiday was celebrated
under the SADDAM Husayn regime but the Iraqi Interim Government has
yet to declare a new national holiday

Constitution:
interim constitution signed 8 March 2004; note - the Transitional
Administrative Law (TAL) was enacted 8 March 2004 to govern the
country until an elected Iraqi Government can draft and ratify a new
constitution in 2005

Legal system:
based on civil and Islamic law under the Iraqi Interim Government
(IG) and Transitional Administrative Law (TAL)

Suffrage:
formerly 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) President Jalal
TALABANI (since 6 April 2005); Deputy Presidents Adil Abd AL-MAHDI
and Ghazi al-Ujayl al-YAWR (since 6 April 2005); note - the
President and Deputy Presidents comprise the Presidency Council)
head of government: Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) Prime
Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI (since April 2005); Deputy Prime
Ministers Rowsch SHAWAYS, Ahmad CHALABI, and Abid al-Mutlaq
al-JABBURI (since May 2005)
cabinet: 32 ministers appointed by the Presidency Council, plus
Prime Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI, Deputy Prime Ministers Rowsch
SHAWAYS, Ahmad CHALABI, and Abid al-Mutlaq al-JABBURI
elections: held 30 January 2005 to elect a 275-member Transitional
National Assembly that will draft a permanent constitution and pave
the way for new national elections at the end of 2005

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Mejlis Watani (consisting of 275
members elected by a closed-list, proportional-representation system
for the period between the National Assembly election and the
formation of a permanent Iraqi government pursuant to the
establishment of a permanent constitution)
elections: held 30 January 2005 to elect a 275-member Transitional
National Assembly that will draft a permanent constitution and pave
the way for new national elections at the end of 2005
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
United Iraqi Alliance 48.2%, Democratic Patriotic Alliance of
Kurdistan 25.7%, Iraqi List 13.8%, others 12.3%; number of seats by
party - United Iraqi Alliance 140, Democratic Patriotic Alliance of
Kurdistan 75, Iraqi List 40, others 20

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court appointed by the Prime Minister, confirmed by the
Presidency Council

Political parties and leaders:
Al-Sadr Movement [Muqtada Al-SADR]; Constitutional Monarchy
Movement or CMM [Sharif Ali Bin al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim
al-JA'FARI]; Independent Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB];
Iraqi Hizballah [Karim Mahud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi Independent
Democrats or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic
Party or IIP [Muhsin Abd al-HAMID, Hajim al-HASSANI]; Iraqi National
Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad
CHALABI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmad al-KUBAYSI,
chairman]; Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Ayatollah Muhammad ' Ali
al-YAQUBI]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI];
Muslim Ulama Council or MUC [Harith Sulayman al-DARI, secretary
general]; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]
note: the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan, the Iraqi
List, and the United Iraqi Alliance were only electoral slates
consisting of the representatives from the various Iraqi political
parties

Political pressure groups and leaders: an insurgency against the Iraqi Interim Government and Coalition forces is primarily concentrated in Baghdad and in areas west and north of the capital; the diverse, multigroup insurgency is led principally by Sunni Arabs whose only common denominator is a shared desire to oust the Coalition and end US influence in Iraq

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS,
NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rend Rahim
FRANCKE
chancery: 1801 P Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 483-7500
FAX: [1] (202) 462-5066

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James F.
JEFFREY
embassy: Baghdad
mailing address: APO AE 09316
telephone: 00-1-240-553-0584 ext. 4354; note - Consular Section
FAX: NA

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with
three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the
white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic
script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the
left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the
Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria, which has two
stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that
of Egypt which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white
band; design is based upon the Arab Liberation colors

Economy Iraq

Economy - overview:
Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has
traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings.
Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international
economic sanctions, and damage from military action by an
international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically
reduced economic activity. Although government policies supporting
large military and internal security forces and allocating resources
to key supporters of the regime hurt the economy, implementation of
the UN's oil-for-food program beginning in December 1996 helped
improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. Iraq was allowed
to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and
some infrastructure spare parts. In December 1999, the UN Security
Council authorized Iraq to export under the program as much oil as
required to meet humanitarian needs. The drop in GDP in 2001-02 was
largely the result of the global economic slowdown and lower oil
prices. Per capita food imports increased significantly, while
medical supplies and health care services steadily improved. Per
capita output and living standards were still well below the
pre-1991 level, but any estimates have a wide range of error. The
military victory of the US-led coalition in March-April 2003
resulted in the shutdown of much of the central economic
administrative structure. Although a comparatively small amount of
capital plant was damaged during the hostilities, looting, insurgent
attacks, and sabotage have undermined efforts to rebuild the
economy. Despite continuing political uncertainty, the Iraqi Interim
Government (IG) has founded the institutions needed to implement
economic policy, and has successfully concluded a debt reduction
agreement with the Paris Club. The high percentage gain estimated
for GDP in 2004 is the result of starting from a low base.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$54.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
52.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13.6% industry: 58.6% services: 27.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
6.7 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
25% to 30% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
25.4% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $17.1 billion
expenditures: $28.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.6
billion (2004 budget)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep,
poultry

Industries:
petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food
processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
32.6 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 98.4% hydro: 1.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
33.7 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
1.1 billion kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
2.25 million bbl/day (2004 est.); note - prewar production (in
2002) was 2.03 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
383,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.49 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
112.5 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
2.35 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.35 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.149 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-560 million (2003 est.)

Exports:
$10.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil (83.9%), crude materials excluding fuels (8.0%), food and
live animals (5.0%)

Exports - partners:
US 51.9%, Spain 7.3%, Japan 6.6%, Italy 5.7%, Canada 5.2% (2004)

Imports:
$9.9 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, medicine, manufactures

Imports - partners:
Syria 22.9%, Turkey 19.5%, US 9.2%, Jordan 6.7%, Germany 4.9% (2004)

Debt - external:
$125 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004)

Currency (code):
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004

Currency code:
NID, IQD prior to 22 January 2004

Exchange rates:
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,890 (second half, 2003), 0.3109
(2002), 0.3109 (2001), 0.3109 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Iraq

Telephones - main lines in use: 675,000; note - an unknown number of telephone lines were damaged or destroyed during the March-April 2003 war (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
20,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the 2003 war severely disrupted
telecommunications throughout Iraq including international
connections; USAID is overseeing the repair of switching capability
and the construction of mobile and satellite communication facilities
domestic: repairs to switches and lines destroyed in the recent
fighting continue, but sabotage remains a problem; cellular service
is expected to be in place within two years
international: country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable
and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey;
Kuwait line is probably nonoperational

Radio broadcast stations: after 17 months of unregulated media growth, there are approximately 80 radio stations on the air inside Iraq (2004)

Radios:
4.85 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
21 (2004)

Televisions:
1.75 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.iq

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
25,000 (2002)

Transportation Iraq

Railways: total: 2,200 km standard gauge: 2,200 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,399 km
unpaved: 7,151 km (1999)

Waterways:
5,275 km (not all navigable)
note: Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,895 km), and Third
River (565 km) are principal waterways (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,739 km; oil 5,418 km; refined products 1,343 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Al Basrah, Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr

Merchant marine:
total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 83,221 GRT/125,255 DWT
by type: cargo 11, petroleum tanker 3 (2005)

Airports:
111; note - unknown number were damaged during the March-April 2003
war (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 79
over 3,047 m: 21
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
6 (2004 est.)

Military Iraq

Military branches:
Iraqi Armed Forces: Iraqi Regular Army (includes Iraqi Special
Operations Force, Iraqi Intervention Force), Iraqi Navy (former
Iraqi Coastal Defense Force), Iraqi Air Force (former Iraqi Army Air
Corps) (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age; the Iraqi Interim Government is creating a new professional Iraqi military force of men aged 18 to 40 to defend Iraq from external threats and the current insurgency (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 5,870,640 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,930,074 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 298,518 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.3 billion (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Iraq

Disputes - international:
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 150,000 (Palestinian Territories) IDPs: 1,340,280 (ongoing US-led war and Kurds' subsequent return) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Ireland

Introduction Ireland

Background:
Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600-150 B.C. Invasions
by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were finally ended
when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014. English invasions
began in the 12th century and set off more than seven centuries of
Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions and harsh
repressions. A failed 1916 Easter Monday Rebellion touched off
several years of guerrilla warfare that in 1921 resulted in
independence from the UK for 26 southern counties; six northern
(Ulster) counties remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1948
Ireland withdrew from the British Commonwealth; it joined the
European Community in 1973. Irish governments have sought the
peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain
against terrorist groups. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland,
known as the Good Friday Agreement and approved in 1998, is being
implemented with some difficulties.

Geography Ireland

Location:
Western Europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of Ireland in
the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain

Geographic coordinates:
53 00 N, 8 00 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 70,280 sq km
land: 68,890 sq km
water: 1,390 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: UK 360 km

Coastline: 1,448 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time

Terrain:
mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills
and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Carrauntoohil 1,041 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite, gypsum,
limestone, dolomite

Land use:
arable land: 15.2%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 84.77% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural runoff

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
strategic location on major air and sea routes between North
America and northern Europe; over 40% of the population resides
within 100 km of Dublin

People Ireland

Population:
4,015,676 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.9% (male 434,225/female 406,730)
15-64 years: 67.5% (male 1,358,086/female 1,354,148)
65 years and over: 11.5% (male 203,614/female 258,873) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 33.7 years
male: 32.9 years
female: 34.49 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.16% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.47 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
4.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.56 years
male: 74.95 years
female: 80.34 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.87 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,800 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective plural)
adjective: Irish

Ethnic groups:
Celtic, English

Religions:
Roman Catholic 88.4%, Church of Ireland 3%, other Christian 1.6%,
other 1.5%, unspecified 2%, none 3.5% (2002 census)

Languages:
English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (official)
(Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western
seaboard

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98% (1981 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Ireland

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Ireland local long form: none local short form: Eire

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Dublin

Administrative divisions:
26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway,
Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth,
Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary,
Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow
note: Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan are part of Ulster Province

Independence:
6 December 1921 (from UK by treaty)

National holiday:
Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

Constitution:
adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937

Legal system:
based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Mary MCALEESE (since 11 November 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Bertie AHERN (since 26 June 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination
by the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 31 October 1997 (next scheduled for October
2011); note - Mary MCALEESE appointed to a second term when no other
candidate qualified for the 2004 presidential election; prime
minister nominated by the House of Representatives and appointed by
the president
election results: Mary MCALEESE elected president; percent of vote -
Mary MCALEESE 44.8%, Mary BANOTTI 29.6%
note: government coalition - Fianna Fail and the Progressive
Democrats

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad
Eireann (60 seats - 49 elected by the universities and from
candidates put forward by five vocational panels, 11 are nominated
by the prime minister; members serve five-year terms) and the House
of Representatives or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members are elected
by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 16 and 17 July 2002 (next to be held
by July 2007); House of Representatives - last held 17 May 2002
(next to be held by May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Fianna Fail 30, Fine Gael 15, Labor Party 5, Progressive
Democrats 4, independents and others 6; House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - Fianna Fail 41.5%, Fine Gael 22.5%, Labor
Party 10.8%, Sinn Fein 6.5%, Progressive Democrats 4.0%, Green Party
3.8%, others 10.9%; seats by party - Fianna Fail 81, Fine Gael 31,
Labor Party 21, Progressive Democrats 8, Green Party 6, Sinn Fein 5,
others 14

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the advice of
the prime minister and cabinet)

Political parties and leaders:
Fianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green Party
[Trevor SARGENT]; Labor Party [Pat RABITTE]; Progressive Democrats
[Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party [Joe
HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM
(guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club,
PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Noel FAHEY
chancery: 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-3939
FAX: [1] (202) 232-5993
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James C. KENNY
embassy: 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [353] (1) 668-8777
FAX: [353] (1) 668-9946

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
orange; similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and
has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors
of green (hoist side), white, and red

Economy Ireland

Economy - overview:
Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy with growth
averaging a robust 7% in 1995-2004. Agriculture, once the most
important sector, is now dwarfed by industry and services. Industry
accounts for 46% of GDP, about 80% of exports, and 29% of the labor
force. Although exports remain the primary engine for Ireland's
growth, the economy has also benefited from a rise in consumer
spending, construction, and business investment. Per capita GDP is
10% above that of the four big European economies and the second
highest in the EU behind Luxembourg. Over the past decade, the Irish
Government has implemented a series of national economic programs
designed to curb price and wage inflation, reduce government
spending, increase labor force skills, and promote foreign
investment. Ireland joined in circulating the euro on 1 January 2002
along with 11 other EU nations.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$126.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $31,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 5% industry: 46% services: 49% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
1.92 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 8%, industry 29%, services 63% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
4.3% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
10% (1997 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 27.3% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.9 (1987)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $62.51 billion
expenditures: $63.52 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.5
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
31.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; beef, dairy products

Industries:
steel, lead, zinc, silver, aluminum, barite, and gypsum mining
processing; food products, brewing, textiles, clothing; chemicals,
pharmaceuticals; machinery, rail transportation equipment, passenger
and commercial vehicles, ship construction and refurbishment; glass
and crystal; software, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
22.88 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 95.9% hydro: 2.3% nuclear: 0% other: 1.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
21.78 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
100 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
600 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
174,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
27,450 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
178,600 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
815 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
4.199 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
3.384 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
9.911 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-2.881 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$103.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;
live animals, animal products

Exports - partners:
US 19.7%, UK 17.7%, Belgium 14.7%, Germany 7.7%, France 6%,
Netherlands 4.6%, Italy 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$60.65 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment,
chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing

Imports - partners:
UK 35.6%, US 13.8%, Germany 8.9%, Netherlands 4.3%, France 4.2%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$4.152 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$11 billion (1998)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $283 million (2001)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Ireland

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.955 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3.4 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern digital system using cable and microwave
radio relay
domestic: microwave radio relay
international: country code - 353; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 9, FM 106, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
2.55 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (many low-power repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
1.82 million (2001)

Internet country code:
.ie

Internet hosts:
162,228 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
22 (2000)

Internet users:
1.26 million (2003)

Transportation Ireland

Railways:
total: 3,312 km
broad gauge: 1,947 km 1.600-m gauge (46 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,365 km 0.914-m gauge (operated by the Irish Peat
Board to transport peat to power stations and briquetting plants)
(2004)

Highways:
total: 95,736 km
paved: 95,736 km (including 125 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
753 km (pleasure craft only) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,795 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cork, Dublin, New Ross, Shannon Foynes, Waterford

Merchant marine:
total: 39
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 27, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
passenger/cargo 4, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 11 (Germany 3, Italy 3, Norway 1, Switzerland 1,
United Kingdom 3)
registered in other countries: 18 (2005)

Airports:
36 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 21 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Military Ireland

Military branches:
Army (includes Naval Service and Air Corps)

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service; enlistees under the age of 17 can be recruited for specialist positions (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 977,092 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 814,768 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 29,327 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$700 million (FY00/01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (FY00/01)

Transnational Issues Ireland

Disputes - international:
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North Africa
to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic drugs;
minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for
Western Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money
laundering using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies
involving the offshore financial community remains a concern

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Israel

Introduction Israel

Background:
Following World War II, the British withdrew from their mandate of
Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and Jewish
states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently, the
Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending the
deep tensions between the two sides. The territories occupied by
Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country
profile, unless otherwise noted. On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew
from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
Israel and Palestinian officials signed on 13 September 1993 a
Declaration of Principles (also known as the "Oslo accords") guiding
an interim period of Palestinian self-rule. Outstanding territorial
and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994
Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. In addition, on 25 May 2000, Israel
withdrew unilaterally from southern Lebanon, which it had occupied
since 1982. In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid
Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted
between Israel and Palestinian representatives and Syria to achieve
a permanent settlement. On 24 June 2002, US President BUSH laid out
a "road map" for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which
envisions a two-state solution. However, progress toward a permanent
status agreement has been undermined by Palestinian-Israeli violence
ongoing since September 2000. The conflict may have reached a
turning point with the election in January 2005 of Mahmud ABBAS as
the new Palestinian leader following the November 2004 death of
Yasir ARAFAT.

Geography Israel

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and
Lebanon

Geographic coordinates:
31 30 N, 34 45 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 20,770 sq km
land: 20,330 sq km
water: 440 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:
total: 1,017 km
border countries: Egypt 266 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km,
Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km

Coastline:
273 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Terrain:
Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains;
Jordan Rift Valley

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Har Meron 1,208 m

Natural resources:
timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium
bromide, clays, sand

Land use: arable land: 16.39% permanent crops: 4.17% other: 79.44% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,990 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts; periodic
earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose serious
constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial and
vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and
domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
there are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in
the West Bank, 42 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 25 in the
Gaza Strip, and 29 in East Jerusalem (February 2002 est.); Sea of
Galilee is an important freshwater source

People Israel

Population:
6,276,883
note: includes about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank,
about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, more than 5,000
in the Gaza Strip, and fewer than 177,000 in East Jerusalem (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.5% (male 851,415/female 812,095)
15-64 years: 63.7% (male 2,010,888/female 1,986,256)
65 years and over: 9.8% (male 264,708/female 351,521) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 29.39 years
male: 28.58 years
female: 30.27 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.2% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.77 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.32 years
male: 77.21 years
female: 81.55 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Israeli(s)
adjective: Israeli

Ethnic groups:
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)

Religions:
Jewish 76.5%, Muslim 15.9%, Arab Christians 1.7%, other Christian
0.4%, Druze 1.6%, unspecified 3.9% (2003)

Languages:
Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority,
English most commonly used foreign language

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 95.4%
male: 97.3%
female: 93.6% (2003 est.)

Government Israel

Country name:
conventional long form: State of Israel
conventional short form: Israel
local long form: Medinat Yisra'el
local short form: Yisra'el

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Jerusalem; note - Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital in
1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its
Embassy in Tel Aviv

Administrative divisions:
6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem,
Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

Independence:
14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 14 May (1948); note - Israel declared
independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and
the holiday may occur in April or May

Constitution:
no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are
filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of
the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law

Legal system:
mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in
personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in
December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no
longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Moshe KATZAV (since 31 July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ariel SHARON (since 7 March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the
Knesset
elections: president is largely a ceremonial role and is elected by
the Knesset for a seven-year term; election last held 31 July 2000
(next to be held mid-2007); following legislative elections, the
president assigns a Knesset member - traditionally the leader of the
largest party - the task of forming a governing coalition; election
last held 28 January 2003 (next scheduled to be held fall of 2006)
election results: Moshe KATZAV elected president by the 120-member
Knesset with a total of 60 votes, other candidate, Shimon PERES,
received 57 votes (there were three abstentions); Ariel SHARON
continues as prime minister after Likud Party victory in January
2003 Knesset elections; Likud won 38 seats and then formed coalition
government with Shinui, the National Religious Party, and the
National Union

Legislative branch:
unicameral Knesset (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 28 January 2003 (next scheduled to be held fall
of 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Likud Party 29.4%,
Labor 14.5%, Shinui 12.3%, Shas 8.2%, National Union 5.5%, Meretz
5.2%, United Torah Judaism 4.3%, National Religious Party 4.2%,
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3.0%, One Nation 2.8%,
National Democratic Assembly 2.3%, Yisra'el Ba'Aliya (YBA) 2.2%,
United Arab List 2.1%, Green Leaf Party 1.2%, Herut 1.2%, other
1.6%; seats by party - Likud 38, Labor 19, Shinui 15, Shas 11,
National Union 7, Meretz 6, National Religious Party 6, United Torah
Judaism 5, Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, One Nation 3,
National Democratic Assembly 3, YBA 2, United Arab List 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed for life by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash) [Muhammad BARAKA];
Green Leaf Party (no longer active) [Boaz WACHTEL and Shlomi
SANDAK]; Herut (no longer active) [Michael KLEINER]; Labor Party
[Shimon PERES]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; Meretz (merged with
YAHAD) [Zahava GALON]; National Democratic Assembly (Balad) [Azmi
BISHARA]; National Religious Party [Ephraim "Efie" EITAM]; National
Union (Haichud Haleumi) [Avigdor LIBERMAN] (includes Tekuma Moledet
and Yisra'el Beiteinu); One Nation [David TAL]; Shas [Eliyahu
YISHAI]; Shinui [Yosef "Tommy" LAPID]; United Arab List [Abd
al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Yaakov LITZMAN]; YAHAD
[Yossi BEILIN]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya or YBA (merged with Likud) [Natan
SHARANSKY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Israeli nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank
and Gaza Strip; Peace Now supports territorial concessions in the
West Bank and Gaza Strip; Yesha (settler) Council promotes settler
interests and opposes territorial compromise; B'Tselem monitors
human rights abuses

International organization participation:
BIS, BSEC (observer), CE (observer), CERN (observer), EBRD, FAO,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, OAS (observer), OPCW (signatory), OSCE (partner), PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel AYALON chancery: 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 364-5578 FAX: [1] (202) 364-5560 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel C. KURTZER embassy: 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv 63903 mailing address: PSC 98, Box 29, APO AE 09830 telephone: [972] (3) 519-7369/7453/7454/7457/7458/7551/7575 FAX: [972] (3) 516-4390 consulate(s) general: Jerusalem; note - an independent US mission, established in 1928, whose members are not accredited to a foreign government

Flag description:
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the
Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal
blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Economy Israel

Economy - overview:
Israel has a technologically advanced market economy with
substantial government participation. It depends on imports of crude
oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited
natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural
and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Israel imports
substantial quantities of grain, but is largely self-sufficient in
other agricultural products. Cut diamonds, high-technology
equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the
leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable current account
deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad
and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's external debt
is owed to the US, which is its major source of economic and
military aid. The bitter Israeli-Palestinian conflict; difficulties
in the high-technology, construction, and tourist sectors; and
fiscal austerity in the face of growing inflation led to small
declines in GDP in 2001 and 2002. The economy grew at 1% in 2003,
with improvements in tourism and foreign direct investment. In 2004,
rising business and consumer confidence - as well as higher demand
for Israeli exports boosted GDP by 3.9%.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$129 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $20,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.8% industry: 37.7% services: 59.5% (2003 est.)

Labor force: 2.68 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.6%, manufacturing 20.2%, construction 7.5%, commerce 12.8%, transport, storage, and communications 6.2%, finance and business 13.1%, personal and other services 6.4%, public services 31.2% (1996)

Unemployment rate:
10.7% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
18% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 28.3% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.5 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $48.09 billion
expenditures: $52.11 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
104.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products

Industries:
high-technology projects (including aviation, communications,
computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber
optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food,
beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metals
products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles and
footwear

Industrial production growth rate:
4.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
42.67 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.9% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
38.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.387 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
80 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
260,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.92 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
10 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
10 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
20.81 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$211.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$34.41 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural
products, chemicals, textiles and apparel

Exports - partners:
US 36.8%, Belgium 7.5%, Hong Kong 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$36.84 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough
diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
US 15%, Belgium 10.1%, Germany 7.5%, Switzerland 6.5%, UK 6.1%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$28.48 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$74.46 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$662 million from US (2003 est.)

Currency (code):
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation;
ILS is the International Organization for Standarization (ISO) code
for the NIS

Currency code:
ILS

Exchange rates:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003),
4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Israel

Telephones - main lines in use:
3.006 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6.334 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: most highly developed system in the Middle East
although not the largest
domestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay;
all systems are digital
international: country code - 972; 3 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 23, FM 15, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
3.07 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
17 (plus 36 low-power repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
1.69 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.il

Internet hosts:
437,516 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
21 (2000)

Internet users:
2 million (2002)

Transportation Israel

Railways: total: 640 km standard gauge: 640 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 16,903 km
paved: 16,903 km (including 56 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 140 km; oil 1,509 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Ashdod, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa

Merchant marine:
total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 752,873 GRT/881,711 DWT
by type: cargo 1, container 16
registered in other countries: 48 (2005)

Airports:
51 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 28 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 23 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Israel

Military branches:
Israel Defense Forces (IDF): Ground Corps, Navy, Air and Space
Force (includes Air Defense Forces); historically there have been no
separate Israeli military services

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druzes) and voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are eligible for military service; conscript service obligation - 36 months for men, 21 months for women (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,492,125
females age 17-49: 1,443,916 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,255,902
females age 17-49: 1,212,394 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 53,760
females: 51,293 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$9.11 billion (FY03)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
8.7% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Israel

Disputes - international:
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status
subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent
status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel
continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along
parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel announced
its intention to pull out Israeli settlers and withdraw from the
Gaza Strip and four settlements in the northern West Bank in 2005;
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms
area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the
UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem
monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 276,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in northern
Israel) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugs arrive
in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan;
money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Italy

Introduction Italy

Background:
Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the city-states of the
peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King
Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a
close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist
dictatorship. His disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany led to
Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the
monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a charter
member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has
been at the forefront of European economic and political
unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.
Persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime,
corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low
incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the
prosperous north.

Geography Italy

Location:
Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central
Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Geographic coordinates:
42 50 N, 12 50 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 301,230 sq km
land: 294,020 sq km
water: 7,210 sq km
note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Arizona

Land boundaries:
total: 1,932.2 km
border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican
City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 km

Coastline:
7,600 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Terrain:
mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a
secondary peak of Mont Blanc)

Natural resources:
coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice,
fluorospar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil
reserves, fish, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 27.79%
permanent crops: 9.53%
other: 62.68% (2001)

Irrigated land:
26,980 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

Environment - current issues: air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as
southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

People Italy

Population:
58,103,033 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 13.9% (male 4,166,213/female 3,919,288)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 19,554,416/female 19,174,629)
65 years and over: 19.4% (male 4,698,441/female 6,590,046) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 41.77 years male: 40.24 years female: 43.35 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.07% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
8.89 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.68 years
male: 76.75 years
female: 82.81 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.5% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
140,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Italian(s)
adjective: Italian

Ethnic groups:
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)

Religions:
predominately Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and Jewish
communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community

Languages:
Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are
predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking
minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking
minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99%
female: 98.3% (2003 est.)

Government Italy

Country name:
conventional long form: Italian Republic
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Rome

Administrative divisions:
16 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 4 autonomous regions*
(regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma); Abruzzo,
Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia
Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte,
Puglia, Sardegna*, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige*, Umbria,
Valle d'Aosta*, Veneto

Independence:
17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally
unified until 1870)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 2 June (1946)

Constitution:
passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many
times

Legal system:
based on civil law system; appeals treated as new trials; judicial
review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections, where
minimum age is 25)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the
president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI (since 10
June 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
approved by the president
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
both houses of parliament and 58 regional representatives for a
seven-year term; election last held 13 May 1999 (next to be held May
2006); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by
parliament
election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - 70%
note: a four-party government coalition includes Forza Italia,
National Alliance, Northern League, and Union of Christian Democrats
and Center Democrats

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato
della Repubblica (315 seats elected by popular vote of which 232 are
directly elected and 83 are elected by regional proportional
representation; in addition, there are a small number of
senators-for-life including former presidents of the republic;
members serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera
dei Deputati (630 seats; 475 are directly elected, 155 by regional
proportional representation; members serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held 2006);
Chamber of Deputies - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held May
2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - House of Liberties 172 (Forza Italia 77, National Alliance
47, UDC 31, Lega Padana 17), Olive Tree 108 (Democrats of the Left
63, Daisy Alliance 35, Greens 10), Per le Autonomie 10, other 25;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- House of Liberties 337 (Forza Italia 176, National Alliance 97,
UDC 36, Northern League 28), Olive Tree 214 (Democrats of the Left
135, Daisy Alliance 79), Rifondazione Communista (Italian Communist
Party) 11, other 68

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15
judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by
parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative
Supreme Courts)

Political parties and leaders:
Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] - Democrats of
the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian Popular Party, Italian
Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The Democrats), Sunflower
Alliance (including Green Federation, Italian Democratic
Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Center-Right Freedom House
Coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly House of Liberties and
Freedom Alliance) - Forza Italia, National Alliance, The Whiteflower
Alliance (includes Christian Democratic Center, United Christian
Democrats), Northern League; Democrats of the Left or DS [Piero
FASSINO]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green Federation
[Alfonso Pecoraro SCANIO]; Italian Communist Party or PdCI [Armando
COSSUTTA]; Italian Renewal or RI [Lamberto DINI]; merged with PPI
and I Democratici to form La Margherita (or The Daisy Alliance);
Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico BOSELLI]; Lega Padana
[Roberto BERNARDELLI]; National Alliance or AN [Gianfranco FINI];
Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI]; Per le Autonomie [leader NA];
Socialist Movement-Tricolor Flame or MS-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI];
South Tyrol People's Party or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar Pichler
ROLLE]; Sunflower Alliance (includes Green Federation, Italian
Social Democrats); The Daisy Alliance (includes Italian Popular
Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The
Democrats) [Francesco RUTELLI]; The Democrats [Arturo PARISI]; The
Radicals (formerly Pannella Reformers and Autonomous List) [Marco
PANNELLA]; Union of Democrats for Europe or UDEUR [Clemente
MASTELLA]; Union of Christian and Center Democrats or UDC [Marco
FOLLINI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Italian manufacturers and merchants associations (Confindustria,
Confcommercio); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori,
Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union
confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL
[Guglielmo EPIFANI] which is left wing, Confederazione Italiana dei
Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Savino PEZZOTTA], which is Roman
Catholic centrist, and Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi
ANGELETTI] which is lay centrist)

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CDB, CE, CEI,
CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA
(observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Giovanni CASTELLANETA chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400 FAX: [1] (202) 518-2151 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and San Francisco consulate(s): Detroit and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER embassy: Via Vittorio Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624 telephone: [39] (06) 46741 FAX: [39] (06) 488-2672, 4674-2356 consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red;
similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green (hoist
side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Cote
d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side),
white, and green
note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in
1797

Economy Italy

Economy - overview:
Italy has a diversified industrial economy with roughly the same
total and per capita output as France and the UK. This capitalistic
economy remains divided into a developed industrial north, dominated
by private companies, and a less developed, welfare-dependent
agricultural south, with 20% unemployment. Most raw materials needed
by industry and more than 75% of energy requirements are imported.
Over the past decade, Italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in
order to meet the requirements of the Economic and Monetary Unions
and has benefited from lower interest and inflation rates. The
current government has enacted numerous short-term reforms aimed at
improving competitiveness and long-term growth. Italy has moved
slowly, however, on implementing needed structural reforms, such as
lightening the high tax burden and overhauling Italy's rigid labor
market and over-generous pension system, because of the current
economic slowdown and opposition from labor unions. But the
leadership faces a severe economic constraint: the budget has
breached the 3% EU deficit ceiling.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.609 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $27,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.3% industry: 28.8% services: 68.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
24.27 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 5%, industry 32%, services 63% (2001)

Unemployment rate:
8.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 26.6% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
27.3 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $768.9 billion
expenditures: $820.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
105.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain,
olives; beef, dairy products; fish

Industries:
tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing,
textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Industrial production growth rate:
0.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
261.6 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 78.6% hydro: 18.4% nuclear: 0% other: 3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
293.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
900 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
51.5 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
79,460 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.866 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
456,600 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
2.158 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
586.6 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
15.49 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
71.18 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
61 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
54.78 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
209.7 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-21.1 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$336.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery,
motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food, beverages and
tobacco; minerals and nonferrous metals

Exports - partners:
Germany 13.6%, France 12.3%, US 8%, Spain 7.2%, UK 6.9%,
Switzerland 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$329.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy
products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing;
food, beverages and tobacco

Imports - partners:
Germany 18%, France 10.9%, Netherlands 5.9%, Spain 4.6%, Belgium
4.4%, UK 4.3%, China 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$61.5 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$913.9 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Italy

Telephones - main lines in use:
26.596 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
55.918 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fully automated
telephone, telex, and data services
domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
international: country code - 39; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2
for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA
Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables

Radio broadcast stations:
AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9 (1998)

Radios:
50.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
30.3 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.it

Internet hosts:
1,437,511 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
93 (Italy and Holy See) (2000)

Internet users:
18.5 million (2003)

Transportation Italy

Railways:
total: 19,319 km (11,613 km electrified)
standard gauge: 18,001 km 1.435-m gauge (11,333 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 123 km 1.000-m gauge (122 km electrified); 1,195 km
0.950-m gauge (158 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 479,688 km
paved: 479,688 km (including 6,621 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Waterways:
2,400 km
note: used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared
to road and rail (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 17,335 km; oil 1,136 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Augusta, Genoa, Livorno, Melilli Oil Terminal, Ravenna, Taranto,
Trieste, Venice

Merchant marine:
total: 565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 8,970,017 GRT/10,354,685 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 43, chemical tanker 128, combination
ore/oil 1, container 19, liquefied gas 38, livestock carrier 2,
passenger 16, passenger/cargo 152, petroleum tanker 53, refrigerated
cargo 4, roll on/roll off 34, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier
26
foreign-owned: 47 (France 3, Greece 7, Monaco 2, Switzerland 5,
Taiwan 8, Turkey 2, United Kingdom 5, United States 15)
registered in other countries: 125 (2005)

Airports:
134 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 96 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 32 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 30 under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Italy

Military branches:
Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI),
Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps
(Corpo dei Carabinieri, CC) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 13,491,260 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 10,963,513 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 286,344 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$28,182.8 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Italy

Disputes - international:
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa

Illicit drugs:
important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and
Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money
laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Jamaica

Introduction Jamaica

Background:
Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in
1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to
recurrent violence and a drop off in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw
the democratic socialists voted out of office. Political violence
marred elections during the 1990s.

Geography Jamaica

Location:
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Geographic coordinates:
18 15 N, 77 30 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 10,991 sq km
land: 10,831 sq km
water: 160 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,022 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Terrain:
mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Natural resources:
bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Land use:
arable land: 16.07%
permanent crops: 10.16%
other: 73.77% (2001)

Irrigated land:
250 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hurricanes (especially July to November)

Environment - current issues: heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the
main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

People Jamaica

Population:
2,731,832 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.5% (male 385,099/female 367,398)
15-64 years: 65.6% (male 897,953/female 893,509)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 83,632/female 104,241) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.25 years
male: 26.55 years
female: 27.97 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.71% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.33 years
male: 71.63 years
female: 75.12 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.95 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
22,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
900 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Jamaican(s)
adjective: Jamaican

Ethnic groups:
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed
7.3%, other 0.1%

Religions:
Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%, Anglican 5.5%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist 2.7%, United
Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Moravian 1.1%),
Roman Catholic 4%, other including some spiritual cults 34.7%

Languages:
English, patois English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 87.9%
male: 84.1%
female: 91.6% (2003 est.)

Government Jamaica

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jamaica

Government type:
constitutional parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Kingston

Administrative divisions:
14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland,
Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint
James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were
amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as
the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Independence:
6 August 1962 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

Constitution:
6 August 1962

Legal system:
based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1
August 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since
30 March 1992)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor
general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime
minister

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body
appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the
prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is
allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and
the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held in October
2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%;
seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the
advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; National Democratic
Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National Party or PNP
[Percival James PATTERSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black
religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS,
OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon SHIRLEY
chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660
FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Sue McCourt COBB
embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor,
Kingston 5
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859
FAX: [1] (876) 935-6001

Flag description:
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green
(top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

Economy Jamaica

Economy - overview:
The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which now
account for 60% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of its
foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. The
global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist attacks
in the US on 11 September 2001, stunted economic growth; the economy
rebounded moderately in 2003-04, with brisk tourist seasons. But the
economy faces serious long-term problems: high interest rates;
increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding,
exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade deficit; large-scale
unemployment; and a growing internal debt, the result of government
bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. The ratio of debt to GDP
is close to 150%. Inflation, previously a bright spot, is expected
to remain in the double digits. Uncertain economic conditions have
led to increased civil unrest, including gang violence fueled by the
drug trade. In 2004, the government faced the difficult prospect of
having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt
payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime
problem which is hampering economic growth. Attempts at deficit
control were derailed by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, which
required substantial government spending to repair the damage.
Despite the hurricane, tourism looks set to enjoy solid growth for
the foreseeable future.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.13 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6.1% industry: 32.7% services: 61.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.14 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20.1%, industry 16.6%, services 63.4% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
15% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
19.7% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37.9 (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
32% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.793 billion
expenditures: $3.157 billion, including capital expenditures of $236
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
146.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, vegetables, poultry,
goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks

Industries:
tourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing
apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical
products, telecommunications

Industrial production growth rate:
-2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.289 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 96.8% hydro: 1.8% nuclear: 0% other: 1.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.849 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
66,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-830.7 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.679 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams, beverages,
chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels

Exports - partners:
US 17.4%, Canada 14.8%, France 13%, China 10.5%, UK 8.7%,
Netherlands 7.5%, Norway 6%, Germany 5.9% (2004)

Imports:
$3.624 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and
accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment,
construction materials

Imports - partners:
US 38.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, France 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.964 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$16 million (2003)

Currency (code):
Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Currency code:
JMD

Exchange rates:
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003),
48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001), 42.986 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Jamaica

Telephones - main lines in use:
444,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.4 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
1.215 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (1997)

Televisions:
460,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.jm

Internet hosts:
1,480 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
21 (2000)

Internet users:
600,000 (2002)

Transportation Jamaica

Railways:
total: 272 km
standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge
note: 207 of these km belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation
had been in common carrier service until 1992 but are no longer
operational; 57 km of the remaining track is privately owned and
used by ALCAN to transport bauxite (2003)

Highways:
total: 18,700 km
paved: 13,109 km
unpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Kingston, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Port Rhoades, Rocky Point

Merchant marine:
total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 74,881 GRT/100,682 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 5, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 8 (Germany 2, Greece 5, UAE 1) (2005)

Airports:
35 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Military Jamaica

Military branches:
Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 696,900 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 587,006 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 26,080 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$31.2 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.4% (2003)

Transnational Issues Jamaica

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North
America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has
an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major
concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics
traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@Jan Mayen

Introduction Jan Mayen

Background:
This desolate, mountainous island was named after a Dutch whaling
captain who indisputably discovered it in 1614 (earlier claims are
inconclusive). Visited only occasionally by seal hunters and
trappers over the following centuries, the island came under
Norwegian sovereignty in 1929. The long dormant Haakon VII
Toppen/Beerenberg volcano resumed activity in 1970; it is the
northernmost active volcano on earth.

Geography Jan Mayen

Location:
Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian
Sea, northeast of Iceland

Geographic coordinates:
71 00 N, 8 00 W

Map references:
Arctic Region

Area:
total: 373 sq km
land: 373 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
124.1 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 4 nm contiguous zone: 10 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Terrain:
volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m highest point: Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg 2,277 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg; volcanic
activity resumed in 1970

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
barren volcanic island with some moss and grass

People Jan Mayen

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: personnel operate the Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base and
the weather and coastal services radio station (July 2005 est.)

Government Jan Mayen

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jan Mayen

Dependency status:
territory of Norway; since August 1994, administered from Oslo
through the county governor (fylkesmann) of Nordland; however,
authority has been delegated to a station commander of the Norwegian
Defense Communication Service

Legal system:
the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of Norway is used

Economy Jan Mayen

Economy - overview:
Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural
resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for
employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations on the
island.

Communications Jan Mayen

Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA note: there is one radio and meteorological station (1998)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 13 (Jan Mayen and Svalbard) (2000)

Transportation Jan Mayen

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Jan Mayen

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Norway

Transnational Issues Jan Mayen

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Japan

Introduction Japan

Background:
In 1603, a Tokugawa shogunate (military dictatorship) ushered in a
long period of isolation from foreign influence in order to secure
its power. For 250 years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy
stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Following the
Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States in 1854, Japan opened its
ports and began to intensively modernize and industrialize. During
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional
power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia.
It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island.
In 1933 Japan occupied Manchuria and in 1937 it launched a
full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked US forces in 1941 -
triggering America's entry into World War II - and soon occupied
much of East and Southeast Asia. After its defeat in World War II,
Japan recovered to become an economic power and a staunch ally of
the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national
unity, actual power rests in networks of powerful politicians,
bureaucrats, and business executives. The economy experienced a
major slowdown starting in the 1990s following three decades of
unprecedented growth, but Japan still remains a major economic
power, both in Asia and globally. In 2005, Japan began a two-year
term as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Geography Japan

Location:
Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the
Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula

Geographic coordinates:
36 00 N, 138 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 377,835 sq km
land: 374,744 sq km
water: 3,091 sq km
note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto,
Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and
Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than California

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
29,751 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international
straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and
Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Terrain:
mostly rugged and mountainous

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Hachiro-gata -4 m highest point: Mount Fuji 3,776 m

Natural resources: negligible mineral resources, fish

Land use: arable land: 12.19% permanent crops: 0.96% other: 86.85% (2001)

Irrigated land:
26,790 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic
occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain;
acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and
threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of
fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these
resources in Asia and elsewhere

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Geography - note:
strategic location in northeast Asia

People Japan

Population:
127,417,244 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.3% (male 9,328,584/female 8,866,772)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 42,462,533/female 41,942,835)
65 years and over: 19.5% (male 10,435,284/female 14,381,236) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 42.64 years male: 40.87 years female: 44.44 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.05% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.47 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.15 years
male: 77.86 years
female: 84.61 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Japanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Japanese

Ethnic groups:
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241, Brazilian
182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan
in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil
(2004)

Religions:
observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including
Christian 0.7%)

Languages:
Japanese

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2002)

Government Japan

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Japan

Government type:
constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government

Capital:
Tokyo

Administrative divisions:
47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka,
Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki,
Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto,
Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita,
Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka,
Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata,
Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

Independence:
660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor JIMMU)

National holiday:
Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23 December (1933)

Constitution:
3 May 1947

Legal system:
modeled after European civil law system with English-American
influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 26 April
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: Diet designates prime minister; constitution requires
that prime minister commands parliamentary majority; following
legislative elections, leader of majority party or leader of
majority coalition in House of Representatives usually becomes prime
minister; KOIZUMI's term as leader of the LDP is scheduled to end in
September 2006; a new prime minister may be chosen at that time;
monarch is hereditary

Legislative branch:
bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of the House of Councillors or
Sangi-in (242 seats - members elected for six-year terms; half
reelected every three years; 144 members in multi-seat
constituencies and 98 by proportional representation) and the House
of Representatives or Shugi-in (480 seats - members elected for
four-year terms; 300 in single-seat constituencies; 180 members by
proportional representation in 11 regional blocs)
elections: House of Councillors - last held 11 July 2004 (next to be
held in July 2007); House of Representatives - last held 11
September 2005 (next election by September 2009)
election results: House of Councillors - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - LDP 115, DPJ 82, Komeito 24, JCP 9, SDP 5,
others 7; distribution of seats as of October 2004 - LDP 114, DPJ
84, Komeito 24, JCP 9, SDP 5, others 6
: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - LDP 47.8%,
DPJ 36.4%, others 15.8%; seats by party - LDP 296, DPJ 113, Komeito
31, JCP 9, SDP 7, others 24 (2005)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the monarch after
designation by the cabinet; all other justices are appointed by the
cabinet)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Seiji MAEHARA, leader; Yukio
HATOYAMA, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo
SHII, chairman; Tadayoshi ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito
[Takenori KANZAKI, president; Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president;
Tsutomu TAKEBE, secretary general]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA, chairperson; Seiji MATAICHI, secretary general]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia
Group, BIS, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CP, EBRD, FAO, G-5, G-7,
G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA,
MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE
(partner), Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary),
UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOVIC, UNRWA, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ryozo KATO
chancery: 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2187
consulate(s) general: Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver,
Detroit, Agana (Guam), Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New
Orleans, New York, Portland (Oregon), San Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s): Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador J. Thomas SCHIEFFER embassy: 10-5 Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420 mailing address: Unit 45004, Box 258, APO AP 96337-5004 telephone: [81] (03) 3224-5000 FAX: [81] (03) 3505-1862 consulate(s) general: Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo consulate(s): Fukuoka, Nagoya

Flag description:
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in
the center

Economy Japan

Economy - overview:
Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of
high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1% of
GDP) helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of
second most technologically-powerful economy in the world after the
US and third-largest economy after the US and China, measured on a
purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. (Using market exhange rates
rather than PPP rates, Japan's economy is larger than China's.) One
notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of
manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups
called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of
lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor
force. Both features are now eroding. Industry, the most important
sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw
materials and fuels. The tiny agricultural sector is highly
subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the
world. Usually self sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50%
of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains
one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly
15% of the global catch. For three decades overall real economic
growth had been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5%
average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed
markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the
after effects of overinvestment during the late 1980s and
contractionary domestic policies intended to wring speculative
excesses from the stock and real estate markets. From 2000 to 2003,
government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success
and were further hampered by the slowing of the US, European, and
Asian economies. In 2004, growth improved and the lingering fears of
deflation in prices and economic activity lessened. Japan's huge
government debt, which totals more than 160% of GDP, and the aging
of the population are two major long-run problems. A rise in taxes
could be viewed as endangering the revival of growth. Robotics
constitutes a key long-term economic strength with Japan possessing
410,000 of the world's 720,000 "working robots." Internal conflict
over the proper way to reform the ailing banking system continues.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.745 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $29,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.3% industry: 24.7% services: 74.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
66.97 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 5%, industry 25%, services 70% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
4.7% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.8% highest 10%: 21.7% (1993)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
24.9 (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-0.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
24% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.401 trillion
expenditures: $1.748 trillion, including capital expenditures
(public works only) of about $71 billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
164.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit, pork, poultry, dairy
products, eggs, fish

Industries:
among world's largest and technologically advanced producers of
motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and
nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods

Industrial production growth rate:
6.6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.044 trillion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 60% hydro: 8.4% nuclear: 29.8% other: 1.8% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
971 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
17,330 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5.29 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
93,360 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
5.449 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
29.29 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
2.519 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
80.42 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
77.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
20.02 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$170.2 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$538.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
transport equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors, electrical
machinery, chemicals

Exports - partners:
US 22.7%, China 13.1%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 7.4%, Hong Kong
6.3% (2004)

Imports:
$401.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles,
raw materials (2001)

Imports - partners:
China 20.7%, US 14%, South Korea 4.9%, Australia 4.3%, Indonesia
4.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, UAE 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$664.6 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
NA (2002 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $7.9 billion (FY03/04)

Currency (code):
yen (JPY)

Currency code:
JPY

Exchange rates:
yen per US dollar - 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39 (2002),
121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Japan

Telephones - main lines in use:
71.149 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
86,658,600 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international service
domestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service of
every kind
international: country code - 81; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean
regions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US
(via Guam) (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 215 plus 370 repeaters, FM 89 plus 485 repeaters, shortwave 21
(2001)

Radios:
120.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 211 plus 7,341 repeaters note: in addition, US Forces are served by 3 TV stations and 2 TV cable services (1999)

Televisions:
86.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.jp

Internet hosts:
12,962,065 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
73 (2000)

Internet users:
57.2 million (2002)

Transportation Japan

Railways:
total: 23,577 km (16,519 km electrified)
standard gauge: 3,204 km 1.435-m gauge (3,204 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 77 km 1.372-m gauge (77 km electrified); 20,265 km
1.067-m gauge (13,227 km electrified); 11 km 0.762-m gauge (11 km
electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 1,171,647 km
paved: 903,340 km (including 6,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 268,307 km (2001)

Waterways:
1,770 km (seagoing vessels use inland seas) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 2,719 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Chiba, Kawasaki, Kiire, Kisarazu, Kobe, Mizushima, Nagoya, Osaka,
Tokyo, Yohohama

Merchant marine:
total: 702 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 10,149,196 GRT/12,680,544 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 136, cargo 29, chemical tanker 23, container
13, liquefied gas 53, passenger 16, passenger/cargo 157, petroleum
tanker 160, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 52, vehicle
carrier 59
registered in other countries: 2,233 (2005)

Airports:
174 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 143 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 37 1,524 to 2,437 m: 39 914 to 1,523 m: 28 under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 31 over 3047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 15 (2004 est.)

Military Japan

Military branches:
Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Maritime Self-Defense Force
(Navy), Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 27,003,112 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 22,234,663 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 683,147 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$45.841 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Japan

Disputes - international:
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and
Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands", occupied
by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed
by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace
treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South
Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do), occupied by South
Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to
the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East
China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Jarvis Island

Introduction Jarvis Island

Background:
First discovered by the British in 1821, the uninhabited island was
annexed by the US in 1858, but abandoned in 1879 after tons of guano
had been removed. The UK annexed the island in 1889, but never
carried out plans for further exploitation. The US occupied and
reclaimed the island in 1935. Abandoned after World War II, the
island is currently a National Wildlife Refuge administered by the
US Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the
middle of the west coast.

Geography Jarvis Island

Location:
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, about half way between
Hawaii and the Cook Islands

Geographic coordinates:
0 22 S, 160 03 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 4.5 sq km
land: 4.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
8 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:
sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Natural resources:
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic
wildlife

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses a maritime
hazard

Environment - current issues:
no natural fresh water resources

Geography - note:
sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs;
primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,
shorebirds, and marine wildlife

People Jarvis Island

Population:
uninhabited
note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally
used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was
abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical
Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use
permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally
restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish
and Wildlife Service (July 2005 est.)

Government Jarvis Island

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jarvis Island

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington,
DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the
Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Jarvis Island

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Jarvis Island

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one small boat
landing area in the middle of the west coast and another near the
southwest corner of the island

Transportation - note:
there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast

Military Jarvis Island

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US
Coast Guard

Transnational Issues Jarvis Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Jersey

Introduction Jersey

Background:
The island of Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the
last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy that held sway in
both France and England. These islands were the only British soil
occupied by German troops in World War II.

Geography Jersey

Location:
Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of France

Geographic coordinates:
49 15 N, 2 10 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 116 sq km
land: 116 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about two-thirds the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
70 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Climate:
temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Terrain:
gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 143 m

Natural resources: arable land

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of
population concentrated in Saint Helier

People Jersey

Population:
90,812 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.5% (male 8,222/female 7,658)
15-64 years: 67% (male 30,296/female 30,561)
65 years and over: 15.5% (male 6,176/female 7,899) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.89 years
male: 40.13 years
female: 41.63 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.32% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.24 years
male: 76.77 years
female: 81.91 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.57 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Channel Islander(s)
adjective: Channel Islander

Ethnic groups:
Jersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white 6.6%,
Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)

Religions:
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church,
Methodist, Presbyterian

Languages:
English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census)

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Jersey

Country name:
conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey
conventional short form: Jersey

Dependency status:
British crown dependency

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Saint Helier

Administrative divisions:
none (British crown dependency)

Independence:
none (British crown dependency)

National holiday:
Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Constitution:
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:
English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal
Court

Suffrage:
NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air
Chief Marshall Sir John CHESHIRE (since 24 January 2001) and Bailiff
Philip Martin BAILHACHE (since NA February 1995)
cabinet: committees appointed by the Assembly of the States
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor and
bailiff appointed by the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the States (55 voting members - 12 senators
(elected for 6-year terms), 12 constables or heads of parishes
(elected for 3-year terms), 29 deputies (elected for 3-year terms);
the bailiff and the deputy bailiff; and 3 non-voting members - the
Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General, and the Solicitor General all
appointed by the monarch)
elections: last held NA (next to be held NA)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 53

Judicial branch:
Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the bailiff)

Political parties and leaders:
none; all independents

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (British crown dependency)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (British crown dependency)

Flag description:
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of the
flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red
shield with the three lions of England in yellow

Economy Jersey

Economy - overview:
The Channel Island economy is based on international financial
services, agriculture, and tourism. In 1996 the finance sector
accounted for about 60% of the island's output. Potatoes,
cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export
crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is
known worldwide and represents an important export income earner.
Milk products go to the UK and other EU countries. Tourism accounts
for 24% of GDP. In recent years, the government has encouraged light
industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics
industry has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of
knitwear. All raw material and energy requirements are imported, as
well as a large share of Jersey's food needs. Light taxes and death
duties make the island a popular tax haven. Living standards come
close to those of the UK.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.6 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $40,000 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 5% industry: 2% services: 93% (1996)

Labor force:
52,790 (2004)

Unemployment rate:
0.9% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.3% (2004)

Budget:
revenues: $601 million
expenditures: $588 million, including capital expenditures of $98
million (2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes; beef, dairy products

Industries:
tourism, banking and finance, dairy

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - consumption:
630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - imports:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by France

Exports:
$NA

Exports - commodities:
light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Exports - partners:
UK

Imports:
$NA

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs,
mineral fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:
UK

Debt - external:
none

Economic aid - recipient:
none

Currency (code):
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound

Currency code:
GBP

Exchange rates:
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672
(2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Jersey

Telephones - main lines in use:
73,900 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
61,400 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: 3 submarine cables

Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1997)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.je

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Jersey

Highways: total: 577 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:
Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Jersey

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Jersey

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Johnston Atoll

Introduction Johnston Atoll

Background:
Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed Johnston Atoll in
1858, but it was the US that mined the guano deposits until the late
1880s. Johnston and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in
1926. The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934, and subsequently the
US Air Force assumed control in 1948. The site was used for
high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late
in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for
chemical weapons. Munitions destruction is now complete. Cleanup and
closure of the facility was completed in 2004.

Geography Johnston Atoll

Location:
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 nm (1328 km)
southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, about one-third of the way from
Hawaii to the Marshall Islands

Geographic coordinates:
16 45 N, 169 31 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 2.8 sq km
land: 2.8 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
34 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with
little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
mostly flat

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Summit Peak 5 m

Natural resources:
guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and
aquatic wildlife

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
no natural fresh water resources

Geography - note:
strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and
Sand Island are natural islands, which have been expanded by coral
dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade
islands formed from coral dredging; the egg-shaped reef is 34 km in
circumference; closed to the public; a former US nuclear weapons
test site; site of now-closed Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal
System (JACADS); most facilities dismantled and cleanup complete in
2004; some low-growing vegetation

People Johnston Atoll

Population:
361 no indigenous inhabitants
note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military
and civilian contractor personnel present; as of September 2001,
population had decreased significantly when US Army Chemical
Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed; as of January 2004 the island
population was just above 200 personnel, including US Air Force, US
Fish and Wildlife Service, and civilian contractor personnel (July
2005 est.)

Government Johnston Atoll

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Johnston Atoll

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Honolulu, HI,
by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, and the Fish and
Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the
National Wildlife Refuge system

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Johnston Atoll

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military
personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and
manufactured goods must be imported.

Communications Johnston Atoll

Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: 512 KB satellite link to Hawaii teleport; 20 (POTS) voice and data lines international: NA (2002)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 256 KB circuit to US Department of Defense-run Nonsecure Internet Protocol Router Network (NIPRNET) (2002)

Transportation Johnston Atoll

Ports and harbors:
Johnston Island

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Johnston Atoll

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Johnston Atoll

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Jordan

Introduction Jordan

Background:
For most of its history since independence from British
administration in 1946, Jordan was ruled by King HUSSEIN (1953-99).
A pragmatic ruler, he successfully navigated competing pressures
from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states,
Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population, despite several
wars and coup attempts. In 1989 he reinstituted parliamentary
elections and gradual political liberalization; in 1994 he signed a
formal peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II - the eldest son
of King HUSSEIN and Princess MUNA - assumed the throne following his
father's death in February 1999. Since then, he has consolidated his
power and undertaken an aggressive economic reform program. Jordan
acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2000, and began to
participate in the European Free Trade Association in 2001. After a
two-year delay, parliamentary and municipal elections took place in
the summer of 2003. The Prime Minister and government appointed in
April 2005 declared they would build upon the previous government's
achievements to respect political and human rights and improve
living standards.

Geography Jordan

Location:
Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
31 00 N, 36 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 92,300 sq km
land: 91,971 sq km
water: 329 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:
total: 1,635 km
border countries: Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 744 km,
Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km

Coastline:
26 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm

Climate:
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Terrain:
mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift
Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Jabal Ram 1,734 m

Natural resources:
phosphates, potash, shale oil

Land use: arable land: 2.67% permanent crops: 1.83% other: 95.5% (2001)

Irrigated land:
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
droughts; periodic earthquakes

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab
country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied
West Bank

People Jordan

Population:
5,759,732 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 34.5% (male 1,015,084/female 973,220)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 1,897,643/female 1,656,570)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 106,168/female 111,047) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 22.62 years
male: 23.25 years
female: 21.94 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.56% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
21.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
2.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
6.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.15 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 17.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.24 years
male: 75.75 years
female: 80.88 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.71 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Jordanian(s)
adjective: Jordanian

Ethnic groups:
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6% (majority Greek Orthodox, but some
Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox,
Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), other 2% (several
small Shi'a Muslim and Druze populations) (2001 est.)

Languages:
Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle
classes

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.3%
male: 95.9%
female: 86.3% (2003 est.)

Government Jordan

Country name:
conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
conventional short form: Jordan
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah
local short form: Al Urdun
former: Transjordan

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
'Amman

Administrative divisions:
12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ajlun, Al
'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az
Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba

Independence:
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 May (1946)

Constitution:
1 January 1952; amended 1974, 1976, 1984

Legal system:
based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of
legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999); Prince
HUSSEIN (born 1994), son of King ABDALLAH, is first in line to
inherit the throne
head of government: Prime Minister Adnan BADRAN (since 7 April
2005); Deputy Prime Ministers Marwan al-MUASHER and Hisham al-TEL
(since 3 July 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation
with the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of the
Senate, also called the House of Notables (Majlis al-Ayan) (55
seats; members appointed by the monarch from designated categories
of public figures; members serve four-year terms) and the House of
Representatives, also called the House of Deputies (Majlis
al-Nuwaab) (110 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis
of proportional representation to serve four-year terms; note - six
seats are reserved for women and are allocated by a special
electoral panel if no women are elected)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 17 June 2003 (next
to be held NA 2007)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - independents and others 89.6%, Islamic Action Front (IAF)
10.4%; seats by party - independents and others 92, Islamic Action
Front 18; note - one of the six quota seats was given to a female
IAF candidate
note: the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved
by the monarch several times since 1974; in November 1989, the first
parliamentary elections in 22 years were held; political parties
were not legalized until 1992; King ABDALLAH delayed the 2001
elections until 2003

Judicial branch:
Court of Cassation; Supreme Court (court of final appeal)

Political parties and leaders:
Al-Ajyal [Muhammad KHALAYLEH, secretary general]; Al-Umma (Nation)
Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; Arab Land Party [Dr.
Ayishah Salih HIJAZAYN, secretary general]; Ba'th Arab Progressive
Party [Fu'ad DABBUR, secretary general]; Communist Party [Munir
HAMARINAH, secretary general]; Constitutional National Party [Ahmad
al-SHUNNAQ, secretary general; Democratic Arab Islamic Movement
[Yusuf ABU BAKR, president]; Green Party [Muhammad BATAYNEH,
secretary general]; Islamic Action Front [Hazma MANSOUR, secretary
general]; Islamic al-Walsat Party [Marwan al-FAURI], secretary
general; Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH, secretary
general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id Dhiyab Ali
MUSTAFA, secretary general]; Jordanian People's Democratic (Hashd)
Party [Ahmad YUSUF, secretary general]; Jordanian Progressive Party
[Fawwaz al-ZUBI, secretary general]; Labor Party [Dr. Mazin Sulayman
Jiryis HANNA, secretary general]; Muslim Centrist Party [leader NA];
National Action (Haqq) Party [Tariq al-KAYYALI, secretary general];
National Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi MAJALI, secretary
general]; National Movement for Direct Democracy [Mahmud al-NUWAYHI,
secretary general]; Pan-Arab (Democratic) Movement [Mahmud
al-NUWAYHI, secretary general]; (Arab) Socialist Ba'th Party [Taysir
al-HIMSI, secretary general]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Anti-Normalization Committee [Ali Abu SUKKAR, president vice
chairman]; Jordanian Bar Association [Saleh ARMOUTI, president];
Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president]; Muslim
Brotherhood [Abd-al-Majid DHUNAYBAT, secretary general]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB,
OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Karim Tawfiq KAWAR
chancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-2664
FAX: [1] (202) 966-3110

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David M.
HALE
embassy: Abdoun, Amman
mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; Unit 70200, Box
5, APO AE 09892-0200
telephone: [962] (6) 592-0101
FAX: [962] (6) 592-4102

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the
Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and
green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle
on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and
bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven
verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven
points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national
spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is
based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I

Economy Jordan

Economy - overview:
Jordan is a small Arab country with inadequate supplies of water
and other natural resources such as oil. Debt, poverty, and
unemployment are fundamental problems, but King ABDALLAH, since
assuming the throne in 1999, has undertaken some broad economic
reforms in a long-term effort to improve living standards. Amman in
the past three years has worked closely with the IMF, practiced
careful monetary policy, and made substantial headway with
privatization. The government also has liberalized the trade regime
sufficiently to secure Jordan's membership in the WTO (2000), a free
trade accord with the US (2001), and an association agreement with
the EU (2001). These measures have helped improve productivity and
have put Jordan on the foreign investment map. Jordan imported most
of its oil from Iraq, but the US-led war in Iraq in 2003 made Jordan
more dependent on oil from other Gulf nations forcing the Jordanian
government to raise retail petroleum product prices and the sales
tax base. Jordan's export market, which is heavily dependent on
exports to Iraq, was also affected by the war but recovered quickly
while contributing to the Iraq recovery effort. The main challenges
facing Jordan are reducing dependence on foreign grants, reducing
the budget deficit, and creating investment incentives to promote
job creation.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$25.5 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.4% industry: 26% services: 71.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.41 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 5%, industry 12.5%, services 82.5% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
15% official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
30% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 29.8% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36.4 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
11.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.483 billion
expenditures: $3.616 billion, including capital expenditures of $782
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
85.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, citrus, tomatoes, melons, olives; sheep, goats,
poultry

Industries:
phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement,
potash, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
7.307 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.4% hydro: 0.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
7.094 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
300 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
40 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
103,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
100,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
445,000 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
290 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
290 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.256 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$203.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
clothing, phosphates, fertilizers, potash, vegetables,
manufactures, pharmaceuticals

Exports - partners:
US 28.9%, Iraq 17.6%, India 7.1%, Saudi Arabia 5.6% (2004)

Imports:
$7.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
crude oil, textile fabrics, machinery, transport equipment,
manufactured goods

Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 19.8%, China 8.4%, Germany 6.8%, US 6.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$5.457 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$7.32 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $500 million (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Currency code:
JOD

Exchange rates:
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003), 0.709
(2002), 0.709 (2001), 0.709 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Jordan

Telephones - main lines in use:
622,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,325,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: service has improved recently with increased
use of digital switching equipment, but better access to the
telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier access to
pay telephones is needed by the urban public
domestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and
fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use of
mobile cellular systems; Internet service is available
international: country code - 962; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals;
fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link
with Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cable
FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL;
international links total about 4,000

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1999)

Radios:
1.66 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
20 (plus 96 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
500,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.jo

Internet hosts:
3,160 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2000)

Internet users:
457,000 (2003)

Transportation Jordan

Railways: total: 505 km narrow gauge: 505 km 1.050-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 7,301 km paved: 7,301 km unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 10 km; oil 743 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Al 'Aqabah

Merchant marine:
total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 78,814 GRT/92,695 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 7, container 2, passenger/cargo 5,
roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 12 (Greece 3, UAE 9)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Airports:
17 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Jordan

Military branches:
Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal
Jordanian Navy, Royal Jordanian Air Force, and Special Operations
Command (SOCOM); note - Public Security Directorate normally falls
under Ministry of Interior but comes under JAF in wartime or crisis
situations

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription at age 18 was suspended in 1999, although all males under age 37 are required to register (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,573,995 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,348,076 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 60,625 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.46 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
14.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Jordan

Disputes - international:
2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 1,740,170 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA))
IDPs: 800,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Juan de Nova Island

Introduction Juan de Nova Island

Background:
Named after a famous 15th century Spanish navigator and explorer,
the island has been a French possession since 1897. It has been
exploited for its guano and phosphate. Presently a small military
garrison oversees a meteorological station.

Geography Juan de Nova Island

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-third
of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
17 03 S, 42 45 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 4.4 sq km
land: 4.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about seven times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
24.1 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
low and flat

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 10 m

Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (90% forest) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic cyclones

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
wildlife sanctuary

People Juan de Nova Island

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison along with a few
meteorologists; occasionally visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)

Government Juan de Nova Island

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Juan de Nova

Dependency status:
possession of France; administered by the Administrateur Superieur
of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (possession of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (possession of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Juan de Nova Island

Economy - overview:
Up to 12,000 tons of guano are mined per year.

Communications Juan de Nova Island

Communications - note: 1 meteorological station

Transportation Juan de Nova Island

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Juan de Nova Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Juan de Nova Island

Disputes - international: claimed by Madagascar

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Kazakhstan

Introduction Kazakhstan

Background:
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes who
migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united as
a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th
century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the
1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens
were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures.
This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other
deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled
non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused many
of these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing a
cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the
country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets;
achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, and
mining sectors; and strengthening relations with neighboring states
and other foreign powers.

Geography Kazakhstan

Location:
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural
River in eastern-most Europe

Geographic coordinates:
48 00 N, 68 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 2,717,300 sq km
land: 2,669,800 sq km
water: 47,500 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 12,012 km
border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846
km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now
split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea
(1,894 km)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

Terrain:
extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains
in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m

Natural resources:
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead,
zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

Land use:
arable land: 7.98%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.97% (2001)

Irrigated land:
23,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty

Environment - current issues:
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with former defense
industries and test ranges scattered throughout the country pose
health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is severe
in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into the
Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and
leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural
salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown
into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil
pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from
poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of territory
enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004, Kazakhstan and
Russia extended the lease to 2050

People Kazakhstan

Population:
15,185,844 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.7% (male 1,834,535/female 1,758,988)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 5,075,243/female 5,312,536)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 424,341/female 780,201) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 28.52 years
male: 26.92 years
female: 30.25 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.3% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 29.21 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 24.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.55 years
male: 61.21 years
female: 72.2 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
16,500 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Kazakhstani(s)
adjective: Kazakhstani

Ethnic groups:
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%,
German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

Religions:
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%

Languages:
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in
everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic
communication") 95% (2001 est.)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.4%
male: 99.1%
female: 97.7% (1999 est.)

Government Kazakhstan

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form: Kazakhstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power
outside the executive branch

Capital:
Astana; note - the government moved from Almaty to Astana in
December 1998

Administrative divisions:
14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities* (qala,
singular - qalasy); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola Oblysy
(Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy
(Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy,
Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy
(Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of
Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would
lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the
Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr
(Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the
lease to 2050

Independence:
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 December (1991)

Constitution:
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new
constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the
Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected president 1 December
1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Daniyal AKHMETOV (since 13 June
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Akhmetzhan YESIMOV (since 14 May
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously
scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's
previous term was extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held
30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president;
percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn
ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, Engels GABBASSOV 1.5%
note: President NAZARBAYEV arranged a referendum in 1995 that
expanded his presidential powers: only he can initiate
constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government,
dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint
administrative heads of regions and cities

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (39 seats; 7 senators
are appointed by the president; other members are popularly elected,
two from each of the 14 oblasts, the capital of Astana, and the city
of Almaty, to serve six-year terms; note - formerly composed of 47
seats) and the Majilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77 Majilis members
are elected from the winning party's lists; members are popularly
elected to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next to
be held December 2005); Majilis - last held 19 September and 3
October 2004 (next to be held September 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; candidates nominated by local councils; Majilis -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Otan 42, AIST 11,
ASAR (All Together) 4, Ak Zhol (Bright Path) 1, Democratic Party 1,
independent 18; note - most independent candidates are affiliated
with parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)

Political parties and leaders:
Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV]; Ak Zhol Party "Bright Path" [Bulat
ABILOV, Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Lyudmila ZHULANOVA, Alikhan BAYMENOV,
Altynbek SARSENBAYEV, co-chairs]; ASAR "All Together" [Dariga
NAZARBAYEVA, chairwoman]; AUL "Village" [Gani KALIYEV]; Civic Party
[Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or KPK
[Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party of
Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; Democratic Party of Kazakhstan
[Maksut NARIKBAEV]; Otan "Fatherland" [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV, acting
chairman]; Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV]; Rukhaniyat [Altynshash
JAGANOVA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA];
Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; Kazakhstan
International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive
director]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA,
chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos
KUSHIM]; Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]

International organization participation:
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM
(observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kanat B. SAUDABAYEV
chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488
FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845
consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. ORDWAY
embassy: 99/97A Fumanova, Samal-2, Almaty, 480099
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [7] (3272) 50-48-02
FAX: [7] (3272) 50-48-84

Flag description:
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun
with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on
the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold

Economy Kazakhstan

Economy - overview:
Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in
territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves
as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also
has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain.
Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and
processing of these natural resources and also on a growing
machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment,
tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The
breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for
Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a
short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual
decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government
program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in
a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan
enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and a solid 9.5% in 2002 -
thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic
reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. Growth remained at
the high 9% level in 2003 and 2004. The opening of the Caspian
Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz
oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. The
country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify
the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, by
developing light industry. Additionally, the policy aims to reduce
the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; the
government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil
companies over the terms of production agreements, and tensions
continue.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$118.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
9.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.4% industry: 37.8% services: 54.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
7.95 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
19% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.3% highest 10%: 26.5% (2004 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31.5 (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $8.67 billion
expenditures: $8.968 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
13.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock

Industries:
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper,
titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel;
tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors,
construction materials

Industrial production growth rate:
10.6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
66.82 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 84.3% hydro: 15.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
62.21 billion kWh (203)

Electricity - exports:
4.975 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
2.506 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
1.2 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
189,400 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
890,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
47,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
26 billion bbl (1 January 2004)

Natural gas - production:
11.6 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
14.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
11.01 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
8.696 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2004)

Current account balance:
$-39.02 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$18.47 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals 5%,
machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)

Exports - partners:
Russia 15.1%, Bermuda 13.8%, Germany 11%, China 9.9%, France 6.6%,
Italy 4% (2004)

Imports:
$13.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%, foodstuffs 8%
(2001)

Imports - partners:
Russia 34.6%, China 15.4%, Germany 8.2%, France 5.7%, Ukraine 4.6%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$14.35 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$26.03 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (FY2004)

Currency (code):
tenge (KZT)

Currency code:
KZT

Exchange rates:
tenge per US dollar - 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003), 153.28 (2002),
146.74 (2001), 142.13 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Kazakhstan

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,081,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.027 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile
cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: country code - 7; international traffic with other
former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave
radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the
Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations
- 2 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)

Radios:
6.47 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
3.88 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.kz

Internet hosts:
21,984 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10 (with their own international channels) (2001)

Internet users:
250,000 (2002)

Transportation Kazakhstan

Railways: total: 13,700 km broad gauge: 13,700 km 1.520-m gauge (3,700 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 82,980 km paved: 77,918 km unpaved: 5,062 km (2002)

Waterways:
4,000 km
note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refined products
1,187 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk),
Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,064 GRT/646 DWT
by type: cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 2 (United Kingdom 2) (2005)

Airports:
314 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 67
over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 247
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 197 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Kazakhstan

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Force, Republican
Guard

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 2 years; minimum age for volunteers NA (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,758,255 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,473,529 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 173,129 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Transnational Issues Kazakhstan

Disputes - international:
in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with
Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant
seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the
Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water
column among any of the littoral states

Illicit drugs:
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS markets, as
well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra (for the drug
ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit
point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of
Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Kenya

Introduction Kenya

Background:
Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA led
Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when President
Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession.
The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when
the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole
legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure
for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured
opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992
and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as
having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President
MOI stepped down in December of 2002 following fair and peaceful
elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic,
united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition, defeated
KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a
campaign centered on an anticorruption platform.

Geography Kenya

Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and
Tanzania

Geographic coordinates:
1 00 N, 38 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 582,650 sq km
land: 569,250 sq km
water: 13,400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Nevada

Land boundaries:
total: 3,477 km
border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km,
Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km

Coastline:
536 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Terrain:
low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley;
fertile plateau in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m

Natural resources:
limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc, diatomite,
gypsum, wildlife, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 8.08% permanent crops: 0.98% other: 90.94% (2001)

Irrigated land:
670 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons

Environment - current issues: water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; poaching

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful
agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on
Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography
supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic
value

People Kenya

Population:
33,829,590
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.5% (male 7,252,075/female 7,124,034)
15-64 years: 55.2% (male 9,378,428/female 9,295,471)
65 years and over: 2.3% (male 356,116/female 423,466) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.19 years
male: 18.08 years
female: 18.3 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.56% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
40.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 2001 Kenya was host to
220,000 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia
145,000 and Sudan 68,000 (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 61.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 64.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 58.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 47.99 years
male: 48.87 years
female: 47.09 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
6.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.2 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
150,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan

Ethnic groups:
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%,
Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab)
1%

Religions:
Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%, Muslim
10%, other 2%
note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for
the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous
beliefs vary widely

Languages:
English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous
languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.1%
male: 90.6%
female: 79.7% (2003 est.)

Government Kenya

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kenya
conventional short form: Kenya
former: British East Africa

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Nairobi

Administrative divisions:
7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*,
North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western

Independence:
12 December 1963 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

Constitution:
12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with
amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001

Legal system:
based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law,
tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional
amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in
1991

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002) and
Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002)
and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute
terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the
vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to
avoid a runoff; election last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held
December 2007); vice president appointed by the president
election results: President Mwai KIBAKI elected; percent of vote -
Mwai KIBAKI 63%, Uhuru KENYATTA 30%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (224 seats; 210 members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called
"nominated" members who are appointed by the president but selected
by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2
ex-officio members)
elections: last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held by early 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NARC 125, KANU 64, FORD-P 14, other 7; ex-officio 2; seats appointed
by the president - NARC 7, KANU 4, FORD-P 1

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High
Court

Political parties and leaders:
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People
[Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU
[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] -
the governing party

Political pressure groups and leaders:
human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations; National
Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of
political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha KIBWANA];
Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK [Mutava
MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches; Supreme
Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, ONUB,
OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard NGAITHE
chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador William M. BELLAMY embassy: US Embassy, United Nations Ave., Gigiri; P. O. Box 606 Village Market Nairobi mailing address: Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831 telephone: [254] (20) 537-800 FAX: [254] (20) 537-810

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the
red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering
crossed spears is superimposed at the center

Economy Kenya

Economy - overview:
The regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, Kenya has
been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary
goods whose prices have remained low. In 1997, the IMF suspended
Kenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the
government's failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. A
severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenya's problems,
causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output.
As a result, GDP contracted by 0.2% in 2000. The IMF, which had
resumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through the drought, again
halted lending in 2001 when the government failed to institute
several anticorruption measures. Despite the return of strong rains
in 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and low
investment limited Kenya's economic growth to 1.2%. Growth lagged at
1.1% in 2002 because of erratic rains, low investor confidence,
meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections.
In the key 27 December 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOI's 24-year-old
reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable
economic problems facing the nation. In 2003, progress was made in
rooting out corruption and encouraging donor support, with GDP
growth edging up to 1.7%. GDP grew a moderate 2.2% in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$34.68 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 19.3% industry: 18.5% services: 62.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
11.4 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 75% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
40% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44.9 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
14.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.89 billion
expenditures: $3.443 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
74.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairy
products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs

Industries:
small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products; oil
refining, aluminum, steel, lead, cement; commercial ship repair,
tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
2.6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.475 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 17.7% hydro: 71% nuclear: 0% other: 11.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.337 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
175 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
57,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-459.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.589 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish,
cement

Exports - partners:
Uganda 13.3%, UK 11.4%, US 10.6%, Netherlands 8.2%, Egypt 4.9%,
Tanzania 4.5%, Pakistan 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$4.19 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor
vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics

Imports - partners:
UAE 12.6%, Saudi Arabia 9.1%, South Africa 8.8%, US 7.7%, India
7.2%, UK 6.7%, China 6.4%, Japan 5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.5 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$6.792 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$453 million (1997)

Currency (code):
Kenyan shilling (KES)

Currency code:
KES

Exchange rates:
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003),
78.749 (2002), 78.563 (2001), 76.176 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Kenya

Telephones - main lines in use:
328,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,590,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize except
for service to business
domestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data
commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system
international: country code - 254; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 24, FM 18, shortwave 6 (2001)

Radios:
3.07 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
8 (2002)

Televisions:
730,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ke

Internet hosts:
8,325 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
65 (2001)

Internet users:
400,000 (2002)

Transportation Kenya

Railways: total: 2,778 km narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 63,942 km paved: 7,737 km unpaved: 56,205 km (2000)

Waterways:
part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya (2004)

Pipelines:
refined products 752 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mombasa

Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,049 GRT/7,082 DWT
by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1
registered in other countries: 6 (2005)

Airports:
221 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 206 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 110 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)

Military Kenya

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 7,303,153 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,963,532 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$177.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Kenya

Disputes - international:
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's
north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to
approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who
flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya's administrative limits extend
beyond the treaty border into the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 154,272 (Somalia) 11,139 (Ethiopia)
63,197 (Sudan)
IDPs: 350,000 (KANU attacks on opposition tribal groups in 1990s)
(2004)

Illicit drugs:
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit country
for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North America; Indian
methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa; significant
potential for money-laundering activity given the country's status
as a regional financial center; massive corruption, and relatively
high levels of narcotics-associated activities

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Kingman Reef

Introduction Kingman Reef

Background:
The US annexed the reef in 1922. Its sheltered lagoon served as a
way station for flying boats on Hawaii-to-American Samoa flights
during the late 1930s. There are no terrestrial plants on the reef,
which is frequently awash, but it does support abundant and diverse
marine fauna and flora. In 2001, the waters surrounding the reef out
to 12 nm were designated a US National Wildlife Refuge.

Geography Kingman Reef

Location:
Oceania, reef in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between
Hawaii and American Samoa

Geographic coordinates:
6 24 N, 162 24 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 1 sq km
land: 1 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
3 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by prevailing winds

Terrain:
low and nearly level

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 1 m

Natural resources: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of about 1 meter
makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard

Environment - current issues:
none

Geography - note:
barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to the public

People Kingman Reef

Population: uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Government Kingman Reef

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Kingman Reef

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington,
DC, by the US Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the
Interior
note: on 1 September 2000, the Department of the Interior accepted
restoration of its administrative jurisdiction over Kingman Reef
from the Department of the Navy; Executive Order 3223 signed 18
January 2001 established Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge to be
administered by the Director, US Fish and Wildlife Service; this
refuge is managed to protect the terrestrial and aquatic wildlife of
Kingman Reef out to the 12-nautical-mile territorial sea limit

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Kingman Reef

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Kingman Reef

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American
Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938
(2004 est.)

Military Kingman Reef

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Kingman Reef

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Kiribati

Introduction Kiribati

Background:
The Gilbert Islands were granted self-rule by the UK in 1971 and
complete independence in 1979 under the new name of Kiribati. The US
relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line
Island groups in a 1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati.

Geography Kiribati

Location:
Oceania, group of 33 coral atolls in the Pacific Ocean, straddling
the equator; the capital Tarawa is about one-half of the way from
Hawaii to Australia; note - on 1 January 1995, Kiribati proclaimed
that all of its territory lies in the same time zone as its Gilbert
Islands group (GMT +12) even though the Phoenix Islands and the Line
Islands under its jurisdiction lie on the other side of the
International Date Line

Geographic coordinates:
1 25 N, 173 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 811 sq km
land: 811 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,
Phoenix Islands

Area - comparative:
four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,143 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Banaba 81 m

Natural resources: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Land use: arable land: 2.74% permanent crops: 50.68% other: 46.58% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March;
occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them
very sensitive to changes in sea level

Environment - current issues:
heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to heavy
migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines
and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
21 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) in
Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the
Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia, and Nauru

People Kiribati

Population:
103,092 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.9% (male 20,342/female 19,806)
15-64 years: 57.7% (male 29,362/female 30,136)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 1,477/female 1,969) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.05 years
male: 19.61 years
female: 20.58 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.25% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
30.86 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 48.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 43.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.71 years
male: 58.71 years
female: 64.86 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural)
adjective: I-Kiribati

Ethnic groups:
Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 52%, Protestant (Congregational) 40%, some
Seventh-Day Adventist, Muslim, Baha'i, Latter-day Saints, and Church
of God (1999)

Languages:
I-Kiribati, English (official)

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Kiribati

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Kiribati
conventional short form: Kiribati
note: pronounced keer-ree-bahss
former: Gilbert Islands

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Tarawa

Administrative divisions:
3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - in
addition, there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line
Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21 island
councils - one for each of the inhabited islands (Abaiang, Abemama,
Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati,
Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea,
Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina)

Independence:
12 July 1979 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

Constitution:
12 July 1979

Legal system:
NA

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice
President Teima ONORIO; note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice
President Teima ONORIO; note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: 12-member Cabinet appointed by the president from among the
members of the House of Parliament
elections: the House of Parliament chooses the presidential
candidates from among its members and then those candidates compete
in a general election; president is elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 4 July 2003 (next to be held not
later than July 2007); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Anote TONG 47.4%, Harry TONG 43.5%, Banuera BERINA
9.1%

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Parliament or Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (42 seats;
39 elected by popular vote, one ex officio member - the attorney
general, one appointed to represent Banaba, and one other; members
serve four-year terms)
elections: first round elections last held 29 November 2002; second
round elections held 6 December 2002 (next to be held by November
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
BTK 17, MTM 16, independents 7, other 2 (includes attorney general)
note: legislative elections were held in two rounds - the first
round on 9 May 2003 and the second round on 14 May 2003

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges at all
levels are appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders:
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON]; Maneaban Te
Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Pati or MKP
[leader NA]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. Harry TONG]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Kiribati does not have an embassy in the US; there is an honorary
consulate in Honolulu

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Kiribati; the ambassador to Fiji
is accredited to Kiribati

Flag description:
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a
yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal
wavy white stripes to represent the ocean

Economy Kiribati

Economy - overview:
A remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, Kiribati has few
natural resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were
exhausted at the time of independence from the UK in 1979. Copra and
fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy
has fluctuated widely in recent years. Economic development is
constrained by a shortage of skilled workers, weak infrastructure,
and remoteness from international markets. Tourism provides more
than one-fifth of GDP. The financial sector is at an early stage of
development as is the expansion of private sector initiatives.
Foreign financial aid from UK, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and
China equals 25%-50% of GDP. Remittances from workers abroad account
for more than $5 million each year.

GDP (purchasing power parity): $79 million - supplemented by a nearly equal amount from external sources (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.5% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 30%
industry: 7%
services: 63% (1998 est.)

Labor force:
7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (2001
est.)

Unemployment rate:
2%; underemployment 70% (1992 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.5% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $28.4 million
expenditures: $37.2 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
copra, taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; fish

Industries:
fishing, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
0.7% (1991 est.)

Electricity - production:
7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.51 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
190 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$35 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish

Exports - partners:
France 45.7%, Japan 29.2%, US 9.1%, Thailand 5.4% (2004)

Imports:
$83 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured
goods, fuel

Imports - partners:
Australia 33.6%, Fiji 29.8%, Japan 10.3%, New Zealand 6.9%, France
4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$10 million (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$15.5 million largely from UK and Japan (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
NA

Communications Kiribati

Telephones - main lines in use:
4,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: generally good quality national and
international service
domestic: wire line service available on Tarawa and Kiritimati;
connections to outer islands by HF/VHF radiotelephone; wireless
service available in Tarawa since 1999
international: country code - 686; Kiribati is being linked to the
Pacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should
improve telephone service; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1
note: the shortwave station may be inactive (2002)

Radios:
17,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (not reported to be active) (2002)

Televisions:
1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ki

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
2,000 (2002)

Transportation Kiribati

Highways: total: 670 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
5 km (small network of canals in Line Islands) (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Betio

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,291 GRT/1,295 DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
20 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Kiribati

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Police Force (carries out law
enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; small police posts
are on all islands)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is
provided by Australia and NZ

Transnational Issues Kiribati

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Korea, North

Introduction Korea, North

Background:
An independent kingdom under Chinese suzerainty for most of the
past millennium, Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905 following the
Russo-Japanese War; five years later, Japan formally annexed the
entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was split with the
northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored Communist domination.
After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer the US-backed
republic in the southern portion by force, North Korea, under its
founder President KIM Il Sung, adopted a policy of ostensible
diplomatic and economic "self-reliance" as a check against excessive
Soviet or Communist Chinese influence. It molded political,
economic, and military policies around the core ideological
objective of eventual unification of Korea under Pyongyang's
control. KIM's son, the current ruler KIM Jong Il, was officially
designated as KIM's successor in 1980 and assumed a growing
political and managerial role until his father's death in 1994. He
assumed full power without opposition. After decades of economic
mismanagement and resource misallocation, the North since the
mid-1990s has relied heavily on international aid to feed its
population while continuing to expend resources to maintain an army
of about 1 million. North Korea's long-range missile development and
research into nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and massive
conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international
community. In December 2002, following revelations it was pursuing a
nuclear weapons program based on enriched uranium in violation of a
1994 agreement with the United States to freeze and ultimately
dismantle its existing plutonium-based program, North Korea expelled
monitors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In
January 2003, it declared its withdrawal from the international
Non-Proliferation Treaty. In mid-2003 Pyongyang announced it had
completed the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel rods (to extract
weapons-grade plutonium) and was developing a "nuclear deterrent."
From August 2003, North Korea has participated on and off in
six-party talks with the China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the
United States to resolve the stalemate over its nuclear programs.

Geography Korea, North

Location:
Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the
Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and South Korea

Geographic coordinates:
40 00 N, 127 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 120,540 sq km
land: 120,410 sq km
water: 130 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Mississippi

Land boundaries: total: 1,673 km border countries: China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km

Coastline:
2,495 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
note: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the
exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign
vessels and aircraft without permission are banned

Climate:
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Terrain:
mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys;
coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m

Natural resources:
coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper,
gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 20.76% permanent crops: 2.49% other: 76.75% (2001)

Irrigated land:
14,600 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding; occasional
typhoons during the early fall

Environment - current issues:
water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; waterborne
disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia;
mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated

People Korea, North

Population:
22,912,177 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 24.2% (male 2,816,844/female 2,735,478)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male 7,668,581/female 7,883,267)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 625,819/female 1,182,188) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 31.74 years
male: 30.47 years
female: 33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.09 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.53 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 24.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.77 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.37 years
male: 68.65 years
female: 74.22 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.15 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean

Ethnic groups:
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese community and a few
ethnic Japanese

Religions:
traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian and
syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)
note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent;
government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of
religious freedom

Languages:
Korean

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99%

Government Korea, North

Country name:
conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
conventional short form: North Korea
local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk
local short form: none
note: the North Koreans generally use the term "Choson" to refer to
their country
abbreviation: DPRK

Government type:
Communist state one-man dictatorship

Capital:
Pyongyang

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities (si,
singular and plural)
: provinces: Chagang-do (Chagang), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong),
Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae),
Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae), Kangwon-do (Kangwon),
P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan), P'yongan-namdo (South P'yongan),
Yanggang-do (Yanggang)
: municipalites: Kaesong-si (Kaesong), Najin Sonbong-si (Najin),
Namp'o-si (Namp'o), P'yongyang-si (Pyongyang)

Independence:
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

National holiday:
Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 9
September (1948)

Constitution:
adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in
April 1992, and September 1998

Legal system:
based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and
Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: KIM Jong Il (since July 1994); note - on 3
September 2003, rubberstamp Supreme People's Assembly (SPA)
reelected KIM Jong Il Chairman of the National Defense Commission, a
position accorded nation's "highest administrative authority"; SPA
reelected KIM Yong Nam President of its Presidium also with
responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic
credentials; SPA appointed PAK Pong Ju Premier
head of government: Premier PAK Pong Ju (since 3 September 2003);
Vice Premiers KWAK Pom Gi (since 5 September 1998), JON Sung Hun
(since 3 September 2003), RO Tu Chol (since 3 September 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet (Naegak), members, except for the Minister of
People's Armed Forces, are appointed by the SPA
elections: election last held in September 2003 (next to be held in
September 2008)
election results: KIM Jong Il and KIM Yong Nam were only nominees
for positions and ran unopposed

Legislative branch:
unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui (687
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 August 2003 (next to be held in August 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
NA; ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected
without opposition; some seats are held by minor parties

Judicial branch:
Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme People's Assembly)

Political parties and leaders: major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong Il, general secretary]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong, chairwoman] (under KWP control); Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae, chairman] (under KWP control)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ARF, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU,
NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none; North Korea has a Permanent Mission to the UN in New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang represents the US as consular
protecting power)

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue;
the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is
a white disk with a red five-pointed star

Economy Korea, North

Economy - overview:
North Korea, one of the world's most centrally planned and isolated
economies, faces desperate economic conditions. Industrial capital
stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of
underinvestment and spare parts shortages. Industrial and power
output have declined in parallel. The nation has suffered its
eleventh year of food shortages because of a lack of arable land,
collective farming, weather-related problems, and chronic shortages
of fertilizer and fuel. Massive international food aid deliveries
have allowed the regime to escape mass starvation since 1995, but
the population remains the victim of prolonged malnutrition and
deteriorating living conditions. Large-scale military spending eats
up resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. In July
2002, the government took limited steps toward a freer market
economy. In 2004, heightened political tensions with key donor
countries and general donor fatigue threatened the flow of
desperately needed food aid and fuel aid. Black market prices have
continued to rise following the increase in official prices and
wages in the summer of 2002, leaving some vulnerable groups, such as
the elderly and unemployed, less able to buy goods. In 2004, the
regime allowed private markets to sell a wider range of goods and
permitted private farming on an experimental basis in an effort to
boost agricultural output. Firm political control remains the
Communist government's overriding concern, which will constrain any
further loosening of economic regulations.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$40 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 30.2% industry: 33.8% services: 36% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
9.6 million

Labor force - by occupation:
agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%

Unemployment rate:
NA (2003)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA (2003 est.)

Budget: revenues: NA expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Agriculture - products:
rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; cattle, pigs, pork, eggs

Industries:
military products; machine building, electric power, chemicals;
mining (coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and
precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food processing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
33.62 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 29% hydro: 71% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
31.26 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
85,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
11,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Exports:
$1.2 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures (including
armaments); textiles and fishery products

Exports - partners:
China 29.9%, South Korea 24.1%, Japan 13.2% (2004)

Imports:
$2.1 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment; textiles, grain

Imports - partners:
China 32.9%, Thailand 10.7%, Japan 4.8% (2004)

Debt - external:
$12 billion (1996 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA; note - over $117 million in food aid through the World Food
Program in 2003 plus additional aid from bilateral donors and
non-governmental organizations

Currency (code):
North Korean won (KPW)

Currency code:
KPW

Exchange rates:
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 170 (December 2004), 150
(December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001); market: North Korean won per
US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Korea, North

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.1 million (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean region); other
international connections through Moscow and Beijing

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 17 (including 11 stations of Korean Central Broadcasting
Station), FM 14, shortwave 14 (2003)

Radios:
3.36 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (includes Korean Central Television, Mansudae Television, Korean
Educational and Cultural Network, and Kaesong Television targeting
South Korea) (2003)

Televisions:
1.2 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.kp

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Korea, North

Railways: total: 5,214 km standard gauge: 5,214 km 1.435-m gauge (3,500 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 31,200 km paved: 1,997 km unpaved: 29,203 km (1999 est.)

Waterways: 2,250 km note: most navigable only by small craft (2004)

Pipelines:
oil 154 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Kimch'aek, Kosong, Najin,
Namp'o, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang, Wonsan

Merchant marine:
total: 238 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 985,108 GRT/1,389,389 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 13, cargo 191, container 2, livestock carrier
4, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 13, refrigerated cargo 5,
roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 52 (China 1, Denmark 2, France 1, Greece 4, Italy 1,
Lebanon 4, Lithuania 1, Netherlands 1, Pakistan 2, Romania 10,
Russia 2, Singapore 2, South Korea 2, Syria 9, Turkey 6, Ukraine 1,
UAE 3) (2005)

Airports:
78 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 35 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 23 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 43 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 19 (2004 est.)

Military Korea, North

Military branches:
North Korean People's Army: Ground Force, Navy, Air Force; Civil
Security Forces (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 5,851,801 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 4,810,831 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 194,605 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$5,217.4 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Korea, North

Disputes - international:
China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of thousands of North
Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and political
oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain
islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of boundary around
Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military Demarcation Line
within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from
South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with South over
the Northern Limit Line; North Korea supports South Korea in
rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 50,000-250,000 (government repression and famine) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
for years, from the 1970's into the 2000's, citizens of the
Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of them
diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad
while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December
2004; in recent years, police investigations in Taiwan and Japan
have linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and
methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant
ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003;
all indications point to North Korea emerging as an important
regional source of illicit drugs targeting markets in Japan, Taiwan,
the Russian Far East, and China

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Korea, South

Introduction Korea, South

Background:
Korea was an independent kingdom under Chinese suzerainty for most
of the past millennium. Following its victory in the Russo-Japanese
War in 1905, Japan occupied Korea; five years later it formally
annexed the entire peninsula. After World War II, a republic was set
up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a
Communist-style government was installed in the north. During the
Korean War (1950-53), US and other UN forces intervened to defend
South Korea from North Korean attacks supported by the Chinese. An
armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a
demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter, South
Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising
to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. In 1987, South Korean
voters elected ROH Tae-woo to the presidency, ending 26 years of
military dictatorships. South Korea today is a fully functioning
modern democracy. In June 2000, a historic first North-South summit
took place between the South's President KIM Tae-chung and the
North's leader KIM Jong Il.

Geography Korea, South

Location:
Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula bordering the
Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea

Geographic coordinates:
37 00 N, 127 30 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 98,480 sq km
land: 98,190 sq km
water: 290 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Indiana

Land boundaries: total: 238 km border countries: North Korea 238 km

Coastline:
2,413 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Strait
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: not specified

Climate:
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Terrain:
mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m

Natural resources: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential

Land use: arable land: 17.18% permanent crops: 1.95% other: 80.87% (2001)

Irrigated land:
11,590 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; low-level seismic
activity common in southwest

Environment - current issues:
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water pollution from the
discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; drift net fishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on Korea Strait

People Korea, South

Population:
48,422,644 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.4% (male 4,952,177/female 4,450,821)
15-64 years: 72% (male 17,715,267/female 17,147,808)
65 years and over: 8.6% (male 1,670,971/female 2,485,600) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 34.51 years
male: 33.53 years
female: 35.53 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.38% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.08 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.85 years
male: 73.42 years
female: 80.57 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
8,300 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Korean(s) adjective: Korean

Ethnic groups:
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Religions:
no affiliation 46%, Christian 26%, Buddhist 26%, Confucianist 1%,
other 1%

Languages:
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.9%
male: 99.2%
female: 96.6% (2002)

Government Korea, South

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Korea
conventional short form: South Korea
local long form: Taehan-min'guk
local short form: none
note: the South Koreans generally use the term "Han'guk" to refer to
their country
abbreviation: ROK

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Seoul

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 7 metropolitan cities
(gwangyoksi, singular and plural)
: provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo
(South Cholla), Ch'ungch'ong-bukto (North Ch'ungch'ong),
Ch'ungch'ong-namdo (South Ch'ungch'ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do,
Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang)
: metropolitan cities: Inch'on-gwangyoksi (Inch'on),
Kwangju-gwangyoksi (Kwangju), Pusan-gwangyoksi (Pusan),
Soul-t'ukpyolsi (Seoul), Taegu-gwangyoksi (Taegu), Taejon-gwangyoksi
(Taejon), Ulsan-gwangyoksi (Ulsan)

Independence:
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

National holiday:
Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)

Constitution:
17 July 1948

Legal system:
combines elements of continental European civil law systems,
Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President ROH Moo-hyun (since 25 February 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister LEE Hae-chan (since 25 May 2004);
Deputy Prime Ministers HAN Duck-soo (14 March 2005), KIM Jin-pyo
(since 28 January 2005), and OH Myung (since 18 October 2004)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: president elected by popular vote for single five-year
term; election last held 19 December 2002 (next to be held in
February 2008); prime minister appointed by president with consent
of National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by president
on prime minister's recommendation
election results: results of the 19 December 2002 election - ROH
Moo-hyun elected president; percent of vote - ROH Moo-hyun (MDP)
48.9%; LEE Hoi-chang (GNP) 46.6%; other 4.5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (299 seats - members elected
for four-year terms; 243 in single-seat constituencies, 56 by
proportional representation
elections: last held 15 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2008;
byelections held on 30 April 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - Uri 51%, GNP 41%, DLP
3%, DP 3%, others 2%; seats by party - Uri 146, GNP 125, DLP 10, DP
9, ULD 3, independents 6
note: percent of vote is for 2004 general election; seats by party
reflect results of 2005 byelections involving six seats; MDP became
DP in May 2005 (2005)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed by president with consent of
National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices appointed by
president based partly on nominations by National Assembly and Chief
Justice of the court)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [KIM Hye-kyung, chairwoman];
Democratic Party or DP [HAHN Hwa-kap, chairman]; Grand National
Party or GNP [PARK Geun-hye, chairwoman]; United Liberal Democrats
or ULD [KIM Hak-won, chairman]; Uri Party [MOON Hee-sang, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean Trade Unions;
Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of
Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association;
National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of
Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National
Federation of Student Associations

International organization participation:
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia
Group, BIS, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, LAIA, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Lee Tae-sik (designated)
chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600
FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston,
Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s): Agana (Guam) and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher R. HILL embassy: 82 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710 mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 15550, APO AP 96205-5550 telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114 FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845

Flag description:
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center;
there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of
Changes) in each corner of the white field

Economy Korea, South

Economy - overview:
Since the early 1960s, South Korea has achieved an incredible
record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world
economy. Four decades ago GDP per capita was comparable with levels
in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, it joined the
trillion dollar club of world economies. Today its GDP per capita is
14 times North Korea's and equal to the lesser economies of the
European Union. This success through the late 1980s was achieved by
a system of close government/business ties, including directed
credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and
a strong labor effort. The government promoted the import of raw
materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and
encouraged savings and investment over consumption. The Asian
financial crisis of 1997-99 exposed longstanding weaknesses in South
Korea's development model, including high debt/equity ratios,
massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector.
Growth plunged to a negative 6.9% in 1998, then strongly recovered
to 9.5% in 1999 and 8.5% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001
because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the
perception that much-needed corporate and financial reforms had
stalled. Led by consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an
impressive 7.0%, despite anemic global growth. Economic growth fell
to 3.1% in 2003 because of a downturn in consumer spending and
recovered to an estimated 4.6% in 2004 on the strength of rapid
export growth. The government plans to boost infrastructure spending
in 2005. Moderate inflation, low unemployment, an export surplus,
and fairly equal distribution of income characterize this solid
economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$925.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $19,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.2% industry: 40.4% services: 56.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
22.9 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 8%, industry 19%, services 73% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
3.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
4% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 22.5% (1999 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.8 (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
28.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $150.5 billion
expenditures: $155.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
21.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs,
chickens, milk, eggs; fish

Industries:
electronics, telecommunications, automobile production, chemicals,
shipbuilding, steel

Industrial production growth rate:
10.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
322.5 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 62.4% hydro: 0.8% nuclear: 36.6% other: 0.2% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
293.6 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.07 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
630,100 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
2.263 million bbl/day (2003)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
20.92 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
21.11 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Current account balance:
$26.78 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$250.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment, motor
vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals

Exports - partners:
China 19.7%, US 17%, Japan 8.6%, Hong Kong 7.2% (2004)

Imports:
$214.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel,
transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics

Imports - partners:
Japan 20.6%, China 13.2%, US 12.9%, Saudi Arabia 5.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$199.1 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$160 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA $334 million (2003)

Currency (code):
South Korean won (KRW)

Currency code:
KRW

Exchange rates:
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,145.3 (2004), 1,191.6 (2003),
1,251.1 (2002), 1,291 (2001), 1,131 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Korea, South

Telephones - main lines in use:
22.877 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
33,591,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international services
domestic: NA
international: country code - 82; fiber-optic submarine cable to
China; the Russia-Korea-Japan submarine cable; satellite earth
stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1
Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 58, FM 150, shortwave 2 (2004)

Radios:
47.5 million (2000)

Television broadcast stations: 64 (additionally 119 Cable Operators; 239 Relay Cable Operators) (2004)

Televisions:
15.9 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.kr

Internet hosts:
694,206 (2001)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
11 (2000)

Internet users:
29.22 million (2003)

Transportation Korea, South

Railways: total: 3,472 km standard gauge: 3,472 km 1.435-m gauge (1,342 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 86,990 km
paved: 66,721 km (including 1,996 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,269 km (2001)

Waterways: 1,608 km note: most navigable only by small craft (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,433 km; refined products 827 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Inch'on, Masan, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan

Merchant marine:
total: 601 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,992,656 GRT/11,081,142 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 125, cargo 196, chemical tanker 88, container
71, liquefied gas 20, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 22, petroleum
tanker 51, refrigerated cargo 15, roll on/roll off 5, vehicle
carrier 3
foreign-owned: 2 (Germany 1, United Kingdom 1)
registered in other countries: 366 (2005)

Airports:
179 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 88 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 38 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 91 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 88 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 206 (2004 est.)

Military Korea, South

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, National Maritime Police
(Coast Guard)

Military service age and obligation: 20-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 24-28 months, depending on the military branch involved; 18 years of age for voluntary military service; some 4,000 women serve as commissioned and noncommissioned officers, approx. 2.3% of all officers; women, in service since 1950, are admitted to seven service branches, including infantry; excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 12,458,257 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 9,932,026 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 344,723 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$16.18 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Korea, South

Disputes - international:
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone
has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime
disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit Line; South Korea
and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by
South Korea since 1954

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Kuwait

Introduction Kuwait

Background:
Britain oversaw foreign relations and defense for the ruling
Kuwaiti AL-SABAH dynasty from 1899 until independence in 1961.
Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following
several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led, UN coalition began a
ground assault on 23 February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four
days. Kuwait spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure
damaged during 1990-91.

Geography Kuwait

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi
Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
29 30 N, 45 45 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 17,820 sq km
land: 17,820 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries: total: 462 km border countries: Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km

Coastline:
499 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Terrain:
flat to slightly undulating desert plain

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: unnamed location 306 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Land use: arable land: 0.73% permanent crops: 0.11% other: 99.16% (2001)

Irrigated land:
60 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy
rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms
occur throughout the year, but are most common between March and
August

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Geography - note: strategic location at head of Persian Gulf

People Kuwait

Population: 2,335,648 note: includes 1,291,354 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 323,382/female 311,700)
15-64 years: 70.1% (male 1,045,589/female 591,243)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 40,439/female 23,295) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 25.86 years
male: 28.05 years
female: 22.12 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.44%
note: this rate reflects a return to pre-Gulf crisis immigration of
expatriates (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
21.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
2.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
14.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.77 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.52 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.96 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.03 years
male: 76.01 years
female: 78.1 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.97 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.12% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Kuwaiti(s)
adjective: Kuwaiti

Ethnic groups:
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%

Religions:
Muslim 85% (Sunni 70%, Shi'a 30%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and
other 15%

Languages:
Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.5%
male: 85.1%
female: 81.7% (2003 est.)

Government Kuwait

Country name:
conventional long form: State of Kuwait
conventional short form: Kuwait
local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt
local short form: Al Kuwayt

Government type:
nominal constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Kuwait

Administrative divisions:
5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Ahmadi, Al
Farwaniyah, Al 'Asimah, Al Jahra', Hawalli

Independence:
19 June 1961 (from UK)

National holiday:
National Day, 25 February (1950)

Constitution:
approved and promulgated 11 November 1962

Legal system:
civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
adult males who have been naturalized for 30 years or more or have
resided in Kuwait since before 1920 and their male descendants at
age 21
note: only 10% of all citizens are eligible to vote; in 1996,
naturalized citizens who do not meet the pre-1920 qualification but
have been naturalized for 30 years were eligible to vote for the
first time

Executive branch:
chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31
December 1977); Crown Prince SAAD al-Abdullah al-Salim al-Sabah
head of government: Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah
(since 13 July 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of
the Interior NAWWAF al-Ahmad al-Sabah (since 2003); Deputy Prime
Ministers JABIR MUBARAK al-Hamad al-Sabah (since 2001) and Muhammad
Dayfallah al-SHARAR (since 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and
approved by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (50 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 6 July 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - Islamists 21,
government supporters 14, liberals 3, and independents 12; note -
all cabinet ministers are also ex officio members of the National
Assembly

Judicial branch:
High Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:
none; formation of political parties is illegal

Political pressure groups and leaders:
several political groups act as de facto parties: Bedouins,
merchants, Sunni and Shi'a activists, and secular leftists and
nationalists

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC,
OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador SALIM Abdallah al-Jabir al-Sabah
chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-0702
FAX: [1] (202) 364-2868

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard LEBARON
embassy: Bayan, Area 14, Al-Masjed Al-Aqsa Street (near the Bayan
palace), Kuwait City
mailing address: P. O. Box 77 Safat 13001 Kuwait; or PSC 1280 APO AE
09880-9000
telephone: [965] 539-5307, 5308
FAX: [965] 538-0282

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a
black trapezoid based on the hoist side; design, which dates to
1961, based on the Arab revolt flag of World War I

Economy Kuwait

Economy - overview:
Kuwait is a small, rich, relatively open economy with proved crude
oil reserves of about 96 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves.
Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP, 95% of export revenues,
and 80% of government income. Kuwait's climate limits agricultural
development. Consequently, with the exception of fish, it depends
almost wholly on food imports. About 75% of potable water must be
distilled or imported. Kuwait continues its discussions with foreign
oil companies to develop fields in the northern part of the country.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$48 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $21,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.4% industry: 60.5% services: 39.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 1.42 million note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 80% of the labor force (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industries NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
2.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $35.82 billion
expenditures: $19.53 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
29.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
practically no crops; fish

Industries:
petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair,
desalination, food processing, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate:
-5% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
32.43 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
30.16 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
2.319 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
293,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.97 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
96.5 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
8.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
8.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.548 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$12.04 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$27.42 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
oil and refined products, fertilizers

Exports - partners:
Japan 20.5%, South Korea 13.7%, US 12.4%, Singapore 11.3%, Taiwan
9.9% (2004)

Imports:
$11.12 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing

Imports - partners:
US 12.9%, Germany 11.9%, Japan 7.9%, UK 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.5%,
Italy 5%, France 4.5%, China 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$7.333 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$15.02 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA (2001)

Currency (code):
Kuwaiti dinar (KD)

Currency code:
KWD

Exchange rates:
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003), 0.3039
(2002), 0.3067 (2001), 0.3068 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Kuwait

Telephones - main lines in use:
486,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1.42 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the quality of service is excellent
domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new
subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay,
coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellular
telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well
supplied with pay telephones
international: country code - 965; coaxial cable and microwave radio
relay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the
Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat
(1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and
2 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
1.175 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
13 (plus several satellite channels) (1997)

Televisions:
875,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.kw

Internet hosts:
3,437 (2001)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
567,000 (2003)

Transportation Kuwait

Highways: total: 4,450 km paved: 3,587 km unpaved: 863 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
gas 169 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' 'Abd Allah, Mina' al Ahmadi,
Mina' Su'ud

Merchant marine:
total: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,319,082 GRT/3,768,828 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, container 6, liquefied gas 5, livestock
carrier 5, petroleum tanker 20
registered in other countries: 19 (2005)

Airports:
7 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
3 (2004 est.)

Military Kuwait

Military branches:
Land Forces, Navy, Air Force (includes Air Defense Force), National
Guard (2002)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 864,745 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 737,292 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 18,743 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$2,584.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
5.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Kuwait

Disputes - international:
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Kyrgyzstan

Introduction Kyrgyzstan

Background:
A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and proud
nomadic traditions, Kyrgyzstan was annexed by Russia in 1864; it
achieved independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Nation-wide
demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of
President Askar AKAYEV, who had run the country since 1990.
Subsequent presidential elections in July of 2005 were won
overwhelmingly by former prime minister Kurmanbek BAKIYEV. Current
concerns include: privatization of state-owned enterprises,
expansion of democracy and political freedoms, interethnic
relations, and combating terrorism.

Geography Kyrgyzstan

Location:
Central Asia, west of China

Geographic coordinates:
41 00 N, 75 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 198,500 sq km
land: 191,300 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Dakota

Land boundaries:
total: 3,878 km
border countries: China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870
km, Uzbekistan 1,099 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in
southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Terrain:
peaks of Tien Shan and associated valleys and basins encompass
entire nation

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m
highest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m

Natural resources:
abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth
metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other
deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc

Land use:
arable land: 7.3%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 92.35%
note: Kyrgyzstan has the world's largest natural growth walnut
forest (2001)

Irrigated land:
10,740 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
water pollution; many people get their water directly from
contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne diseases
are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty irrigation
practices

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien Shan range;
many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes

People Kyrgyzstan

Population:
5,146,281 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 31.6% (male 827,751/female 796,029)
15-64 years: 62.3% (male 1,571,476/female 1,632,506)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 123,992/female 194,527) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.39 years
male: 22.52 years
female: 24.27 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.29% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 35.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 40.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 30.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.16 years
male: 64.16 years
female: 72.38 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.7 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,900 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Kyrgyzstani(s)
adjective: Kyrgyzstani

Ethnic groups:
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian
1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

Religions:
Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5%

Languages:
Kyrgyz (official), Russian (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.7%
male: 99.3%
female: 98.1% (1999 est.)

Government Kyrgyzstan

Country name:
conventional long form: Kyrgyz Republic
conventional short form: Kyrgyzstan
local long form: Kyrgyz Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Bishkek

Administrative divisions:
7 provinces (oblastlar, singular - oblasty) and 1 city* (shaar);
Batken Oblasty, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblasty (Bishkek), Jalal-Abad
Oblasty, Naryn Oblasty, Osh Oblasty, Talas Oblasty, Ysyk-Kol Oblasty
(Karakol)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Independence:
31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 31 August (1991)

Constitution:
adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President AKAYEV
and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly
expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Kurmanbek BAKIYEV (since 14 August 2005);
note - former President Askar AKAYEV resigned effective 11 April
2005 following widespread protests that forced him to flee the
country on 24 March 2005
head of government: Prime Minister Feliks KULOV (since 1 September
2005)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: Kurmanbek BAKIYEV elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 10 July 2005 (next scheduled for NA 2010);
prime minister nominated by the president for approval by Parliament
election results: Kurmanbek BAKIYEV elected president; percent of
vote - Kurmanbek BAKIYEV 88.6%, Tursunbai BAKIR-UULU 3.9%, other
candidates 7.5%; Feliks KULOV approved as prime minister 55-8

Legislative branch:
bicameral Supreme Council or Jorgorku Kenesh consists of the
Assembly of People's Representatives (70 seats; members are elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Legislative
Assembly (35 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms); note - in accordance with a 2003 referendum, the
Parliament is slated to become unicameral with 75 deputies after the
27 February 2005 elections
elections: Assembly of People's Representatives - last held 20
February and 12 March 2000; Legislative Assembly - last held 20
February and 12 March 2000; elections for the new unicameral body or
Jorgorku Kenesh were held 27 February 2005, but the vast majority of
positions remained undecided and were to be contested in a runoff
election scheduled for 13 March 2005; election irregularities caused
widespread protests that resulted in the president being forced to
flee the country; new legislative elections have not yet been
rescheduled
election results: Assembly of People's Representatives - percent of
vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; and Legislative Assembly -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - total
seats by party in the Supreme Council were as follows: Union of
Democratic Forces 12, Communists 6, My Country Party of Action 4,
independents 73, other 10
note: the legislature became bicameral for the 5 February 1995
elections; the 2000 election results include both the Assembly of
People's Representatives and the Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed for 10-year terms by the
Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president);
Constitutional Court; Higher Court of Arbitration

Political parties and leaders:
Adilet (Justice) Party [Toychubek KASYMOV]; Agrarian Labor Party of
Kyrgyzstan [Uson SYDYKOV]; Agrarian Party of Kyrgyzstan [Erkin
ALIYEV]; Alga, Kyrgyzstan (Forward, Kyrgyzstan) [Bolot BEGALIYEV];
Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba (Banner National
Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV]; Ata-Meken (Fatherland) [Omurbek
TEKEBAYEV]; Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan [Klara ADZHIBEKOVA];
Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar JEKSHEYEV]; Erkin
Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party [Bektur ASANOV];
Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV]; Future of
Kyrgyzstan [Balbak TULEBAYEV]; Jany Kyrgyzstan (New Kyrgyzstan)
[Dosbol NUR UULU]; Kairan El [Dooronbek SADYKOV]; Kyrgyz National
Party [Bakyt BESHIMOV]; Kyrgyzstan Kelechegi [Ruslan CHYNYBAYEV];
Manas El (Party of Spiritual Restoration) [Chingiz AITMATOV]; Moya
Strana (My Country Party of Action) [Joomart OTORBAYEV]; Party of
Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Bakytbek BEKBOYEV]; Party of
Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV]; Party of Peasants
[Esengul ISAKOV]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Council of Free Trade Unions; Kyrgyz Committee on Human Rights
[Ramazan DYRYLDAYEV]; National Unity Democratic Movement; Union of
Entrepreneurs

International organization participation:
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Zamira SYDYKOVA
chancery: 1732 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 338-5141
FAX: [1] (202) 338-5139
consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen M. YOUNG
embassy: 171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [996] (312) 551-241, (517) 777-217
FAX: [996] (312) 551-264

Flag description:
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays
representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run
counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the
sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized
representation of the roof of the traditional Kyrgyz yurt

Economy Kyrgyzstan

Economy - overview:
Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with a predominantly
agricultural economy. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main
agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported
in any quantity. Industrial exports include gold, mercury, uranium,
and natural gas and electricity. Kyrgyzstan has been fairly
progressive in carrying out market reforms, such as an improved
regulatory system and land reform. Kyrgyzstan was the first CIS
country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. With fits
and starts, inflation has been lowered to an estimated 7% in 2001,
2.1% in 2002, 4% in 2003, and 3.2% in 2004. Much of the government's
stock in enterprises has been sold. Drops in production had been
severe after the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, but
by mid-1995 production began to recover and exports began to
increase. Kyrgyzstan has distinguished itself by adopting relatively
liberal economic policies. The drop in output at the Kumtor gold
mine sparked a 0.5% decline in GDP in 2002, but GDP growth bounced
back to 6% in 2003 and 2004. The government has made steady strides
in controlling its substantial fiscal deficit and aims to reduce the
deficit to 3% of GDP in 2004. The government and the international
financial institutions have been engaged in a comprehensive
medium-term poverty reduction and economic growth strategy. Further
restructuring of domestic industry and success in attracting foreign
investment are keys to future growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$8.495 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38.5% industry: 22.8% services: 38.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.7 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 55%, industry 15%, services 30% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
18% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 23.3% (2001)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
29 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $431.3 million
expenditures: $445.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and berries;
sheep, goats, cattle, wool

Industries:
small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement, shoes, sawn
logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold, rare earth
metals

Industrial production growth rate:
6% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
11.72 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 7.6% hydro: 92.4% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
10.21 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.062 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
375 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
16 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.016 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-87.92 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$646.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas,
hydropower; machinery; shoes

Exports - partners:
UAE 28.2%, Russia 19.1%, China 12%, Kazakhstan 11.1%, Switzerland
6.3% (2004)

Imports:
$775.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
China 26.3%, Russia 22.3%, Kazakhstan 17.1%, Turkey 5.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$498.7 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.97 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$50 million from the US (2001)

Currency (code):

Currency code:
KGS

Exchange rates:
soms per US dollar - 42.65 (2004), 43.648 (2003), 46.937 (2002),
48.378 (2001), 47.704 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Kyrgyzstan

Telephones - main lines in use:
394,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
53,100 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poorly developed; about 100,000 unsatisfied
applications for household telephones
domestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider,
probably limited to Bishkek region
international: country code - 996; connections with other CIS
countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other
countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway
switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik
and 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe
(TAE) fiber-optic line

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 12 (plus 10 repeater stations), FM 14, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
520,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
NA (repeater stations throughout the country relay programs from
Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey) (1997)

Televisions:
210,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.kg

Internet hosts:
12,299 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
152,000 (2002)

Transportation Kyrgyzstan

Railways: total: 470 km broad gauge: 470 km 1.520-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,854 km (including 140 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,646 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
600 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 367 km; oil 13 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)

Airports:
52 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 16 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 36 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Military Kyrgyzstan

Military branches:
Army, Air Force, National Guard (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,193,529 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 871,493 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 61,091 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$19.2 million (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Kyrgyzstan

Disputes - international:
delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in Isfara Valley
delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation is
underway with Uzbekistan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border

Illicit drugs:
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy for CIS
markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops; transit
point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the rest of
Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Laos

Introduction Laos

Background:
Laos was under the control of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th
century until the late 19th century when it became part of French
Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao
border with Thailand. In 1975, the Communist Pathet Lao took control
of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy. Initial closer
ties to Vietnam and socialization were replaced with a gradual
return to private enterprise, a liberalization of foreign investment
laws, and the admission into ASEAN in 1997.

Geography Laos

Location:
Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam

Geographic coordinates:
18 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 236,800 sq km
land: 230,800 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Utah

Land boundaries:
total: 5,083 km
border countries: Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km,
Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)

Terrain:
mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mekong River 70 m highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m

Natural resources: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones

Land use:
arable land: 3.8%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 95.85% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,640 sq km
note: rainy season irrigation - 2,169 sq km; dry season irrigation -
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
floods, droughts

Environment - current issues: unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the population does not have access to potable water

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly
forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western
boundary with Thailand

People Laos

Population:
6,217,141 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41.6% (male 1,300,094/female 1,289,227)
15-64 years: 55.2% (male 1,693,494/female 1,737,196)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 88,744/female 108,386) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.74 years
male: 18.42 years
female: 19.08 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.42% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.99 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 85.22 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.04 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 75.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 55.08 years
male: 53.07 years
female: 57.17 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.77 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,700 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s)
adjective: Lao or Laotian

Ethnic groups:
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Religions:
Buddhist 60%, animist and other 40% (including various Christian
denominations 1.5%)

Languages:
Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 66.4%
male: 77.4%
female: 55.5% (2002)

Government Laos

Country name:
conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic
conventional short form: Laos
local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
local short form: none

Government type:
Communist state

Capital:
Vientiane

Administrative divisions:
16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural), 1 municipality*
(kampheng nakhon, singular and plural), and 1 special zone**
(khetphiset, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai,
Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphrabang,
Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*,
Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun**, Xekong, Xiangkhoang

Independence:
19 July 1949 (from France)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 2 December (1975)

Constitution:
promulgated 14 August 1991

Legal system:
based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures,
and socialist practice

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphadon (since 26 February
1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason (since 27
March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since 27
March 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Bouasone BOUPHAVANH (since
3 October 2003) Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since
May 2002), Deputy Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisolit (since 27 March
2001), and Deputy Prime Minister SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26
February 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held
in 2007); prime minister appointed by the president with the
approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term
election results: KHAMTAI Siphadon elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (109 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve five-year terms; note - total number of seats
increased from 99 to 109 for the 2002 election)
elections: last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held in 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
LPRP or LPRP-approved (independent, non-party members) 109

Judicial branch:
People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme Court
is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the
National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the
People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National
Assembly Standing Committee)

Political parties and leaders:
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphadon, party
president]; other parties proscribed

Political pressure groups and leaders:
noncommunist political groups proscribed; most opposition leaders
fled the country in 1975

International organization participation:
ACCT, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
(observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador PHANTHONG Phommahaxay
chancery: 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-6416
FAX: [1] (202) 332-4923

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Patricia M. HASLACH embassy: 19 Rue Bartholonie, B. P. 114, Vientiane mailing address: American Embassy, Box V, APO AP 96546 telephone: [856] (21) 212581, 212582, 212585 FAX: [856] (21) 212584

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red
with a large white disk centered in the blue band

Economy Laos

Economy - overview:
The government of Laos - one of the few remaining official
Communist states - began decentralizing control and encouraging
private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely
low base, were striking - growth averaged 6% in 1988-2004 except
during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis
beginning in 1997. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a
country with a primitive infrastructure; it has no railroads, a
rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal
telecommunications. The government has sponsored major improvements
in the road system. Electricity is available in only a few urban
areas. Subsistence agriculture accounts for half of GDP and provides
80% of total employment. The economy will continue to benefit from
aid from the IMF and other international sources and from new
foreign investment in food processing and mining. In late 2004, Laos
gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US, allowing
Laos-based producers to face lower tariffs on their exports; this
may help spur growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.28 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 49.5% industry: 27.5% services: 23% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.6 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
5.7% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 30.6% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12.3% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $284.3 million
expenditures: $416.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco,
cotton, tea, peanuts, rice, water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry

Industries:
tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural
processing, construction, garments, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
9.7% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
3.56 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.4% hydro: 98.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
3.036 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
400 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
125 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-80.76 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$365.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
garments, wood products, coffee, electricity, tin

Exports - partners:
Thailand 19.3%, Vietnam 13.4%, France 8%, Germany 5.3%, UK 5% (2004)

Imports:
$579.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
Thailand 60.5%, China 10.3%, Vietnam 7.1%, Singapore 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$193.1 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$2.49 billion (2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
$243 million (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
kip (LAK)

Currency code:
LAK

Exchange rates:
kips per US dollar - 10,820 (2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002),
8,954.6 (2001), 7,887.6 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Laos

Telephones - main lines in use:
61,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
55,200 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: service to general public is poor but improving
with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and an additional
48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on a radiotelephone
network to communicate with remote areas
domestic: radiotelephone communications
international: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
730,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (1999)

Televisions:
52,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.la

Internet hosts:
937 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
15,000 (2002)

Transportation Laos

Highways:
total: 21,716 km
paved: 9,664 km
unpaved: 12,052 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
4,600 km
note: primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional km are
intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m (2003)

Pipelines:
refined products 540 km (2004)

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) 2,370 GRT/3,110 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
44 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Military Laos

Military branches:
Lao People's Army (LPA; includes Riverine Force), Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 15 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - minimum 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,500,625 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 954,816 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 73,167 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$10.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.5% (2004)

Military - note:
Laos is one of the world's least developed countries; the Lao
People's Armed Forces are small, poorly funded, and ineffectively
resourced; there is little political will to allocate sparse funding
to the military, and the armed forces' gradual degradation is likely
to continue; the massive drug production and trafficking industry
centered in the Golden Triangle makes Laos an important narcotics
transit country, and armed Wa and Chinese smugglers are active on
the Lao-Burma border (2005)

Transnational Issues Laos

Disputes - international:
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check
the spread of avian flu; Laos and Thailand pledge to complete
demarcation of boundaries in 2005, while ongoing disputes over
squatters and boundary encroachment by Thailand including Mekong
River islets persist; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian boundary commission
agrees to re-erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces;
concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of
dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels

Illicit drugs:
estimated cultivation in 2004 - 10,000 hectares, a 45% decrease
from 2003; estimated potential production in 2004 - 49 metric tons,
a significant decrease from 200 metric tons in 2003 (2005)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Latvia

Introduction Latvia

Background:
After a brief period of independence between the two World Wars,
Latvia was annexed by the USSR in 1940. It reestablished its
independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union.
Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the
Russian minority (some 30% of the population) remains of concern to
Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.

Geography Latvia

Location:
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and
Lithuania

Geographic coordinates:
57 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 64,589 sq km
land: 63,589 sq km
water: 1,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
total: 1,150 km
border countries: Belarus 141 km, Estonia 339 km, Lithuania 453 km,
Russia 217 km

Coastline:
531 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
maritime; wet, moderate winters

Terrain:
low plain

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Gaizinkalns 312 m

Natural resources: peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, wood, arable land

Land use: arable land: 29.67% permanent crops: 0.47% other: 69.86% (2001)

Irrigated land:
200 sq km
note: land in Latvia is often too wet, and in need of drainage, not
irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land
has been improved by drainage (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service
industries after the country regained independence; the main
environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality
and sewage system, household, and hazardous waste management, as
well as reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU
accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full
enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
most of the country is composed of fertile, low-lying plains, with
some hills in the east

People Latvia

Population:
2,290,237 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 169,284/female 161,648)
15-64 years: 69.4% (male 770,839/female 819,309)
65 years and over: 16.1% (male 120,306/female 248,851) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.12 years
male: 35.95 years
female: 42.15 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.69% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
13.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.55 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 11.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.05 years
male: 65.78 years
female: 76.6 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.6% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
7,600 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Latvian(s)
adjective: Latvian

Ethnic groups:
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%,
Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)

Religions:
Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox

Languages:
Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3%
(2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2003 est.)

Government Latvia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Latvia
conventional short form: Latvia
local long form: Latvijas Republika
local short form: Latvija
former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Riga

Administrative divisions:
26 counties (singular - rajons) and 7 municipalities*: Aizkraukles
Rajons, Aluksnes Rajons, Balvu Rajons, Bauskas Rajons, Cesu Rajons,
Daugavpils*, Daugavpils Rajons, Dobeles Rajons, Gulbenes Rajons,
Jekabpils Rajons, Jelgava*, Jelgavas Rajons, Jurmala*, Kraslavas
Rajons, Kuldigas Rajons, Liepaja*, Liepajas Rajons, Limbazu Rajons,
Ludzas Rajons, Madonas Rajons, Ogres Rajons, Preilu Rajons,
Rezekne*, Rezeknes Rajons, Riga*, Rigas Rajons, Saldus Rajons, Talsu
Rajons, Tukuma Rajons, Valkas Rajons, Valmieras Rajons, Ventspils*,
Ventspils Rajons

Independence:
21 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918 is
the date Latvia declared itself independent from Soviet Russia; 4
May 1990 is when it declared the renewal of independence; 21 August
1991 is the date of de facto independence from the Soviet Union

Constitution:
15 February 1922; an October 1998 amendment on Fundamental Human
Rights replaced the 1991 Constitutional Law, which had supplemented
the constitution

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8 July 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Aigars KALVITIS (since 2 December
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
appointed by the Parliament
elections: president reelected by Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 20 June 2003 (next to be held by June 2007);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA reelected president;
parliamentary vote - Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA 88 of 94 votes cast

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members are elected by
direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - JL 23.9%, PCTVL 18.9%,
TP 16.7%, ZZS 9.5%, First Party 7.6%, LNNK 5.4%; seats by party - JL
26, PCTVL 24, TP 21, ZZS 12, First Party 10, LNNK 7

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament)

Political parties and leaders:
First Party of Latvia or LPP [Juris LUJANS]; For Human Rights in a
United Latvia or PCTVL [Tatjana ZDANOKA, Jakovs PLINERS]; For the
Fatherland and Freedom/Latvian National Independence Movement or
TB/LNNK [Janis STRAUME]; Harmony Center or SC [Sergejs DOLGOPOLOVS];
Latvian Green Party or LZP [Indulis EMSIS, Viesturs SILENIEKS,
Raimonds VEJONIS]; Latvian Farmer's Union or LZS [Augusts
BRIGMANIS]; Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Social
Democrats) or LSDSP [Juris BOJARS]; Latvian Socialist Party or LSP
[Alfreds RUBIKS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Ivars GODMANIS]; New Democrats
or JD [Maris GULBIS]; New Era Party or JL [Einars REPSE]; People's
Harmony Party or TSP [Aivars DATAVS]; People's Party or TP [Atis
SLAKTERIS]; Social Democratic Union or SDS [Egils BALDZENS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Headquarters for the Protection of Russian Schools (SHTAB)
[Aleksandr KAZAKOV]

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member),
FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NATO, NIB,
NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Maris RIEKSTINS
chancery: 4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-8213, 8214
FAX: [1] (202) 726-6785

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Catherine TODD-BAILEY
embassy: 7 Raina Boulevard, Riga LV-1510
mailing address: American Embassy Riga, PSC 78, Box Riga, APO AE
09723
telephone: [371] 703-6200
FAX: [371] 782-0047

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width), and
maroon

Economy Latvia

Economy - overview:
Latvia's transitional economy recovered from the 1998 Russian
financial crisis, largely due to the government's budget stringency
and a gradual reorientation of exports toward EU countries,
lessening Latvia's trade dependency on Russia. The majority of
companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the
state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. Latvia
officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999. EU
membership, a top foreign policy goal, came in May 2004. The current
account and internal government deficits remain major concerns, but
the government's efforts to increase efficiency in revenue
collection may lessen the budget deficit. A growing perception that
many of Latvia's banks facilitate illicit activity could damage the
country's vibrant financial sector.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$26.53 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $11,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.4% industry: 24.8% services: 70.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.17 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 15%, industry 25%, services 60% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
8.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 25.9% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
26.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.231 billion
expenditures: $4.504 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
11.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; beef, pork, milk, eggs;
fish

Industries:
buses, vans, street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers,
agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios,
electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles; note -
dependent on imports for energy and raw materials

Industrial production growth rate:
8.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.547 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 29.1% hydro: 70.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.829 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
2.7 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
44,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-1.251 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.569 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals, textiles,
foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
UK 12.8%, Germany 12%, Sweden 10%, Lithuania 9.1%, Estonia 8%,
Russia 6.4%, Denmark 5.4% (2004)

Imports:
$5.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, vehicles

Imports - partners:
Germany 13.9%, Lithuania 12.2%, Russia 8.7%, Estonia 7%, Finland
6.3%, Sweden 6.1%, Poland 5.4%, Belarus 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.65 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$7.368 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$96.2 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Latvian lat (LVL)

Currency code:
LVL

Exchange rates:
lati per US dollar - 0.5402 (2004), 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182 (2002),
0.6279 (2001), 0.6065 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Latvia

Telephones - main lines in use:
653,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,219,600 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to provide
an international capability independent of the Moscow international
switch; more facilities are being installed for individual use
domestic: expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections,
rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfied
subscriber applications
international: country code - 371; international connections are now
available via cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enabling
direct connections for most calls (1998)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 56, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
1.76 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
44 (plus 31 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
1.22 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.lv

Internet hosts:
51,758 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
41 (2001)

Internet users:
936,000 (2003)

Transportation Latvia

Railways:
total: 2,303 km
broad gauge: 2,270 km 1.520-m gauge (257 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 33 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 60,472 km
paved: 57,206 km
unpaved: 3,265 km (2002)

Waterways:
300 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,097 km; oil 409 km; refined products 415 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Riga, Ventspils

Merchant marine:
total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 53,153 GRT/37,414 DWT
by type: cargo 7, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 2,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 5, roll on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 86 (2005)

Airports:
50 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 26
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 16 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 24
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Military Latvia

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard, Home Guard
(Zemessardze)

Military service age and obligation: 19 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for volunteers; Latvia plans to phase out conscription, tentatively moving to an all-professional force by 2007 (August 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 517,713 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 361,098 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 19,137 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$87 million (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.2% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Latvia

Disputes - international:
the Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned and
unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of
ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement
to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second
World War and other issues; the Latvian parliament has not ratified
its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to
concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms
part of the EU's external border, Latvia must implement the strict
Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central and
Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin American
cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; vulnerable
to money laundering despite improved legislation due to nascent
enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of
offshore companies and the gaming industry; organized crime
(including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and
prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Lebanon

Introduction Lebanon

Background:
Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political
institutions since 1991 and the end of the devastating 15-year civil
war. Under the Ta'if Accord - the blueprint for national
reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable
political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in
the political process while institutionalizing sectarian divisions
in the government. Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have
conducted several successful elections, most of the militias have
been weakened or disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have
extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the
country. Hizballah, a radical Shia organization, retains its
weapons. During Lebanon's civil war, the Arab League legitimized in
the Ta'if Accord Syria's troop deployment, numbering about 16,000
based mainly east of Beirut and in the Bekaa Valley. Damascus
justified its continued military presence in Lebanon by citing
Beirut's requests and the failure of the Lebanese Government to
implement all of the constitutional reforms in the Ta'if Accord.
Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000, however,
encouraged some Lebanese groups to demand that Syria withdraw its
forces as well. The passage of UNSCR 1559 in early October 2004 - a
resolution calling for Syria to withdraw from Lebanon and end its
interference in Lebanese affairs - further emboldened Lebanese
groups opposed to Syria's presence in Lebanon. Syria finally
withdrew the remainder of its forces from Lebanon in April of 2005.

Geography Lebanon

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel and
Syria

Geographic coordinates:
33 50 N, 35 50 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 10,400 sq km
land: 10,230 sq km
water: 170 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries: total: 454 km border countries: Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km

Coastline:
225 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers;
Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and
Anti-Lebanon Mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m

Natural resources:
limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit
region, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 16.62%
permanent crops: 13.98%
other: 69.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dust storms, sandstorms

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in
Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes;
pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation

Geography - note:
Nahr el Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an
international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate,
protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion,
clan, and ethnicity

People Lebanon

Population:
3,826,018 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 520,270/female 499,609)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 1,216,738/female 1,324,031)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 120,176/female 145,194) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.34 years
male: 26.28 years
female: 28.43 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 24.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.19 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.63 years
male: 70.17 years
female: 75.21 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,800 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Lebanese

Ethnic groups:
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Religions:
Muslim 59.7% (Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or Nusayri),
Christian 39% (Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite Catholic,
Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic, Armenian Catholic, Syrian
Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt, Protestant),
other 1.3%
note: seventeen religious sects recognized

Languages:
Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.4%
male: 93.1%
female: 82.2% (2003 est.)

Government Lebanon

Country name:
conventional long form: Lebanese Republic
conventional short form: Lebanon
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah
local short form: Lubnan

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Beirut

Administrative divisions:
6 governorates (mohafazat, singular - mohafazah); Beyrouth, Beqaa,
Liban-Nord, Liban-Sud, Mont-Liban, Nabatiye

Independence:
22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under French
administration)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 22 November (1943)

Constitution:
23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of
Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989

Legal system:
mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law;
no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for women at
age 21 with elementary education

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November 1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Fuad SINIORA (since 30 June
2005); Deputy Prime Minister Elias MURR (since April 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president and members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year
term; election last held 15 October 1998 (next election date NA);
note - on 3 September 2004 the National Assembly voted 96 to 29 to
extend Emile LAHUD's six-year term by three years; the prime
minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in
consultation with the National Assembly; by agreement, the president
is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and
the speaker of the legislature is a Shia Muslim
election results: for 15 October 1998 election: Emile LAHUD elected
president; National Assembly vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against,
10 abstentions

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Majlis Alnuwab (Arabic) or
Assemblee Nationale (French) (128 seats; members elected by popular
vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held in four rounds on 29 May, 5, 12, 19 June 2005
(next to be held 2009)
election results: percent of vote by group - NA; seats by group -
Future Movement Bloc 36; Democratic Gathering 15; Development and
Resistance Bloc 15; Loyalty to the Resistance 14; Free Patriotic
Movement 14; Lebanese Forces 6; Qornet Shewan 5; Popular Bloc 4;
Tripoli Independent Bloc 3; Syrian National Socialist Party 2;
Kataeb Reform Movement 2; Tachnaq Party 2; Democratic Renewal
Movement 1; Democratic Left 1; Nasserite Popular Movement 1; Ba'th
Party 1; Kataeb Party 1; independent 5

Judicial branch:
four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial
cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional Council
(called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of laws);
Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and prime
minister as needed)

Political parties and leaders:
Ba'th Party [leader NA]; Democratic Gathering [Walid JUNBLATT];
Democratic Left [leader NA]; Development and Resistance Bloc [Nabih
BARRI, Amal leader/speaker]; Free Patriotic Movement [Michel AWN];
Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Party [leader NA];
Kataeb Reform Movement [leader NA]; Lebanese Forces [leader NA];
Loyalty to the Resistance [Mohammad RA'AD]; Nasserite Popular
Movement [leader NA]; Popular Bloc [leader NA]; Qornet Shewan
[leader NA]; Syrian National Socialist Party [leader NA]; Tripoli
Independent Bloc [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Farid ABBOUD
chancery: 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6300
FAX: [1] (202) 939-6324
consulate(s) general: Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey D. FELTMAN embassy: Awkar, Lebanon mailing address: P. O. Box 70-840, Antelias, Lebanon; PSC 815, Box 2, FPO AE 09836-0002 telephone: [961] (4) 542600, 543600 FAX: [961] (4) 544136

Flag description:
three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white (middle,
double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree centered in
the white band

Economy Lebanon

Economy - overview:
The 1975-91 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic
infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended
Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. In
the years since, Lebanon has rebuilt much of its war-torn physical
and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily - mostly from
domestic banks. In an attempt to reduce the ballooning national
debt, the HARIRI government began an austerity program, reining in
government expenditures, increasing revenue collection, and
privatizing state enterprises. In November 2002, the government met
with international donors at the Paris II conference to seek
bilateral assistance in restructuring its massive domestic debt at
lower rates of interest. Substantial receipts from donor nations
stabilized government finances in 2003, but did little to reduce the
debt, which stood at nearly 180% of GDP. In 2004 the HARIRI
government issued Eurobonds in an effort to manage maturing debt,
and the KARAMI government has continued this practice. However,
privatization of state-owned enterprises had not occurred by the end
of 2004, as promised during the Paris II conference.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$18.83 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 12%
industry: 21%
services: 67% (2000)

Labor force:
2.6 million
note: in addition, there are as many as 1 million foreign workers
(2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
18% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
28% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
26% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.895 billion
expenditures: $6.642 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
177.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
citrus, grapes, tomatoes, apples, vegetables, potatoes, olives,
tobacco; sheep, goats

Industries:
banking, food processing, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral and
chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining, metal
fabricating

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
8.066 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 97.2% hydro: 2.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
8.591 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.09 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
107,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-2.389 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.783 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
authentic jewelry, inorganic chemicals, miscellaneous consumer
goods, fruit, tobacco, construction minerals, electric power
machinery and switchgear, textile fibers, paper

Exports - partners:
Syria 24.9%, UAE 10%, Turkey 6.9%, Switzerland 6.7%, Saudi Arabia
5.3% (2004)

Imports:
$8.162 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat and
live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco

Imports - partners:
Italy 11.2%, France 10.3%, Syria 9.8%, Germany 8.6%, China 5.8%, US
5.5%, UK 4.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$16.3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$15.84 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.2 billion received (2003), out of the $4.2 billion in soft loans
pledged at the November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference

Currency (code):
Lebanese pound (LBP)

Currency code:
LBP

Exchange rates:
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5 (2003),
1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5 (2001), 1,507.5 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Lebanon

Telephones - main lines in use:
678,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
775,100 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telecommunications system severely damaged by
civil war; rebuilding well underway
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay and cable
international: country code - 961; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations);
coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but
inoperable beyond Syria to Jordan; 3 submarine coaxial cables

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 20, FM 22, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
2.85 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
15 (plus 5 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
1.18 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.lb

Internet hosts:
6,998 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
22 (2000)

Internet users:
400,000 (2002)

Transportation Lebanon

Railways:
total: 401 km
standard gauge: 319 km 1.435-m
narrow gauge: 82 km 1.050-m
note: rail system became unusable because of damage during the civil
war in the 1980s; short sections are operable (2004)

Highways: total: 7,300 km paved: 6,198 km unpaved: 1,102 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
oil 209 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Beirut, Chekka, Jounie, Tripoli

Merchant marine:
total: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 198,602 GRT/248,313 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 26, livestock carrier 8, refrigerated
cargo 1, roll on/roll off 2, vehicle carrier 3
foreign-owned: 6 (Austria 1, Greece 5)
registered in other countries: 40 (2005)

Airports:
8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 5 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Lebanon

Military branches:
Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army, Navy, and Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 974,363 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 821,762 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$540.6 million (2002) (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.1% (FY99) (2004)

Transnational Issues Lebanon

Disputes - international:
intense international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops
and intelligence personnel from Lebanon; Lebanese Government claims
Shab'a Farms area of Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly
2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place
since 1978

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 394,532 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
IDPs: 300,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares in
2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin
American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way
to European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Lesotho

Introduction Lesotho

Background:
Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence
from the UK in 1966. King MOSHOESHOE was exiled in 1990, but
returned to Lesotho in 1992 and reinstated in 1995. Constitutional
government was restored in 1993 after 23 years of military rule. In
1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious
election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African
and Botswanan military forces under the aegis of the Southern
African Development Community. Constitutional reforms have since
restored political stability; peaceful parliamentary elections were
held in 2002.

Geography Lesotho

Location:
Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
29 30 S, 28 30 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 30,355 sq km
land: 30,355 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries: total: 909 km border countries: South Africa 909 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Terrain:
mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m
highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m

Natural resources:
water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay,
building stone

Land use: arable land: 10.87% permanent crops: 0.13% other: 89% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in
overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;
desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and
redirects water to South Africa

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked, completely surrounded by South Africa; mountainous,
more than 80% of the country is 1,800 meters above sea level

People Lesotho

Population:
1,867,035
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 36.9% (male 346,930/female 342,459)
15-64 years: 57.6% (male 526,642/female 548,096)
65 years and over: 5.5% (male 42,003/female 60,905) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.19 years
male: 19.68 years
female: 20.74 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.08% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
26.53 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
25.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 84.23 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 89.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 34.47 years
male: 35.49 years
female: 33.42 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.35 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
28.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
320,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
29,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
adjective: Basotho

Ethnic groups:
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Religions:
Christian 80%, indigenous beliefs 20%

Languages:
Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84.8%
male: 74.5%
female: 94.5% (2003 est.)

Government Lesotho

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
conventional short form: Lesotho
former: Basutoland

Government type:
parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Maseru

Administrative divisions:
10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru,
Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka

Independence:
4 October 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

Constitution:
2 April 1993

Legal system:
based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of
legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996); note -
King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to
February 1995, while his father was in exile
head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the
majority party in the Assembly automatically becomes prime minister;
the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution,
which came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is
a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative
powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to
determine who is next in the line of succession, who shall serve as
regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age, and may
even depose the monarch

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22
principal chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party)
and the Assembly (120 seats, 80 by direct popular vote and 40 by
proportional vote; members elected by popular vote for five-year
terms); note - number of seats in the Assembly rose from 80 to 120
in the May 2002 election
elections: last held 25 May 2002 (next to be held May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - LCD 54%, BNP 21%, LPC
7%, other 18%; seats by party - LCD 76, BNP 21, LPC 5, other 18

Judicial branch:
High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch acting on the
advice of the Prime Minister); Court of Appeal; Magistrate's Court;
customary or traditional court

Political parties and leaders:
Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE];
Basotholand Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]; Basotho
National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho
Congress for Democracy or LCD [Pakalitha MOSISILI] - the governing
party; Lesotho People's Congress or LPC [Kelebone MAOPE]; Lesotho
Workers Party of LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou Freedom Party or
MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony
MANYELI]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Chief Peete Nkoebe
PEETE]; Popular Front for Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE];
Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, The Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Molelekeng E. RAPOLAKI
chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 through 5536
FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador June Carter PERRY embassy: 254 Kingsway, Maseru West (Consular Section) mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho telephone: [266] 22 312666 FAX: [266] 22 310116

Flag description:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half
is white, bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with
crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with
a green triangle in the corner

Economy Lesotho

Economy - overview:
Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho relies on remittances
from miners employed in South Africa and customs duties from the
Southern Africa Customs Union for the majority of government
revenue, but the government has strengthened its tax system to
reduce dependency on customs duties. Completion of a major
hydropower facility in January 1998 now permits the sale of water to
South Africa, also generating royalties for Lesotho. As the number
of mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years, a
small manufacturing base has developed based on farm products that
support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries and a
rapidly growing apparel-assembly sector. The garment industry has
grown significantly, mainly due to Lesotho qualifying for the trade
benefits contained in the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. The
economy is still primarily based on subsistence agriculture,
especially livestock, although drought has decreased agricultural
activity. The extreme inequality in the distribution of income
remains a major drawback. Lesotho has signed an Interim Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$5.892 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.2% industry: 43.9% services: 40.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 838,000 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation: 86% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in South Africa

Unemployment rate:
45% (2002)

Population below poverty line:
49% (1999)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.9% highest 10%: 43.4%

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
56 (1986-87)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
39.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $698.5 million
expenditures: $697.6 million, including capital expenditures of $15
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley; livestock

Industries:
food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts;
construction; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
15.5% (1999)

Electricity - production:
314 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Electricity - consumption:
308 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
16 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,500 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-108.3 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$484.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool and
mohair, food and live animals (2000)

Exports - partners:
US 97%, Canada 2.1%, UK 0.3% (2004)

Imports:
$730.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum
products (2000)

Imports - partners:
Hong Kong 46.8%, China 25.5%, South Korea 5.6%, Germany 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$402.2 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$735 million (2002)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA $4.4 million

Economic aid - recipient:
$41.5 million (2000)

Currency (code):
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Currency code:
LSL; ZAR

Exchange rates:
maloti per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407
(2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Lesotho

Telephones - main lines in use:
28,600 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
92,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: rudimentary system
domestic: consists of a modest but growing number of landlines, a
small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone
communication system; a cellular mobile telephone system is growing
international: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
NA (2002)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2000)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.ls

Internet hosts:
119 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
21,000 (2002)

Transportation Lesotho

Highways: total: 5,940 km paved: 1,087 km unpaved: 4,853 km (1999)

Airports: 28 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Military Lesotho

Military branches:
Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army and Air Wing

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 400,457 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 162,857 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$32.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.3% (2004)

Military - note:
the Lesotho Government in 1999 began an open debate on the future
structure, size, and role of the armed forces, especially
considering the Lesotho Defense Force's (LDF) history of intervening
in political affairs

Transnational Issues Lesotho

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Liberia

Introduction Liberia

Background:
In August 2003, a comprehensive peace agreement ended 14 years of
civil war and prompted the resignation of former president Charles
TAYLOR, who was exiled to Nigeria. The National Transitional
Government of Liberia (NTGL) - composed of rebel, government, and
civil society groups - assumed control in October 2003. Chairman
Gyude BRYANT, who was given a two-year mandate to oversee efforts to
rebuild Liberia, heads the new government. The United Nations
Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), which maintains a strong presence
throughout the country, completed a disarmament program for former
combatants in late 2004, but the security situation is still
volatile and the process of rebuilding the social and economic
structure of this war-torn country remains sluggish.

Geography Liberia

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Cote
d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone

Geographic coordinates:
6 30 N, 9 30 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 111,370 sq km
land: 96,320 sq km
water: 15,050 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Tennessee

Land boundaries:
total: 1,585 km
border countries: Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone
306 km

Coastline:
579 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold
nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling plateau and
low mountains in northeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Wuteve 1,380 m

Natural resources:
iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 3.95% permanent crops: 2.28% other: 93.77% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to March)

Environment - current issues: tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw sewage

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
facing the Atlantic Ocean, the coastline is characterized by
lagoons, mangrove swamps, and river-deposited sandbars; the inland
grassy plateau supports limited agriculture

People Liberia

Population:
3,482,211 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.6% (male 765,662/female 751,134)
15-64 years: 52.8% (male 896,206/female 940,985)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 64,547/female 63,677) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.06 years
male: 17.69 years
female: 18.42 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.64% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
44.22 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
17.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: at least 200,000 Liberian refugees are in surrounding
countries; the uncertain security situation has hindered their
ability to return (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 128.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 135.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 121.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 38.89 years
male: 37.03 years
female: 40.81 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.09 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
5.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
100,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
7,200 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Liberian(s)
adjective: Liberian

Ethnic groups:
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

Languages:
English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a
few can be written and are used in correspondence

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.5%
male: 73.3%
female: 41.6% (2003 est.)

Government Liberia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Liberia
conventional short form: Liberia

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Monrovia

Administrative divisions:
15 counties; Bomi, Bong, Gbarpolu, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape Mount,
Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado, Nimba,
River Cess, River Gee, Sinoe

Independence:
26 July 1847

National holiday:
Independence Day, 26 July (1847)

Constitution:
6 January 1986

Legal system:
dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for
the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal
practices for indigenous sector

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Chairman Gyude BRYANT (since 14 October 2003); note
- this is an interim position until presidential elections in 2005;
the chairman is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Chairman Gyude BRYANT (since 14 October 2003);
note - this is an interim position until presidential elections in
2005; the chairman is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and confirmed by the
Senate; note - current cabinet positions are divided among groups
participating in the Liberian peace process
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(renewable); election last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held 11
October 2005)
election results: Charles Ghankay TAYLOR elected president; percent
of vote - Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (NPP) 75.3%, Ellen Johnson SIRLEAF
(UP) 9.6%, Alhaji KROMAH (ALCOP) 4%, other 11.1%; note - TAYLOR
stepped down in August 2003
note: a UN-brokered cease-fire among warring factions and the
Liberian government resulted in the August 2003 resignation of
former president Charles TAYLOR; a jointly agreed upon replacement,
Chairman Gyude BRYANT, assumed office as head of the National
Transitional Government on 14 October 2003

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (26 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve nine-year terms) and the
House of Representatives (64 seats; members elected by popular vote
to serve six-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held 11
October 2005); House of Representatives - last held 19 July 1997
(next to be held 11 October 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NPP 21, UP 3, ALCOP 2; House of Representatives - percent of
vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 49, UP 7, ALCOP 3,
Alliance of Political Parties 2, UPP 2, LPP 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance of Political Parties (a coalition of LAP and LUP) [leader
NA]; All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Peter KERBAY]; Liberian
Action Party or LAP [C. Gyude BRYANT]; Liberian People's Party or
LPP [Koffa NAGBE]; Liberia Unification Party or LUP [leader NA];
National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN] - governing party;
United People's Party or UPP [Wesley JOHNSON]; Unity Party or UP
[Charles CLARKE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU,
NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Aaron B.
KOLLIE
chancery: 5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 723-0437
FAX: [1] (202) 723-0436
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John William BLANEY III
embassy: 111 United Nations Drive, P. O. Box 10-0098, Mamba Point,
1000 Monrovia, 10 Liberia
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [231] 226-370 through 226-380
FAX: [231] 226-148

Flag description:
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating
with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue square in
the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the US flag

Economy Liberia

Economy - overview:
Civil war and government mismanagement have destroyed much of
Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around
Monrovia, while continued international sanctions on diamonds and
timber exports will limit growth prospects for the foreseeable
future. Many businessmen have fled the country, taking capital and
expertise with them. Some have returned, but many will not. Richly
endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate
favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter
of basic products - primarily raw timber and rubber. Local
manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. The
departure of the former president, Charles TAYLOR, to Nigeria in
August 2003, the establishment of the all-inclusive Transitional
Government, and the arrival of a UN mission are all necessary for
the eventual end of the political crisis, but thus far have done
little to encourage economic development. The reconstruction of
infrastructure and the raising of incomes in this ravaged economy
will largely depend on generous financial support and technical
assistance from donor countries.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.903 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
21.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 76.9% industry: 5.4% services: 17.7% (2002 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 70%, industry 8%, services 22% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
85% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
80%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
15% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $85.4 million
expenditures: $90.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products: rubber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), palm oil, sugarcane, bananas; sheep, goats; timber

Industries:
rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber, diamonds

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
488.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
454.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$1.079 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
rubber, timber, iron, diamonds, cocoa, coffee

Exports - partners:
Denmark 29.5%, Germany 18.9%, Poland 14.3%, US 8.9%, Greece 8%
(2004)

Imports:
$5.051 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured
goods; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
South Korea 38.8%, Japan 21.2%, Singapore 12.2%, Croatia 5.3%,
Germany 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$2.1 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$94 million (1999)

Currency (code):
Liberian dollar (LRD)

Currency code:
LRD

Exchange rates:
Liberian dollars per US dollar - 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003),
61.754 (2002), 48.583 (2001), 40.953 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Liberia

Telephones - main lines in use:
7,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,000 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the limited services available are found almost
exclusively in the capital Monrovia
domestic: fully automatic system with very low density of .21 fixed
mainlines per 100 persons; limited wireless service available
international: country code - 231; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 7, shortwave 2 (2001)

Radios:
790,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus four low-power repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
70,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.lr

Internet hosts:
14 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2001)

Internet users:
1,000 (2002)

Transportation Liberia

Railways:
total: 490 km
standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 145 km 1.067-m gauge
note: none of the railways are in operation because of the civil war
(2004)

Highways:
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Buchanan, Monrovia

Merchant marine:
total: 1,465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 50,555,752 GRT/79,125,329 DWT
by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 275, cargo 91, chemical
tanker 173, combination ore/oil 22, container 388, liquefied gas 78,
passenger 2, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 324, refrigerated
cargo 57, roll on/roll off 6, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier
35
foreign-owned: 1,392 (Argentina 8, Australia 2, Austria 13, Bahamas
3, Brazil 6, British 1, Canada 2, Chile 1, China 36, Croatia 7,
Cyprus 1, Denmark 5, France 3, Germany 511, Greece 149, Hong Kong
29, India 4, Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 5, Israel 7, Italy 12, Japan
106, Latvia 18, Monaco 10, Netherlands 18, Nigeria 1, Norway 57,
Pakistan 1, Poland 14, Romania 1, Russia 63, Saudi Arabia 23,
Singapore 29, Slovenia 1, South Korea 4, Sweden 12, Switzerland 10,
Taiwan 54, Turkey 4, Ukraine 7, UAE 10, United Kingdom 56, United
States 84, Uruguay 3) (2005)

Airports:
53 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 51 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 38 (2004 est.)

Military Liberia

Military branches:
Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL): Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 659,795 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 360,373 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Liberia

Disputes - international:
although Liberia's domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs was declared over in 2003, civil unrest
persists, and in 2004, 133,000 Liberian refugees remained in Guinea,
72,000 in Cote d'Ivoire, 67,000 in Sierra Leone, and 43,000 in
Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in Cote
d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone; since 2003, the UN Mission in Liberia
(UNMIL) has maintained about 18,000 peacekeepers in Liberia; the
Cote d'Ivoire Government accuses Liberia of supporting Ivoirian
rebels; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 13,941 (Sierra Leone) 38,325 (Cote
d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 500,000 (civil war from 1990-2004; IDP resettlement began in
November 2004) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin and
South American cocaine for the European and US markets; corruption,
criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade provide
significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
major money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Libya

Introduction Libya

Background:
From the earliest days of his rule following his 1969 military
coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own
political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system is a
combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal
practices and is supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people
themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI has
always seen himself as a revolutionary and visionary leader. He used
oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside
Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the
end of Marxism and capitalism. In addition, beginning in 1973, he
engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip - to
gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian
politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992
isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of Pan AM Flight
103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Libyan support for terrorism appeared
to have decreased after the imposition of sanctions. During the
1990s, QADHAFI also began to rebuild his relationships with Europe.
UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in
September 2003 after Libya resolved the Lockerbie case. In December
2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its
programs to develop weapons of mass destruction, and QADHAFI has
made significant strides in normalizing relations with western
nations since then. He has received various Western European leaders
as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made
his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to
Brussels in April 2004. QADHAFI also finally resolved in 2004
several outstanding cases against his government for terrorist
activities in the 1980s by paying compensation to the families of
victims of the UTA and La Belle disco bombings.

Geography Libya

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt and
Tunisia

Geographic coordinates:
25 00 N, 17 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,759,540 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Alaska

Land boundaries:
total: 4,348 km
border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km,
Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km

Coastline:
1,770 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north

Climate:
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Terrain:
mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

Land use: arable land: 1.03% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 98.78% (2001)

Irrigated land:
4,700 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four
days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms

Environment - current issues:
desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources; the
Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development scheme in
the world, is being built to bring water from large aquifers under
the Sahara to coastal cities

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note: more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert

People Libya

Population: 5,765,563 note: includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.9% (male 997,364/female 955,272)
15-64 years: 62% (male 1,842,775/female 1,729,235)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 117,967/female 122,950) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 22.68 years
male: 22.8 years
female: 22.56 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.33% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
26.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 24.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.5 years
male: 74.29 years
female: 78.82 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.34 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
10,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through October)
(2004)

Nationality:
noun: Libyan(s)
adjective: Libyan

Ethnic groups:
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 97%

Languages:
Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major
cities

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 82.6%
male: 92.4%
female: 72% (2003 est.)

Government Libya

Country name:
conventional long form: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
conventional short form: Libya
local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah
al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma
local short form: none

Government type:
Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the
populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship

Capital:
Tripoli

Administrative divisions:
25 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al
'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al
Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,
Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt,
Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note - the 25
municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions

Independence:
24 December 1951 (from Italy)

National holiday:
Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)

Constitution:
11 December 1969; amended 2 March 1977

Legal system:
based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate
religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title,
but is de facto chief of state
head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee
(Prime Minister) Shukri Muhammad GHANIM (since 14 June 2003)
cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General
People's Congress
elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
people's committees; head of government elected by the General
People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held
NA)
election results: NA

Legislative branch:
unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members elected
indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible
memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some
Islamic elements; an anti-QADHAFI Libyan exile movement exists,
primarily based in London, but has little influence

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
(observer), WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Libya does not have an embassy in the US but maintains an interest
section under the protective power of the United Arab Emirates
Embassy in the US

Diplomatic representation from the US: the US suspended all embassy activities in Tripoli in May 1980, resumed embassy activities in February 2004 under the protective power of the US interests section of the Belgian Embassy in Tripoli, then opened a Liaison Office in Tripoli in June 2004

Flag description:
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the state
religion)

Economy Libya

Economy - overview:
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the oil
sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and about
one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population give
Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little of
this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan
officials in the past four years have made progress on economic
reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country
into the international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN
sanctions were lifted in September 2003 and as Libya announced in
December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of
mass destruction. Almost all US unilateral sanctions against Libya
were removed in April 2004. Libya faces a long road ahead in
liberalizing the socialist-oriented economy, but initial steps -
including applying for WTO membership, reducing some subsidies, and
announcing plans for privatization - are laying the groundwork for a
transition to a more market-based economy. The non-oil manufacturing
and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have
expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the
production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic
conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and
Libya imports about 75% of its food.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$37.48 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8.7% industry: 45.7% services: 45.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.59 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 17%, industry 29%, services 54% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
30% (2004)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
9.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $13.52 billion
expenditures: $12.23 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.6
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
8.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts,
soybeans; cattle

Industries:
petroleum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts,
cement

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
20.89 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
19.43 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
1.518 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
216,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
38 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
6.18 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
5.41 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
770 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.321 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$9.895 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$18.65 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas

Exports - partners:
Italy 37%, Germany 16.6%, Spain 11.9%, Turkey 7.1%, France 6.2%
(2004)

Imports:
$7.224 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transport equipment, semi-finished goods, food, consumer
products (1999)

Imports - partners:
Italy 25.5%, Germany 11%, South Korea 6.1%, UK 5.4%, Tunisia 4.7%,
Turkey 4.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$24.18 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.069 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$4.4 million ODA (2002)

Currency (code):
Libyan dinar (LYD)

Currency code:
LYD

Exchange rates:
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707
(2002), 0.6051 (2001), 0.5122 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Libya

Telephones - main lines in use:
750,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
100,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telecommunications system is being modernized;
mobile cellular telephone system became operational in 1996
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular,
tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth
stations
international: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to
France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;
tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2002)

Radios:
1.35 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
12 (plus one low-power repeater) (1999)

Televisions:
730,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ly

Internet hosts:
67 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
160,000 (2003)

Transportation Libya

Railways:
0 km
note: Libya is working on 7 lines totaling 2,757 km of 1.435-m gauge
track; it hopes to have trains running by 2008 (2004)

Highways:
total: 83,200 km
paved: 47,590 km
unpaved: 35,610 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
condensate 225 km; gas 3,611 km; oil 7,252 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
As Sidrah, Az Zuwaytinah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf, Tripoli,
Zawiyah

Merchant marine:
total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 129,627 GRT/105,110 DWT
by type: cargo 7, liquefied gas 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum
tanker 1, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 1 (Algeria 1) (2005)

Airports:
139 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 59
over 3,047 m: 23
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 80
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 41
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Libya

Military branches:
Armed Peoples on Duty (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,505,675 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,291,624 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 62,034 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.3 billion (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.9% (FY99)

Transnational Issues Libya

Disputes - international:
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria
and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant disputes;
various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Liechtenstein

Introduction Liechtenstein

Background:
The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy
Roman Empire in 1719; it became a sovereign state in 1806. Until the
end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic
devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to enter
into a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War
II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral), the country's low
taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. Shortcomings in
banking regulatory oversight have resulted in concerns about the use
of the financial institutions for money laundering. Liechtenstein
has, however, implemented new anti-money-laundering legislation and
recently concluded a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the US.

Geography Liechtenstein

Location:
Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Geographic coordinates:
47 16 N, 9 32 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 160 sq km
land: 160 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 76 km border countries: Austria 34.9 km, Switzerland 41.1 km

Coastline:
0 km (doubly landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool
to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Terrain:
mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m

Natural resources: hydroelectric potential, arable land

Land use: arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries
in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation

People Liechtenstein

Population:
33,717 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.6% (male 2,938/female 3,009)
15-64 years: 70.4% (male 11,795/female 11,927)
65 years and over: 12% (male 1,685/female 2,363) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.22 years
male: 38.74 years
female: 39.68 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.82% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.41 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
4.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.34 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.55 years
male: 75.96 years
female: 83.16 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.51 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Liechtensteiner(s)
adjective: Liechtenstein

Ethnic groups:
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 76.2%, Protestant 7%, unknown 10.6%, other 6.2%
(June 2002)

Languages:
German (official), Alemannic dialect

Literacy:
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Government Liechtenstein

Country name:
conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein
conventional short form: Liechtenstein
local long form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein
local short form: Liechtenstein

Government type:
hereditary constitutional monarchy on a democratic and
parliamentary basis

Capital:
Vaduz

Administrative divisions:
11 communes (Gemeinden, singular - Gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen,
Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen,
Triesenberg, Vaduz

Independence:
23 January 1719 (Principality of Liechtenstein established); 12
July 1806 (independence from the Holy Roman Empire)

National holiday:
Assumption Day, 15 August

Constitution:
5 October 1921

Legal system:
local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989,
assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince
ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968); note - on 15 August
2004, HANS ADAM transferred the official duties of the ruling prince
to ALOIS, but HANS ADAM retains status of chief of state
head of government: Head of Government Ottmar HASLER (since 5 April
2001) and Deputy Head of Government Rita KIEBER-BECK (since 5 April
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet elected by the parliament, confirmed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party in the Landtag is
usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the
leader of the largest minority party in the Landtag is usually
appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by
direct, popular vote under proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 11 and 13 March 2005 (next to be held by NA
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 48.7%, VU 38.2%, FL
13%; seats by party - FBP 12, VU 10, FL 3

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Court of Appeal or
Obergericht

Political parties and leaders:
Patriotic Union (was Fatherland Union) or VU [Heinz FROMMELT];
Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Johannes MATT]; The Free List or
FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Elisabeth TELLENBACH-FRICK, Adolf RITTER]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
CE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Claudia FRITSCHE chancery: 1300 Eye Street NW, Suite 550W, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 216-0460 FAX: [1] (202) 216-0459

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein, but the US
Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown
on the hoist side of the blue band

Economy Liechtenstein

Economy - overview:
Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein
has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized,
free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and
living standards on a par with its large European neighbors. The
Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of
small businesses. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20% -
and easy incorporation rules have induced many holding or so-called
letter box companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein,
providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a
customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its
national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy
requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European
Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the EU) since May 1995.
The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with
those of an integrated Europe.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$825 million (1999 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
11% (1999 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $25,000 (1999 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: 40%
services: NA% (1999)

Labor force:
29,000 of whom 19,000 are foreigners; 13,000 commute from Austria,
Switzerland, and Germany to work each day (31 December 2001)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1.3%, industry 47.4%, services 51.3% (31 December 2001
est.)

Unemployment rate:
1.3% (September 2002)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2001)

Budget:
revenues: $424.2 million
expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, corn, potatoes; livestock, dairy products

Industries:
electronics, metal manufacturing, dental products, ceramics,
pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism,
optical instruments

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Exports:
$2.47 billion (1996)

Exports - commodities:
small specialty machinery, connectors for audio and video, parts
for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared foodstuffs,
electronic equipment, optical products

Exports - partners:
EU 62.6% (Germany 24.3%, Austria 9.5%, France 8.9%, Italy 6.6%, UK
4.6%), US 18.9%, Switzerland 15.7%

Imports:
$917.3 million (1996)

Imports - commodities:
agricultural products, raw materials, machinery, metal goods,
textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles

Imports - partners:
EU, Switzerland

Debt - external:
$0 (2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
none

Currency (code):
Swiss franc (CHF)

Currency code:
CHF

Exchange rates:
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586
(2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Liechtenstein

Telephones - main lines in use:
19,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
11,400 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: automatic telephone system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cable
and microwave radio relay

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
21,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997)

Televisions:
12,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.li

Internet hosts:
3,727 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
44 (Liechtenstein and Switzerland) (2000)

Internet users:
20,000 (2002)

Transportation Liechtenstein

Highways: total: 250 km paved: 250 km unpaved: 0 km

Waterways:
28 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 20 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
none

Airports:
none (2004 est.)

Military Liechtenstein

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Switzerland

Transnational Issues Liechtenstein

Disputes - international:
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the restitution of
Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech Republic
confiscated in 1945 as German property

Illicit drugs:
has strengthened money-laundering controls, but money laundering
remains a concern due to Liechtenstein sophisticated offshore
financial services sector

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Lithuania

Introduction Lithuania

Background:
Independent between the two World Wars, Lithuania was annexed by
the USSR in 1940. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the first of
the Soviet republics to declare its independence, but Moscow did not
recognize this proclamation until September of 1991 (following the
abortive coup in Moscow). The last Russian troops withdrew in 1993.
Lithuania subsequently restructured its economy for integration into
Western European institutions; it joined both NATO and the EU in the
spring of 2004.

Geography Lithuania

Location:
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia and Russia

Geographic coordinates:
56 00 N, 24 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 65,200 sq km
land: NA sq km
water: NA sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
total: 1,273 km
border countries: Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km,
Russia (Kaliningrad) 227 km

Coastline:
99 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate
winters and summers

Terrain:
lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Juozapines/Kalnas 292 m

Natural resources: peat, arable land

Land use: arable land: 45.22% permanent crops: 0.91% other: 53.87% (2001)

Irrigated land:
90 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues: contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products and chemicals at military bases

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that are
ancient glacial deposits

People Lithuania

Population:
3,596,617 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.1% (male 297,271/female 282,269)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 1,206,731/female 1,264,359)
65 years and over: 15.2% (male 186,979/female 359,008) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 37.83 years
male: 35.25 years
female: 40.46 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.3% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
8.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.92 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.97 years
male: 68.94 years
female: 79.28 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,300 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Lithuanian(s)
adjective: Lithuanian

Ethnic groups:
Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or unspecified
3.6% (2001 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 79%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%, Protestant (including
Lutheran and Evangelical Christian Baptist) 1.9%, other or
unspecified 5.5%, none 9.5% (2001 census)

Languages:
Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and
unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2003 est.)

Government Lithuania

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Lithuania
conventional short form: Lithuania
local long form: Lietuvos Respublika
local short form: Lietuva
former: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Vilnius

Administrative divisions:
10 counties (apskritys, singular - apskritis); Alytaus, Kauno,
Klaipedos, Marijampoles, Panevezio, Siauliu, Taurages, Telsiu,
Utenos, Vilniaus

Independence:
11 March 1990 (independence declared from Soviet Union); 6
September 1991 (Soviet Union recognizes Lithuania's independence)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February 1918 is
the date Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet Russia and
established its statehood; 11 March 1990 is the date it declared its
independence from the Soviet Union

Constitution:
adopted 25 October 1992

Legal system:
based on civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the
constitutional court

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Valdas ADAMKUS (since 12 July 2004)
head of government: Premier Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 3
July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the premier
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 13 June 2004 and 27 June 2004 (next to be held
June 2009); premier appointed by the president on the approval of
the Parliament
election results: Valdas ADAMKUS elected president; percent of vote
- Valdas ADAMKUS 52.2%, Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE 47.8%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats, 71 members are directly
elected by popular vote, 70 are elected by proportional
representation; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 10 and 24 October 2004 (next to be held October
2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - Labor 28.6%, Working
for Lithuania (Social Democrats and Social Liberals) 20.7%, Homeland
Union (Conservatives) 14.6%, For Order and Justice (Liberal
Democrats and Lithuanian People's Union) 11.4%, Liberal and Center
Union 9.1%, Union of Farmers and New Democracy 6.6%; seats by
faction - Labor 39, Homeland Union 25, Social Democrats 20, Liberal
and Center Union 18, Social Liberals 11, Union of Farmers and New
Democracy Parties 10, Liberal Democrats 10, Electoral Action 2,
independents 6

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; judges for
all courts appointed by the President

Political parties and leaders:
Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar TOMASZEVSKI,
chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS [Andrius
KUBILIUS, chairman]; Labor Party [Viktor USPASKICH, chairman];
Liberal and Center Union [Arturas ZUOKAS, chairman]; Liberal
Democratic Party [Valentinas MAZURONIS, chairman]; Lithuanian
Christian Democrats or LKD [Valentinas STUNDYS, chairman];
Lithuanian People's Union for a Fair Lithuania; Lithuanian Social
Democratic Coalition [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS, chairman] consists of the
Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party or LDDP and the Lithuanian Social
Democratic Party or LSDP; New Democracy and Farmer's Union or VNDPS
[Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE, chairman]; Social Liberals (New Union)
[Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]; Social Union of Christian
Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS, chairman]; Young Lithuania and
New Nationalists

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Vygaudas USACKAS chancery: 2622 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-5860 FAX: [1] (202) 328-0466 consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen D. MULL
embassy: 2600 Akmenu 6, Vilnius
mailing address: American Embassy, Vilnius, PSC 78, Box V, APO AE
09723
telephone: [370] (5) 266 5500
FAX: [370] (5) 266 5510

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red

Economy Lithuania

Economy - overview:
Lithuania, the Baltic state that has conducted the most trade with
Russia, has slowly rebounded from the 1998 Russian financial crisis.
Unemployment dropped from 11% in 2003 to 8% in 2004. Growing
domestic consumption and increased investment have furthered
recovery. Trade has been increasingly oriented toward the West.
Lithuania has gained membership in the World Trade Organization and
joined the EU in May 2004. Privatization of the large, state-owned
utilities, particularly in the energy sector, is nearing completion.
Overall, more than 80% of enterprises have been privatized. Foreign
government and business support have helped in the transition from
the old command economy to a market economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$45.23 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $12,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6.1% industry: 33.4% services: 60.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.63 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 25.6% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
34 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
21.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $6.542 billion
expenditures: $7.121 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
25.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, potatoes, sugar beets, flax, vegetables; beef, milk, eggs;
fish

Industries:
metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television sets,
refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small
ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing, fertilizers,
agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic components,
computers, amber

Industrial production growth rate:
12% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
17.93 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 16.5% hydro: 5.7% nuclear: 77.7% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
10.17 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
6.8 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
300 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
4,594 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
72,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.76 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
2.76 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-1.6 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$8.88 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
mineral products 23%, textiles and clothing 16%, machinery and
equipment 11%, chemicals 6%, wood and wood products 5%, foodstuffs
5% (2001)

Exports - partners:
Germany 10.2%, Latvia 10.2%, Russia 9.3%, France 6.3%, UK 5.3%,
Sweden 5.1%, Estonia 5%, Poland 4.8%, Netherlands 4.8%, Denmark
4.8%, US 4.7%, Switzerland 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$11.02 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
mineral products 21%, machinery and equipment 17%, transport
equipment 11%, chemicals 9%, textiles and clothing 9%, metals 5%
(2001)

Imports - partners:
Russia 23.1%, Germany 16.7%, Poland 7.7%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$4.61 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$10.01 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$228.5 million (1995)

Currency (code):
litas (LTL)

Currency code:
LTL

Exchange rates:
litai per US dollar - 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002), 4
(2001), 4 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Lithuania

Telephones - main lines in use:
824,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,169,900 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to provide
an improved international capability and better residential access
domestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system is
nearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded;
mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internet
is available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriber
applications
international: country code - 370; landline connections to Latvia
and Poland; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 29, FM 142, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
1.9 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
27
note: Lithuania has approximately 27 broadcasting stations, but may
have as many as 100 transmitters, including repeater stations (2001)

Televisions:
1.7 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.lt

Internet hosts:
67,769 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
32 (2001)

Internet users:
695,700 (2003)

Transportation Lithuania

Railways:
total: 1,998 km
broad gauge: 1,807 km 1.524-m gauge (122 km electrified)
standard gauge: 22 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 169 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 77,148 km
paved: 69,202 km (including 417 km of expressways)
unpaved: 7,946 km (2002)

Waterways:
600 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 1,696 km; oil 331 km; refined products 109 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Klaipeda

Merchant marine:
total: 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 296,856 GRT/317,731 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 24, chemical tanker 1,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 13, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 12 (Denmark 12)
registered in other countries: 16 (2005)

Airports:
102 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 28 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 74 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 68 (2004 est.)

Military Lithuania

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, National Defense Volunteer Forces
(SKAT)

Military service age and obligation:
19-45 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript
service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for volunteers (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 830,368 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 590,606 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 29,689 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$230.8 million (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.9% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Lithuania

Disputes - international:
in 2003, the Lithuania-Russia land and maritime boundary treaty was
ratified and a transit regime established through Lithuania linking
Russia and its Kaliningrad coastal exclave, leaving only
improvements to the border demarcation in 2005; by 2004, a third of
the Belarus-Lithuania boundary had been demarcated; the Latvian
parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with
Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil; as a member state
that forms part of the EU's external border, Lithuania must
implement the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to Western Europe
and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine and ecstasy;
susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking
legislation

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Luxembourg

Introduction Luxembourg

Background:
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and an
independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than half of
its territory to Belgium in 1839, but gained a larger measure of
autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun by Germany
in both World Wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when it entered
into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO the following
year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries
of the European Economic Community (later the European Union), and
in 1999 it joined the euro currency area.

Geography Luxembourg

Location:
Western Europe, between France and Germany

Geographic coordinates:
49 45 N, 6 10 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Land boundaries: total: 359 km border countries: Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Terrain:
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands
to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle
flood plain in the southeast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Moselle River 133 m highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Land use: arable land: 23.28% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 76.32% (includes Belgium) (2001)

Irrigated land:
40 sq km (includes Belgium) (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of farmland

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world

People Luxembourg

Population:
468,571 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.9% (male 45,768/female 42,980)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 157,453/female 153,927)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 27,573/female 40,870) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38.51 years
male: 37.56 years
female: 39.48 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.25% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.06 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
8.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.74 years
male: 75.45 years
female: 82.24 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg

Ethnic groups:
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian,
Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European (guest and
resident workers)

Religions:
87% Roman Catholic, 13% Protestants, Jews, and Muslims (2000)

Languages:
Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative
language), French (administrative language)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2000 est.)

Government Luxembourg

Country name:
conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duche de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Luxembourg

Administrative divisions:
3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg

Independence:
1839 (from the Netherlands)

National holiday:
National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June

Constitution:
17 October 1868; occasional revisions

Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000); Heir
Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1
January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and
appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following popular
elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister is
appointed by the monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of
Deputies
note: government coalition - CSV and LSAP

Legislative branch:
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats;
members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 13 June 2004 (next to be held by June 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 36.1%, LSAP 23.4%,
DP 16.1%, Green Party 11.6%, ADR 10%; seats by party - CSV 24, LSAP
14, DP 10, Green Party 7, ADR 5
note: there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory
body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21 members
appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister

Judicial branch:
judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district
courts, and 1 Supreme Court of Appeals); administrative courts and
tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, administrative courts and
tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges for all courts are
appointed for life by the monarch

Political parties and leaders:
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast GIBERYEN];
Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also as Christian
Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN]; Democratic Party or DP
[Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg Socialist
Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and Reformed Communist
Party dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left) [no formal leadership]; other
minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union);
Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers); CEP
(professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union representing civil
service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of Commerce); Chambre des
Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of industrialists);
LCGP (center-right trade union); OGBL (center-left trade union)

International organization participation:
ACCT, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, EU,
FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Arlette CONZEMIUS-PACCOURD
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
consulate(s) general: New York and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter TERPELUK, Jr. embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City mailing address: American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE 09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box 9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail) telephone: [352] 46 01 23 FAX: [352] 46 14 01

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue;
similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and
is shorter; design was based on the flag of France

Economy Luxembourg

Economy - overview:
This stable, high-income economy - in between France, Belgium, and
Germany - features solid growth, low inflation, and low
unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel,
has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber,
and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now
accounts for about 22% of GDP, has more than compensated for the
decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive
foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms.
The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for more
than 30% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU
members, has suffered from the global economic slump, the country
enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$27.27 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $58,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 0.5%
industry: 16.3%
services: 83.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
293,700 (of whom 105,000 are foreign cross-border workers commuting
primarily from France, Belgium, and Germany) (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1%, industry 13%, services 86% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
4.5% (December, 2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $13.74 billion
expenditures: $14.49 billion, including capital expenditures of $760
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes; livestock
products

Industries:
banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals, metal
products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, information
technology, tourism and banking

Industrial production growth rate:
2.9% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.511 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 57.3% hydro: 25.2% nuclear: 0% other: 17.5% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.735 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
2.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
6.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
50,650 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
634 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
50,700 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
865 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
867 million cu m (2001 est.)

Exports:
$13.4 billion f.o.b. (2003)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals, rubber
products, glass

Exports - partners:
Germany 22.1%, France 20.1%, Belgium 10.2%, UK 8.4%, Italy 7.3%,
Spain 5.9%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$16.3 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Imports - commodities:
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods

Imports - partners:
Belgium 29.8%, Germany 22.6%, China 12.6%, France 12%, Netherlands
4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $147 million (2002)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Luxembourg

Telephones - main lines in use:
355,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
473,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: highly developed, completely automated and
efficient system, mainly buried cables
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable
international: country code - 352; 3 channels leased on TAT-6
coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)

Radios:
285,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (1999)

Televisions:
285,000 (1998 est.)

Internet country code:
.lu

Internet hosts:
28,214 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
8 (2000)

Internet users:
165,000 (2002)

Transportation Luxembourg

Railways: total: 274 km standard gauge: 274 km 1.435-m gauge (242 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 5,210 km
paved: 5,210 km (including 126 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
37 km (on Moselle River) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 155 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mertert

Merchant marine:
total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 652,454 GRT/805,101 DWT
by type: chemical tanker 16, container 6, liquefied gas 2, passenger
3, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 40 (Belgium 12, Finland 3, France 8, Germany 10,
Netherlands 4, United States 3) (2005)

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Luxembourg

Military branches:
Army

Military service age and obligation: a 1967 law made the Army an all-volunteer force; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers under 18 are not deployed into combat or with peacekeeping missions (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 110,867 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 90,279 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 2,775 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$231.6 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2003)

Transnational Issues Luxembourg

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Macau

Introduction Macau

Background:
Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the
first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement
signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the
Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December
1999. China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems"
formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in
Macau, and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all
matters except foreign and defense affairs for the next 50 years.

Geography Macau

Location:
Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Geographic coordinates:
22 10 N, 113 33 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 25.4 sq km
land: 25.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 0.34 km regional border: China 0.34 km

Coastline:
41 km

Maritime claims:
not specified

Climate:
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Terrain:
generally flat

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Coloane Alto 172.4 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% note: "green areas" represent 22.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
typhoons

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges connect the two
islands of Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on mainland

People Macau

Population:
449,198 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 39,564/female 36,947)
15-64 years: 75.1% (male 160,957/female 176,386)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 14,713/female 20,631) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 35.2 years
male: 34.9 years
female: 35.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.87% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
8.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
4.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 82.12 years
male: 79.29 years
female: 85.09 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
0.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Chinese
adjective: Chinese

Ethnic groups:
Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) 1%,
other 3.3% (2001 census)

Religions:
Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997 est.)

Languages:
Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese
dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.5%
male: 97.2%
female: 92% (2003 est.)

Government Macau

Country name:
conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region
conventional short form: Macau
local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao
Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)
local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese)

Dependency status:
special administrative region of China

Government type:
limited democracy

Administrative divisions:
none (special administrative region of China)

Independence:
none (special administrative region of China)

National holiday:
National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic
of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated
as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

Constitution:
Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's
Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"

Legal system:
based on Portuguese civil law system

Suffrage:
direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents
living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited
to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (257 are currently
registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad
regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government
bodies

Executive branch:
chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003)
head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20
December 1999)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of one government secretary,
four legislators, four businessmen, and one pro-Beijing unionist
elections: chief executive chosen by a 300-member Election Committee
for up to two five-year terms
election results: Edmund HO Hau-wah reelected on 29 August 2004;
received 296 votes in Election Committee out of 300 possible; 3
members submitted blank ballots; 1 member was absent

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (29 seats; 12 elected by
popular vote, 10 by indirect vote, and seven appointed by the chief
executive; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 26 September 2005 (next in September 2009)
election results: percent of vote - Development Union 12.8%, Macau
Development Alliance 9%, Macau United Citizens' Association 16%, New
Democratic Macau Association 18.2%, others na; seats by political
group - Development Union 2, Macau Development Alliance 1, Macau
United Citizens' Association 2, New Democratic Macau Association 2,
New Hope 1, Union Forces 2, others 2; 10 seats filled by
professional and business groups; seven members appointed by chief
executive

Judicial branch:
Court of Final Appeal in Macau Special Administrative Region

Political parties and leaders:
Civil Service Union [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]; Development
Union [KWAN Tsui-hang]; Macau Development Alliance [Angela LEONG
On-kei]; Macau United Citizens' Association [CHAN Meng-kam]; New
Democratic Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]; United Forces
[leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (sub-bureau), ISO (correspondent),
UNESCO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WToO (associate), WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (special administrative region of China)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US has no offices in Macau; US interests are monitored by the
US Consulate General in Hong Kong

Flag description:
light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water
in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large
in center of arc and four smaller

Economy Macau

Economy - overview:
Macau's well-to-do economy has remained one of the most open in the
world since its reversion to China in 1999. Apparel exports and
tourism are mainstays of the economy. Although the territory was hit
hard by the 1998 Asian financial crisis and the global downturn in
2001, its economy grew 9.5% in 2002 and 15.6% in 2003. During the
first three quarters of 2004, Macau registered year-on-year GDP
increases of more than 20 percent. A rapid rise in the number of
mainland visitors because of China's easing of restrictions on
travel, increased public works expenditures, and significant
investment inflows associated with the liberalization of Macau's
gaming industry drove the recovery. The budget also returned to
surplus in 2002 because of the surge in visitors from China and a
hike in taxes on gambling profits, which generated about 70% of
government revenue. The three companies awarded gambling licenses
have pledged to invest $2.2 billion in the territory, which will
boost GDP growth. Much of Macau's textile industry may move to the
mainland as the Multi-Fiber Agreement is phased out. The territory
may have to rely more on gambling and trade-related services to
generate growth. Two new casinos were opened by new foreign gambling
licensees in 2004; development of new infrastructure and facilities
in preparation for Macau's hosting of the 2005 East Asian Games will
bolster the construction sector. The Closer Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA) between Macau and mainland China that came into
effect on 1 January 2004 offers many Macau-made products tariff-free
access to the mainland, and the range of products covered by CEPA
was to be expanded on 1 January 2005.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$9.1 billion (2003)

GDP - real growth rate:
15.6% (2003)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $19,400 (2003)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.1% industry: 7.2% services: 92.7% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
231,500 (3rd Quarter, 2004)

Labor force - by occupation:
manufacturing 18.3%, construction 8%, transport and communications
7%, wholesale and retail trade 16.2%, restaurants and hotels 10.9%,
gambling 11.6%, public sector 8.8%, other services and agriculture
19.2% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
4.7% (3rd Quarter, 2004)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (3rd quarter, 2004)

Budget:
revenues: $1.84 billion
expenditures: $1.57 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2003)

Agriculture - products:
only 2% of land area is cultivated, mainly by vegetable growers;
fishing, mostly for crustaceans, is important, some of catch is
exported to Hong Kong; most food requirements are met by imports,
primarily from China

Industries:
tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear, toys

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
1.719 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.772 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
1 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
179.7 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$2.58 billion f.o.b., including reexports (2003)

Exports - commodities:
clothing, textiles, footwear, toys, electronics, machinery and parts

Exports - partners:
US 48.7%, China 13.9%, Germany 8.3%, Hong Kong 7.6%, UK 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$2.76 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods
(foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco), capital goods, mineral fuels and
oils

Imports - partners:
China 44.4%, Hong Kong 10.6%, Japan 9.6%, Taiwan 4.9%, Singapore
4.1%, US 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$2.7 billion (2003)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
pataca (MOP)

Currency code:
MOP

Exchange rates:
patacas per US dollar - 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003), 8.033 (2002),
8.034 (2001), 8.026 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Macau

Telephones - main lines in use:
174,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
364,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities
maintained for domestic and international services
domestic: NA
international: country code - 853; HF radiotelephone communication
facility; access to international communications carriers provided
via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
160,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2003)

Televisions:
49,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mo

Internet hosts:
89 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
120,000 (2003)

Transportation Macau

Highways: total: 341 km paved: 341 km unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Macau

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Macau

Military branches:
China's People's Revolutionary Army (PLA) constitutes the only
armed force in Macau; several police forces constitute the Security
Forces of Macau (SFM) that are subordinate to the General
Secretariat of Security, a body comparable to a ministry of interior
(2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 112,744 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 91,299 (2005 est.)

Transnational Issues Macau

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Macedonia

Introduction Macedonia

Background:
International recognition of Macedonia's independence from
Yugoslavia in 1991 was delayed by Greece's objection to the new
state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols.
Greece finally lifted its trade blockade in 1995 and the two
countries agreed to normalize relations, although differences over
Macedonia's name remain. The undetermined status of neighboring
Kosovo, implementation of the Framework Agreement - which ended the
2001 ethnic Albanian armed insurgency - and a weak economy continue
to be challenges for Macedonia.

Geography Macedonia

Location:
Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Geographic coordinates:
41 50 N, 22 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 25,333 sq km
land: 24,856 sq km
water: 477 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Vermont

Land boundaries:
total: 766 km
border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 221 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall

Terrain:
mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three
large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country bisected by
the Vardar River

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m

Natural resources:
low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, manganese,
nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber, arable land

Land use: arable land: 22.26% permanent crops: 1.81% other: 75.93% (2001)

Irrigated land:
550 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
high seismic risks

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from metallurgical plants

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and Central
Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

People Macedonia

Population:
2,045,262 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.5% (male 217,057/female 202,465)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 707,489/female 697,150)
65 years and over: 10.8% (male 97,117/female 123,984) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 32.8 years
male: 31.7 years
female: 33.9 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 10.09 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.73 years
male: 71.28 years
female: 76.37 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.57 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Macedonian(s)
adjective: Macedonian

Ethnic groups:
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%, Serb
1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Religions:
Macedonian Orthodox 32.4%, other Christian 0.2%, Muslim 16.9%,
other and unspecified 50.5% (2002 census)

Languages:
Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian
1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.1%
male: 98.2%
female: 94.1% (2002 est.)

Government Macedonia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form: Macedonia; note - the provisional
designation used by the UN, EU, and NATO is Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia (FYROM)
local long form: Republika Makedonija
local short form: Makedonija
former: People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of
Macedonia

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Skopje

Administrative divisions:
85 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aerodrom (Skopje),
Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo, Brvenica,
Butel (Skopje), Cair (Skopje), Caska, Centar (Skopje), Centar Zupa,
Cesinovo, Cucer-Sandevo, Debar, Debartsa, Delcevo, Demir Hisar,
Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Drugovo, Gazi Baba (Skopje),
Gevgelija, Gjorce Petrov (Skopje), Gostivar, Gradsko, Ilinden,
Jegunovce, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kisela Voda
(Skopje), Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Krivogastani,
Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska Kamenica, Makedonski
Brod, Mavrovo i Rastusa, Mogila, Negotino, Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid,
Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica, Prilep, Probistip, Radovis,
Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Saraj (Skopje), Skopje, Sopiste, Staro
Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Studenicani, Suto Orizari
(Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo, Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles,
Vevcani, Vinica, Vranestica, Vrapciste, Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zelino,
Zrnovci
note: the ten municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses
collectively constitute "greater Skopje"

Independence:
8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters endorsing
independence from Yugoslavia)

National holiday:
Uprising Day, 2 August (1903); note - also known as Saint Elijah's
Day and Ilinden

Constitution:
adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended
November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments
strengthening minority rights

Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 12 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Vlado BUCKOVSKI (since 17
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all
the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the
government coalition parties SDSM, LDP, and BDI
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
two-round election last held 14 April and 28 April 2004 (next to be
held April 2009); prime minister elected by the Assembly; election
last held 1 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Branko CRVENKOVSKI elected president on
second-round ballot; percent of vote - Branko CRVENKOVSKI 62.7%,
Sasko KEDEV 37.3%; Vlado BUCKOVSKI elected prime minister by the
Assembly

Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (120 seats - members elected by
popular vote from party lists based on the percentage of the overall
vote the parties gain in each of six electoral districts; all serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Together for Macedonia coalition 60 (SDSM 43, LDP 12, others 5),
VMRO-DPMNE 33 (VMRO 28 and LDT 5), Democratic Union for Integration
16, Democratic Party of Albanians 7, Party for Democratic Prosperity
2, National Democratic Party 1, Socialist Party of Macedonia 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court - the Assembly appoints the judges; Constitutional
Court - the Assembly appoints the judges; Republican Judicial
Council - the Assembly appoints the judges

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic Alternative or DA
[Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic League of the Bosniaks
[Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians or PDSH/DPA [Arben
XHAFERI, president]; Democratic Party of Serbs [Ivan STOILJKOVIC];
Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic Republican
Union of Macedonia or DRUM [Dosta DIMOVSKA]; Democratic Union of
Vlachs for Macedonia [leader NA]; Democratic Union for Integration
or BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Agrarian Party or VMRO-Agrarian Party [Marjan GJORCEV];
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-Democratic Party for
Macedonian National Unity or VMRO-DPMNE (including VMRO and LDT)
[Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-True Macedonian Option or VMRO-Vistinska [Boris
ZMEJKOVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Macedonian [Boris STOJMENOV]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [Vesna
JANEVSKA]; League for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Risto PENOV]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV];
National Democratic Party or PDK [Basri HALITI]; National Farmers'
Party [Vejljo TANTAROV]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP
[Abduljhadi VEJSELI]; Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or
SDSM [Vlado BUCKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or
SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Together for Macedonia coalition
(including the SDSM and LDP) [Vlado BUCKOVSI]; United Party for
Emancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Civic Movement of Macedonia [Gordana SILJANOVSKA]; Movement for
Macedonia's Euro-Atlantic Integration [Dosta DIMOVSKA]

International organization participation:
ACCT, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
ISO, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nikola DIMITROV chancery: Suite 302, 1101 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 337-3063 FAX: [1] (202) 337-3093 consulate(s) general: Southfield (Michigan)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Lawrence Edward BUTLER embassy: Bul. Ilindenska bb, 1000 Skopje mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, Department of State, 7120 Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch) telephone: [389] 2 311-6180 FAX: [389] 2 311-7103

Flag description:
a yellow sun with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of
the red field

Economy Macedonia

Economy - overview:
At independence in September 1991, Macedonia was the least
developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the
total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of
Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the center and eliminated
advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence
of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the down-sized Yugoslavia, one of
its largest markets, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute
about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic
growth until 1996. GDP subsequently rose each year through 2000.
However, the leadership's commitment to economic reform, free trade,
and regional integration was undermined by the ethnic Albanian
insurgency of 2001. The economy shrank 4.5% because of decreased
trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on
security needs, and investor uncertainty. Growth barely recovered in
2002 to 0.9%, then rose by a moderate 3.4% in 2003, and is estimated
at 1.3% in 2004. Unemployment at one-third of the workforce remains
a critical economic problem. Much of the extensive grey market
activity falls outside official statistics.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$14.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.2% industry: 26% services: 62.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
855,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
37.7% (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
30.2% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.198 billion
expenditures: $1.245 billion, including capital expenditures of $114
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
20% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, grapes, rice, tobacco, corn, millet, cotton, sesame,
mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables; beef, pork, poultry, mutton

Industries:
coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles, wood
products, tobacco, food processing, buses, steel

Industrial production growth rate:
0% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.273 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 83.7% hydro: 16.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
7.216 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
953 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
22,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-311 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.629 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel

Exports - partners:
Serbia and Montenegro 31.4%, Germany 19.9%, Greece 8.9%, Croatia
6.9%, US 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$2.677 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; food products,
automobiles

Imports - partners:
Greece 15.4%, Germany 13.1%, Serbia and Montenegro 10.4%, Slovenia
8.6%, Bulgaria 8.1%, Turkey 6%, Romania 4.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$928 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.863 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$250 million (2003 est.)

Currency (code):
Macedonian denar (MKD)

Currency code:
MKD

Exchange rates:
Macedonian denars per US dollar - 49.41 (2004), 54.32 (2003), 64.35
(2002), 68.04 (2001), 65.9 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Macedonia

Telephones - main lines in use:
560,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
830,000 (2005)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 389

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 29, FM 20, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
410,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
31 (plus 166 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
510,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mk

Internet hosts:
3,738 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
100,000 (2002)

Transportation Macedonia

Railways: total: 699 km standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 8,684 km
paved: 5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,144 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2004)

Airports:
17 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Macedonia

Military branches:
Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM; includes Air and Air
Defense Command)

Military service age and obligation: conscription to be phased out by 2007; current tour of conscript duty is 6 months; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (January 2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 498,259 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 411,156 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 16,686 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$200 million (FY01/02 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
6% (FY01/02 est.)

Transnational Issues Macedonia

Disputes - international:
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the boundary
with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and
Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject the
use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 2,678 (ethnic conflict in 2001; most IDPs have returned)
(2004)

Illicit drugs:
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish;
minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for Europe;
although most criminal activity is thought to be domestic and not a
financial center, money laundering is a problem due to a mostly
cash-based economy and weak enforcement (no arrests or prosecutions
for money laundering to date)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Madagascar

Introduction Madagascar

Background:
Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony
in 1896, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free
presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17
years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential
race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was
returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was
contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc
RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In
April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the
winner.

Geography Madagascar

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 S, 47 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 587,040 sq km
land: 581,540 sq km
water: 5,500 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Arizona

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
4,828 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m deep isobath

Climate:
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m

Natural resources:
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands,
semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 5.07% permanent crops: 1.03% other: 93.91% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10,900 sq km (2000 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation

Environment - current issues: soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique
Channel

People Madagascar

Population:
18,040,341 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.8% (male 4,051,832/female 4,038,837)
15-64 years: 52.1% (male 4,657,346/female 4,745,971)
65 years and over: 3% (male 247,146/female 299,209) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.46 years
male: 17.24 years
female: 17.67 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.03% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
41.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 76.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 85.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 68.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 56.95 years
male: 54.57 years
female: 59.4 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
140,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
7,500 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Malagasy (singular and plural)
adjective: Malagasy

Ethnic groups:
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed
African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka,
Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%

Languages:
French (official), Malagasy (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 68.9%
male: 75.5%
female: 62.5% (2003 est.)

Government Madagascar

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar
conventional short form: Madagascar
local long form: Republique de Madagascar
local short form: Madagascar
former: Malagasy Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Antananarivo

Administrative divisions:
6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa,
Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara

Independence:
26 June 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 26 June (1960)

Constitution:
19 August 1992 by national referendum

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Marc RAVALOMANANA (since 6 May 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Jacques SYLLA (27 May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held November 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 37.7%,
Marc RAVALOMANANA (TIM) 50.5%

Legislative branch:
bicameral legislature consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (160 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms) and a Senate or Senat (100 seats;
two-thirds of the seats filled by regional assemblies whose members
will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of the
seats appointed by the president; all members will serve four-year
terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 15 December 2002 (next to
be held NA 2006)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - TIM 103, FP 22, AREMA 3, LEADER/Fanilo 2, RPSD
5, others 3, independents 22

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute
Cour Constitutionnelle

Political parties and leaders:
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [Pierrot
RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National
Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Party or
FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc
RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD
[Evariste MARSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR; Committee
for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National Council
of Christian Churches or FFKM

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Rajaonarivony NARISOA
chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525, 5526
FAX: [1] (202) 483-7603
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Wanda L. NESBITT
embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101
mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo
telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56
FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical
white band of the same width on hoist side

Economy Madagascar

Economy - overview:
Having discarded past socialist economic policies, Madagascar has
since the mid 1990s followed a World Bank and IMF led policy of
privatization and liberalization. This strategy has placed the
country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low
level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of
the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and
employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in
recent years primarily due to duty-free access to the United States.
Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the
primary source of fuel are serious concerns. President RAVALOMANANA
has worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002
political crisis, which triggered a 12% drop in GDP that year.
Poverty reduction and combating corruption will be the centerpieces
of economic policy for the next few years.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$14.56 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 29.3% industry: 16.7% services: 54% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
7.3 million (2000)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
38.1 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
14.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $783.7 million
expenditures: $1.079 billion, including capital expenditures of $331
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca),
beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products

Industries:
meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles,
glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum,
tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
840.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 36.1% hydro: 63.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
781.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-281.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$868.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth, chromite,
petroleum products

Exports - partners:
US 35.8%, France 30.8%, Germany 7.7% (2004)

Imports:
$1.147 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food

Imports - partners:
France 17.2%, China 9.7%, Hong Kong 6.6%, Iran 6.4%, Mauritius
6.2%, South Africa 5.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$500.3 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.6 billion (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$354 million (2001)

Currency (code):
Madagascar ariary (MGA)

Currency code:
MGF

Exchange rates:
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3 (2003),
1,366.4 (2002), 1,317.7 (2001), 1,353.5 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Madagascar

Telephones - main lines in use:
59,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
279,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: system is above average for the region
domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay,
and tropospheric scatter links connect regions
international: country code - 261; submarine cable to Bahrain;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1
Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2 (plus a number of repeater stations), FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001)

Radios:
3.05 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus 36 repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
325,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mg

Internet hosts:
773 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
70,500 (2003)

Transportation Madagascar

Railways: total: 732 km narrow gauge: 732 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 49,827 km paved: 5,780 km unpaved: 44,047 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
600 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara

Merchant marine:
total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 14,865 GRT/17,936 DWT
by type: cargo 5, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
116 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 29 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 87 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 43 (2004 est.)

Military Madagascar

Military branches:
People's Armed Forces: Intervention Force, Development Force, and
Aeronaval (Navy and Air) Force; National Gendarmerie

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 18 months
(2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,542,797 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,218,662 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 187,000 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$44.6 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Madagascar

Disputes - international:
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan
de Nova Island (all administered by France)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used
mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Malawi

Introduction Malawi

Background:
Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became
the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of
one-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu BANDA the country
held multiparty elections in 1994, under a provisional constitution,
which came into full effect the following year. Current President
Bingu wa MUTHARIKA, elected in May 2004 after the previous president
failed to amend the constitution to permit another term, has
struggled to assert his authority against his predecessor, who still
leads their shared political party. MATHARIKA's anti-corruption
efforts have led to several high-level arrests but no convictions.
Increasing corruption, population growth, increasing pressure on
agricultural lands, and HIV/AIDS pose major problems for the country.

Geography Malawi

Location:
Southern Africa, east of Zambia

Geographic coordinates:
13 30 S, 34 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 118,480 sq km
land: 94,080 sq km
water: 24,400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries: total: 2,881 km border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to
November)

Terrain:
narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some
mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international
boundary with Mozambique 37 m
highest point: Sapitwa (Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m

Natural resources:
limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of
uranium, coal, and bauxite

Land use: arable land: 23.38% permanent crops: 1.49% other: 75.13% (2001)

Irrigated land:
280 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues: deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's most
prominent physical feature

People Malawi

Population:
12,158,924
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.9% (male 2,877,568/female 2,823,296)
15-64 years: 50.4% (male 3,041,352/female 3,081,762)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 132,175/female 202,771) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.34 years
male: 16.04 years
female: 16.65 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.06% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
43.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
23.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 103.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 107.44 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 99.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 41.43 years
male: 41.66 years
female: 41.2 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.98 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
14.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
900,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
84,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Malawian(s)
adjective: Malawian

Ethnic groups:
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde,
Asian, European

Religions:
Christian 79.9%, Muslim 12.8%, other 3%, none 4.3% (1998 census)

Languages:
Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%,
Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other
3.6% (1998 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 62.7%
male: 76.1%
female: 49.8% (2003 est.)

Government Malawi

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
conventional short form: Malawi
former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland
Protectorate, Nyasaland

Government type:
multiparty democracy

Capital:
Lilongwe

Administrative divisions:
27 districts; Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa,
Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe),
Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay,
Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba

Independence:
6 July 1964 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day (Republic Day), 6 July (1964)

Constitution:
18 May 1994

Legal system:
based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (since 24 May 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (since 24 May
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: 46-member Cabinet named by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 20 May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: Bingu wa MUTHARIKA elected president; percent of
vote - Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (UDF) 35.9%, John TEMBO (MCP) 27.1%,
Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MC) 25.7%, Brown MPINGANJIRA (NDA) 8.7%,
Justin MALEWEZI (independent) 2.5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 20 May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
UDF 74, MCP 60, Independents 24, RP 16, others 18, vacancies 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the
president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial
Service Commission); magistrate's courts

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; Malawi Congress
Party or MCP [John TEMBO]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo
KALUA]; Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE [George
MNESA]; Mgwirizano Coalition or MC (coalition of MAFUNDE, MDP,
MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP) [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; Movement for
Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA]; National
Democratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National Unity Party
or NUP [Harry CHIUME]; New Congress for Democracy or NCD [Hetherwick
NTABA]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People's
Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]; Republican Party
or RP [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; United Democratic Front or UDF
[Bingu wa MUTHARIKA] - governing party

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent),
ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIK, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Bernard Herbert SANDE
chancery: 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 320, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 721-0270
FAX: [1] (202) 721-0288

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David
GILMOUR
embassy: Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road
mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
telephone: [265] (1) 773 166
FAX: [265] (1) 770 471

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a
radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band

Government - note:
the executive exerts considerable influence over the legislature

Economy Malawi

Economy - overview:
Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed
countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90%
of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounted for
nearly 40% of GDP and 88% of export revenues in 2001. The
performance of the tobacco sector is key to short-term growth as
tobacco accounts for over 50% of exports. The economy depends on
substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World
Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was
approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
program. The government faces strong challenges, including
developing a market economy, improving educational facilities,
facing up to environmental problems, dealing with the rapidly
growing problem of HIV/AIDS, and satisfying foreign donors that
fiscal discipline is being tightened. In 2005, the anticorruption
campaign championed by President MUTHARIKA may help encourage
investment and economic growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$7.41 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 54.8% industry: 19.2% services: 26% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.5 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 90% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
55% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
10.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $635.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
228.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca), sorghum, pulses; groundnuts, Macadamia nuts; cattle, goats

Industries:
tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Industrial production growth rate:
1.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.088 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 3.3% hydro: 96.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.012 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-55.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$503.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
tobacco 60%, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products,
apparel

Exports - partners:
South Africa 13.5%, US 12%, Germany 11.6%, Egypt 8.4%, UK 6.6%,
Mozambique 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$521.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods,
transportation equipment

Imports - partners:
South Africa 37.3%, India 8.1%, Mozambique 7.7%, Zimbabwe 7.2%,
Tanzania 4.6%, Germany 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$160.5 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3.129 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$540 million (1999)

Currency (code):
Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Currency code:
MWK

Exchange rates:
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 108.894 (2004), 97.433 (2003),
76.687 (2002), 72.197 (2001), 59.544 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Malawi

Telephones - main lines in use:
85,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
135,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: system employs open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and radiotelephone communications stations
international: country code - 265; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 9, FM 5 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 2 (plus a third
station held in standby status) (2001)

Radios:
2.6 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2001)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.mw

Internet hosts:
18 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2002)

Internet users:
36,000 (2003)

Transportation Malawi

Railways: total: 797 km narrow gauge: 797 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 28,400 km paved: 5,254 km unpaved: 23,146 km (1999 est.)

Waterways: 700 km note: on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire River (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba

Airports:
42 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Military Malawi

Military branches:
Malawi Armed Forces: Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment),
Police (includes Mobile Force Unit)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,320,190 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 995,084 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$11.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Malawi

Disputes - international: disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Malaysia

Introduction Malaysia

Background:
During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain established
colonies and protectorates in the area of current Malaysia; these
were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948, the British-ruled
territories on the Malay Peninsula formed the Federation of Malaya,
which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was formed in 1963 when
the former British colonies of Singapore and the East Malaysian
states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of Borneo joined
the Federation. The first several years of the country's history
were marred by Indonesian efforts to control Malaysia, Philippine
claims to Sabah, and Singapore's secession from the Federation in
1965.

Geography Malaysia

Location:
Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and northern
one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and
the South China Sea, south of Vietnam

Geographic coordinates:
2 30 N, 112 30 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 329,750 sq km
land: 328,550 sq km
water: 1,200 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries: total: 2,669 km border countries: Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km

Coastline:
4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation;
specified boundary in the South China Sea

Climate:
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons

Terrain:
coastal plains rising to hills and mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m

Natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite

Land use: arable land: 5.48% permanent crops: 17.61% other: 76.91% (2001)

Irrigated land:
3,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding, landslides, forest fires

Environment - current issues: air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Geography - note:
strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China
Sea

People Malaysia

Population:
23,953,136 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33% (male 4,067,006/female 3,837,758)
15-64 years: 62.4% (male 7,488,367/female 7,447,047)
65 years and over: 4.6% (male 490,334/female 622,624) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.92 years
male: 23.32 years
female: 24.54 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.8% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal
immigrants from other countries in the region (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.49 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.24 years
male: 69.56 years
female: 75.11 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.07 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
52,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
2,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Malaysian(s)
adjective: Malaysian

Ethnic groups:
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%, others
7.8% (2004 est.)

Religions:
Muslim, Buddhist, Daoist, Hindu, Christian, Sikh; note - in
addition, Shamanism is practiced in East Malaysia

Languages:
Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese,
Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu,
Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai
note: in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are
spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.7%
male: 92%
female: 85.4% (2002)

Government Malaysia

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Malaysia former: Federation of Malaysia

Government type:
constitutional monarchy
note: nominally headed by paramount ruler and a bicameral Parliament
consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house;
all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers except Melaka
and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and
Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government;
powers of state governments are limited by federal constitution;
under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain
constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own
immigration controls); Sabah - holds 20 seats in House of
Representatives and will hold 25 seats after the next election;
Sarawak holds 28 seats in House of Representatives

Capital:
Kuala Lumpur
note: Putrajaya is referred to as administrative center not capital;
Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur

Administrative divisions:
13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) Johor, Kedah,
Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau
Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, and Terengganu; and one federal
territory (wilayah persekutuan) with three components, city of Kuala
Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya

Independence:
31 August 1957 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)

Constitution:
31 August 1957; amended 16 September 1963

Legal system:
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Paramount Ruler Tuanku SYED SIRAJUDDIN ibni
Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail, the Raja of Perlis (since 12
December 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since
31 October 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul
Razak (since 7 January 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler
elections: paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers
of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held 12
December 2001 (next to be held in 2006); prime minister designated
from among the members of the House of Representatives; following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality
of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister
election results: Tuanku SYED SIRAJUDDIN ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed
Putra Jamalullail elected paramount ruler

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of the Senate or Dewan
Negara (70 seats; 44 appointed by the paramount ruler, 26 appointed
by the state legislatures) and the House of Representatives or Dewan
Rakyat (219 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 21 March 2004 (next
must be held by 2009)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - BN 91%, DAP 5%, PAS 3%, other 1%; seats by party - BN 199,
DAP 12, PAS 6, PKR 1, independent 1

Judicial branch:
Federal Court (judges appointed by the paramount ruler on the
advice of the prime minister)

Political parties and leaders:
ruling-coalition National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN,
consisting of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party
or PGRM [LIM Keng Yaik]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal
Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat]; Malaysian Chinese
Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy
VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Pakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti
Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka
Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti
Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti
Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's
Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam];
United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH bin Ahmad
Badawi]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization
(Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard
DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk
Malaysia) or PPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party
or SPDP [William MAWANI]; opposition parties: Democratic Action
Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic
Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI
Awang]; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN
AZIZAH Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DANDUNG];
opposition coalition Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BA
consists of PAS and PKR

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ABEDA, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM,
OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE,
UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador GHAZZALI bin Sheikh Abdul Khalid
chancery: 3516 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 572-9700
FAX: [1] (202) 572-9882
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher J. LAFLEUR embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur mailing address: P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur; American Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152 telephone: [60] (3) 2168-5000 FAX: [60] (3) 2142-2207

Flag description:
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white
(bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the crescent
and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based
on the flag of the US

Economy Malaysia

Economy - overview:
Malaysia, a middle-income country, transformed itself from 1971
through the late 1990's from a producer of raw materials into an
emerging multi-sector economy. Growth was almost exclusively driven
by exports - particularly of electronics. As a result, Malaysia was
hard hit by the global economic downturn and the slump in the
information technology (IT) sector in 2001 and 2002. GDP in 2001
grew only 0.5% due to an estimated 11% contraction in exports, but a
substantial fiscal stimulus package equal to US $1.9 billion
mitigated the worst of the recession and the economy rebounded in
2002 with a 4.1% increase. The economy grew 4.9% in 2003,
notwithstanding a difficult first half, when external pressures from
SARS and the Iraq War led to caution in the business community.
Growth topped 7% in 2004. Healthy foreign exchange reserves, low
inflation, and a small external debt are all strengths that make it
unlikely that Malaysia will experience a financial crisis similar to
the one in 1997. The economy remains dependent on continued growth
in the US, China, and Japan, top export destinations and key sources
of foreign investment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$229.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $9,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.2% industry: 33.6% services: 59.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
10.49 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 14.5%, industry 36%, services 49.5% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
3% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
8% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 39.2% (2003 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
49.2 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
21.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $25.33 billion
expenditures: $29.33 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.4
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
45.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
Peninsular Malaysia - rubber, palm oil, cocoa, rice; Sabah -
subsistence crops, rubber, timber, coconuts, rice; Sarawak - rubber,
pepper, timber

Industries:
Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and
manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah - logging,
petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging

Industrial production growth rate:
10.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
75.33 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 89.5% hydro: 10.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
68.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
70 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
785,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
460,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
230,200 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
3.2 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
53.66 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
31.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
22.41 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
2.23 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$11.81 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$123.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, wood and
wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals

Exports - partners:
US 18.8%, Singapore 15%, Japan 10.1%, China 6.7%, Hong Kong 6%,
Thailand 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$99.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics, vehicles,
iron and steel products, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Japan 16.1%, US 14.6%, Singapore 11.2%, China 9.9%, Thailand 5.6%,
Taiwan 5.5%, South Korea 5%, Germany 4.5%, Indonesia 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$55.27 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$53.36 billion (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
ringgit (MYR)

Currency code:
MYR

Exchange rates:
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002), 3.8
(2001), 3.8 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Malaysia

Telephones - main lines in use:
4,571,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
11,124,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system; international service excellent
domestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia
mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio
relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic
satellite system with 2 earth stations
international: country code - 60; submarine cables to India, Hong
Kong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 35, FM 391, shortwave 15 (2001)

Radios:
10.9 million (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus 15 high-power repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
10.8 million (1999)

Internet country code:
.my

Internet hosts:
107,971 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
7 (2000)

Internet users:
8,692,100 (2003)

Transportation Malaysia

Railways:
total: 1,890 km (207 km electrified)
standard gauge: 57 km 1.435-m gauge (57 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,833 km 1.000-m gauge (150 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 65,877 km
paved: 51,318 km
unpaved: 14,559 km (2001)

Waterways:
7,200 km
note: Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km, Sabah 1,500 km, Sarawak 2,500 km
(2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 279 km; gas 5,047 km; oil 1,841 km; refined products 114
km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bintulu, Johor, Labuan, Lahad Datu, Lumut, Miri, George Town
(Penang), Port Kelang, Tanjung Pelepas

Merchant marine:
total: 346 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,389,397 GRT/7,539,178 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 45, cargo 109, chemical tanker 38, container
47, liquefied gas 26, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 62, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle
carrier 5
foreign-owned: 77 (China 1, Hong Kong 12, Japan 3, Singapore 61)
registered in other countries: 59 (2005)

Airports:
117 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 38 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 79 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 72 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Malaysia

Military branches:
Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian Navy
(Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force
(Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 5,584,231 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,574,854 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 244,418 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.03% (FY00)

Transnational Issues Malaysia

Disputes - international:
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together
with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; while
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the
legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Malaysia
was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil
companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting
marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; disputes continue
over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land
reclamation, bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra
Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih - but parties agree to ICJ
arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ awarded
Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and
Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with
Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a now
dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; in 2003,
Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed
offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated
prompting consideration of international adjudication; Malaysia's
land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy
remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Illicit drugs:
transit point for some illicit drugs; drug trafficking prosecuted
vigorously and carries severe penalties

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Maldives

Introduction Maldives

Background:
The Maldives was long a sultanate, first under Dutch and then under
British protection. It became a republic in 1968, three years after
independence. Since 1978, President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM - currently
in his sixth term in office - has dominated the islands' political
scene. Following riots in the capital Male in August 2004, the
president and his government have pledged to embark upon democratic
reforms, including a more representative political system and
expanded political freedoms. Tourism and fishing are being developed
on the archipelago.

Geography Maldives

Location:
Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest
of India

Geographic coordinates:
3 15 N, 73 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 300 sq km
land: 300 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
644 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March);
rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Terrain:
flat, with white sandy beaches

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili island in the Addu
Atoll 2.4 m

Natural resources:
fish

Land use:
arable land: 13.33%
permanent crops: 16.67%
other: 70% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise

Environment - current issues: depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands,
plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); archipelago with strategic
location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean

People Maldives

Population:
349,106 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.9% (male 78,794/female 74,505)
15-64 years: 53% (male 94,488/female 90,624)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 5,339/female 5,356) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.69 years
male: 17.58 years
female: 17.8 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.82% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 56.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 57.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.06 years
male: 62.76 years
female: 65.42 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 100 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Maldivian(s)
adjective: Maldivian

Ethnic groups:
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Religions:
Sunni Muslim

Languages:
Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic),
English spoken by most government officials

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.2%
male: 97.1%
female: 97.3% (2003 est.)

Government Maldives

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Maldives
conventional short form: Maldives
local long form: Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa
local short form: Dhivehi Raajje

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Male

Administrative divisions:
19 atolls (atholhu, singular and plural) and 1 other first-order
administrative division*; Alifu, Baa, Dhaalu, Faafu, Gaafu Alifu,
Gaafu Dhaalu, Gnaviyani, Haa Alifu, Haa Dhaalu, Kaafu, Laamu,
Lhaviyani, Maale*, Meemu, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Vaavu

Independence:
26 July 1965 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 26 July (1965)

Constitution:
adopted 1 January 1998

Legal system:
based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law
primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November
1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11
November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then the nomination
must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval
margin is required); president elected for a five-year term;
election last held 17 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected in
referendum held 17 October 2003; percent of popular vote - Maumoon
Abdul GAYOOM 90.3%

Legislative branch:
unicameral People's Council or Majlis (50 seats; 42 elected by
popular vote, 8 appointed by the president; members serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 22 January 2005 (next to be held NA 2010)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 50

Judicial branch:
High Court

Political parties and leaders:
although political parties are not banned, none exist

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Mohamed LATHEEF
chancery: 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400E, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6195

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; the US Ambassador to
Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic visits there

Flag description:
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical
white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side
of the flag

Economy Maldives

Economy - overview:
Tourism, Maldives' largest industry, accounts for 20% of GDP and
more than 60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts. Over 90%
of government tax revenue comes from import duties and
tourism-related taxes. Fishing is a second leading sector. The
Maldivian Government began an economic reform program in 1989
initially by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the
private sector. Subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to
allow more foreign investment. Agriculture and manufacturing
continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the
limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic
labor. Most staple foods must be imported. Industry, which consists
mainly of garment production, boat building, and handicrafts,
accounts for about 18% of GDP. Maldivian authorities worry about the
impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying
country; 80% of the area is one meter or less above sea level. In
late December 2004, a major tsunami left more than 100 dead, 12,000
displaced, and property damage exceeding $300 million.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.25 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.3% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,900 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 20% industry: 18% services: 62% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
88,000 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 22%, industry 18%, services 60% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
NEGL% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $224 million (excluding foreign grants)
expenditures: $282 million, including capital expenditures of $80
million (2002 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; fish

Industries:
fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, coconut
processing, garments, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand
mining

Industrial production growth rate:
4.4% (1996 est.)

Electricity - production:
124.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
115.7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$90 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
fish, clothing

Exports - partners:
US 26.5%, Thailand 23.5%, Sri Lanka 12.3%, Japan 11.7%, UK 9.8%,
Germany 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$392 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, ships, foodstuffs, textiles, clothing,
intermediate and capital goods

Imports - partners:
Singapore 24.9%, Sri Lanka 10.6%, UAE 10.3%, India 10.2%, Malaysia
7.6%, Bahrain 5.4% (2004)

Debt - external:
$281 million (2003 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA (1995)

Currency (code):
rufiyaa (MVR)

Currency code:
MVR

Exchange rates:
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002),
12.24 (2001), 11.77 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Maldives

Telephones - main lines in use:
28,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
41,900 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: minimal domestic and international facilities
domestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; all
inhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax service
international: country code - 960; satellite earth station - 3
Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
35,000 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
10,000 (1999)

Internet country code:
.mv

Internet hosts:
532 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
15,000 (2002)

Transportation Maldives

Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:
Male

Merchant marine:
total: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 57,118 GRT/72,831 DWT
by type: cargo 12, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2,
refrigerated cargo 1
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Maldives

Military branches:
National Security Service includes Security Branch (ground forces),
Air Element, Coast Guard

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 71,774 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 56,687 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$41.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
5.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Maldives

Disputes - international:
none

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 12,000 (26 December 2004 tsunami victims) (2005)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mali

Introduction Mali

Background:
The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France in
1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a few
months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed
Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a
transitional government and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic
presidential election was held. After his reelection in 1997,
President Alpha KONARE continued to push through political and
economic reforms and to fight corruption. In keeping with Mali's
two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was
succeeded by Amadou TOURE.

Geography Mali

Location:
Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

Geographic coordinates:
17 00 N, 4 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1.24 million sq km
land: 1.22 million sq km
water: 20,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 7,243 km
border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea
858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km,
Senegal 419 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid,
and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February

Terrain:
mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in
south, rugged hills in northeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Senegal River 23 m
highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Natural resources:
gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum,
granite, hydropower
note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are
known but not exploited

Land use: arable land: 3.82% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 96.15% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,380 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; recurring
droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate supplies
of potable water; poaching

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern,
cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the
northern, arid Saharan

People Mali

Population:
12,291,529 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 47.1% (male 2,910,944/female 2,876,010)
15-64 years: 50% (male 2,955,496/female 3,185,666)
65 years and over: 3% (male 165,867/female 197,546) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.35 years
male: 15.79 years
female: 16.92 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.74% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
46.77 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
19.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 116.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 123.32 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 110.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.64 years
male: 46.68 years
female: 50.66 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
140,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
12,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Malian(s)
adjective: Malian

Ethnic groups:
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Religions:
Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%

Languages:
French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 46.4%
male: 53.5%
female: 39.6% (2003 est.)

Government Mali

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Mali
conventional short form: Mali
local long form: Republique de Mali
local short form: Mali
former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Bamako

Administrative divisions:
8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal,
Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Independence:
22 September 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Constitution:
adopted 12 January 1992

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review
of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally
established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi MAIGA (since 30
April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(two-term limit); election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held
May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE elected president; percent of
vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%, Soumaila CISSE 35.6%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 July and 28 July 2002 (next to be held July
2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Hope 2002 coalition 66, ADEMA 51, other 30

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party
chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA
[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou
Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Hope 2002 [leader NA]; Movement for the
Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA
[Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for
Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for
Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for
National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME,
secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali
GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA,
chairman]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, chairman];
Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou
TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress
or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and
Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and
Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement and
Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Abdoulaye DIOP chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Vicki HUDDLESTONE embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako telephone: [223] (2) 223-833 FAX: [223] (2) 223-712

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy Mali

Economy - overview:
Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of its
land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal
distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the
riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is
nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and
fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm
commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable
to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along
with gold. The government has continued its successful
implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program
that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign
investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50%
devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up
economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2004. Worker
remittances and external trade routes have been jeopardized by
continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 45% industry: 17% services: 38% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
3.93 million (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture and fishing 80% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
14.6% urban areas; 5.3% rural areas (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
64% average; 30% of the total population living in urban areas; 70%
of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
50.5 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $764 million
expenditures: $828 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2002 est.)

Agriculture - products: cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Industrial production growth rate:
NA (FY96/97)

Electricity - production:
700 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 41.7% hydro: 58.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption: 651 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports: 0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$915 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, gold, livestock

Exports - partners:
China 31.6%, Pakistan 10%, Italy 6.9%, Thailand 5.8%, Germany 5.1%,
India 4.8%, Bangladesh 4.5%, Taiwan 4% (2004)

Imports:
$927 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners:
France 14.5%, Senegal 9.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.6% (2004)

Debt - external:
$3.3 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$596.4 million (2001)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Mali

Telephones - main lines in use:
56,600 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
250,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving;
provides only minimal service
domestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open-wire, and
radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio
relay in progress
international: country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 1, FM 28, shortwave 1 note: the shortwave station in Bamako has seven frequencies and five transmitters and relays broadcasts for China Radio International (2001)

Radios:
570,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
45,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ml

Internet hosts:
187 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
13 (2001)

Internet users:
25,000 (2002)

Transportation Mali

Railways: total: 729 km narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 15,100 km paved: 1,827 km unpaved: 13,273 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,815 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Koulikoro

Airports:
28 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 19 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Military Mali

Military branches:
Army, Air Force, National Guard

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,206,728 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,231,930 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$22.4 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Mali

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Malta

Introduction Malta

Background:
Great Britain formally acquired possession of Malta in 1814. The
island staunchly supported the UK through both World Wars and
remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964. A
decade later Malta became a republic. Since about the mid-1980s, the
island has transformed itself into a freight transshipment point, a
financial center, and a tourist destination. Malta became an EU
member in May of 2004.

Geography Malta

Location:
Southern Europe, islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily
(Italy)

Geographic coordinates:
35 50 N, 14 35 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 316 sq km
land: 316 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm

Climate:
Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

Terrain:
mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal cliffs

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)

Natural resources: limestone, salt, arable land

Land use: arable land: 28.13% permanent crops: 3.13% other: 68.74% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues: very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing reliance on desalination

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three largest
islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino) being
inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and Tunisia are
discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf
between their countries, particularly for oil exploration

People Malta

Population:
398,534 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.6% (male 36,056/female 34,097)
15-64 years: 68.8% (male 138,537/female 135,666)
65 years and over: 13.6% (male 23,184/female 30,994) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38.36 years
male: 36.91 years
female: 39.84 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.42% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.86 years
male: 76.7 years
female: 81.15 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Maltese (singular and plural)
adjective: Maltese

Ethnic groups:
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians, with
strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 98%

Languages:
Maltese (official), English (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 92.8%
male: 92%
female: 93.6% (2003 est.)

Government Malta

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Malta
conventional short form: Malta
local long form: Repubblika ta' Malta
local short form: Malta

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Valletta

Administrative divisions: none (administered directly from Valletta); note - Local Councils carry out administrative orders

Independence:
21 September 1964 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 21 September (1964)

Constitution:
1964 constitution; amended many times

Legal system:
based on English common law and Roman civil law; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Eddie FENECH ADAMI (since 4 April 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Lawrence GONZI (since 23 March
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Representatives for a
five-year term; election last held 29 March 2004 (next to be held by
April 2009); following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the
deputy prime minister is appointed by the president on the advice of
the prime minister
election results: Eddie FENECH ADAMI elected president; percent of
House of Representatives vote - 33 out of 65 votes

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Representatives (usually 65 seats; note -
additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular
vote to ensure a legislative majority; members are elected by
popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held by April 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - PN 51.7%, MLP 47.6%, AD
0.7%; seats by party - PN 34, MLP 31

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are
appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

Political parties and leaders:
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD [Harry
VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT]; Nationalist Party
or PN [Lawrence GONZI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Australia Group, C, CE, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (observer affiliate), WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John LOWELL
chancery: 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-3611, 3612
FAX: [1] (202) 387-5470
consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires William
GRANT
embassy: 3rd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana,
Malta VLT 01
mailing address: P. O. Box 535, Valletta, Malta, CMR01
telephone: [356] 2561 4000
FAX: [356] 21 243229

Flag description:
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the
upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross,
edged in red

Economy Malta

Economy - overview:
Major resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and
a productive labor force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food
needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has no domestic energy
sources. The economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing
(especially electronics and textiles), and tourism. Continued
sluggishness in the European economy is holding back exports,
tourism, and overall growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$7.223 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $18,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3% industry: 23% services: 74% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
160,000 (2002 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 5%, industry 24%, services 71% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
7% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
26.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.27 billion
expenditures: $2.549 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut
flowers, green peppers; pork, milk, poultry, eggs

Industries:
tourism; electronics, ship building and repair, construction; food
and beverages, textiles, footwear, clothing, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
2.15 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-241 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.625 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures

Exports - partners:
US 15.7%, France 15.5%, Singapore 14.5%, UK 11.2%, Germany 10.8%
(2004)

Imports:
$3.407 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured and
semi-manufactured goods; food, drink, and tobacco

Imports - partners:
Italy 25.4%, France 13.1%, UK 12%, Germany 8.9%, US 5.2%, Singapore
4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.865 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$130 million (1997)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Maltese lira (MTL)

Currency code:
MTL

Exchange rates:
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3444 (2004), 0.3773 (2003), 0.4337
(2002), 0.4501 (2001), 0.4382 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Malta

Telephones - main lines in use:
208,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
290,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: automatic system satisfies normal requirements
domestic: submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands
international: country code - 356; 2 submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 18, shortwave 6 (1999)

Radios:
255,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
6 (2000)

Televisions:
280,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mt

Internet hosts:
7,156 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2002)

Internet users:
120,000 (2002)

Transportation Malta

Highways: total: 2,222 km paved: 2,000 km unpaved: 222 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Marsaxlokk, Valletta

Merchant marine:
total: 1,140 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 25,102,401 GRT/41,176,791 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 438, cargo 303, chemical
tanker 70, combination ore/oil 2, container 54, liquefied gas 8,
livestock carrier 1, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum
tanker 162, refrigerated cargo 43, roll on/roll off 26, specialized
tanker 1, vehicle carrier 13
foreign-owned: 1,080 (Austria 3, Azerbaijan 1, Bangladesh 3, Belgium
12, British 1, Bulgaria 18, Canada 9, China 15, Croatia 10, Cyprus
2, Czech Republic 2, Estonia 2, Finland 1, France 5, Germany 51,
Greece 527, Hong Kong 1, Iceland 7, Iran 4, Israel 26, Italy 17,
Japan 2, Latvia 30, Lebanon 6, Madagascar 1, Monaco 3, Netherlands
3, Norway 42, Pakistan 2, Poland 24, Portugal 4, Romania 5, Russia
64, Slovenia 3, South Korea 4, Sweden 3, Switzerland 32, Syria 6,
Taiwan 1, Turkey 87, Ukraine 25, UAE 5, United Kingdom 8, United
States 3)
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Malta

Military branches:
Armed Forces of Malta (AFM; includes air and maritime elements)
(2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 90,651 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 74,525 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$31.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Malta

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Western
Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Man, Isle of

Introduction Man, Isle of

Background:
Part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th
century when it was ceded to Scotland, the isle came under the
British crown in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost
extinct Manx Gaelic language.

Geography Man, Isle of

Location:
Western Europe, island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and
Ireland

Geographic coordinates:
54 15 N, 4 30 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 572 sq km
land: 572 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than three times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
160 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Climate:
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third
of the time

Terrain:
hills in north and south bisected by central valley

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m highest point: Snaefell 621 m

Natural resources:
none

Land use:
arable land: 9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 91% (permanent pastures, forests, mountain, and heathland)
(2002)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
waste disposal (both household and industrial); transboundary air
pollution

Geography - note:
one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is a
bird sanctuary

People Man, Isle of

Population:
75,049 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.4% (male 6,681/female 6,365)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 24,693/female 24,482)
65 years and over: 17.1% (male 5,163/female 7,665) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.48 years
male: 38.16 years
female: 40.89 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.52% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
5.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.34 years
male: 74.98 years
female: 81.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.65 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women)
adjective: Manx

Ethnic groups:
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Religions:
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society
of Friends

Languages:
English, Manx Gaelic

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Man, Isle of

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Isle of Man

Dependency status:
British crown dependency

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Douglas

Administrative divisions:
none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined
by the US Government, but there are 24 local authorities each with
its own elections

Independence:
none (British crown dependency)

National holiday:
Tynwald Day, 5 July

Constitution:
unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not
embody the unwritten Manx Constitution

Legal system:
English common law and Manx statute

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Ian MACFADYEN (since 26
October 2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Donald GELLING (since 14 December
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed
by the monarch for a five-year term; the Chief Minister is elected
by the Tynwald; election last held 14 December 2004 (next to be held
December 2010)
election results: Donald GELLING elected chief minister by the
Tynwald; note - Richard CORKILL resigned 2 December 2004

Legislative branch:
bicameral Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council (an 11-member
body composed of the President of Tynwald, the Lord Bishop of Sodor
and Man, a nonvoting attorney general, and 8 others named by the
House of Keys) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members are elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Keys - last held 22 November 2001 (next to be
held November 2006)
election results: House of Keys - percent of vote by party - Man
Labor Party 17.3%, Alliance for Progressive Government 14.6%; seats
by party - Man Labor Party 2, Alliance for Progressive Government 3,
independents 19

Judicial branch:
High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the Lord
Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor)

Political parties and leaders: Man Labor Party [leader NA]; Alliance for Progressive Government [leader NA]; Man Nationalist Party [leader NA] note: most members sit as independents

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (British crown dependency)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (British crown dependency)

Flag description:
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in the center;
the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee; in
order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag,
a two-sided emblem is used

Economy Man, Isle of

Economy - overview:
Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the
economy. The government's policy of offering incentives to
high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on
the island has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in
high-income industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once
the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their shares of GDP.
Trade is mostly with the UK. The Isle of Man enjoys free access to
EU markets.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.113 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $28,500 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 13% services: 86% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
39,690 (2001)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture, forestry and fishing 3%, manufacturing 11%,
construction 10%, transport and communication 8%, wholesale and
retail distribution 11%, professional and scientific services 18%,
public administration 6%, banking and finance 18%, tourism 2%,
entertainment and catering 3%, miscellaneous services 10%

Unemployment rate:
0.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.6% (March 2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $485 million
expenditures: $463 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY00/01 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cereals, vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry

Industries:
financial services, light manufacturing, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
3.2% (FY96/97)

Exports:
$NA

Exports - commodities:
tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb

Exports - partners:
UK (2000)

Imports:
$NA

Imports - commodities:
timber, fertilizers, fish

Imports - partners:
UK (2000)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound

Currency code:
GBP

Exchange rates:
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672
(2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Man, Isle of

Telephones - main lines in use:
51,000 (1999)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone system
international: fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satellite
earth station, submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
0 (receives broadcasts from the UK and satellite) (1999)

Televisions:
27,490 (1999)

Internet country code:
.im

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Man, Isle of

Railways: total: 61 km (35 km electrified) (2003)

Highways: total: 800 km paved: 800 km unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Ports and harbors:
Castletown, Douglas, Ramsey

Merchant marine:
total: 267 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,834,626 GRT/11,354,689 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 31, cargo 54, chemical tanker 45, combination
ore/oil 1, container 15, liquefied gas 46, passenger/cargo 2,
petroleum tanker 53, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 10,
specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 253 (Australia 1, Bahamas 8, Denmark 39, France 2,
Germany 55, Greece 20, Hong Kong 3, Italy 7, Japan 4, Netherlands 2,
New Zealand 1, Norway 18, Singapore 2, Sweden 1, Turkey 2, United
Kingdom 86, United States 2)
registered in other countries: 9 (2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Man, Isle of

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Man, Isle of

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Marshall Islands

Introduction Marshall Islands

Background:
After almost four decades under US administration as the
easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands,
the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a Compact
of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a result of US
nuclear testing on some of the atolls between 1947 and 1962. The
Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Reagan
Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile defense
network.

Geography Marshall Islands

Location:
Oceania, group of atolls and reefs in the North Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Geographic coordinates:
9 00 N, 168 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 181.3 sq km
land: 181.3 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro,
Rongelap, and Utirik

Area - comparative:
about the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
370.4 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot and humid; wet season from May to November; islands
border typhoon belt

Terrain:
low coral limestone and sand islands

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Likiep 10 m

Natural resources:
coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals

Land use:
arable land: 16.67%
permanent crops: 38.89%
other: 44.44% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km

Natural hazards:
infrequent typhoons

Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing vessels

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
two archipelagic island chains of 30 atolls and 1,152 islands;
Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites; Kwajalein, the
famous World War II battleground, is now used as a US missile test
range

People Marshall Islands

Population:
59,071 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.2% (male 11,488/female 11,071)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 17,887/female 17,023)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 771/female 831) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.95 years
male: 19.98 years
female: 19.92 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.27% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
33.52 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 29.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.01 years
male: 68.05 years
female: 72.06 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Marshallese (singular and plural)
adjective: Marshallese

Ethnic groups:
Micronesian

Religions:
Protestant 54.8%, Assembly of God 25.8%, Roman Catholic 8.4%, Bukot
nan Jesus 2.8%, Mormon 2.1%, other Christian 3.6%, other 1%, none
1.5% (1999 census)

Languages:
Marshallese 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)
note: English widely spoken as a second language; both Marshallese
and English are official languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.7%
male: 93.6%
female: 93.7% (1999)

Government Marshall Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of the Marshall Islands
conventional short form: Marshall Islands
former: Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands)

Government type:
constitutional government in free association with the US; the
Compact of Free Association entered into force 21 October 1986 and
the Amended Compact entered into force in May 2004

Capital:
Majuro

Administrative divisions:
33 municipalities; Ailinginae, Ailinglaplap, Ailuk, Arno, Aur,
Bikar, Bikini, Bokak, Ebon, Enewetak, Erikub, Jabat, Jaluit, Jemo,
Kili, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap, Mejit, Mili,
Namorik, Namu, Rongelap, Rongrik, Toke, Ujae, Ujelang, Utirik,
Wotho, Wotje

Independence:
21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)

Constitution:
1 May 1979

Legal system:
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature,
municipal, common, and customary laws

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 5 January 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 5 January
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president from among the members of
Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament from among its own
members for a four-year term; election last held 17 November 2003
(next to be held November 2007)
election results: Kessai Hesa NOTE elected president; percent of
Parliament vote - 100%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Nitijela (33 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 17 November 2003 (next to be held not later
than November 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
note: the Council of Chiefs is a 12-member body that advises on
matters affecting customary law and practice

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders: traditionally there have been no formally organized political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings" have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Kabua Party [Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Banny DE BRUM chancery: 2433 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-5414 FAX: [1] (202) 232-3236 consulate(s) general: Honolulu

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Greta N. MORRIS
embassy: Oceanside, Mejen Weto, Long Island, Majuro
mailing address: P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall
Islands 96960-1379
telephone: [692] 247-4011
FAX: [692] 247-4012

Flag description:
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower hoist-side corner -
orange (top) and white; there is a white star with four large rays
and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the two stripes

Economy Marshall Islands

Economy - overview:
US Government assistance is the mainstay of this tiny island
economy. Agricultural production, primarily subsistence, is
concentrated on small farms; the most important commercial crops are
coconuts and breadfruit. Small-scale industry is limited to
handicrafts, tuna processing, and copra. The tourist industry, now a
small source of foreign exchange employing less than 10% of the
labor force, remains the best hope for future added income. The
islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports.
Under the terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the US
will provide millions of dollars per year to the Marshall Islands
(RMI) through 2023, at which time a Trust Fund made up of US and RMI
contributions will begin perpetual annual payouts. Government
downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, the decline in tourism
and foreign investment due to the Asian financial difficulties, and
less income from the renewal of fishing vessel licenses have held
GDP growth to an average of 1% over the past decade.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$115 million (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14% industry: 16% services: 70% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
28,700 (1996 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 21.4%, industry 20.9%, services 57.7%

Unemployment rate:
30.9% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $42 million
expenditures: $40 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1999)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, tomatoes, melons, taro, breadfruit, fruits; pigs, chickens

Industries:
copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items from shell, wood, and
pearls

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 1% (solar)

Exports:
$9 million f.o.b. (2000)

Exports - commodities:
copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, fish

Exports - partners:
US, Japan, Australia, China (2000)

Imports:
$54 million f.o.b. (2000)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels, beverages and tobacco

Imports - partners:
US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China, Philippines (2000)

Debt - external:
$86.5 million (FY99/00 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
more than $1 billion from the US, 1986-2002

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is the legal tender

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Marshall Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
4,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
600 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: digital switching equipment; modern services
include telex, cellular, internet, international calling, caller ID,
and leased data circuits
domestic: Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular,
seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by
shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)
international: country code - 692; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications
system on Kwajalein (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0
note: additionally, the US Armed Forces Radio and Television
Services (Central Pacific Network) operate one FM and one AM station
on Kwajalein (2002)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
2 (both are US military stations) (2002)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.mh

Internet hosts:
6 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
1,400 (2003)

Transportation Marshall Islands

Highways:
total: 64.5 km
paved: 64.5 km
unpaved: NA km
note: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise
stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Majuro

Merchant marine:
total: 540 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 16,954,092 GRT/28,176,762 DWT
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 83, cargo 47, chemical tanker
77, combination ore/oil 12, container 88, liquefied gas 16,
passenger 8, petroleum tanker 192, refrigerated cargo 4, roll
on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 462 (Australia 1, Bahamas 1, Bermuda 1, Canada 4,
Chile 2, Croatia 2, Cyprus 7, Denmark 2, Georgia 1, Germany 124,
Greece 106, Hong Kong 7, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 5, Latvia 6, Monaco
9, Netherlands 4, New Zealand 1, Norway 21, Philippines 1, Russia 1,
Saudi Arabia 1, Singapore 2, Slovenia 2, Spain 1, Switzerland 5,
Taiwan 1, Turkey 11, Ukraine 1, UAE 3, United Kingdom 15, United
States 112) (2005)

Airports:
15 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 11
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Marshall Islands

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Marshall Islands Police

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Marshall Islands

Disputes - international: claims US territory of Wake Island

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Martinique

Introduction Martinique

Background:
Colonized by France in 1635, the island has subsequently remained a
French possession except for three brief periods of foreign
occupation.

Geography Martinique

Location:
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic
Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Geographic coordinates:
14 40 N, 61 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 1,100 sq km
land: 1,060 sq km
water: 40 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
350 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October);
vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on
average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid

Terrain:
mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Montagne Pelee 1,397 m

Natural resources: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land

Land use: arable land: 10.38% permanent crops: 9.43% other: 80.19% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average of one
major natural disaster every five years)

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
the island is dominated by Mount Pelee, which on 8 May 1902 erupted
and completely destroyed the city of Saint Pierre, killing 30,000
inhabitants

People Martinique

Population:
432,900 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 22.4% (male 49,112/female 47,697)
15-64 years: 67.2% (male 145,531/female 145,250)
65 years and over: 10.5% (male 20,423/female 24,887) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 33.61 years
male: 32.95 years
female: 34.28 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.76% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.09 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.04 years
male: 79.43 years
female: 78.64 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Martiniquais (singular and plural)
adjective: Martiniquais

Ethnic groups:
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%, East
Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 10.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu 0.5%,
other 3.5% (1997)

Languages:
French, Creole patois

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.7%
male: 97.4%
female: 98.1% (2003 est.)

Government Martinique

Country name:
conventional long form: Department of Martinique
conventional short form: Martinique
local long form: Departement de la Martinique
local short form: Martinique

Dependency status:
overseas department of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Fort-de-France

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas department of France)

Independence:
none (overseas department of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French legal system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995); Prefect Yves DASSONVILLE (since 14 January 2004); note - took
office 8 February 2004
head of government: President of the General Council Claude LISE
(since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Alfred
MARIE-JEANNE (since NA March 1998)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (45 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a
unicameral Regional Assembly or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be
held NA 2006); Regional Assembly - last held on 28 March 2004 (next
to be held by March 2010)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - left-wing candidates 13, PPM 11, RPR 6, right-wing
candidates 5, PCM 3, UDF 3, PMS 2, independents 2; note - the PPM
won a plurality; Regional Assembly (second round) - percent of vote
by party - MIM 53.8%, PPM 30.6%; seats by party - MIM 28, PPM 9,
other 4
note: Martinique elects 2 seats to the French Senate; elections last
held NA September 2001 (next to be held September 2004); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPM 2; Martinique
also elects 4 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last
held, first round - 9 June 2002, second round - 16 June 2002 (next
to be held not later than June 2007); results - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, PS 1, MIM 1, left-wing
candidate 1 (candidacy of the left-wing candidate was found invalid
by the Constitutional Council; new elections will be called)

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
Martinique Communist Party or PCM [Georges ERICHOT]; Martinique
Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE]; Martinique
Progressive Party or PPM [Pierre SUEDILE]; Martinique Socialist
Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU]; Movement of Democrats and
Ecologists for a Sovereign Martinique or Modemas [Garcin MALSA];
Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Socialist
Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Jean MAREN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC; Central Union for
Martinique Workers or CSTM [Marc PULVAR]; Frantz Fanon Circle;
League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian Action Group or GAP

International organization participation:
UPU, WCL, WFTU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Flag description:
a light blue background is divided into four quadrants by a white
cross; in the center of each rectangle is a white snake; the flag of
France is used for official occasions

Economy Martinique

Economy - overview:
The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and light
industry. Agriculture accounts for about 6% of GDP and the small
industrial sector for 11%. Sugar production has declined, with most
of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana exports
are increasing, going mostly to France. The bulk of meat, vegetable,
and grain requirements must be imported, contributing to a chronic
trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid from
France. Tourism, which employs more than 11,000 people, has become
more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign
exchange.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$6.117 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $14,400 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 6% industry: 11% services: 83% (1997 est.)

Labor force:
165,900 (1998)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 10%, industry 17%, services 73% (1997)

Unemployment rate:
27.2% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.9% (1990)

Budget:
revenues: $900 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $140
million (1996)

Agriculture - products:
pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables, sugarcane

Industries:
construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
1.178 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.095 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$250 million f.o.b. (1997)

Exports - commodities:
refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples (2001 est.)

Exports - partners:
France 45%, Guadeloupe 28% (2000)

Imports:
$2 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction materials,
vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods

Imports - partners:
France 62%, Venezuela 6%, Germany 4%, Italy 4%, US 3% (2000)

Debt - external:
$180 million (1994)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Martinique

Telephones - main lines in use:
172,000 est (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
319,900 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic facilities are adequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 596; microwave radio relay to
Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 14, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
82,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
11 (plus nine repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
66,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mq

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
40,000 (2002)

Transportation Martinique

Highways:
total: 2,105 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Fort-de-France, La Trinite, Marin

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Martinique

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Gendarmerie

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Martinique

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the US and
Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mauritania

Introduction Mauritania

Background:
Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the southern
third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in 1976, but
relinquished it after three years of raids by the Polisario
guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory. Maaouya Ould
Sid Ahmed TAYA siezed power in a coup in 1984. Opposition parties
were legalized and a new constitution approved in 1991. Two
multiparty presidential elections since then were widely seen as
flawed, but October 2001 legislative and municipal elections were
generally free and open. A bloodless coup in August 2005 deposed
President TAYA and ushered in a military council headed by Col. Ely
Ould Mohamed VALL, which declared it would remain in power for up to
two years while it created conditions for genuine democratic
institutions. For now, however, Mauritania remains, a one-party
state. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions between
its black population and the Maur (Arab-Berber) populace.

Geography Mauritania

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Senegal and Western Sahara

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 N, 12 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,030,700 sq km
land: 1,030,400 sq km
water: 300 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico

Land boundaries:
total: 5,074 km
border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km,
Western Sahara 1,561 km

Coastline:
754 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Terrain:
mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central hills

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m highest point: Kediet Ijill 915 m

Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil, fish

Land use: arable land: 0.48% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.51% (2001)

Irrigated land:
490 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in March and
April; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated by drought
are contributing to desertification; very limited natural fresh
water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only perennial
river; locust infestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
most of the population concentrated in the cities of Nouakchott and
Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the southern part of the
country

People Mauritania

Population:
3,086,859 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 45.8% (male 707,728/female 704,616)
15-64 years: 52% (male 792,589/female 813,763)
65 years and over: 2.2% (male 27,560/female 40,603) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.98 years
male: 16.71 years
female: 17.24 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
41.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 70.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 73.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 52.73 years
male: 50.52 years
female: 55 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
9,500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever are high risks
in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality: noun: Mauritanian(s) adjective: Mauritanian

Ethnic groups:
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Religions:
Muslim 100%

Languages:
Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 41.7%
male: 51.8%
female: 31.9% (2003 est.)

Government Mauritania

Country name:
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
conventional short form: Mauritania
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah
local short form: Muritaniyah

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Nouakchott

Administrative divisions:
12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital district*;
Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol, Guidimaka, Hodh
Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*, Tagant, Tiris
Zemmour, Trarza

Independence:
28 November 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

Constitution:
12 July 1991

Legal system:
a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA (since 12
December 1984); note - President TAYA deposed in a coup by the
Military Council for Justice and Democracy led by Col. Ely Ould
Mohamed VALL on 3 August 2005
head of government: Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould BOUBAKAR (since
8 August 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 7 November 2003 (next to be held NA 2009); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected
for a third term with 60.8% of the vote

Legislative branch:
bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh
(56 seats, a part of the seats up for election every two years;
members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and
the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (81 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 9 and 16 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2006); National Assembly - last held 19 and 26 October 2001
(next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PRDS 79%,
RDU 3.5%, UDP 3.5%, AC 5%, UFP 3.5%, FP 1.5%; seats by party - PRDS
64, UDP 3, RDU 3, AC 4, RFD 3, UFP 3, and FP 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts

Political parties and leaders:
Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Alliance for
Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE]; Democratic and Social
Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party) [President Maaouya Ould Sid
Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for Renewal and Concorde or PMRC
[Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National Union for Democracy and
Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party for Liberty, Equality and
Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA]; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould
CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould
BOULKHEIR]; Popular Social and Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed
Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould
MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH];
Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA]; Union
for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]
note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002
although its members were permitted to keep their seats in the
National Assembly; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12
July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; General Confederation of Mauritanian
Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general];
Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM [Samory
Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely
Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member),
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tijani Ould KERIM
chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700, 5701
FAX: [1] (202) 319-2623

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LEBARON embassy: 288 Rue Abdallaye (between Presidency building and Spanish Embassy), Nouakchott mailing address: BP 222, Nouakchott telephone: [222] 525-2660/525-2663 FAX: [222] 25-25-92

Flag description:
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow, horizontal
crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the crescent,
star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

Economy Mauritania

Economy - overview:
Half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for
a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers
were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and
1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account
for nearly 40% of total exports. The decline in world demand for
this ore, however, has led to cutbacks in production. The nation's
coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but
overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue.
The country's first deepwater port opened near Nouakchott in 1986.
In the past, drought and economic mismanagement resulted in a
buildup of foreign debt. In February 2000, Mauritania qualified for
debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
initiative and in December 2001 received strong support from donor
and lending countries at a triennial Consultative Group review. In
2001, exploratory oil wells in tracts 80 km offshore indicated
potential extraction at current world oil prices. A new investment
code approved in December 2001 improved the opportunities for direct
foreign investment. Ongoing negotiations with the IMF involve
problems of economic reforms and fiscal discipline. Substantial oil
production and exports probably will not begin until 2006. Meantime
the government emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of
health and education, and promoting privatization of the economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$5.534 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 25% industry: 29% services: 46% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
786,000 (2001)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 50%, industry 10%, services 40% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
20% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 30.2% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37.3 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $421 million
expenditures: $378 million, including capital expenditures of $154
million (2002 est.)

Agriculture - products:
dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn, dates; cattle, sheep

Industries:
fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Industrial production growth rate:
2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
190.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 85.9% hydro: 14.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
176.9 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$541 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
iron ore, fish and fish products, gold

Exports - partners:
Japan 13.1%, France 11%, Spain 9.7%, Germany 9.7%, Italy 9.6%,
Belgium 7.5%, China 6.1%, Russia 4.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$860 million f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital goods,
foodstuffs, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
France 14.1%, US 7.6%, China 6.4%, Spain 5.8%, UK 4.6%, Germany
4.3%, Belgium 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$2.5 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$220 million (2000)

Currency (code):
ouguiya (MRO)

Currency code:
MRO

Exchange rates:
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA(2004), 263.03 (2003), 271.74 (2002),
255.63 (2001), 238.92 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Mauritania

Telephones - main lines in use:
31,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
300,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire lines,
minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications
stations (improvements being made)
domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed
domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with
regional capitals
international: country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
410,000 (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2002)

Televisions:
98,000 (2001)

Internet country code:
.mr

Internet hosts:
25 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
10,000 (2002)

Transportation Mauritania

Railways: 717 km standard gauge: 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 7,660 km paved: 866 km unpaved: 6,794 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
some ferry traffic on Senegal River (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

Airports:
24 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Mauritania

Military branches:
Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (Marine Mauritanienne;
includes Naval Infantry), Air Force (Force Aerienne Islamique de
Mauritanie, FAIM) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 2 years;
majority of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in Air
Force and Navy is voluntary (April 2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 606,463 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 370,513 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$20.8 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Mauritania

Disputes - international: Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recent years

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mauritius

Introduction Mauritius

Background:
Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, Mauritius was subsequently
held by the Dutch, French, and British before independence was
attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular free elections and
a positive human rights record, the country has attracted
considerable foreign investment and has earned one of Africa's
highest per capita incomes. Recent poor weather and declining sugar
prices have slowed economic growth, leading to some protests over
standards of living in the Creole community.

Geography Mauritius

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Geographic coordinates:
20 17 S, 57 33 E

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 2,040 sq km
land: 2,030 sq km
water: 10 sq km
note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint
Brandon), and Rodrigues

Area - comparative:
almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
177 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May
to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Terrain:
small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling
central plateau

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Piton 828 m

Natural resources:
arable land, fish

Land use: arable land: 49.26% permanent crops: 2.96% other: 47.78% (2001)

Irrigated land:
200 sq km (2000 est.)

Natural hazards:
cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs
that may pose maritime hazards

Environment - current issues:
water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the main island, from which the country derives its name, is of
volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral reefs

People Mauritius

Population:
1,230,602 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 24.4% (male 151,043/female 148,847)
15-64 years: 69.1% (male 424,472/female 425,974)
65 years and over: 6.5% (male 31,506/female 48,760) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.5 years
male: 29.65 years
female: 31.46 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.84% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.38 years
male: 68.4 years
female: 76.41 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
700 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Mauritian(s)
adjective: Mauritian

Ethnic groups:
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian
2%

Religions:
Hindu 48%, Roman Catholic 23.6%, other Christian 8.6%, Muslim
16.6%, other 2.5%, unspecified 0.3%, none 0.4% (2000 census)

Languages:
Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4% (official), other 3.7%,
unspecified 0.3% (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.6%
male: 88.6%
female: 82.7% (2003 est.)

Government Mauritius

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius
conventional short form: Mauritius

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Port Louis

Administrative divisions:
9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River,
Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses,
Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne

Independence:
12 March 1968 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

Constitution:
12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Legal system:
based on French civil law system with elements of English common
law in certain areas

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 7 October
2003) and Vice President Abdool Raouf BUNDHUN (since 25 February
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 30 September
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 25 February 2002
(next to be held NA 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the president, responsible to the National Assembly
election results: Karl OFFMANN elected president and Raouf BUNDHUN
elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly -
NA%; note - Karl OFFMANN stepped down on 30 September 2003

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (66 seats; 62 elected by popular vote,
4 appointed by the election commission from the losing political
parties to give representation to various ethnic minorities; members
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 11 September 2000 (next to be held September
2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - MSM/MMM 52.3%, MLP/PMSD
36.9%, OPR 10.8%; seats by party - MSM/MMM 54, MLP/PMSD 6, OPR 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party or MLP
[Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul
BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Social Democrat Party
or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist Movement or
MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH] - governing party; Rodrigues Movement or MR
[Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]; Rodrigues Peoples Organization or OPR
[Serge CLAIR]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
various labor unions

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Usha JEETAH
chancery: 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 441, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-1491, 1492
FAX: [1] (202) 966-0983

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John PRICE
embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis
mailing address: international mail: P. O. Box 544, Port Louis; US
mail: American Embassy, Port Louis, Department of State, Washington,
DC 20521-2450
telephone: [230] 202-4400
FAX: [230] 208-9534

Flag description:
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green

Economy Mauritius

Economy - overview:
Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a
low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income
diversified economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist
sectors. For most of the period, annual growth has been in the order
of 5% to 6%. This remarkable achievement has been reflected in more
equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered
infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure. Sugarcane is
grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 25%
of export earnings. The government's development strategy centers on
expanding local financial institutions and building a domestic
information telecommunications industry. Mauritius has attracted
more than 9,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India
and South Africa, and investment in the banking sector alone has
reached over $1 billion. Mauritius, with its strong textile sector,
has been well poised to take advantage of the Africa Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA).

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$15.68 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $12,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.6% industry: 30% services: 62.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 560,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and fishing 14%, construction and industry 36%, transportation and communication 7%, trade, restaurants, hotels 16%, finance 3%, other services 24% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
10.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
10% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37 (1987 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.231 billion
expenditures: $1.582 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
29.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses; cattle, goats; fish

Industries:
food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing;
chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical
machinery; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
8% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.836 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 90.8% hydro: 9.2% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
21,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$284.1 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.012 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses

Exports - partners:
UK 33.1%, France 20.4%, US 14.8%, Madagascar 5.1%, Italy 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$2.245 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum
products, chemicals

Imports - partners:
South Africa 11.3%, China 9.4%, India 9.3%, France 9.2%, Bahrain
5.3%, Japan 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.676 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.78 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$42 million (1997)

Currency (code):
Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Currency code:
MUR

Exchange rates:
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.499 (2004), 27.902 (2003),
29.962 (2002), 29.129 (2001), 26.25 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Mauritius

Telephones - main lines in use:
348,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
462,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: small system with good service
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay trunk system
international: country code - 230; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF
radiotelephone links to several countries; fiber optic submarine
cable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 9, shortwave 0 (2002)

Radios:
420,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (plus several repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
258,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mu

Internet hosts:
3,985 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
150,000 (2003)

Transportation Mauritius

Highways:
total: 2,000 km
paved: 1,960 km (including 60 km of expressways)
unpaved: 40 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Port Louis

Merchant marine:
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 22,946 GRT/27,102 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, passenger/cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 2
foreign-owned: 6 (India 4, Switzerland 2) (2005)

Airports:
6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Mauritius

Military branches:
National Police Force (includes the paramilitary Special Mobile
Force or SMF and National Coast Guard)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 313,271 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 248,659 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$12.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Mauritius

Disputes - international:
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British
Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who reside
chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship but no right to
patriation in the UK; claims French-administered Tromelin Island

Illicit drugs:
minor consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia;
small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally; significant
offshore financial industry creates potential for money laundering,
but corruption levels are relatively low and the government appears
generally to be committed to regulating its banking industry

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mayotte

Introduction Mayotte

Background:
Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other islands of the
Comoros group in 1843. It was the only island in the archipelago
that voted in 1974 to retain its link with France and forego
independence.

Geography Mayotte

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about one-half
of the way from northern Madagascar to northern Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
12 50 S, 45 10 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 374 sq km
land: 374 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
185.2 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern
monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)

Terrain:
generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic peaks

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Benara 660 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
cyclones during rainy season

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
part of Comoro Archipelago; 18 islands

People Mayotte

Population:
193,633 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.2% (male 44,926/female 44,521)
15-64 years: 52.1% (male 54,713/female 46,156)
65 years and over: 1.7% (male 1,666/female 1,651) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.96 years
male: 18.04 years
female: 15.87 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.93% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
41.58 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
5.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.18 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 62.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 68.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 56.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.39 years
male: 59.22 years
female: 63.62 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Mahorais (singular and plural)
adjective: Mahoran

Ethnic groups:
NA

Religions:
Muslim 97%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)

Languages:
Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by
35% of the population

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Mayotte

Country name:
conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
conventional short form: Mayotte

Dependency status:
territorial collectivity of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Mamoutzou

Administrative divisions:
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Independence:
none (territorial collectivity of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by Prefect Jean-Paul KIHL (since 17 January 2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Said Omar OILI
(since NA 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General Council
elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 21 and 28 March 2004 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - MDM 23.3%, UMP 22.8%,
PS 10.2%, MRC 8.9%, FRAP 6.5%, MPM 1.2%; seats by party - MDM 6, UMP
9, MRC 2, MPM 1, diverse left 1
note: Mayotte elects one member of the French Senate; elections last
held 24 September 2001 (next to be held September 2007); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Mayotte also
elects one member to the French National Assembly; elections last
held 16 June 2002 (next to be held as a special election in June
2005); results - percent of vote by party - UMP-RPR 55.08%, UDF
44.92%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular Movement
or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; FARC [leader NA]; Federation of Mahorans or RPR
(UMP) [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or
MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM]; Renewed Communist Party of Mayotte or MRC
[Omar SIMBA]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti
Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF
[Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Mayotte

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector,
including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not
self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food
requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development
of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance,
an important supplement to GDP. Mayotte's remote location is an
obstacle to the development of tourism.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$466.8 million (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force:
48,800 (2000)

Unemployment rate:
38% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: $73 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1991 est.)

Agriculture - products:
vanilla, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), coffee, copra

Industries:
newly created lobster and shrimp industry, construction

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0%

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Exports:
$3.44 million f.o.b. (1997)

Exports - commodities:
ylang-ylang (perfume essence), vanilla, copra, coconuts, coffee,
cinnamon

Exports - partners:
France 80%, Comoros 15%, Reunion (2000)

Imports:
$141.3 million f.o.b. (1997)

Imports - commodities:
food, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, metals,
chemicals

Imports - partners:
France 66%, Africa 14%, Southeast Asia 11% (2000 est.)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$107.7 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (1995)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Mayotte

Telephones - main lines in use:
10,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
21,700 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: small system administered by French Department
of Posts and Telecommunications
domestic: NA
international: country code - 269; microwave radio relay and HF
radiotelephone communications to Comoros (2001)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2001)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
3 (2001)

Televisions:
3,500 (1994)

Internet country code:
.yt

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Mayotte

Highways: total: 93 km paved: 72 km unpaved: 21 km

Ports and harbors:
Dzaoudzi

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Mayotte

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France; small contingent of French
forces stationed on the island

Transnational Issues Mayotte

Disputes - international: claimed by Comoros

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mexico

Introduction Mexico

Background:
The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations, Mexico came under
Spanish rule for three centuries before achieving independence early
in the 19th century. A devaluation of the peso in late 1994 threw
Mexico into economic turmoil, triggering the worst recession in over
half a century. The nation continues to make an impressive recovery.
Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real wages,
underemployment for a large segment of the population, inequitable
income distribution, and few advancement opportunities for the
largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern states.
Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time since the 1910
Mexican Revolution that the opposition defeated the party in
government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Vicente FOX
of the National Action Party (PAN) was sworn in on 1 December 2000
as the first chief executive elected in free and fair elections.

Geography Mexico

Location:
Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico,
between Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific Ocean,
between Guatemala and the US

Geographic coordinates:
23 00 N, 102 00 W

Map references:
North America

Area:
total: 1,972,550 sq km
land: 1,923,040 sq km
water: 49,510 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Land boundaries: total: 4,353 km border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 km

Coastline: 9,330 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
varies from tropical to desert

Terrain:
high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus; desert

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

Natural resources: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber

Land use: arable land: 12.99% permanent crops: 1.31% other: 85.7% (2001)

Irrigated land:
65,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive
earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific,
Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts

Environment - current issues:
scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to urban
migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in
north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme
southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in
urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification;
deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in
the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land
subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
note: the government considers the lack of clean water and
deforestation national security issues

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize), one of
the world's major grain crops, is thought to have originated in
Mexico

People Mexico

Population:
106,202,903 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 31.1% (male 16,844,400/female 16,159,511)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 32,521,043/female 34,704,093)
65 years and over: 5.6% (male 2,715,010/female 3,258,846) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.93 years
male: 24.04 years
female: 25.85 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.17% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
21.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.91 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.19 years
male: 72.42 years
female: 78.1 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.45 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
160,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
5,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Mexican(s)
adjective: Mexican

Ethnic groups:
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Religions:
nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%, other 5%

Languages:
Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous
languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.2%
male: 94%
female: 90.5% (2003 est.)

Government Mexico

Country name:
conventional long form: United Mexican States
conventional short form: Mexico
local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
local short form: Mexico

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Mexico (Distrito Federal)

Administrative divisions:
31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district*
(distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California
Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Colima,
Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco,
Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca,
Puebla, Queretaro de Arteaga, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi,
Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz-Llave,
Yucatan, Zacatecas

Independence:
16 September 1810 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Constitution:
5 February 1917

Legal system:
mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of
attorney general requires consent of the Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held 2 July 2006)
election results: Vicente FOX Quesada elected president; percent of
vote - Vicente FOX Quesada (PAN) 42.52%, Francisco LABASTIDA Ochoa
(PRI) 36.1%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 16.64%, other 4.74%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the
Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 are elected by popular
vote to serve six-year terms, and 32 are allocated on the basis of
each party's popular vote) and the Federal Chamber of Deputies or
Camara Federal de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members are directly
elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; remaining 200
members are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote,
also for three-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 July 2000 for all of the seats (next
to be held 2 July 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 July 2003
(next to be held 2 July 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PRI 60, PAN 46, PRD 16, PVEM 5, unassigned 1; Chamber of
Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRI 222,
PAN 151, PRD 95, PVEM 17, PT 6, CD 5, unassigned 4; note - special
elections were held in December 2003; the PRI and the PRD each won
one seat and were each assigned one additional proportional
representation seat

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia Nacional
(justices or ministros are appointed by the president with consent
of the Senate)

Political parties and leaders:
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];
Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Roberto MADRAZO Pintado];
Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ
Martinez]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];
Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Leonel GODOY]; Workers
Party or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX;
Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN; Confederation of
Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of National Chambers of
Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator for Foreign Trade Business
Organizations or COECE; Federation of Unions Providing Goods and
Services or FESEBES; National Chamber of Transformation Industries
or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC; National Union
of Workers or UNT; Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers or
CROM; Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants or CROC;
Roman Catholic Church

International organization participation:
APEC, BCIE, BIS, CDB, CE (observer), EBRD, FAO, G-3, G-6, G-15,
G-19, G-24, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM (observer), NEA, OAS, OECD, OPANAL, OPCW,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOVIC, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Carlos Alberto de ICAZA
Gonzalez
chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600
FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas,
Denver, El Paso, Houston, Laredo (Texas), Los Angeles, Miami, New
Orleans, New York, Nogales (Arizona), Phoenix, Sacramento, San
Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Albuquerque, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico
(California), Corpus Christi (Texas), Del Rio (Texas), Detroit,
Douglas (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California),
Indianapolis (Indiana), Kansas City (Missouri), Las Vegas, McAllen
(Texas), Midland (Texas), Omaha, Orlando, Oxnard (California),
Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Presidio (Texas), Raleigh, Salt
Lake City, San Bernardino, Santa Ana (California), Seattle, Tucson,
Yuma (Arizona)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio O. GARZA
embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico,
Distrito Federal
mailing address: P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-0900
telephone: [52] (55) 5080-2000
FAX: [52] (55) 5525-5040
consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana
consulate(s): Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nogales, Nuevo, Laredo

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red;
the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its
beak) is centered in the white band

Economy Mexico

Economy - overview:
Mexico has a free market economy that recently entered the trillion
dollar class. It contains a mixture of modern and outmoded industry
and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector.
Recent administrations have expanded competition in seaports,
railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas
distribution, and airports. Per capita income is one-fourth that of
the US; income distribution remains highly unequal. Trade with the
US and Canada has tripled since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994.
Mexico has 12 free trade agreements with over 40 countries
including, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, the European Free Trade
Area, and Japan, putting more than 90% of trade under free trade
agreements. The government is cognizant of the need to upgrade
infrastructure, modernize the tax system and labor laws, and provide
incentives to invest in the energy sector, but progress is slow.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.006 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $9,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4% industry: 27.2% services: 68.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
34.73 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 18%, industry 24%, services 58% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
3.2% plus underemployment of perhaps 25% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 35.6% (2002)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
53.1 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $160 billion
expenditures: $158 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
23.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit,
tomatoes; beef, poultry, dairy products; wood products

Industries:
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum,
mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables,
tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
3.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
203.6 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 78.7% hydro: 14.2% nuclear: 4.2% other: 2.9% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
189.7 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
98.65 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
367.7 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
3.46 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.752 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.863 million bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:
205,000 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:
18 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
47.3 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
55.1 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
7.85 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
420 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-4.113 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$182.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits,
vegetables, coffee, cotton

Exports - partners:
US 87.6%, Canada 1.8%, Spain 1.1% (2004)

Imports:
$190.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural machinery,
electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair parts for motor
vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts

Imports - partners:
US 53.7%, China 7%, Japan 5.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$60.67 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$149.9 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$1.166 billion (1995)

Currency (code):
Mexican peso (MXN)

Currency code:
MXN

Exchange rates:
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003), 9.656
(2002), 9.342 (2001), 9.456 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Mexico

Telephones - main lines in use:
15,958,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
28.125 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: low telephone density with about 15.2 main
lines per 100 persons; privatized in December 1990; the opening to
competition in January 1997 improved prospects for development, but
Telmex remains dominant
domestic: adequate telephone service for business and government,
but the population is poorly served; mobile subscribers far
outnumber fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120
earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network;
considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable
international: country code - 52; satellite earth stations - 32
Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South
America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing
domestic communications), numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations;
linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections;
high capacity Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to
the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, and Italy
(1997)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 850, FM 545, shortwave 15 (2003)

Radios:
31 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
236 (plus repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
25.6 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.mx

Internet hosts:
1,333,406 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
51 (2000)

Internet users:
10.033 million (2002)

Transportation Mexico

Railways: total: 17,634 km standard gauge: 17,634 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 329,532 km
paved: 108,087 km (including 6,429 km of expressways)
unpaved: 221,445 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
2,900 km
note: navigable rivers and coastal canals (2004)

Pipelines:
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas
13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Altamira, Manzanillo, Morro Redondo, Salina Cruz, Tampico,
Topolobampo, Veracruz

Merchant marine:
total: 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 649,389 GRT/942,766 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 6, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas
5, passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 26, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 4 (Denmark 1, Germany 1, UAE 1, United States 1)
registered in other countries: 6 (2005)

Airports:
1,833 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 233
over 3,047 m: 12
2,438 to 3,047 m: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 84
914 to 1,523 m: 80
under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1,600
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 69
914 to 1,523 m: 454
under 914 m: 1,075 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
2 (2004 est.)

Military Mexico

Military branches:
Secretariat of National Defense (Sedena): Army and Air Force (FAM)
Secretariat of the Navy (Semar): Naval Air and Marines (2004)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript service obligation - 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary enlistment (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 24,488,008 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 19,058,337 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 1,063,233 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$6.043 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2004)

Transnational Issues Mexico

Disputes - international:
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices and
infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing
arrangements with the US; the US has stepped up efforts to stem
nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world
from illegally crossing the border with Mexico

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 12,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in 1994
in eastern Chiapas Region) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 - 4,400
hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and of
cannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication efforts
have been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier of
heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine
to the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country for
US-bound cocaine from South America, accounting for about 70 percent
of estimated annual cocaine movement to the US; major drug
syndicates control majority of drug trafficking throughout the
country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant
money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Micronesia, Federated States of

Introduction Micronesia, Federated States of

Background:
In 1979 the Federated States of Micronesia, a UN Trust Territory
under US administration, adopted a constitution. In 1986
independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with
the US, which was amended and renewed in 2004. Present concerns
include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on
US aid.

Geography Micronesia, Federated States of

Location:
Oceania, island group in the North Pacific Ocean, about
three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:
6 55 N, 158 15 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 702 sq km
land: 702 sq km
water: 0 sq km (fresh water only)
note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands,
and Kosrae (Kosaie)

Area - comparative:
four times the size of Washington, DC (land area only)

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
6,112 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern
islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with
occasionally severe damage

Terrain:
islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low,
coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Chuuk

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Dolohmwar (Totolom) 791 m

Natural resources:
forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals, phosphate

Land use:
arable land: 5.71%
permanent crops: 45.71%
other: 48.58% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons (June to December)

Environment - current issues:
overfishing, climate change, pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
four major island groups totaling 607 islands

People Micronesia, Federated States of

Population:
108,105 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.1% (male 20,439/female 19,674)
15-64 years: 59.8% (male 32,382/female 32,313)
65 years and over: 3% (male 1,461/female 1,836) (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.08% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
25.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-21.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: 30.21 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.75 years
male: 67.96 years
female: 71.62 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.25 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Micronesian(s) adjective: Micronesian; Chuukese, Kosraen(s), Pohnpeian(s), Yapese

Ethnic groups:
nine ethnic Micronesian and Polynesian groups

Religions:
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%

Languages:
English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese,
Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89%
male: 91%
female: 88% (1980 est.)

Government Micronesia, Federated States of

Country name:
conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia
conventional short form: none
former: Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands)
abbreviation: FSM

Government type:
constitutional government in free association with the US; the
Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 and
the Amended Compact entered into force May 2004

Capital:
Palikir

Administrative divisions:
4 states; Chuuk (Truk), Kosrae (Kosaie), Pohnpei (Ponape), Yap

Independence:
3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 10 May (1979)

Constitution:
10 May 1979

Legal system:
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature,
municipal, common, and customary laws

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Joseph J. URUSEMAL (since 11 May 2003);
Vice President Redley KILLION (11 May 2003); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Joseph J. URUSEMAL (since 11 May
2003); Vice President Redley KILLION (11 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from
among the four senators at large for four-year terms; election last
held 11 May 2003 (next to be held May 2007); note - a proposed
constitutional amendment to establish popular elections for
president and vice president failed
election results: Joseph J. URUSEMAL elected president; percent of
Congress vote - NA%; Redley KILLION elected vice president; percent
of Congress vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Congress (14 seats; four - one elected from each state
to serve four-year terms and 10 - elected from single-member
districts delineated by population to serve two-year terms; members
elected by popular vote)
elections: elections for four-year term seats last held 4 March 2003
(next to be held March 2007); elections for two-year term seats last
held 8 March 2005 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 14

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
no formal parties

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IOC, ITU,
MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse Bibiano MAREHALAU chancery: 1725 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4383 FAX: [1] (202) 223-4391 consulate(s) general: Honolulu and Tamuning (Guam)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Suzanne K. HALE embassy: 101 Upper Pics Road, Kolonia mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia 96941 telephone: [691] 320-2187 FAX: [691] 320-2186

Flag description:
light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars
are arranged in a diamond pattern

Economy Micronesia, Federated States of

Economy - overview:
Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and
fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting,
except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist
industry exists, but the remote location, a lack of adequate
facilities, and limited air connections hinder development. The
Amended Compact of Free Association with the US guarantees the
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) millions of dollars in annual
aid through 2023, and establishes a Trust Fund into which the US and
the FSM make annual contributions in order to provide annual payouts
to the FSM in perpetuity after 2023. The country's medium-term
economic outlook appears fragile due not only to the reduction in US
assistance but also to the slow growth of the private sector.
Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure remain
major impediments to long-term growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$277 million
note: GDP is supplemented by grant aid, averaging perhaps $100
million annually (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 50%
industry: 4%
services: 46% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
two-thirds are government employees

Unemployment rate:
16% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
26.7%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $161 million ($69 million less grants)
expenditures: $160 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Agriculture - products:
black pepper, tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava
(tapioca), betel nuts, sweet potatoes; pigs, chickens

Industries:
tourism, construction, fish processing, specialized aquaculture,
craft items from shell, wood, and pearls

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
192 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source:
NA

Electricity - consumption:
178.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Exports:
$22 million (f.o.b.) (FY99/00 est.)

Exports - commodities:
fish, garments, bananas, black pepper

Exports - partners:
Japan, US, Guam (2000)

Imports:
$149 million f.o.b. (FY99/00 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, beverages

Imports - partners:
US, Australia, Japan (2000)

Debt - external:
$53.1 million (FY02/03 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3
billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid
has been subsequently reduced

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Micronesia, Federated States of

Telephones - main lines in use:
10,100 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate system
domestic: islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used
mostly for government purposes), satellite (Intelsat) ground
stations, and some coaxial and fiber-optic cable; cellular service
available on Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap
international: country code - 691; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 5, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
9,400 (1996)

Television broadcast stations:
3; note - cable TV also available (2004)

Televisions:
2,800 (1999)

Internet country code:
.fm

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
6,000 (2002)

Transportation Micronesia, Federated States of

Highways: total: 240 km paved: 42 km unpaved: 198 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Tomil Harbor

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,423 GRT/1,551 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1
foreign-owned: 2 (United States 2) (2005)

Airports:
6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Micronesia, Federated States of

Military branches:
no ministry of defense and no standing armed forces; the
paramilitary Maritime Wing, a small maritime law enforcement unit,
is responsible to the Division of Maritime Surveillance within the
Office of the Attorney General (2003)

Military - note:
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is a sovereign, self-governing
state in free association with the US; FSM is totally dependent on
the US for its defense

Transnational Issues Micronesia, Federated States of

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Midway Islands

Introduction Midway Islands

Background:
The US took formal possession of the islands in 1867. The laying of
the trans-Pacific cable, which passed through the islands, brought
the first residents in 1903. Between 1935 and 1947, Midway was used
as a refueling stop for trans-Pacific flights. The US naval victory
over a Japanese fleet off Midway in 1942 was one of the turning
points of World War II. The islands continued to serve as a naval
station until closed in 1993. Today the islands are a national
wildlife refuge. From 1996 to 2001 the refuge was open to the
public; it is now temporarily closed.

Geography Midway Islands

Location:
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the
way from Honolulu to Tokyo

Geographic coordinates:
28 13 N, 177 22 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 6.2 sq km
land: 6.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Eastern Island, Sand Island, and Spit Island

Area - comparative:
about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
15 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds

Terrain:
low, nearly level

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 13 m

Natural resources: wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
a coral atoll managed as a national wildlife refuge and open to the
public for wildlife-related recreation in the form of wildlife
observation and photography, sport fishing, snorkeling, and scuba
diving; the refuge is temporarily closed for reorganization at
present (2004)

People Midway Islands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants; approximately 40 people make up the
staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services contractor
living at the atoll (July 2005 est.)

Government Midway Islands

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Midway Islands

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; formerly administered from
Washington, DC, by the US Navy; on 31 October 1996, through a
presidential executive order, the jurisdiction and control of the
atoll was transferred to the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge
system

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Midway Islands

Economy - overview:
The economy is based on providing support services for the national
wildlife refuge activities located on the islands. All food and
manufactured goods must be imported.

Transportation Midway Islands

Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:
Sand Island

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Transportation - note:
airfield serves as an emergency landing site for commercial
aircraft crossing the Pacific Ocean

Military Midway Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Midway Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Moldova

Introduction Moldova

Background:
Formerly part of Romania, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet
Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the
USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory
east of the Dniester River supporting the Slavic majority
population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a
"Transnistria" republic. The poorest nation in Europe, Moldova
became the first former Soviet state to elect a Communist as its
president in 2001.

Geography Moldova

Location:
Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Geographic coordinates:
47 00 N, 29 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 33,843 sq km
land: 33,371 sq km
water: 472 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries: total: 1,389 km border countries: Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
moderate winters, warm summers

Terrain:
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Dniester River 2 m highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m

Natural resources: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone

Land use: arable land: 55.3% permanent crops: 10.79% other: 33.91% (2001)

Irrigated land:
3,070 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
landslides (57 cases in 1998)

Environment - current issues:
heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides
such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil
erosion from poor farming methods

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and
minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone

People Moldova

Population:
4,455,421 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.2% (male 459,452/female 442,725)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 1,489,813/female 1,606,202)
65 years and over: 10.3% (male 169,038/female 288,191) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 32.22 years
male: 30.14 years
female: 34.27 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.22% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.27 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 40.42 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 43.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 65.18 years
male: 61.12 years
female: 69.43 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5,500 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 300 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan

Ethnic groups:
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Jewish 1.5%,
Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Religions:
Eastern Orthodox 98%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist and other 0.5% (2000)

Languages:
Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language),
Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.1%
male: 99.6%
female: 98.7% (2003 est.)

Government Moldova

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
conventional short form: Moldova
local long form: Republica Moldova
local short form: none
former: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic; Moldovan Soviet
Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Chisinau

Administrative divisions:
32 raions (raioane, singular - raionul), 3 municipalities
(municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala
autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)
: counties: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir,
Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari,
Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova,
Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti,
Soroca, Stefan-Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni
: municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau
: autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia
: territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului

Independence:
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994;
replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979

Legal system:
based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of
legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is
unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts
many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) documents

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April
2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Vasile IOVV (since 29 January
2002)
cabinet: selected by president, subject to approval of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 4 April 2005 (next to be held NA 2009); note -
prime minister designated by the president, upon consultation with
Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime
minister-designate must request a vote of confidence from the
Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime
minister designated 15 April 2001, cabinet received a vote of
confidence 19 April 2001
election results: Vladimir VORONIN reelected president;
parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 75, Gheorghe DUCA 1; Vasile
TARLEV designated prime minister; parliamentary votes of confidence
- 75 of 101

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and
electoral blocs elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 6 March 2005 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - PCRM 46.1%, Democratic
Moldova Bloc 28.4%, PPCD 9.1%, other parties 16.4%; seats by party -
PCRM 56, Democratic Moldova Bloc 34, PPCD 11

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for
constitutional judicature)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Modova Bloc [Serafim URECHEANU] includes: Democratic
Party [Dumitru DIACOV], Our Moldova Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS,
Serafim URECHEANU], Social Liberal Party [Oleg SEREBRIAN]; Communist
Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN, first
chairman]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PFP,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Mihail MANOLI chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130 FAX: [1] (202) 667-1204

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Heather M. HODGES embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [373] (22) 408-300 FAX: [373] (22) 23-30-44

Flag description:
same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of blue
(hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a
Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons
carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its
right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast
is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox
head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow

Economy Moldova

Economy - overview:
Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe despite
recent progress from its small economic base. It enjoys a favorable
climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a
result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring
fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import almost
all of its energy supplies from Russia. Energy shortages contributed
to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union
in December 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort after
independence, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed
prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises,
backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed
interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the
World Bank and the IMF to promote growth and reduce poverty. The
economy returned to positive growth of 2.1% in 2000, 6.1% in 2001,
7.2% in 2002, 6.3% in 2003, and 6.8% in 2004. Further reforms will
come slowly because of strong political forces backing government
controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor
agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$8.581 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 22.4% industry: 24.8% services: 52.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.36 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46% (1998)

Unemployment rate:
8% (roughly 25% of working age Moldovans are employed abroad) (2002
est.)

Population below poverty line:
80% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.2% highest 10%: 30.7% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.6 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $648.1 million
expenditures: $634.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
63.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed,
tobacco; beef, milk

Industries:
food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment,
refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar,
vegetable oil, shoes, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
17% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
3.876 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 90.6% hydro: 9.4% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.605 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
2.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-148.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.03 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
foodstuffs, textiles, machinery

Exports - partners:
Russia 35.8%, Italy 13.9%, Romania 10%, Germany 7.3%, Ukraine 6.6%,
Belarus 6%, US 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$1.83 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
textiles (2000)

Imports - partners:
Ukraine 24.6%, Russia 12.2%, Romania 9.3%, Germany 8.5%, Italy 7.4%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$390 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$100 million (2000)

Currency (code):
Moldovan leu (MDL)

Currency code:
MDL

Exchange rates:
lei per US dollar - 12.33 (2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571 (2002),
12.865 (2001), 12.434 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Moldova

Telephones - main lines in use:
706,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
338,200 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside
Chisinau; some effort to modernize is under way
domestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile
cellular telephone service being introduced
international: country code - 373; service through Romania and
Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat,
and Intersputnik

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
3.22 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
1.26 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.md

Internet hosts:
11,984 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (1999)

Internet users:
150,000 (2002)

Transportation Moldova

Railways:
total: 1,138 km
broad gauge: 1,124 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 14 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 12,719 km
paved: 10,977 km
unpaved: 1,742 km (2002)

Waterways:
424 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 606 km (2004)

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,636 GRT/1,088 DWT
by type: cargo 2 (2005)

Airports:
23 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Military Moldova

Military branches:
National Army: Ground Forces, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; national service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,066,459 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 693,913 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 43,729 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$8.7 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.4% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Moldova

Disputes - international:
Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to monitor
transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region which
remains under OSCE supervision

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 1,000 (internal secessionist uprising in Transdniestrian
region in 1991) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS
consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest
Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the
US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Monaco

Introduction Monaco

Background:
Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a
railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then,
the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling
facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation
center.

Geography Monaco

Location:
Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern
coast of France, near the border with Italy

Geographic coordinates:
43 44 N, 7 24 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 1.95 sq km
land: 1.95 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 4.4 km border countries: France 4.4 km

Coastline:
4.1 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Terrain:
hilly, rugged, rocky

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mont Agel 140 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See);
almost entirely urban

People Monaco

Population:
32,409 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 2,563/female 2,445)
15-64 years: 62.1% (male 9,909/female 10,217)
65 years and over: 22.4% (male 2,972/female 4,303) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 45.25 years
male: 43.27 years
female: 47.19 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.43% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
7.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.29 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.57 years
male: 75.7 years
female: 83.63 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
adjective: Monegasque or Monacan

Ethnic groups:
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 90%

Languages:
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Monaco

Country name:
conventional long form: Principality of Monaco
conventional short form: Monaco
local long form: Principaute de Monaco
local short form: Monaco

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Monaco

Administrative divisions:
none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined
by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers,
singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville,
Monte-Carlo

Independence:
1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)

National holiday:
National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November

Constitution:
17 December 1962

Legal system:
based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)
head of government: Minister of State Jean-Paul PROUST (since 1 June
2005)
cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state
appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national
candidates presented by the French Government

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16
members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional
representation; to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held February 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
UNAM 21, UND 3

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch
on the basis of nominations by the National Council)

Political parties and leaders:
National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA]; Union
for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco
or UNAM) [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNITAR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Monaco does not have an embassy in the US
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in
Marseille (France) is accredited to Monaco

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the
flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is
white (top) and red

Economy Monaco

Economy - overview:
Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular
resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. In
2001, a major construction project extended the pier used by cruise
ships in the main harbor. The principality has successfully sought
to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting
industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and
thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established
residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and
offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors,
including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service.
Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous
French metropolitan areas. Monaco does not publish national income
figures; the estimates below are extremely rough.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$870 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
0.9% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $27,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17% industry: NA% services: NA% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
30,540 (January 1994)

Unemployment rate:
22% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.9% (2000)

Budget:
revenues: $518 million
expenditures: $531 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1995)

Agriculture - products:
none

Industries:
tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - imports:
NA kWh
note: electricity supplied by France

Exports:
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Imports:
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Debt - external:
$18 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Monaco

Telephones - main lines in use:
33,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
19,300 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern automatic telephone system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 377; no satellite earth stations;
connected by cable into the French communications system

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998)

Radios:
34,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (1998)

Televisions:
25,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.mc

Internet hosts:
533 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
16,000 (2002)

Transportation Monaco

Highways: total: 50 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Monaco

Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 54 (2005)

Airports:
none; linked to the airport at Nice, France by helicopter service
(2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (shuttle service between the international airport at Nice,
France, and Monaco's heliport at Fontvieille) (2004 est.)

Military Monaco

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France; the Palace Guard performs
ceremonial duties (2003)

Transnational Issues Monaco

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mongolia

Introduction Mongolia

Background:
The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis
KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the
empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these
broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to
their original steppe homelands and later came under Chinese rule.
Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A
Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the
ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually
yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition
(DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Since
then, parliamentary elections returned the MPRP overwhelmingly to
power in 2000 and produced a coalition government in 2004.

Geography Mongolia

Location:
Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Geographic coordinates:
46 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 1,564,116 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Alaska

Land boundaries: total: 8,220 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Terrain:
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west
and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Natural resources:
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel,
zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Land use: arable land: 0.77% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.23% (2001)

Irrigated land:
840 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which
is harsh winter conditions

Environment - current issues:
limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies
of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and
industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the
burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of
environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar;
deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to
agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain;
desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on
the environment

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

People Mongolia

Population:
2,791,272 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.7% (male 407,547/female 392,440)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 943,418/female 945,063)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 44,413/female 58,391) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.28 years
male: 23.93 years
female: 24.64 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.45% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
21.52 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 53.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 57.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 50.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.52 years
male: 62.3 years
female: 66.86 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 500 (2003 est)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian

Ethnic groups:
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other
(including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

Religions:
Buddhist Lamaist 50%, none 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim
4% (2004)

Languages:
Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8%
male: 98%
female: 97.5% (2002)

Government Mongolia

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia

Government type:
mixed parliamentary/presidential

Capital:
Ulaanbaatar

Administrative divisions:
21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality*
(singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan
Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber,
Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge,
Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Independence:
11 July 1921 (from China)

National holiday:
Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

Constitution:
12 February 1992

Legal system:
blend of Soviet, German, and US systems that combine "continental"
or "civil" code and case-precedent; constitution ambiguous on
judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 24 June 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Tsakhi ELBEGDORJ (since 20 August
2004); Deputy Prime Minister Chultem ULAAN (since 28 September 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural (parliament) in
consultation with the president
elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties
represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; presidential tenure limited to two four-year terms;
election last held 22 May 2005 (next to be held in May 2009);
following legislative elections, leader of majority party or
majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by State Great
Hural
election results: Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected president; percent of
vote - Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (MPRP) 53.44%, Mendsaikhanin ENKHSAIKHAN
(DP) 20.05%, Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN (MRP) 13.92%, Badarchyn
ERDENEBAT (M-MNSDP) 12.59%; Tsakhi ELBEGDORJ elected prime minister
by the State Great Hural 74 to 0

Legislative branch:
unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms
elections: last held 27 June 2004 (next to be held in June 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPRP 48.78%, MDC 44.8%,
independents 3.5%, Republican Party 1.5%, others 1.42%; seats by
party - MPRP 36, MDC 34, others 4; note - following June 2004
election, two seats in dispute and unoccupied

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial
courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are
nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the
president)

Political parties and leaders:
Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil Courage
Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; Democratic Party
or DP [R. GONCHIKDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist
Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian
People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian
Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN]
note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in
2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party;
MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ARF, AsDB, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ravdangiyn BOLD
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela J. SLUTZ
embassy: Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road, C.P.O. 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [976] (11) 329095
FAX: [976] (11) 320776

Flag description:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red;
centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem
("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)

Economy Mongolia

Economy - overview:
Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on
herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits;
copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold account for a large
part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height
one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at
the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw
Mongolia endure both deep recession due to political inaction and
natural disasters, as well as economic growth due to reform
embracing free-market economics and extensive privatization of the
formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in
2000, 2001, and 2002 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero
or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for
Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to
privatization. Growth improved from 2002 at 4% to 2003 at 5%, due
largely to high copper prices and new gold production, with the
government claiming a 10.6% growth rate for 2004 that is
unconfirmed. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily impacted by
its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum
products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia,
leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China is Mongolia's chief
export partner and a main source of the "shadow" or "grey" economy.
The World Bank and other international financial institutions
estimate the grey economy to be at least equal to that of the
official economy. The actual size of this grey - largely cash -
economy is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass
through the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector.
Remittances from Mongolians working abroad both legally and
illegally constitute a sizeable portion. Money laundering is growing
as an accompanying concern. Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt
with Russia at the end of 2003 on very favorable terms. Mongolia,
which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, seeks to expand
its participation and integration into Asian regional economic and
trade regimes.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$5.332 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
10.6% according to official estimate (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 20.6% industry: 21.4% services: 58% (2003 est.)

Labor force: 1.488 million (2003)

Labor force - by occupation: herding/agriculture 42%, mining 4%, manufacturing 6%, trade 14%, services 29%, public sector 5%, other 3.7% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
6.7% (2003)

Population below poverty line:
36.1% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $582 million
expenditures: $602 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops, sheep, goats, cattle,
camels, horses

Industries:
construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper,
molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages;
processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber
manufacturing

Industrial production growth rate:
4.1% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.692 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.209 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - exports:
8.2 million kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - imports:
130.5 million kWh (2004 est.)

Oil - production:
542 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
497 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
11,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Exports:
$853 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides,
fluorspar, other nonferrous metals

Exports - partners:
China 47.8%, US 17.9%, UK 15.7% (2004)

Imports:
$1 billion c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial
consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea

Imports - partners:
Russia 33.3%, China 23.6%, Japan 7.4%, South Korea 6%, US 4.6%
(2004)

Debt - external:
$1.191 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$215 million (2003)

Currency (code):
togrog/tugrik (MNT)

Currency code:
MNT

Exchange rates:
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5 (2003),
1,110.3 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Mongolia

Telephones - main lines in use:
142,300 (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
404,400 (2004)

Telephone system:
general assessment: network is improving with international direct
dialing available in many areas
domestic: very low density of about 6.5 telephones for each thousand
persons; two wireless providers cover all but two provinces
international: country code - 976; satellite earth station - 1
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 62, shortwave 3 (2004)

Radios:
155,900 (1999)

Television broadcast stations: 52 (plus 21 provincial repeaters and many low power repeaters) (2004)

Televisions:
168,800 (1999)

Internet country code:
.mn

Internet hosts:
1,000 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
220,000 (2004)

Transportation Mongolia

Railways: total: 1,810 km broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 49,256 km paved: 8,874 km unpaved: 40,376 km (2002)

Waterways:
580 km
note: only waterway in operation is Lake Khovsgol (135 km); Selenge
River (270 km) and Orkhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry
little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May
to September (2004)

Merchant marine:
total: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 339,423 GRT/533,853 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 54, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo
1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 38 (China 2, Lebanon 1, Philippines 1, Russia 10,
Singapore 10, South Korea 1, Syria 1, Thailand 1, Ukraine 1, UAE 4,
Vietnam 6) (2005)

Airports:
46 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 31 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Mongolia

Military branches:
Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian People's Army (MPA), Mongolian
People's Air Force (MPAF) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18-25 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 736,182 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 570,435 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 34,674 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$23.1 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.2% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Mongolia

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Montserrat

Introduction Montserrat

Background:
Much of this island was devastated and two-thirds of the population
fled abroad because of the eruption of the Soufriere Hills Volcano
that began on 18 July 1995. Montserrat has endured volcanic activity
since, with the last eruption occurring in July 2003.

Geography Montserrat

Location:
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:
16 45 N, 62 12 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 102 sq km
land: 102 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
40 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
volcanic island, mostly mountainous, with small coastal lowland

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills volcanic
complex) 914 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 80% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions (Soufriere
Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995)

Environment - current issues:
land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for cultivation

Geography - note:
the island is entirely volcanic in origin and contains seven active
volcanoes

People Montserrat

Population:
9,341
note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the
resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned
(July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.3% (male 1,109/female 1,072)
15-64 years: 65.6% (male 2,923/female 3,201)
65 years and over: 11.1% (male 536/female 500) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 28.56 years
male: 28.29 years
female: 28.79 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.04% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
17.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.07 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.71 years
male: 76.54 years
female: 80.98 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Montserratian(s) adjective: Montserratian

Ethnic groups:
black, white

Religions:
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day
Adventist, other Christian denominations

Languages:
English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97% (1970 est.)

Government Montserrat

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Montserrat

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Plymouth (abandoned in 1997 due to volcanic activity; interim
government buildings have been built at Brades Estate, in the Carr's
Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat)

Administrative divisions:
3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Constitution:
effective 19 December 1989

Legal system:
English common law and statutory law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Deborah BARNES-JONES (since 10 May 2004)
head of government: Chief Minister John OSBORNE (since 5 April 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief
minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the
finance secretary
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party usually becomes chief minister

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 9 popularly elected;
members serve five-year terms)
note: expanded in 2001 from 7 to 9 elected members with attorney
general and financial secretary sitting as ex-officio members
elections: last held April 2001 (next to be held by November 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NPLM 7, NPP 2
note: in 2001, the Elections Commission instituted a single
constituency/voter-at-large system whereby all eligible voters cast
ballots for all nine seats of the Legislative Council

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of
the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the
High Court)

Political parties and leaders:
National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; New People's
Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Caricom, CDB, ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer half of the
flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside a yellow
harp with her arm around a black cross

Economy Montserrat

Economy - overview:
Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has put a
damper on this small, open economy. A catastrophic eruption in June
1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic and
social dislocation. Two-thirds of the 12,000 inhabitants fled the
island. Some began to return in 1998, but lack of housing limited
the number. The agriculture sector continued to be affected by the
lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of crops.
Prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in relation
to the volcano and on public sector construction activity. The UK
has launched a three-year $122.8 million aid program to help
reconstruct the economy. Half of the island is expected to remain
uninhabitable for another decade.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$29 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-1% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,400 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 5.4%
industry: 13.6%
services: 81% (1996 est.)

Labor force:
4,521 (lowered by flight of people from volcanic activity) (2000
est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
6% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.6% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $31.4 million
expenditures: $31.6 million, including capital expenditures of $8.4
million (1997 est.)

Agriculture - products: cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, peppers, livestock products

Industries:
tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
1.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.674 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$700,000 (2001)

Exports - commodities:
electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot peppers, live
plants, cattle

Exports - partners:
US, Antigua and Barbuda

Imports:
$17 million (2001)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured
goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials

Imports - partners:
US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada

Debt - external:
$8.9 million (1997)

Economic aid - recipient:
Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending
$122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Montserrat

Telephones - main lines in use:
NA

Telephones - mobile cellular:
70 (1994)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern and fully digitalized
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-664

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
7,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
3,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ms

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
17 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Montserrat

Highways:
total: 227 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
note: volcanic eruptions beginning in 1995 destroyed most of the
road system (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Plymouth

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Montserrat

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Royal Montserrat Police Force (2005)

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Montserrat

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the
US and Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Morocco

Introduction Morocco

Background:
In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa,
successive Moorish dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th
century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad AL-MANSUR
(1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age.
In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half
century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's
sovereignty steadily eroded; in 1912, the French imposed a
protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle
with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city
of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new
country that same year. Morocco virtually annexed Western Sahara
during the late 1970s, but final resolution on the status of the
territory remains unresolved. Gradual political reforms in the 1990s
resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997.
Parliamentary elections were held for the second time in September
2002 and municipal elections were held in September 2003.

Geography Morocco

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara

Geographic coordinates:
32 00 N, 5 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 446,550 sq km
land: 446,300 sq km
water: 250 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
total: 2,017.9 km
border countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km, Spain
(Ceuta) 6.3 km, Spain (Melilla) 9.6 km

Coastline:
1,835 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Terrain:
northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areas of
bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m
highest point: Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m

Natural resources:
phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt

Land use: arable land: 19.61% permanent crops: 2.17% other: 78.22% (2001)

Irrigated land:
12,910 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to
earthquakes; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues: land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar

People Morocco

Population:
32,725,847 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 32.1% (male 5,349,247/female 5,150,497)
15-64 years: 63% (male 10,259,808/female 10,346,608)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 708,921/female 910,766) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.61 years
male: 23.11 years
female: 24.13 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.57% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.29 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 41.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 45.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.66 years
male: 68.35 years
female: 73.07 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
15,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, and hepatitis A vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations during the transmission season (typically April through November) (2004)

Nationality: noun: Moroccan(s) adjective: Moroccan

Ethnic groups:
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Religions:
Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

Languages:
Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of
business, government, and diplomacy

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.7%
male: 64.1%
female: 39.4% (2003 est.)

Government Morocco

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco
conventional short form: Morocco
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah
local short form: Al Maghrib

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Rabat

Administrative divisions:
14 regions: Grand Casablanca, Chaouia-Ouardigha, Doukkala-Abda,
Fes-Boulemane, Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen, Guelmim-Es Smara,
Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, Meknes-Tafilalet, Oriental,
Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Souss-Massa-Draa, Tadla-Azilal,
Tanger-Tetouan, Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate
note: Morocco claims the territory of Western Sahara, the political
status of which is considered undetermined by the United States
Government; one additional region, Oued Eddahab-Lagouira, falls
entirely within Western Sahara; another region,
Laayoune-Boujdour-Sahia El Hamra, falls mostly within Western
Sahara; a small portion of this region, in the southwestern part of
the country, falls within Moroccan-administered territory as
recognized by the United States; the province of Guelmim-Es Smara
lies in both entities

Independence:
2 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday:
Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMED VI to the throne), 30 July
(1999)

Constitution:
10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create
bicameral legislature) September 1996

Legal system:
based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of
Supreme Court

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal (as of January 2003)

Executive branch:
chief of state: King MOHAMED VI (since 30 July 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Driss JETTOU (since 9 October
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch following legislative elections

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Chamber of
Counselors (270 seats; members elected indirectly by local councils,
professional organizations, and labor syndicates for nine-year
terms; one-third of the members are renewed every three years) and a
lower house or Chamber of Representatives (325 seats; 295 by
multi-seat constituencies and 30 from national lists of women;
members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Counselors - last held 6 October 2003 (next to
be held NA 2006); Chamber of Representatives - last held 27
September 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: Chamber of Counselors - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - RNI 42, MDS 33, UC 28, MP 27, PND 21, PI 21,
USFP 16, MNP 15, PA 13, FFD 12, other 42; Chamber of Representatives
- percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - USFP 50, PI 48,
PJD 42, RNI 41, MP 27, MNP 18, UC 16, PND 12, PPS 11, UD 10, other 50

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed on the recommendation of the
Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI]; Alliance of Liberties or
ADL [Ali BELHAJ]; Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj [Abdellah EL HARIF];
Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS [Ahmed BENJELLOUN];
Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI]; Citizen's Initiatives
for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU]; Constitutional Union or UC
[Mohamed ABIED (interim)]; Democratic and Independence Party or PDI
[Abdelwahed MAACH]; Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Mahmoud
ARCHANE]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Aissa OUARDIGHI];
Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN]; Environment and Development
Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]; Front of Democratic Forces or FFD
[Thami EL KHYARI]; Istiqlal Party (Independence Party) or PI [Abbas
El FASSI]; Justice and Development Party or PJD [Saad Eddine
OTHMANI]; Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohamed ZIANE]; National
Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI]; National Ittihadi
Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA]; National Popular
Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally of Independents
or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; National Union of Popular Forces or UNFP
[Abdellah IBRAHIM]; Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL OUAZZANI,
chairman]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail ALAOUI];
Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]; Party of the
Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER]; Popular
Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Reform and Development Party or
PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]; Social Center Party or PSC [Lahcen
MADIH]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Mohammed
El-YAZGHI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI]; General
Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL]; Moroccan
Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI]; National Labor Union
of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI]; Union of Moroccan Workers or
UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA,
MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner),
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Aziz MEKOUAR chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982 FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas T. RILEY embassy: 2 Avenue de Mohamed El Fassi, Rabat mailing address: PSC 74, Box 021, APO AE 09718 telephone: [212] (37) 76 22 65 FAX: [212] (37) 76 56 61 consulate(s) general: Casablanca

Flag description:
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as
Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green
are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is
more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian gulf;
design dates to 1912

Economy Morocco

Economy - overview:
Morocco faces problems typical for developing countries:
restraining government spending, reducing constraints on private
activity and foreign trade, and achieving sustainable growth.
Despite structural adjustment programs supported by the IMF, the
World Bank, and the Paris Club, the dirham is only fully convertible
for current account transactions. In 2004 Moroccan authorities
instituted measures to boost foreign direct investment and trade by
signing a free trade agreement with the US and selling government
shares in the state telecommunications company and in the largest
state-owned bank. Favorable rainfall over the past two years has
boosted agricultural output and GDP growth passed 4% in 2004. In
2005 the budget deficit is expected to rise sharply - from 1.9% of
GDP in 2004 - because of substantial increases in wages and oil
subsidies. Long-term challenges include preparing the economy for
freer trade with the US and European Union, improving education and
job prospects for Morocco's youth, and raising living standards.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$134.6 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 21.2% industry: 35.8% services: 43% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
11.02 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 40%, industry 15%, services 45% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12.1% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
19% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 30.9% (1998-99)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
39.5 (1998-99)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $12.86 billion
expenditures: $15.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.19
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
70.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, citrus, wine, vegetables, olives; livestock

Industries:
phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing, leather
goods, textiles, construction, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
13.91 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 95.4% hydro: 4.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
14.24 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
1.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
1,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
167,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
300 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
665.4 million cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$765.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$9.754 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
clothing, fish, inorganic chemicals, transistors, crude minerals,
fertilizers (including phosphates), petroleum products, fruits,
vegetables

Exports - partners:
France 33.6%, Spain 17.4%, UK 7.7%, Italy 4.7%, US 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$15.63 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment,
wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics

Imports - partners:
France 18.2%, Spain 12.1%, Italy 6.6%, Germany 6%, Russia 5.7%,
Saudi Arabia 5.4%, China 4.2%, US 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$15.14 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$17.07 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $218 million (2002)

Currency (code):
Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Currency code:
MAD

Exchange rates:
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003), 11.021
(2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Morocco

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,219,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7,332,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system with all important capabilities;
however, density is low with only 4.6 main lines available for each
100 persons
domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and
microwave radio relay links; Internet available but expensive;
principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national
network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural
service employs microwave radio relay
international: country code - 212; 7 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara;
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in
Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and
Tunisia (1998)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 27, FM 25, shortwave 6 (1998)

Radios:
6.64 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
35 (plus 66 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
3.1 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ma

Internet hosts:
3,627 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
8 (2000)

Internet users:
800,000 (2003)

Transportation Morocco

Railways: total: 1,907 km standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1,003 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 57,694 km
paved: 32,551 km (including 481 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,143 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 695 km; oil 285 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Agadir, Casablanca, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, Tangier

Merchant marine:
total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 236,131 GRT/252,367 DWT
by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 6, container 8, passenger/cargo
13, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 6 (France 1, Germany 2, Switzerland 2, United Kingdom
1) (2005)

Airports:
63 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 25 over 3,047 m: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 38 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Morocco

Military branches:
Royal Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (Force Aerienne Royale
Marocaine)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 7,908,864 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,484,787 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 353,377 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$2,305.6 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Morocco

Disputes - international:
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty remains
unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since
September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and
parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; Morocco
protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions
have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting
limits on exploration and refugee interdiction since Morocco's 2002
rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from
the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching
areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of hashish; shipments of hashish mostly directed
to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South America
destined for Western Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Mozambique

Introduction Mozambique

Background:
Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with
independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration by whites, economic
dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil
war hindered the country's development. The ruling Front for the
Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally abandoned Marxism
in 1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for
multiparty elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated
peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique National
Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In December
2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim CHISSANO
stepped down after 18 years in office. His newly elected successor,
Armando Emilio GUEBUZA, has promised to continue the sound economic
policies that have encouraged foreign investment.

Geography Mozambique

Location:
South-eastern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between
South Africa and Tanzania

Geographic coordinates:
18 15 S, 35 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 801,590 sq km
land: 784,090 sq km
water: 17,500 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:
total: 4,571 km
border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland
105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km

Coastline:
2,470 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical to subtropical

Terrain:
mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus in
northwest, mountains in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m

Natural resources:
coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite

Land use: arable land: 5.1% permanent crops: 0.3% other: 94.6% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,070 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in central and
southern provinces

Environment - current issues: a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences; desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant poaching for ivory is a problem

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part
of the country

People Mozambique

Population:
19,406,703
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997
Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2005
est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.1% (male 4,206,654/female 4,157,898)
15-64 years: 54.1% (male 5,088,250/female 5,416,573)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 224,682/female 312,646) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.29 years
male: 17.74 years
female: 18.83 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.48% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.79 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
20.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 130.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 135.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 125.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 40.32 years
male: 39.9 years
female: 40.75 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.7 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
12.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.3 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
110,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican

Ethnic groups:
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and
others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Religions:
Catholic 23.8%, Zionist Christian 17.5%, Muslim 17.8%, other 17.8%,
none 23.1% (1997 census)

Languages:
Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken
by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena
6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign
languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 47.8%
male: 63.5%
female: 32.7% (2003 est.)

Government Mozambique

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form: Mozambique
local long form: Republica de Mocambique
local short form: Mocambique
former: Portuguese East Africa

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Maputo

Administrative divisions:
10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), 1 city (cidade)*;
Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Cidade de Maputo*,
Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia

Independence:
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 June (1975)

Constitution:
30 November 1990

Legal system:
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Armando GUEBUZA (since 2 February 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Luisa DIOGO (since 17 February
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 1-2 December 2004 (next to be held December
2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Armando GUEBUZA elected president; percent of vote
- Armando GUEBUZA 63.7%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 31.7%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (250
seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on a secret
ballot to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 1-2 December 2004 (next to be held December
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Frelimo 62%, Renamo
29.7%; seats by party - Frelimo 160, Renamo 90

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional
judges are appointed by the president and some are elected by the
Assembly); other courts include an Administrative Court, customs
courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts
note: although the constitution provides for a separate
Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence
the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases

Political parties and leaders:
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Liberatacao de
Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA, president];
Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union (Resistencia Nacional
Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or RENAMO-UE [Afonso DHLAKAMA,
president]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Institute for Peace and Democracy (Instituto para Paz e Democracia)
or IPADE [Raul DOMINGOS, president]; Etica [Abdul CARIMO Issa,
chairman]; Movement for Peace and Citizenship (Movimento para Paz e
Cidadania); Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos
Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]; Human Rights and
Development (Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimento) or DHD [Artemisia
FRANCO, secretary general]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
ONUB, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISET, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Armando PANGUENE chancery: 1990 M Street NW, Suite 570, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146 FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Helen LA LIME
embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo
mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone: [258] (1) 492797
FAX: [258] (1) 490448

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with
a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is
edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed
star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an
open white book

Economy Mozambique

Economy - overview:
At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the world's poorest
countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from
1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1987, the government embarked
on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the
economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance and with
political stability since the multi-party elections in 1994, have
led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth rate. Inflation
was reduced to single digits during the late 1990s although it
returned to double digits in 2000-03. Fiscal reforms, including the
introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the customs service,
have improved the government's revenue collection abilities. In
spite of these gains, Mozambique remains dependent upon foreign
assistance for much of its annual budget, and the majority of the
population remains below the poverty line. Subsistence agriculture
continues to employ the vast majority of the country's workforce. A
substantial trade imbalance persists although the opening of the
MOZAL aluminum smelter, the country's largest foreign investment
project to date has increased export earnings. Additional investment
projects in titanium extraction and processing and garment
manufacturing should further close the import/export gap.
Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through
forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily Indebted Poor
Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is now at a
manageable level.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$23.38 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
8.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 21.1% industry: 32.1% services: 46.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
9.2 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 81%, industry 6%, services 13% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
21% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
70% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.5% highest 10%: 31.7% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
39.6 (1996-97)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
47% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.186 billion
expenditures: $1.398 billion, including capital expenditures of
$479.4 million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava (tapioca), corn,
coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits, potatoes, sunflowers;
beef, poultry

Industries:
food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints), aluminum,
petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate:
3.4% (2000)

Electricity - production:
8.859 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 2.9% hydro: 97.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.046 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
7.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
3.907 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
8,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
60 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
60 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
63.71 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-101.2 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$689.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
aluminum, prawns, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber; bulk
electricity

Exports - partners:
Netherlands 60.9%, South Africa 12.9%, Malawi 3.3% (2004)

Imports:
$972.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal products,
foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners:
South Africa 41.4%, Netherlands 11%, Portugal 3.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.206 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$966 million (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$632.8 million (2001)

Currency (code):
metical (MZM)

Currency code:
MZM

Exchange rates:
meticais per US dollar - 22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003), 23,678
(2002), 20,704 (2001), 15,227 (2000)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Mozambique

Telephones - main lines in use:
83,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
428,900 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fair system but not available generally
(telephone density is only 16 telephones for each 1,000 persons)
domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk
connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
international: country code - 258; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 13, FM 17, shortwave 11 (2001)

Radios:
730,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2001)

Televisions:
67,600 (2000)

Internet country code:
.mz

Internet hosts:
3,249 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
11 (2002)

Internet users:
50,000 (2002)

Transportation Mozambique

Railways: total: 3,123 km narrow gauge: 2,983 km 1.067-m gauge; 140 km 0.762-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 30,400 km paved: 5,685 km unpaved: 24,715 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
460 km (Zambezi River navigable to Tete and along Cahora Bassa
Lake) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 649 km; refined products 292 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Beira, Maputo, Nacala

Merchant marine: total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,125 GRT/7,024 DWT by type: cargo 2 foreign-owned: 2 (Belgium 2) (2005)

Airports: 158 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 22 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 136 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 34 under 914 m: 87 (2004 est.)

Military Mozambique

Military branches:
Mozambique Armed Defense Forces: Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense
Forces, Logistics Command

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,793,373 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,751,223 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$117.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Mozambique

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish and heroin,
and South American cocaine probably destined for the European and
South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local consumption)
and methaqualone (for export to South Africa); corruption and poor
regulatory capability makes the banking system vulnerable to money
laundering, but the lack of a well-developed financial
infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering
center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Namibia

Introduction Namibia

Background:
South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa during
World War I and administered it as a mandate until after World War
II, when it annexed the territory. In 1966 the Marxist South-West
Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war
of independence for the area that was soon named Namibia, but it was
not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration in
accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. Namibia won
its independence in 1990 and has been governed by SWAPO since.
Hifikepunye POHAMBA was elected president in November 2004 in a
landslide victory replacing Sam NUJOMA who led the country during
its first 14 years of self rule.

Geography Namibia

Location:
Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola
and South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
22 00 S, 17 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 825,418 sq km
land: 825,418 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Land boundaries:
total: 3,936 km
border countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa
967 km, Zambia 233 km

Coastline:
1,572 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Terrain:
mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in
east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Natural resources:
diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc,
salt, hydropower, fish
note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore

Land use:
arable land: 0.99%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.01% (2001)

Irrigated land:
70 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
prolonged periods of drought

Environment - current issues:
very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification;
wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
first country in the world to incorporate the protection of the
environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is
protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip

People Namibia

Population:
2,030,692
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.7% (male 396,247/female 389,543)
15-64 years: 57.7% (male 586,900/female 584,779)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 33,524/female 39,699) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.79 years
male: 19.63 years
female: 19.94 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.73% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
25.16 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
18.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 48.98 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 44.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 43.93 years
male: 44.71 years
female: 43.13 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.18 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
21.3% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
210,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
16,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Namibian(s)
adjective: Namibian

Ethnic groups:
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Religions:
Christian 80% to 90% (Lutheran 50% at least), indigenous beliefs
10% to 20%

Languages:
English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the
population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%,
indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84%
male: 84.4%
female: 83.7% (2003 est.)

Government Namibia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Namibia
conventional short form: Namibia
former: German Southwest Africa, South-West Africa

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Windhoek

Administrative divisions:
13 regions; Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene,
Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa

Independence:
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Constitution:
ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990

Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Hifikepunye POHAMBA (since 15 November
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nahas ANGULA (since 21 March 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 November 2004 (next to be held November 2009)
election results: Hifikepunye POHAMBA elected president; percent of
vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
bicameral legislature consists of the National Council (26 seats;
two members are chosen from each regional council to serve six-year
terms) and the National Assembly (72 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: National Council - elections for regional councils, to
determine members of the National Council, held 15-16 November 2004
(next to be held November 2009); National Assembly - last held 15-16
November 2004 (next to be held November 2009)
election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - SWAPO 55, COD 5, DTA 4, UDF 3, MAG 1, other 4
note: the National Council is primarily an advisory body

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

Political parties and leaders:
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic Turnhalle
Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president]; Monitor
Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa People's
Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA]; United Democratic
Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard Nangolo IIPUMBU chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540 FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joyce BARR embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen Street, Windhoek mailing address: Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek telephone: [264] (61) 221601 FAX: [264] (61) 229792

Flag description:
a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left
section and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right
section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is
contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Economy Namibia

Economy - overview:
The economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing
of minerals for export. Mining accounts for 20% of GDP. Rich
alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for
gem-quality diamonds. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of
nonfuel minerals in Africa, the world's fifth-largest producer of
uranium, and the producer of large quantities of lead, zinc, tin,
silver, and tungsten. The mining sector employs only about 3% of the
population while about half of the population depends on subsistence
agriculture for its livelihood. Namibia normally imports about 50%
of its cereal requirements; in drought years food shortages are a
major problem in rural areas. A high per capita GDP, relative to the
region, hides the great inequality of income distribution; nearly
one-third of Namibians had annual incomes of less than $1,400 in
constant 1994 dollars, according to a 1993 study. The Namibian
economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar
pegged to the South African rand. Privatization of several
enterprises in coming years may stimulate long-run foreign
investment. Mining of zinc, copper, and silver and increased fish
production led growth in 2003-04.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$14.76 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.3% industry: 30.8% services: 57.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
840,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 47%, industry 20%, services 33% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
35% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
70 (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.788 billion
expenditures: $1.956 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
38.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
millet, sorghum, peanuts; livestock; fish

Industries:
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining (diamond,
lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
1.167 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source:
NA

Electricity - consumption:
1.92 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
65 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
900 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
31.15 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$234.3 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.356 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, processed
fish, karakul skins

Exports - partners:
EU 79%, US 4% (2001)

Imports:
$1.473 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment,
chemicals

Imports - partners:
US 50%, EU 31% (2001)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$360 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.136 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $160 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Currency code:
NAD; ZAR

Exchange rates:
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003),
10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Namibia

Telephones - main lines in use:
127,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
223,700 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good system; about 6 telephones for each 100
persons
domestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio
relay links major towns; connections to other populated places are
by open wire; 100% digital
international: country code - 264; fiber-optic cable to South
Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to
other neighboring countries; connected to Africa ONE and South
African Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through South Africa;
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 39, shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
232,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
8 (plus about 20 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
60,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.na

Internet hosts:
3,164 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
65,000 (2003)

Transportation Namibia

Railways: total: 2,382 km narrow gauge: 2,382 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 42,237 km paved: 5,406 km unpaved: 36,831 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) 2,265 GRT/3,605 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
136 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 21
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 115
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 22
914 to 1,523 m: 71
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Military Namibia

Military branches:
Namibian Defense Force: Army (includes Air Wing), Navy, Police

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 441,293 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 217,118 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$168.4 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Namibia

Disputes - international:
border commission has yet to resolve small residual disputes with
Botswana along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu marshlands
along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest Namibia's
planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on Popa
Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of the
boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004
Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to
build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing
a short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia, boundary in the
river

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Nauru

Introduction Nauru

Background:
Nauru's phosphate deposits began to be mined early in the 20th
century by a German-British consortium; the island was occupied by
Australian forces in World War I. Nauru achieved independence in
1968 and joined the UN in 1999. Nauru is the world's smallest
independent republic.

Geography Nauru

Location:
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the Marshall
Islands

Geographic coordinates:
0 32 S, 166 55 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 21 sq km
land: 21 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
30 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to
February)

Terrain:
sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs with
phosphate plateau in center

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location along plateau rim 61 m

Natural resources:
phosphates, fish

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks collect
rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging desalination
plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90 years - mainly
by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the central 90% of
Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining land resources

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the
Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and
Makatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator

People Nauru

Population:
13,048 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.5% (male 2,511/female 2,379)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 3,895/female 4,012)
65 years and over: 1.9% (male 132/female 119) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.24 years
male: 19.76 years
female: 20.78 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.83% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
25.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.11 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 62.73 years
male: 59.16 years
female: 66.48 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Nauruan(s)
adjective: Nauruan

Ethnic groups:
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%

Religions:
Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)

Languages:
Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English
widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and
commercial purposes

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Nauru

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Nauru
conventional short form: Nauru
former: Pleasant Island

Government type:
republic

Capital:
no official capital; government offices in Yaren District

Administrative divisions:
14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada,
Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren

Independence:
31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered UN
trusteeship)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 31 January (1968)

Constitution:
29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)

Legal system:
acts of the Nauru Parliament and British common law

Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ludwig SCOTTY (since 26 October 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Ludwig SCOTTY (since 26 October 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a three-year term;
election last held 23 October 2004 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: Ludwig SCOTTY was unopposed in the parliamentary
elections for president

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (18 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 3 May 2003 (next to be held not later than May
2006)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - Nauru First Party
3, independents 15

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG]; Nauru
Party (informal) [leader NA]; Naoero Amo (Nauru First) Party [leader
NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, ICAO, ICCt, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF,
Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Nauru does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a UN office
at 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400 D, New York, New York 10017; telephone:
(212) 937-0074
consulate(s): Agana (Guam)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Nauru; the US Ambassador to Fiji
is accredited to Nauru

Flag description:
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the center and
a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the hoist side;
the star indicates the country's location in relation to the Equator
(the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12 original
tribes of Nauru

Economy Nauru

Economy - overview:
Revenues of this tiny island have traditionally come from exports
of phosphates, but reserves are now depleted. Few other resources
exist with most necessities being imported, mainly from Australia,
its former occupier and later major source of support. The
rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from
phosphates are serious long-term problems. In anticipation of the
exhaustion of Nauru's phosphate deposits, substantial amounts of
phosphate income have been invested in trust funds to help cushion
the transition and provide for Nauru's economic future. As a result
of heavy spending from the trust funds, the government faces virtual
bankruptcy. To cut costs the government has called for a freeze on
wages, a reduction of over-staffed public service departments,
privatization of numerous government agencies, and closure of some
overseas consulates. In recent years Nauru has encouraged the
registration of offshore banks and corporations. In 2004 the
deterioration in housing, hospitals, and other capital plant
continued, and the cost to Australia of keeping the government and
economy afloat has substantially mounted. Few comprehensive
statistics on the Nauru economy exist, with estimates of Nauru's GDP
varying widely.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$60 million (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA industry: NA services: NA

Labor force - by occupation: employed in mining phosphates, public administration, education, and transportation

Unemployment rate:
90% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-3.6% (1993)

Budget:
revenues: $23.4 million
expenditures: $64.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY95/96)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts

Industries:
phosphate mining, offshore banking, coconut products

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
30 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
27.9 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$640,000 f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
phosphates

Exports - partners:
South Africa 43.4%, Germany 20.7%, India 11.8%, Japan 7.2%, Poland
4% (2004)

Imports:
$19.8 million c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery

Imports - partners:
Australia 65.6%, Indonesia 5.4%, Germany 5.3%, UK 4.4% (2004)

Debt - external:
$33.3 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.)

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Nauru

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,500 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate local and international radiotelephone
communication provided via Australian facilities
domestic: NA
international: country code - 674; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
7,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
500 (1997)

Internet country code:
.nr

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
300 (2002)

Transportation Nauru

Highways: total: 30 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 6 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Nauru

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Nauru

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Nauru Police Force

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,874 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,963 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal agreement,
defense is the responsibility of Australia

Transnational Issues Nauru

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
offshore banking recently stopped, remains on Financial Action Task
Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continued
failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Navassa Island

Introduction Navassa Island

Background:
This uninhabited island was claimed by the US in 1857 for its
guano. Mining took place between 1865 and 1898. The lighthouse,
built in 1917, was shut down in 1996 and administration of Navassa
Island transferred from the Coast Guard to the Department of the
Interior. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island described it as
a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity; the following year it
became a National Wildlife Refuge and annual scientific expeditions
have continued.

Geography Navassa Island

Location:
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, 35 miles west of Tiburon
Peninsula of Haiti

Geographic coordinates:
18 25 N, 75 02 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 5.4 sq km
land: 5.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
8 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
marine, tropical

Terrain:
raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating; ringed by
vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 m high)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on southwest side 77 m

Natural resources:
guano

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base at Guantanamo
Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock but with enough grassland to support
goat herds; dense stands of fig-like trees, scattered cactus

People Navassa Island

Population:
uninhabited
note: transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island
(July 2005 est.)

Government Navassa Island

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Navassa Island

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered by the Fish and
Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior, from the Caribbean
Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto Rico; in
September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and maintenance of
Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse on the southern
side of the island; there has also been a private claim advanced
against the island

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Navassa Island

Economy - overview:
subsistence fishing and commercial trawling activities within
refuge waters

Transportation Navassa Island

Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only

Military Navassa Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Navassa Island

Disputes - international: claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Nepal

Introduction Nepal

Background:
In 1951, the Nepalese monarch ended the century-old system of rule
by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of
government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy
within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. A Maoist
insurgency, launched in 1996, has gained traction and is threatening
to bring down the regime, especially after a negotiated cease-fire
between the Maoists and government forces broke down in August 2003.
In 2001, the crown prince massacred ten members of the royal family,
including the king and queen, and then took his own life. In October
2002, the new king dismissed the prime minister and his cabinet for
"incompetence" after they dissolved the parliament and were
subsequently unable to hold elections because of the ongoing
insurgency. While stopping short of reestablishing parliament, the
king in June 2004 reinstated the most recently elected prime
minister who formed a four-party coalition government, which the
king subsequently tasked with paving the way for elections to be
held in spring of 2005. Citing dissatisfaction with the government's
lack of progress in addressing the Maoist insurgency, the king in
February 2005 dissolved the government and assumed power.

Geography Nepal

Location:
Southern Asia, between China and India

Geographic coordinates:
28 00 N, 84 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 140,800 sq km
land: 136,800 sq km
water: 4,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Arkansas

Land boundaries: total: 2,926 km border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical
summers and mild winters in south

Terrain:
Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill
region, rugged Himalayas in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Natural resources:
quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of
lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore

Land use: arable land: 21.68% permanent crops: 0.64% other: 77.68% (2001)

Irrigated land:
11,350 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and famine
depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer
monsoons

Environment - current issues:
deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives);
contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural
runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular
emissions

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains
eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest - the
world's tallest - on the border with China

People Nepal

Population:
27,676,547 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39% (male 5,575,157/female 5,221,794)
15-64 years: 57.3% (male 8,137,410/female 7,720,691)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 499,039/female 522,456) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.07 years
male: 19.91 years
female: 20.24 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.2% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
31.45 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 66.98 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 65.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 68.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 59.8 years
male: 60.09 years
female: 59.5 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.5% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
61,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
3,100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Nepalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Nepalese

Ethnic groups:
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang
5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%,
unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

Religions:
Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9%
(2001 census)
note: only official Hindu state in the world

Languages:
Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana)
5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%,
unspecified 2.5% (2001 census)
note: many in government and business also speak English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 45.2%
male: 62.7%
female: 27.6% (2003 est.)

Government Nepal

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepal
conventional short form: Nepal

Government type:
parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Kathmandu

Administrative divisions:
14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri,
Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali,
Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti

Independence:
1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)

National holiday:
Birthday of King GYANENDRA, 7 July (1946)

Constitution:
9 November 1990

Legal system:
based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King GYANENDRA Bir Bikram Shah (succeeded to the
throne 4 June 2001 following the death of his nephew, King DIPENDRA
Bir Bikram Shah)
head of government: Prime Minister Sher Bahadur DEUBA; note - the
Prime Minister resigned in Februrary 2005
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the prime minister; note - the King dissolved the Cabinet in
February 2005
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority
coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
note: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev died in a bloody shooting at
the royal palace on 1 June 2001 that also claimed the lives of most
of the royal family; King BIRENDRA's son, Crown Price DIPENDRA, is
believed to have been responsible for the shootings before fatally
wounding himself; immediately following the shootings and while
still clinging to life, DIPENDRA was crowned king; he died three
days later and was succeeded by his uncle

Legislative branch:

: bicameral Parliament consists of the National Council (60 seats; 35 appointed by the House of Representatives, 10 by the king, and 15 elected by an electoral college; one-third of the members elected every two years to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (205 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 3 and 17 May 1999 (next election NA); note - Nepal's Parliament was dissolved on 22 May 2002 election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NC 37.3%, CPN/UML 31.6%, NDP 10.4%, NSP 3.2%, Rastriya Jana Morcha 1.4%, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 0.8%, NWPP 0.5%, others 14.8%; seats by party - NC 113, CPN/UML 69, NDP 11, NSP 5, Rastriya Jana Morcha 5, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 1, NWPP 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (chief justice is appointed by
the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the
other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the Judicial Council)

Political parties and leaders:
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML [Madhav
Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party or NDP
(also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur THAPA,
chairman]; People's Front Nepal (Rastriya Jana Morcha) [Chitra
BAHADUR, chairman]; Nepali Congress-Democratic [Sher Bahadur DEUBA,
president]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA, party
president; Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary]; Nepal Sadbhavana
(Goodwill) Party or NSP [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, acting party
president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man
BIJUKCHHE, party chairman]; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders: Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRAHANDA, chairman; Dr. Baburam BHATTARAI, from Communist Party of Nepal/Maoist, chief negotiator]; numerous small, left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups

International organization participation:
AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MICAH, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SAARC,
SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kedar Bhakta SHRESTHA
chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550
FAX: [1] (202) 667-5534
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James F. MORIARTY
embassy: Panipokhari, Kathmandu
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [977] (1) 411179
FAX: [977] (1) 419963

Flag description:
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two overlapping
right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a white stylized
moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white 12-pointed sun

Economy Nepal

Economy - overview:
Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the
world with 40% of its population living below the poverty line.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood
for over 80% of the population and accounting for 40% of GDP.
Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural
produce including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Security
concerns in the wake of the Maoist conflict have led to a decrease
in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. Nepal has considerable
scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism, areas
of recent foreign investment interest. Prospects for foreign trade
or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however, because of
the small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its
remoteness, its landlocked geographic location, its civil strife,
and its susceptibility to natural disaster.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$39.53 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 40% industry: 20% services: 40% (2002 est.)

Labor force: 10 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (1996 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 81%, industry 3%, services 16%

Unemployment rate:
47% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
42% (1995-96)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 29.8% (1995-96)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36.7 (FY95/96)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $665 million
expenditures: $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY99/00 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops; milk, water buffalo meat

Industries:
tourism, carpet, textile; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed
mills; cigarette; cement and brick production

Industrial production growth rate:
8.7% (FY99/00)

Electricity - production:
2.054 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 8.5% hydro: 91.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.005 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
142 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
237 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
16,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$568 million f.o.b., but does not include unrecorded border trade
with India (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

Exports - partners:
India 47.4%, US 22.7%, Germany 8.4% (2004)

Imports:
$1.419 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer

Imports - partners:
India 46.3%, China 10.8%, UAE 9.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$2.7 billion (2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
$424 million (FY00/01)

Currency (code):
Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Currency code:
NPR

Exchange rates:
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003),
77.877 (2002), 74.949 (2001), 71.094 (2000)

Fiscal year:
16 July - 15 July

Communications Nepal

Telephones - main lines in use:
371,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
50,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair
radiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular telephone
network
domestic: NA
international: country code - 977; radiotelephone communications;
microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (January 2000)

Radios:
840,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus 9 repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
130,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.np

Internet hosts:
917 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
80,000 (2002)

Transportation Nepal

Railways: total: 59 km narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 13,223 km paved: 4,073 km unpaved: 9,150 km (1999 est.)

Airports: 46 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 37
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Military Nepal

Military branches:
Royal Nepalese Army (includes Royal Nepalese Army Air Service),
Nepalese Police Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,107,091 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4.193 million (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 308,031 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$99.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Nepal

Disputes - international:
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal
cross-border activities

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 104,235 (Bhutan)
IDPs: 100,000-200,000 (ongoing conflict between government forces
and Maoist rebels; displacement spread across the country) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and
international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast
Asia to the West

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Netherlands

Introduction Netherlands

Background:
The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In 1830 Belgium
seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands remained
neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and occupation by
Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized nation, the
Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural products. The
country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now the EU), and
participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Geography Netherlands

Location:
Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany

Geographic coordinates:
52 30 N, 5 45 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 41,526 sq km
land: 33,883 sq km
water: 7,643 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

Land boundaries: total: 1,027 km border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Coastline: 451 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Terrain:
mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders); some hills in
southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Zuidplaspolder -7 m
highest point: Vaalserberg 322 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel,
arable land

Land use: arable land: 26.71% permanent crops: 0.97% other: 72.32% (2001)

Irrigated land:
5,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding

Environment - current issues:
water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and
nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from
vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling

Geography - note:
located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or
Meuse, and Schelde)

People Netherlands

Population:
16,407,491 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.1% (male 1,523,316/female 1,453,232)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 5,627,007/female 5,491,802)
65 years and over: 14.1% (male 974,037/female 1,338,097) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.04 years
male: 38.22 years
female: 39.9 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.53% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.62 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.81 years
male: 76.25 years
female: 81.51 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
19,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective: Dutch

Ethnic groups:
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin mainly
Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians) (1999
est.)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 31%, Dutch Reformed 13%, Calvinist 7%, Muslim 5.5%,
other 2.5%, none 41% (2002)

Languages:
Dutch (official), Frisian (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (2000 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Netherlands

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form: Netherlands
local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
local short form: Nederland

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government

Administrative divisions:
12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie); Drenthe,
Flevoland, Friesland (Fryslan), Gelderland, Groningen, Limburg,
Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland,
Zuid-Holland

Dependent areas:
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

Independence:
23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low Countries
conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; it was not until
1648 that Spain recognized their independence)

National holiday:
Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession
to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April

Constitution:
adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002

Legal system:
civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution
does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980); Heir Apparent
WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22
July 2002) and Deputy Prime Ministers Gerrit ZALM (since 27 May
2003) and Laurens Jan BRINKHORST (since 31 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following Second
Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch
note: there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir
apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the cabinet
on legislative and administrative policy

Legislative branch:
bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First
Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the
country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms) and the Second
Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held
May 2007); Second Chamber - last held 22 January 2003 (next to be
held May 2007)
election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - CDA 23, PvdA 19, VVD 15, Green Party 5, Socialist
Party 4, D66 3, other 6; Second Chamber - percent of vote by party -
CDA 28.6%, PvdA 27.3%, VVD 12.9%, Socialist Party 6.3%, List Pim
Fortuyn 5.7%, Green Party 5.1%, D66 4.1%; seats by party - CDA 44,
PvdA 42, VVD 28, Socialist Party 9, List Pim Fortuyn 8, Green Party
8, D66 6, other 5

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the
monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Maxime Jacques Marcel
VERHAGEN]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats 66 or
D66 [Boris DITTRICH]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party or
PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Gerard van AS]; People's Party
for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Jozias VAN AARTSEN];
Socialist Party [Jan MARIJNISSEN]; plus a few minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Netherlands Trade Union Federation (FNV) (consisting of a merger of
Socialist and Catholic trade unions); Christian Trade Union
Federation (CNV); Trade Union Federation of Middle and High
Personnel (MHP); Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers
Associations; Interchurch Peace Council or IKV; large multinational
firms; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Boudewijn J. VAN EENENNAAM
chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300
FAX: [1] (202) 362-3430
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
consulate(s): Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Clifford M. SOBEL
embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague
mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715
telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209
FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688
consulate(s) general: Amsterdam

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue; similar
to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue and is longer;
one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating with WILLIAM I,
Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th century

Economy Netherlands

Economy - overview:
The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends
heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial
relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current
account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation
hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing,
chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly
mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labor
force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry
and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU partners,
began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The country
continues to be one of the leading European nations for attracting
foreign direct investment. Economic growth slowed considerably in
2001-04, as part of the global economic slowdown, but for the four
years before that, annual growth averaged nearly 4%, well above the
EU average.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$481.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $29,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.4% industry: 24.5% services: 73.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
7.53 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 4%, industry 23%, services 73% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.6 (1994)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $256.9 billion
expenditures: $274.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
55.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Industries:
agroindustries, metal and engineering products, electrical
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum, construction,
microelectronics, fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
0.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
90.61 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 89.9% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 4.3% other: 5.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
100.7 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
46,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
895,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.418 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
2.284 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
88.06 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
77.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
49.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
49.28 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
20.78 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.693 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$19.9 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$293.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Exports - partners:
Germany 25%, Belgium 12.4%, UK 10.1%, France 9.9%, Italy 6%, US
4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$252.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs,
clothing

Imports - partners:
Germany 17.9%, Belgium 9.9%, US 7.9%, China 7.4%, UK 6.4%, France
4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$21.44 billion (2003)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Netherlands

Telephones - main lines in use:
10.004 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
12.5 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: highly developed and well maintained
domestic: extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; cellular
telephone system is one of the largest in Europe with five major
network operators utilizing the third generation of the Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
international: country code - 31; 9 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1
Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2004)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 246, shortwave 3 (2004)

Radios:
15.3 million (1996)

Television broadcast stations:
21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
8.1 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.nl

Internet hosts:
4,518,226 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
52 (2000)

Internet users:
8.5 million (2003)

Transportation Netherlands

Railways: total: 2,808 km standard gauge: 2,808 km 1.435-m gauge (2,061 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 116,500 km
paved: 104,850 km (including 2,235 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,650 km (1999)

Waterways:
5,046 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 325 km; gas 6,998 km; oil 590 km; refined products 716
km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Amsterdam, Groningen, Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Vlissingen,
Zaanstad

Merchant marine:
total: 558 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,796,460 GRT/5,212,557 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 361, chemical tanker 32, container
48, liquefied gas 13, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum
tanker 14, refrigerated cargo 32, roll on/roll off 15, specialized
tanker 4
foreign-owned: 139 (Bahamas 5, Belgium 2, Canada 1, Denmark 4,
Finland 7, Germany 62, Ireland 13, Norway 9, Sweden 19, United
Kingdom 6, United States 11)
registered in other countries: 223 (2005)

Airports:
27 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 20 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Netherlands

Military branches:
Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes Naval Air
Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force (Koninklijke
Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Constabulary, Defense Interservice Command
(DICO) (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
20 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 3,557,918 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 2,856,691 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 99,934 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$9.408 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Netherlands

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
major European producer of ecstasy, illicit amphetamines, and other
synthetic drugs; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish
entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial
sector vulnerable to money laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Netherlands Antilles

Introduction Netherlands Antilles

Background:
Once the center of the Caribbean slave trade, the island of Curacao
was hard hit by the abolition of slavery in 1863. Its prosperity
(and that of neighboring Aruba) was restored in the early 20th
century with the construction of oil refineries to service the newly
discovered Venezuelan oil fields. The island of Saint Martin is
shared with France; its southern portion is named Sint Maarten and
is part of the Netherlands Antilles; its northern portion is called
Saint-Martin and is part of Guadeloupe (France).

Geography Netherlands Antilles

Location:
Caribbean, two island groups in the Caribbean Sea - composed of
five islands, Curacao and Bonaire located off the coast of
Venezuela, and St. Maarten, Saba, and St. Eustatius lie east of the
US Virgin Islands

Geographic coordinates:
12 15 N, 68 45 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 960 sq km
land: 960 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint
Maarten (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin)

Area - comparative:
more than five times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 10.2 km border countries: Guadeloupe (Saint-Martin) 10.2 km

Coastline: 364 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Climate:
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

Terrain:
generally hilly, volcanic interiors

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Scenery 862 m

Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)

Land use: arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% other: 90% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean hurricane belt and are
rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius are
subject to hurricanes from July to October

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
the five islands of the Netherlands Antilles are divided
geographically into the Leeward Islands (northern) group (Saba, Sint
Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) and the Windward Islands (southern)
group (Bonaire and Curacao)

People Netherlands Antilles

Population:
219,958 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 24.2% (male 27,302/female 26,002)
15-64 years: 67.3% (male 70,838/female 77,148)
65 years and over: 8.5% (male 7,673/female 10,995) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 32.46 years
male: 30.86 years
female: 34.01 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.82% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 10.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.83 years
male: 73.58 years
female: 78.2 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Dutch Antillean(s) adjective: Dutch Antillean

Ethnic groups:
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East Asian

Religions:
Roman Catholic 72%, Pentecostal 4.9%, Protestant 3.5%, Seventh-Day
Adventist 3.1%, Methodist 2.9%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.7%, other
Christian 4.2%, Jewish 1.3%, other or unspecified 1.2%, none 5.2%
(2001 census)

Languages:
Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect),
English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%,
Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.7%
male: 96.7%
female: 96.8% (2003 est.)

Government Netherlands Antilles

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles
local long form: none
local short form: Nederlandse Antillen
former: Curacao and Dependencies

Dependency status:
an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full
autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954; Dutch Government
responsible for defense and foreign affairs

Government type:
parliamentary

Capital:
Willemstad; note - located on Curacao, the largest of the islands

Administrative divisions: none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) note: each island has its own government

Independence:
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

National holiday:
Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909 and accession
to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980), 30 April

Constitution:
29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as
amended

Legal system:
based on Dutch civil law system with some English common law
influence

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30 April
1980), represented by Governor General Frits GOEDGEDRAG (since 1
July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Etienne YS (since 3 June 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten (legislature)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections,
the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister
by the Staten; election last held 18 January 2002 (next to be held
by NA 2006)
note: government coalition - PAR, PNP, PLKP, DP St. Maarten, UP
Bonaire, WIPM Saba, DP Statia

Legislative branch:
unicameral States or Staten (22 seats - Curacao 14, Bonaire 3, St.
Maarten 3, St. Eustatius 1, Saba 1; members are elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 18 January 2002 (next to be held in 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PAR 4, PNP 3, PLKP 2, DP St. M 2, UP Bonaire 2, WIPM 1, DP
note: the government of Prime Minister Etienne YS is a coalition of
several parties; current government formed after collapse of FOL led
government on 4 April 2004

Judicial branch:
Joint High Court of Justice (judges appointed by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Etienne YS]; C 93 [Stanley
BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [Jopi ABRAHAM];
Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ]; Democratic
Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY]; Democratic
Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah WESCOTT-WILLIAMS];
Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or FAME [Eric
LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol COVA];
National Alliance [William MARLIN]; National People's Party or PNP
[Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER]; New Antilles Movement or MAN [Kenneth
GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UP Bonaire [Ramonsito
BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten or SPA [Vance JAMES, Jr.];
People's Party or PAPU [Richard HODI]; Pro Curacao Party or PPK
[Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor Movement [Steve HASSELL];
Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St. Eustatius Alliance or SEA
[Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative People's Party or Sapp
[Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS [Benny DEMEI];
Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will JOHNSTON]; Workers'
Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald LAK, Editha WRIGHT]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, UNESCO (associate), UPU, WCL, WCO, WMO,
WToO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Consul General Robert E. SORENSON
consulate(s) general: J. B. Gorsiraweg #1, Willemstad AN, Curacao
mailing address: P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao
telephone: [599] (9) 4613066
FAX: [599] (9) 4616489

Flag description:
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the center superimposed on
a vertical red band, also centered; five white, five-pointed stars
are arranged in an oval pattern in the center of the blue band; the
five stars represent the five main islands of Bonaire, Curacao,
Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten

Economy Netherlands Antilles

Economy - overview:
Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays
of this small economy, which is closely tied to the outside world.
Although GDP has declined or grown slightly in each of the past
eight years, the islands enjoy a high per capita income and a
well-developed infrastructure compared with other countries in the
region. Almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, the US
and Mexico being the major suppliers. Poor soils and inadequate
water supplies hamper the development of agriculture. Budgetary
problems hamper reform of the health and pension systems of an aging
population.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.45 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
0.5% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $11,400 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 15% services: 84% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
89,000 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1%, industry 13%, services 86% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
15.6% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $710.8 million
expenditures: $741.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997 est.)

Agriculture - products:
aloes, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, tropical fruit

Industries:
tourism (Curacao, Sint Maarten, and Bonaire), petroleum refining
(Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities (Curacao and Bonaire),
light manufacturing (Curacao)

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
1.005 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
934.3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
72,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$1.579 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum products

Exports - partners:
US 20.4%, Panama 11.2%, Guatemala 8.8%, Haiti 7.1%, Bahamas, The
5.6%, Honduras 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$2.233 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
crude petroleum, food, manufactures

Imports - partners:
Venezuela 51.1%, US 21.9%, Netherlands 5% (2004)

Debt - external:
$1.35 billion (1996)

Economic aid - recipient:
IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the Netherlands continued its
support with $40 million (2000)

Currency (code):
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)

Currency code:
ANG

Exchange rates:
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar - 1.79 (2004), 1.79
(2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Netherlands Antilles

Telephones - main lines in use:
81,000 (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
81,000 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: generally adequate facilities
domestic: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links
international: country code - 599; submarine cables - 2; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 19, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
217,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 3 (there is also a cable service, which supplies programs received from various US satellite networks and two Venezuelan channels) (2004)

Televisions:
69,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.an

Internet hosts:
119 (2001)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6

Internet users:
2,000 (2000)

Transportation Netherlands Antilles

Highways: total: 600 km paved: 300 km unpaved: 300 km

Ports and harbors:
Bopec Terminal, Fuik Bay, Kralendijk, Willemstad

Merchant marine:
total: 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,317,007 GRT/1,668,499 DWT
by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 23, cargo 72, chemical tanker
2, container 21, liquefied gas 6, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 3,
refrigerated cargo 30, roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 158 (Belgium 5, Cyprus 1, Denmark 1, Germany 57, Hong
Kong 3, Netherlands 71, Peru 1, Sweden 9, Turkey 7, United Kingdom
2, United States 1) (2005)

Airports:
5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 5 over 3,047 m: 1 2038 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Netherlands Antilles

Military branches:
National Guard, Police Force

Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for military recruitment; no conscription (July 2002)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 54,200 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 45,273 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 1,720 (2005 est.)

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Transnational Issues Netherlands Antilles

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs bound for the US and
Europe; money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@New Caledonia

Introduction New Caledonia

Background:
Settled by both Britain and France during the first half of the
19th century, the island was made a French possession in 1853. It
served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864. Agitation for
independence during the 1980s and early 1990s has dissipated.

Geography New Caledonia

Location:
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia

Geographic coordinates:
21 30 S, 165 30 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 19,060 sq km
land: 18,575 sq km
water: 485 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
2,254 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

Terrain:
coastal plains with interior mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m

Natural resources: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper

Land use: arable land: 0.38% permanent crops: 0.33% other: 99.29% (2001)

Irrigated land:
160 sq km (1991)

Natural hazards:
cyclones, most frequent from November to March

Environment - current issues:
erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

Geography - note:
consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of the largest in
the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute, and numerous
small, sparsely populated islands and atolls

People New Caledonia

Population:
216,494 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29% (male 32,030/female 30,714)
15-64 years: 64.6% (male 70,294/female 69,506)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 6,513/female 7,437) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.5 years
male: 27.16 years
female: 27.84 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.28% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.72 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.04 years
male: 71.07 years
female: 77.16 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.31 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: New Caledonian(s)
adjective: New Caledonian

Ethnic groups:
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynesian 3.8%,
Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%

Languages:
French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91%
male: 92%
female: 90% (1976 est.)

Government New Caledonia

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
conventional short form: New Caledonia
local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances
local short form: Nouvelle-Caledonie

Dependency status:
overseas territory of France since 1956

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Noumea

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 3 provinces named Iles Loyaute, Nord, and Sud

Independence:
none (overseas territory of France); note - a referendum on
independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new referendum is
scheduled for 2014

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the
islands; formerly under French law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by High Commissioner Michel MATHIEU (since 15
July 2005)
head of government: President of the Government Marie-Noelle
THEMEREAU (since 10 June 2004)
cabinet: Consultative Committee
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress; note
- last election held 29 June 2004 when Marie-Noelle THEMEREAU was
elected on the third vote with 8 votes for and 3 abstentions

Legislative branch:
unicameral Territorial Congress or Congres Territorial (54 seats;
members belong to the three Provincial Assemblies or Assemblees
Provinciales elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 9 May 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPCR-UMP 16, AE 16, UNI-FLNKS 8, UC 7, FN 4, others 3
note: New Caledonia currently holds 1 seat in the French Senate;
elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held not later
than September 2007; between now and 2010 New Caledonia will gain a
second seat in the French Senate); results - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA; New Caledonia also elects 2 seats
to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 and 16 June
2002 (next to be held by June 2007); results - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 2

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint Commerce
Tribunal Court; Children's Court

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX]; Caleonian
Union or UC [leader NA]; Federation des Comites de Coordination des
Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front National or FN [Guy
GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Kanak
Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [leader NA]
(includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation Kanak or
PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for Caledonia in
the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR-UMP [Jacques LAFLEUR]; The
Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationale pour
l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer exist,
but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de
Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM
[Victor TUTUGORO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
FZ, ICFTU, PIF (observer), UPU, WFTU, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy New Caledonia

Economy - overview:
New Caledonia has about 25% of the world's known nickel resources.
Only a small amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and
food accounts for about 20% of imports. In addition to nickel,
substantial financial support from France - equal to more than
one-fourth of GDP - and tourism are keys to the health of the
economy. Substantial new investment in the nickel industry, combined
with the recovery of global nickel prices, brightens the economic
outlook for the next several years.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.158 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $15,000 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 5% industry: 30% services: 65% (1997 est.)

Labor force:
79,400 (including 15,018 unemployed) (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 7%, industry 23%, services 70% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
19% (1996)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-0.6% (2000 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $861.3 million
expenditures: $735.3 million, including capital expenditures of $52
million (1996 est.)

Agriculture - products:
vegetables; beef, deer, other livestock products

Industries:
nickel mining and smelting

Industrial production growth rate:
-0.6% (1996)

Electricity - production:
1.581 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 76.3% hydro: 23.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.471 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
8,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$448 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
ferronickels, nickel ore, fish

Exports - partners:
Japan 22%, France 16.5%, Taiwan 12.3%, South Korea 12%, Spain 6.3%,
Australia 6.1%, China 4.8%, South Africa 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$1.007 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
France 40.3%, Singapore 10.9%, Australia 9.1%, New Zealand 4.9%
(2004)

Debt - external:
$79 million (1998 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$880 million annual subsidy from France (1998)

Currency (code):
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Currency code:
XPF

Exchange rates:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 96.04
(2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications New Caledonia

Telephones - main lines in use:
52,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
80,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 687; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
107,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
6 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
52,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.nc

Internet hosts:
4,449 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
60,000 (2003)

Transportation New Caledonia

Highways:
total: 5,432 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Noumea

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,261 GRT/1,600 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
25 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 6 (2004 est.)

Military New Caledonia

Military branches:
no regular indigenous military forces; French Armed Forces
(includes Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie); Police Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues New Caledonia

Disputes - international: Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@New Zealand

Introduction New Zealand

Background:
The Polynesian Maori reached New Zealand in about A.D. 800. In
1840, their chieftains entered into a compact with Britain, the
Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen
Victoria while retaining territorial rights. In that same year, the
British began the first organized colonial settlement. A series of
land wars between 1843 and 1872 ended with the defeat of the native
peoples. The British colony of New Zealand became an independent
dominion in 1907 and supported the UK militarily in both World Wars.
New Zealand's full participation in a number of defense alliances
lapsed by the 1980s. In recent years, the government has sought to
address longstanding Maori grievances.

Geography New Zealand

Location:
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of Australia

Geographic coordinates:
41 00 S, 174 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 268,680 sq km
land: 268,021 sq km
water: NA
note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands,
Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands

Area - comparative:
about the size of Colorado

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
15,134 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Terrain:
predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Aoraki-Mount Cook 3,754 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold,
limestone

Land use: arable land: 5.6% permanent crops: 6.99% other: 87.41% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,850 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes are common, though usually not severe; volcanic activity

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna hard-hit by
species introduced from outside

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
about 80% of the population lives in cities; Wellington is the
southernmost national capital in the world

People New Zealand

Population:
4,035,461 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 21.4% (male 441,836/female 421,065)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 1,356,095/female 1,343,728)
65 years and over: 11.7% (male 206,650/female 266,087) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 33.65 years
male: 32.92 years
female: 34.4 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.02% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
13.9 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.66 years
male: 75.67 years
female: 81.78 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,400 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: New Zealander(s)
adjective: New Zealand

Ethnic groups:
European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander 4.4%,
other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)

Religions:
Anglican 14.9%, Roman Catholic 12.4%, Presbyterian 10.9%, Methodist
2.9%, Pentecostal 1.7%, Baptist 1.3%, other Christian 9.4%, other
3.3%, unspecified 17.2%, none 26% (2001 census)

Languages:
English (official), Maori (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1980 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government New Zealand

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: New Zealand
abbreviation: NZ

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Wellington

Administrative divisions:
16 regions and 1 territory*; Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury,
Chatham Islands*, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay, Manawatu-Wanganui,
Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland, Taranaki, Tasman,
Waikato, Wellington, West Coast

Dependent areas:
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Independence:
26 September 1907 (from UK)

National holiday:
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty
over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Constitution:
consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of
the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act
1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987,
effective 1 January 1987

Legal system:
based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts
for the Maori; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since 4
April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 10 December
1999) and Deputy Prime Minister Michael CULLEN (since NA July 2002)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called Parliament
(120 seats; 69 members elected by popular vote in single-member
constituencies including 7 Maori constituencies, and 51 proportional
seats chosen from party lists, all to serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 17 September 2005 (next to be held not later
than 15 November 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NZLP 41.1%, NP 39.1%,
NZFP 5.72%, Green Party 5.3%, Maori 2.12%, UF 2.67%, ACT New Zealand
1.51%, Progressive 1.16%; seats by party - NZLP 50, NP 48, NZFP 7,
Green Party 6, Maori 4, UF 3, ACT New Zealand 2, Progressive 1
note: results of 2005 election saw the total number of seats
increase to 121 because the Maori Party won one more electorate seat
than its entitlement under the party vote

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; High Court; note - Judges appointed
by the Governor-General

Political parties and leaders:
ACT New Zealand [Rodney HIDE]; Green Party [Jeanette FITZSIMONS and
Rod DONALD]; Maori Party [Whatarangi WINIATA]; National Party or NP
[Don BRASH]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New
Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; Progressive Party [James
(Jim) ANDERTON]; United Future or UF [Peter DUNNE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986),
APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C,
CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
NAM (guest), NSG, OECD, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador L. John WOOD chancery: 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 328-4800 FAX: [1] (202) 667-5227 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Charles J. SWINDELLS
embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington
mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, APO AP
96531-1034
telephone: [64] (4) 462-6000
FAX: [64] (4) 499-0490
consulate(s) general: Auckland

Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant with
four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in the outer
half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross
constellation

Economy New Zealand

Economy - overview:
Over the past 20 years the government has transformed New Zealand
from an agrarian economy dependent on concessionary British market
access to a more industrialized, free market economy that can
compete globally. This dynamic growth has boosted real incomes (but
left behind many at the bottom of the ladder), broadened and
deepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector,
and contained inflationary pressures. Per capita income has risen
for six consecutive years and is now more than $23,000 in purchasing
power parity terms. New Zealand is heavily dependent on trade -
particularly in agricultural products - to drive growth. Exports are
equal to about 20% of GDP. Thus far the economy has been resilient,
and the Labor Government promises that expenditures on health,
education, and pensions will increase proportionately to output.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$92.51 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $23,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.6% industry: 27.4% services: 68% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.05 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 10%, industry 25%, services 65% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
4.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.3% highest 10%: 29.8% (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $38.29 billion
expenditures: $36.12 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
22.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; wool, beef,
lamb and mutton, dairy products; fish

Industries:
food processing, wood and paper products, textiles, machinery,
transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism, mining

Industrial production growth rate:
5.9% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
38.39 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 31.6% hydro: 57.8% nuclear: 0% other: 10.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
35.71 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
42,160 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
132,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
30,220 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
119,700 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
89.62 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
6.504 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
6.504 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
58.94 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-3.647 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$19.85 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
dairy products, meat, wood and wood products, fish, machinery

Exports - partners:
Australia 21%, US 14.4%, Japan 11.3%, China 5.7%, UK 4.7% (2004)

Imports:
$19.77 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft, petroleum,
electronics, textiles, plastics

Imports - partners:
Australia 22.4%, US 11.3%, Japan 11.2%, China 9.7%, Germany 5.2%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$4.805 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$47.34 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $99.7 million

Currency (code):
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Currency code:
NZD

Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications New Zealand

Telephones - main lines in use:
1.765 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2.599 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international systems
domestic: NA
international: country code - 64; submarine cables to Australia and
Fiji; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 124, FM 290, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
3.75 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 41 (plus 52 medium-power repeaters and over 650 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
1.926 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.nz

Internet hosts:
474,395 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
36 (2000)

Internet users:
2.11 million (2003)

Transportation New Zealand

Railways: total: 3,898 km narrow gauge: 3,898 km 1.067-m gauge (506 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 92,382 km
paved: 59,124 km (including at least 169 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,258 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 2,213 km; liquid petroleum gas 79 km; oil 160 km; refined
products 304 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Auckland, Lyttelton, Tauranga, Wellington, Whangarei

Merchant marine:
total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 77,523 GRT/108,352 DWT
by type: cargo 3, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 1, bulk carrier 3
foreign-owned: 2 (Germany 1, Isle of Man 1)
registered in other countries: 5 (2005)

Airports:
116 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 46 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 70 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 29 under 914 m: 39 (2004 est.)

Military New Zealand

Military branches:
New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zealand Air
Force

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be
deployed until the age of 18 (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 984,700 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 809,519 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 29,738 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.147 billion (FY03/04)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1% (FY02)

Transnational Issues New Zealand

Disputes - international: asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency) [see Antarctica]

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Nicaragua

Introduction Nicaragua

Background:
The Pacific Coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from
Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from Spain was
declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in
1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the
19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in
subsequent decades. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation
and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a
short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas
to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador
caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through
much of the 1980s. Free elections in 1990, 1996, and again in 2001
saw the Sandinistas defeated. The country has slowly rebuilt its
economy during the 1990s, but was hard hit by Hurricane Mitch in
1998.

Geography Nicaragua

Location:
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North
Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras

Geographic coordinates:
13 00 N, 85 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 129,494 sq km
land: 120,254 sq km
water: 9,240 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than the state of New York

Land boundaries: total: 1,231 km border countries: Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km

Coastline: 910 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 200 nm continental shelf: natural prolongation

Climate:
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Terrain:
extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior
mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m

Natural resources:
gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish

Land use: arable land: 15.94% permanent crops: 1.94% other: 82.12% (2001)

Irrigated land:
880 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely
susceptible to hurricanes

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater
body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua

People Nicaragua

Population:
5,465,100 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.2% (male 1,036,487/female 999,226)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 1,623,065/female 1,638,017)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 73,935/female 94,370) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.56 years
male: 20.15 years
female: 20.98 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.92% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
24.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 29.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.33 years
male: 68.27 years
female: 72.49 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
6,400 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Nicaraguan(s)
adjective: Nicaraguan

Ethnic groups:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%,
Amerindian 5%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 72.9%, Evangelical 15.1%, Moravian 1.5%, Episcopal
0.1%, other 1.9%, none 8.5% (1995 census)

Languages:
Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census)
note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 67.5%
male: 67.2%
female: 67.8% (2003 est.)

Government Nicaragua

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua
conventional short form: Nicaragua
local long form: Republica de Nicaragua
local short form: Nicaragua

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Managua

Administrative divisions:
15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 2
autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region
autonomista); Atlantico Norte*, Atlantico Sur*, Boaco, Carazo,
Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz,
Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas

Independence:
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Constitution:
9 January 1987; reforms in 1995 and 2000

Legal system:
civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts

Suffrage:
16 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10 January
2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January 2002);
note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10
January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January
2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 4 November
2001 (next to be held by November 2006)
election results: Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (PLC) elected president -
56.3%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 42.3%, Alberto SABORIO (PCN)
1.4%; Jose RIZO Castellon elected vice president

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (92 seats;
members are elected by proportional representation and party lists
to serve five-year terms; one seat for previous President, one seat
for runner-up in previous Presidential election
elections: last held 4 November 2001 (next to be held by November
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance
(ruling party - includes PCCN, PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%,
FSLN 36.55%, PCN 2.12%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 53, FSLN
38, PCN 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for five-year
terms by the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon, Oscar
WENDOLYN Vargas, Karla WHITE]; Central American Unionist Party or
PUCA [leader NA]; Christian Alternative Party or AC [Orlando
TARDENCILLA Espinoza]; Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Mario
RAPPACCIOLI]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ
Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Independent Liberal Party for National
Unity or PLIUN [leader NA]; Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC
[Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Liberal Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo
NUNEZ Hernandez]; New Liberal Party or PALI [leader NA]; Nicaraguan
Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina];
Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista
National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra];
Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [leader NA]; Unity Alliance or
AU [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of
eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC,
Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs
Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National
Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of
Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG,
Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of
Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an
umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including -
Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of
Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor
or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan
Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior
Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of
business groups

International organization participation:
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL,
OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Salvador STADTHAGEN (since 5 December
2003)
chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6570, [1] (202) 939-6573
FAX: [1] (202) 939-6545
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San
Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara Calandra MOORE embassy: Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur, Managua mailing address: APO AA 34021 telephone: [505] 266-6010 FAX: [505] 266-9074

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with
the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of
arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE
NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to
the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by
the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in
the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five
blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Economy Nicaragua

Economy - overview:
Nicaragua, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces low per
capita income, massive unemployment, and huge external debt.
Distribution of income is one of the most unequal on the globe.
While the country has made progress toward macroeconomic stability
over the past few years, GDP annual growth has been far too low to
meet the country's needs. As a result of successful performance
under its International Monetary Fund policy program and other
efforts, Nicaragua qualified in early 2004 for some $4 billion in
foreign debt reduction under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) initiative. Even after this reduction, however, the
government continues to bear a significant foreign and domestic debt
burden. If ratified, the US-Central America Free Trade Agreement
(CAFTA) will provide an opportunity for Nicaragua to attract
investment, create jobs, and deepen economic development. While
President BOLANOS enjoys the support of the international financial
bodies, his internal political base is meager.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$12.34 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 20.7% industry: 24.7% services: 54.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.93 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 30.5%, industry 17.3%, services 52.2% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
7.8% plus underemployment of 46.5% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.2% highest 10%: 45% (2001)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
55.1 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
28% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $725.5 million
expenditures: $1.039 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
69.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, rice, corn, tobacco, sesame,
soya, beans; beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products

Industries:
food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, textiles,
clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear,
wood

Industrial production growth rate:
4.4% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.553 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 83.9% hydro: 7.7% nuclear: 0% other: 8.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.318 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
6.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
15.3 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
25,770 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
738 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
27,950 bbl/day (2003)

Current account balance:
$-843.1 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$750 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, beef, shrimp and lobster, tobacco, sugar, gold, peanuts

Exports - partners:
US 64.8%, El Salvador 7%, Mexico 3.6% (2004)

Imports:
$2.02 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum
products

Imports - partners:
US 22.6%, Costa Rica 8.5%, Venezuela 8.4%, Guatemala 6.8%, Mexico
5.8%, El Salvador 4.9%, South Korea 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$670 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.573 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$541.8 million (2003)

Currency (code):
gold cordoba (NIO)

Currency code:
NIO

Exchange rates:
gold cordobas per US dollar - 15.937 (2004), 15.105 (2003), 14.251
(2002), 13.372 (2001), 12.684 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Nicaragua

Telephones - main lines in use:
171,600 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
202,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: inadequate system being upgraded by foreign
investment
domestic: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being
expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System
international: country code - 505; satellite earth stations - 1
Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
1.24 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
320,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ni

Internet hosts:
7,094 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
90,000 (2002)

Transportation Nicaragua

Railways: total: 6 km narrow gauge: 6 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 18,712 km paved: 2,126 km unpaved: 16,586 km (2002)

Waterways:
2,220 km (including lakes Managua and Nicaragua) (1997)

Pipelines:
oil 54 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff

Airports:
176 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 165 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 141 (2004 est.)

Military Nicaragua

Military branches:
Army (includes Navy, Air Force)

Military service age and obligation:
17 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,309,970 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 1,051,425 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 65,170 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$32.8 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Nicaragua

Disputes - international:
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against
Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; the
1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite
resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca,
which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over
navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and
transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Niger

Introduction Niger

Background:
Not until 1993, 33 years after independence from France, did Niger
hold its first free and open elections. A 1995 peace accord ended a
five-year Tuareg insurgency in the north. Coups in 1996 and 1999
were followed by the creation of a National Reconciliation Council
that effected a transition to civilian rule by December 1999. Niger
is one of the poorest countries in the world with minimal government
services and insufficient funds to develop its resource base. The
largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is frequently
disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region of Africa.

Geography Niger

Location:
Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Geographic coordinates:
16 00 N, 8 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1.267 million sq km
land: 1,266,700 sq km
water: 300 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,697 km
border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina Faso 628 km,
Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Terrain:
predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains
in south; hills in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Niger River 200 m
highest point: Mont Bagzane 2,022 m

Natural resources:
uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum, gypsum,
salt, petroleum

Land use: arable land: 3.54% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 96.45% (2001)

Irrigated land:
660 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts

Environment - current issues: overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world: northern
four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna, suitable for
livestock and limited agriculture

People Niger

Population:
11,665,937 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 47.3% (male 2,811,539/female 2,704,498)
15-64 years: 50.6% (male 2,890,119/female 3,009,281)
65 years and over: 2.1% (male 130,953/female 119,547) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.25 years
male: 15.8 years
female: 16.72 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.63% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
48.3 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
21.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 121.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 125.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 117.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 43.5 years
male: 43.54 years
female: 43.45 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
70,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
4,800 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality: noun: Nigerien(s) adjective: Nigerien

Ethnic groups:
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri)
4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200 French
expatriates

Religions:
Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christian

Languages:
French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 17.6%
male: 25.8%
female: 9.7% (2003 est.)

Government Niger

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Niger
conventional short form: Niger
local long form: Republique du Niger
local short form: Niger

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Niamey

Administrative divisions:
8 regions (regions, singular - region) includes 1 capital district*
(commune urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*, Tahoua,
Tillaberi, Zinder

Independence:
3 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 18 December (1958)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 18 July 1999

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President TANDJA Mamadou (since 22 December 1999);
note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President TANDJA Mamadou (since 22 December
1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government; Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was
appointed by the president and shares some executive
responsibilities with the president
cabinet: 27-member Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
second round last held 4 December 2004 (next to be held December
2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: TANDJA Mamadou reelected president; percent of
vote - TANDJA Mamadou 65.5%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 34.5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (113 seats; note - expanded from 83
seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)
elections: last held 4 December 2004 (next to be held December 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
MNSD 47, CDS 22, PNDS 17, RSD 7, RDP 6, ANDP 5, Party for Socialism
and Democracy in Niger 1, other 8

Judicial branch:
State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ANDP [leader NA]; Democratic
Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID]; Democratic
and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE];
National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara
[TANDJA Mamadou, chairman]; Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and
Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou
DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya or
PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]; Party for Socialism and Democracy
in Niger [leader NA]; Rally for Social Democracy or RSD [Cheiffou
AMADOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua or
UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB,
OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional),
WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph DIATTA chancery: 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-4224 through 4227 FAX: [1] (202)483-3169

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Gail Dennise Thomas MATHIEU embassy: Rue Des Ambassades, Niamey mailing address: B. P. 11201, Niamey telephone: [227] 72 26 61 through 72 26 64 FAX: [227] 73 31 67, 72-31-46

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with
a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white
band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel
centered in the white band

Economy Niger

Economy - overview:
Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world, a landlocked
Sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence crops,
livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Drought
cycles, desertification, a 3.3% population growth rate, and the drop
in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy. Niger shares
a common currency, the CFA franc, and a common central bank, the
Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), with seven other
members of the West African Monetary Union. In December 2000, Niger
qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary
Fund program for Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and concluded
an agreement with the Fund on a Poverty Reduction and Growth
Facility (PRGF). Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC
initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service
obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care,
primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and
other programs geared at poverty reduction. Nearly half of the
government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Future
growth may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and
other mineral resources.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$9.716 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 39% industry: 17% services: 44% (2001)

Labor force:
70,000 receive regular wages or salaries (2002 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4%

Unemployment rate:
NA (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
63% (1993 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.8% highest 10%: 35.4% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
50.5 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $320 million - including $134 million from foreign sources
expenditures: $320 million, including capital expenditures of $178
million (2002 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, sorghum, cassava (tapioca), rice;
cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, poultry

Industries:
uranium mining, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food processing,
chemicals, slaughterhouses

Industrial production growth rate:
NA (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
266.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
327.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
80 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$280 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas, onions

Exports - partners:
France 41%, Nigeria 22.4%, Japan 15.3%, Switzerland 6%, Spain 4.1%,
Ghana 4% (2004)

Imports:
$400 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals

Imports - partners:
France 14.4%, US 10.3%, French Polynesia 9.4%, Nigeria 7.8%, Cote
d'Ivoire 7.5%, Japan 5.2%, China 5.1%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$1.6 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$341 million (1997)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Niger

Telephones - main lines in use:
22,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
24,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: small system of wire, radio telephone
communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in the
southwestern area of Niger
domestic: wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio
relay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned
international: country code - 227; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 5, FM 6, shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
680,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (2002)

Televisions:
125,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ne

Internet hosts:
134 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
15,000 (2002)

Transportation Niger

Highways:
total: 10,100 km
paved: 798 km
unpaved: 9,302 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
300 km
note: Niger River is navigable to Gaya between September and March
(2004)

Ports and harbors:
none

Airports:
27 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 14
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Niger

Military branches:
Niger Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army, National
Air Force (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,135,680 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,180,027 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 126,719 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$33.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Niger

Disputes - international:
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute;
much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria,
remains undemarcated, and states expect a ruling in 2005 from the
ICJ over the disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; only Nigeria
and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to
ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes Chad and Niger

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Nigeria

Introduction Nigeria

Background:
Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was
adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government
was completed. The president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a
petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through
corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In
addition, the OBASANJO administration must defuse longstanding
ethnic and religious tensions, if it is to build a sound foundation
for economic growth and political stability. Despite some
irregularities, the April 2003 elections marked the first civilian
transfer of power in Nigeria's history.

Geography Nigeria

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and
Cameroon

Geographic coordinates:
10 00 N, 8 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 923,768 sq km
land: 910,768 sq km
water: 13,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:
total: 4,047 km
border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger
1,497 km

Coastline:
853 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Terrain:
southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains
in southeast, plains in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium,
lead, zinc, arable land

Land use: arable land: 31.29% permanent crops: 2.96% other: 65.75% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,330 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; flooding

Environment - current issues: soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the Niger enters the country in the northwest and flows southward
through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in the Gulf of
Guinea

People Nigeria

Population:
128,771,988
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.3% (male 27,466,766/female 27,045,092)
15-64 years: 54.6% (male 35,770,593/female 34,559,414)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 1,874,157/female 2,055,966) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.63 years
male: 18.71 years
female: 18.55 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.37% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
40.65 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
17.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 98.8 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.69 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 91.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 46.74 years
male: 46.21 years
female: 47.29 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.53 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
5.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3.6 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
310,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly endemic areas for Lassa fever (2004)

Nationality: noun: Nigerian(s) adjective: Nigerian

Ethnic groups:
Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than
250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and
politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo
(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Religions:
Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Languages:
English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 68%
male: 75.7%
female: 60.6% (2003 est.)

Government Nigeria

Country name:
conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria
conventional short form: Nigeria

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially
transferred from Lagos to Abuja; most federal government offices
have now moved to Abuja

Administrative divisions:
36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra,
Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo,
Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa,
Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger,
Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara

Independence:
1 October 1960 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day (National Day), 1 October (1960)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted May 1999

Legal system:
based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (in 12 northern
states), and traditional law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than two
four-year terms; election last held 19 April 2003 (next to be held
NA 2007)
election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of
vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 61.9%, Muhammadu BUHARI (ANPP) 31.2%,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu OJUKWU (APGA) 3.3%, other 3.6%

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly consists of Senate (109 seats - 3 from
each state plus one from Abuja, members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (346 seats,
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held NA
2007); House of Representatives - last held 12 April 2003 (next to
be held NA 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 53.7%,
ANPP 27.9%, AD 9.7%; seats by party - PDP 76, ANPP 27, AD 6; House
of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.5%, ANPP
27.4%, AD 8.8%, other 9.3%; seats by party - PDP 223, ANPP 96, AD
34, other 6; note - one seat is vacant

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the President); Federal Court of
Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on the advice
of the Advisory Judicial Committee)

Political parties and leaders:
Alliance for Democracy or AD [Alhaji Adamu ABDULKADIR]; All Nigeria
Peoples' Party or ANPP [Don ETIEBET]; All Progressives Grand
Alliance or APGA [Chekwas OKORIE]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Aliyu Habu FARI]; Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Dr. Ahmadu ALI];
Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA]; Peoples
Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE]; United Nigeria Peoples
Party or UNPP [Saleh JAMBO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force or NDPVF [Mujahid Dokubo
ASARI]; Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC [Adams OSHIOMOLE]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB,
OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Professor George A. OBIOZOR
chancery: 3519 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 986-8400
FAX: [1] (202) 775-1385
consulate(s) general: Atlanta and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John CAMPBELL
embassy: 7 Mambilla Drive, Abuja
mailing address: P. O. Box 554, Lagos
telephone: [234] (9) 523-0916/0906/5857/2235/2205
FAX: [234] (9) 523-0353

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green

Economy Nigeria

Economy - overview:
Oil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability,
corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic
management, is undertaking some reforms under the new civilian
administration. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify
the economy away from overdependence on the capital-intensive oil
sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings,
and about 65% of budgetary revenues. The largely subsistence
agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population
growth - Nigeria is Africa's most populous country - and the
country, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food.
Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000,
Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a
$1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms.
Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program in April 2002, after failing
to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for
additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club. In the last year
the government has begun showing the political will to implement the
market-oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to modernize the
banking system, to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage
demands, and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of
earnings from the oil industry. During 2003 the government began
deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the
country's four oil refineries, and instituted the National Economic
Empowerment Development Strategy, a domestically designed and run
program modeled on the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility
for fiscal and monetary management. GDP rose strongly in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$125.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 36.3% industry: 30.5% services: 33.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
55.67 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
60% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 40.8% (1996-97)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
50.6 (1996-97)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
16.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $11.78 billion
expenditures: $11.47 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
20% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava
(tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish

Industries:
crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber,
wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction
materials, food products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing,
ceramics, steel, small commercial ship construction and repair

Industrial production growth rate:
1.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
19.85 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 61.9% hydro: 38.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
18.43 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
30 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
2.356 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
275,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
34 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
15.68 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
7.85 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
7.83 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
4.007 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$5.228 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$33.99 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber

Exports - partners:
US 47.5%, Brazil 10.7%, Spain 7.1% (2004)

Imports:
$17.14 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food
and live animals

Imports - partners:
China 9.4%, US 8.4%, UK 7.8%, Netherlands 5.9%, France 5.4%,
Germany 4.9%, Italy 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$14.71 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$30.55 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
IMF $250 million (1998)

Currency (code):
naira (NGN)

Currency code:
NGN

Exchange rates:
nairas per US dollar - 132.89 (2004), 129.22 (2003), 120.58 (2002),
111.23 (2001), 101.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Nigeria

Telephones - main lines in use:
853,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,149,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: an inadequate system, further limited by poor
maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has been made
domestic: intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave
radio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19
earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular
facilities and the Internet are available
international: country code - 234; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); fiber optic
submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 83, FM 36, shortwave 11 (2001)

Radios:
23.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 3 (the government controls 2 of the broadcasting stations and 15 repeater stations) (2002)

Televisions:
6.9 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ng

Internet hosts:
1,142 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
11 (2000)

Internet users:
750,000 (2003)

Transportation Nigeria

Railways:
total: 3,557 km
narrow gauge: 3,505 km 1.067-m gauge
standard gauge: 52 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 194,394 km
paved: 60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)
unpaved: 134,326 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
8,600 km (Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks)
(2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 105 km; gas 1,896 km; oil 3,638 km; refined products
3,626 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Calabar, Lagos, Onne, Port Harcourt

Merchant marine:
total: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 327,808 GRT/608,076 DWT
by type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 6, combination ore/oil 1,
liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 31,
refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 3 (Norway 2, Pakistan 1)
registered in other countries: 25 (2005)

Airports:
70 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 36 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Nigeria

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 26,804,314 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 15,053,936 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 1,353,161 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$544.6 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Nigeria

Disputes - international:
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime
boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission to resolve
differences bilaterally and have commenced with demarcation in
less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in
the north; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the Bakassi
Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces while
much of the indigenous population opposes cession; in 2004, some
17,000 Nigerian refugees fleeing ethnic conflicts between
pastoralists and farmers in 2002 still reside in Cameroon; the ICJ
ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial
Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but
imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision, the unresolved
Bakasi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial
Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River
all contribute to the delay in implementation; a joint task force
was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the
maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Benin on the Okpara
River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also
includes Chad and Niger

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 250,000 (communal violence between Christians and Muslims
since President OBASANJO's election in 1999) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for European, East
Asian, and North American markets; safehaven for Nigerian
narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major money-laundering center;
massive corruption and criminal activity; remains on Financial
Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for
continued failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering
control regime

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Niue

Introduction Niue

Background:
Niue's remoteness, as well as cultural and linguistic differences
between its Polynesian inhabitants and those of the rest of the Cook
Islands, have caused it to be separately administered. The
population of the island continues to drop (from a peak of 5,200 in
1966 to about 2,150 in 2005), with substantial emigration to New
Zealand, 2,400 km to the southwest.

Geography Niue

Location:
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga

Geographic coordinates:
19 02 S, 169 52 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 260 sq km
land: 260 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
64 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Terrain:
steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location near Mutalau settlement 68 m

Natural resources:
fish, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 15.38%
permanent crops: 11.54%
other: 73.08% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons

Environment - current issues: increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note: one of world's largest coral islands

People Niue

Population: 2,166 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
0% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Total fertility rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Niuean(s)
adjective: Niuean

Ethnic groups:
Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,
Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)

Religions:
Ekalesia Niue (Niuean Church - a Protestant church closely related
to the London Missionary Society) 61.1%, Latter-Day Saints 8.8%,
Roman Catholic 7.2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist
1.4%, other 8.4%, unspecified 8.7%, none 1.9% (2001 census)

Languages:
Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan;
English

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 95% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Niue

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Niue former: Savage Island

Dependency status:
self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1974;
Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains
responsibility for external affairs and defense; however, these
responsibilities confer no rights of control and are only exercised
at the request of the Government of Niue

Government type:
self-governing parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Alofi

Administrative divisions:
none; note - there are no first-order administrative divisions as
defined by the US Government, but there are 14 villages at the
second order

Independence:
on 19 October 1974, Niue became a self-governing parliamentary
government in free association with New Zealand

National holiday:
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty
over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Constitution:
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)

Legal system:
English common law
note: Niue is self-governing, with the power to make its own laws

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK
and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High Commissioner
John BRYAN (since NA May 2000)
head of government: Premier Young VIVIAN (since 1 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the
Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 12
May 2005 (next to be held May 2008)
election results: Young VIVIAN reelected premier; percent of
Legislative Assembly vote - Young VIVIAN (NPP) 85%, O'Love JACOBSEN
(independent) 15%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly (20 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve three-year terms; six elected from a common
roll and 14 are village representatives)
elections: last held 30 April 2005 (next to be held April 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of New Zealand; High Court of Niue

Political parties and leaders:
Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]; Alliance of
Independents or AI [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, FAO, PIF, Sparteca, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand)

Flag description:
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant;
the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars - a large
one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each arm of
the bold red cross

Economy Niue

Economy - overview:
The economy suffers from the typical Pacific island problems of
geographic isolation, few resources, and a small population.
Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and the shortfall
is made up by critically needed grants from New Zealand that are
used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government
expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. The
agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening,
although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists
primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil,
honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign
collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in recent
years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration
of Niueans to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the
promotion of tourism and a financial services industry, although
former Premier LAKATANI announced in February 2002 that Niue will
shut down the offshore banking industry. Economic aid from New
Zealand in 2002 was about $2.6 million. Niue suffered a devastating
hurricane in January 2004, which decimated nascent economic
programs. While in the process of rebuilding, Niue has been
dependent on foreign aid.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$7.6 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-0.3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: 55%

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in
government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (1995)

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes, taro, yams, cassava
(tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle

Industries:
tourism, handicrafts, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.79 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
20 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$137,200 (1999)

Exports - commodities:
canned coconut cream, copra, honey, vanilla, passion fruit
products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts

Exports - partners:
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia (2000)

Imports:
$2.38 million (1999)

Imports - commodities:
food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels,
lubricants, chemicals, drugs

Imports - partners:
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2000)

Debt - external:
$418,000 (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)

Currency (code):
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Currency code:
NZD

Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Niue

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,100 est (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
400 (2002)

Telephone system:
domestic: single-line telephone system connects all villages on
island
international: country code - 683

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
1,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.nu

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Niue

Highways: total: 234 km paved: 86 km unpaved: 148 km (2001)

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Niue

Military branches:
no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

Transnational Issues Niue

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Norfolk Island

Introduction Norfolk Island

Background:
Two British attempts at establishing the island as a penal colony
(1788-1814 and 1825-55) were ultimately abandoned. In 1856, the
island was resettled by Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of the
Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions.

Geography Norfolk Island

Location:
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Australia

Geographic coordinates:
29 02 S, 167 57 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 34.6 sq km
land: 34.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
32 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Bates 319 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons (especially May to July)

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
most of the 32-km coastline consists of almost inaccessible cliffs,
but the land slopes down to the sea in one small southern area on
Sydney Bay, where the capital of Kingston is situated

People Norfolk Island

Population: 1,828 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: 20.2% 15-64 years: 63.9% 65 years and over: 15.9% (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.01% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA

Death rate:
NA

Net migration rate:
NA

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Total fertility rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Norfolk Islander(s)
adjective: Norfolk Islander(s)

Ethnic groups:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander,
Polynesians

Religions:
Anglican 34.9%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church in Australia
11.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist 2.8%, Australian Christian 2.4%,
Jehovah's Witness 0.9%, other 2.7%, unspecified 15.3%, none 18.1%
(2001 census)

Languages:
English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and
ancient Tahitian

Literacy:
NA

Government Norfolk Island

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of Norfolk Island
conventional short form: Norfolk Island

Dependency status:
territory of Australia; Canberra administers Commonwealth
responsibilities on Norfolk Island through the Department of
Environment, Sport, and Territories

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Kingston

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of Australia)

Independence:
none (territory of Australia)

National holiday:
Bounty Day (commemorates the arrival of Pitcairn Islanders), 8 June
(1856)

Constitution:
Norfolk Island Act of 1979

Legal system:
based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances and acts; English
common law applies in matters not covered by either Australian or
Norfolk Island law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK
and Australia are represented by Administrator Grant TAMBLING (since
1 November 2003)
head of government: Assembly President and Chief Minister Geoffrey
Robert GARDNER (since 5 December 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members of
the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and
acts as an advisor to the administrator
elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the
governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the
Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years;
election last held 20 Ocotber 2004 (next to be held by December 2007)
election results: Geoffrey Robert GARDNER elected chief minister;
percent of Legislative Assembly vote - 17.2%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly (9 seats; members elected by
electors who have nine equal votes each but only four votes can be
given to any one candidate; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held by December
2007)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9
(note - no political parties)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Petty Sessions

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of Australia)

Flag description:
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green with a
large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in the slightly wider
white band

Economy Norfolk Island

Economy - overview:
Tourism, the primary economic activity, has steadily increased over
the years and has brought a level of prosperity unusual among
inhabitants of the Pacific islands. The agricultural sector has
become self-sufficient in the production of beef, poultry, and eggs.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
NA

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - NA

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA industry: NA services: NA

Labor force:
1,345

Labor force - by occupation:
tourism 90%, subsistence agriculture 10%

Unemployment rate:
0%

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA

Budget:
revenues: $20 million
expenditures: $20 million, including capital expenditures of $2
million (FY99/00)

Agriculture - products:
Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals, vegetables,
fruit; cattle, poultry

Industries:
tourism, light industry, ready mixed concrete

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2002)

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Exports:
$1.5 million f.o.b. (FY99/00)

Exports - commodities:
postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and Kentia palm,
small quantities of avocados

Exports - partners:
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe

Imports:
$17.9 million c.i.f. (FY91/92)

Imports - commodities:
NA

Imports - partners:
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Norfolk Island

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,532; note - a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits
(2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (proposed cellular service disallowed in August 2002 island
referendum) (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate
domestic: free local calls
international: country code - 672; undersea coaxial cable links with
Australia, New Zealand, and Canada; satellite earth station

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2005)

Radios:
2,500 (1996)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (local programming station plus two repeaters that bring in
Australian programs by satellite) (2005)

Televisions:
1,200 (1996)

Internet country code:
.nf

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
700

Transportation Norfolk Island

Highways: total: 80 km paved: 53 km unpaved: 27 km (2001)

Ports and harbors:
none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Norfolk Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of Australia

Transnational Issues Norfolk Island

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Northern Mariana Islands

Introduction Northern Mariana Islands

Background:
Under US administration as part of the UN Trust Territory of the
Pacific, the people of the Northern Mariana Islands decided in the
1970s not to seek independence but instead to forge closer links
with the US. Negotiations for territorial status began in 1972. A
covenant to establish a commonwealth in political union with the US
was approved in 1975. A new government and constitution went into
effect in 1978.

Geography Northern Mariana Islands

Location:
Oceania, islands in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters
of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines

Geographic coordinates:
15 12 N, 145 45 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 477 sq km
land: 477 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian

Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,482 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little
seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy
season July to October

Terrain:
southern islands are limestone with level terraces and fringing
coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Agrihan 965 m

Natural resources:
arable land, fish

Land use:
arable land: 13.04%
permanent crops: 4.35%
other: 82.61% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August
to November)

Environment - current issues: contamination of groundwater on Saipan may contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of endangered species conflicts with development

Geography - note: strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean

People Northern Mariana Islands

Population:
80,362 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.9% (male 8,332/female 7,646)
15-64 years: 78.5% (male 26,121/female 36,982)
65 years and over: 1.6% (male 646/female 635) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 29.33 years
male: 31.54 years
female: 28.33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.61% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
19.51 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
8.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.71 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 0.78 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.88 years
male: 73.31 years
female: 78.61 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: NA
adjective: NA

Ethnic groups:
Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%, Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%,
mixed 4.8% (2000 census)

Religions:
Christian (Roman Catholic majority, although traditional beliefs
and taboos may still be found)

Languages:
Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English
10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 96% (1980 est.)

Government Northern Mariana Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
conventional short form: Northern Mariana Islands
former: Mariana Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands)

Dependency status:
commonwealth in political union with the US; federal funds to the
Commonwealth administered by the US Department of the Interior,
Office of Insular Affairs

Government type:
commonwealth; self-governing with locally elected governor,
lieutenant governor, and legislature

Capital:
Saipan

Administrative divisions:
none (commonwealth in political union with the US); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are four municipalities at the second order:
Northern Islands, Rota, Saipan, Tinian

Independence:
none (commonwealth in political union with the US)

National holiday:
Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)

Constitution:
Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
effective 1 January 1978; Covenant Agreement effective 4 November
1986

Legal system:
based on US system, except for customs, wages, immigration laws,
and taxation

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens
but do not vote in US presidential elections

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)
head of government: Governor Juan N. BABAUTA (since 14 January
2002); Lieutenant Governor Diego T. BENAVENTE (since 14 January 2002)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 3 November 2001 (next to be held November 2005)
election results: Juan N. BABAUTA elected governor in a four-way
race; percent of vote - Juan N. BABAUTA (Republican Party) 42.8%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Legislature consists of the Senate (9 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year staggered terms) and the
House of Representatives (18 seats; members are elected by popular
vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 1 November 2003 (next to be held 5
November 2005); House of Representatives - last held 1 November 2003
(next to be held 5 November 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - Covenant Party 9, Republican Party 7,
Democratic Party 1, independent 1
note: the Northern Mariana Islands does not have a nonvoting
delegate in the US Congress; instead, it has an elected official or
"resident representative" located in Washington, DC; seats by party
- Republican Party 1 (Pedro A. TENORIO)

Judicial branch:
Commonwealth Supreme Court; Superior Court; Federal District Court

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO]; Republican Party [NA];
Covenant Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Interpol (subbureau)

Flag description:
blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on the gray
silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in
building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath

Economy Northern Mariana Islands

Economy - overview:
The economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from
the US. The rate of funding has declined as locally generated
government revenues have grown. The key tourist industry employs
about 50% of the work force and accounts for roughly one-fourth of
GDP. Japanese tourists predominate. Annual tourist entries have
exceeded one-half million in recent years, but financial
difficulties in Japan have caused a temporary slowdown. The
agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms
producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Garment
production is by far the most important industry with employment of
17,500 mostly Chinese workers and sizable shipments to the US under
duty and quota exemptions.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$900 million
note: GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $12,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Labor force:
6,006 total indigenous labor force; 2,699 unemployed; 28,717
foreign workers (June 1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.2% (1997 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $193 million
expenditures: $223 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY01/02 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, fruits, vegetables; cattle

Industries:
tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh

Exports:
NA

Exports - commodities:
garments

Exports - partners:
US (2000)

Imports:
NA

Imports - commodities:
food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
US, Japan (2000)

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
extensive funding from US

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Northern Mariana Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
21,000 (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,000 (2000)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-670; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
1 (on Saipan and one station planned for Rota; in addition, two
cable services on Saipan provide varied programming from satellite
networks) (1997)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.mp

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2001)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Northern Mariana Islands

Highways: total: 362 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (1991)

Ports and harbors:
Saipan, Tinian

Airports:
5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Northern Mariana Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Northern Mariana Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Norway

Introduction Norway

Background:
Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the
adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994. Conversion
of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In
1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that was to last
for more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the
cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution.
Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its
constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king.
Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905
referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained
neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping.
Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but
was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940-45).
In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of
NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s
boosted Norway's economic fortunes. The current focus is on
containing spending on the extensive welfare system and planning for
the time when petroleum reserves are depleted. In referenda held in
1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU.

Geography Norway

Location:
Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, west of Sweden

Geographic coordinates:
62 00 N, 10 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 324,220 sq km
land: 307,860 sq km
water: 16,360 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:
total: 2,542 km
border countries: Finland 727 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km

Coastline:
25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords,
numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of
island coastlines 58,133 km)

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 10 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder
interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy
year-round on west coast

Terrain:
glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by
fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented
by fjords; arctic tundra in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium,
pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 2.87% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.13% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,270 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
rockslides, avalanches

Environment - current issues:
water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting
lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much
indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air
routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines
in world

People Norway

Population:
4,593,041 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.5% (male 459,418/female 437,734)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 1,531,249/female 1,484,656)
65 years and over: 14.8% (male 286,343/female 393,641) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38.17 years
male: 37.29 years
female: 39.07 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.4% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
11.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.07 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.4 years
male: 76.78 years
female: 82.17 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2,100 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Norwegian(s)
adjective: Norwegian

Ethnic groups:
Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Religions:
Church of Norway 85.7%, Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%, other
Christian 2.4%, Muslim 1.8%, other 8.1% (2004)

Languages:
Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small
Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Government Norway

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway
conventional short form: Norway
local long form: Kongeriket Norge
local short form: Norge

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Oslo

Administrative divisions:
19 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder,
Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland,
Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane,
Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold

Dependent areas:
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

Independence:
7 June 1905 (Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved); 26
October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)

Constitution:
17 May 1814; amended many times

Legal system:
mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law
traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature
when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir
Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20
July 1973)
head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17
October 2005)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of
parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch with the approval of the parliament

Legislative branch:
modified unicameral Parliament or Storting (169 seats; members are
elected by popular vote by proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 12 September 2005 (next to be held September
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Labor Party 32.7%,
Progress Party 22.1%, Conservative Party 14.1%, Socialist Left Party
8.8%, Christian People's Party 6.8%, Center Party 6.5%, Liberal
Party 5.9%, Red Electoral Alliance 1.2%, other 1.9%; seats by party
- Labor Party 61, Progress Party 38, Conservative Party 23,
Socialist Left Party 15, Christian People's Party 11, Center Party
11, Liberal Party 10
note: for certain purposes, the parliament divides itself into two
chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership to an upper house
or Lagting

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Center Party [Aslaug Marie HAGA]; Christian People's Party [Dagfinn
HOYBRATEN]; Coastal Party [Roy WAAGE]; Conservative Party [Erna
SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars
SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party
[Kristin HALVORSEN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA,
ESA, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Knut VOLLEBAEK chancery: 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 333-6000 FAX: [1] (202) 337-0870 consulate(s) general: Houston, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador John D. ONG embassy: Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707 telephone: [47] (22) 44 85 50 FAX: [47] (22) 44 33 63

Flag description:
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges
of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist
side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Norway

Economy - overview:
The Norwegian economy is a prosperous bastion of welfare
capitalism, featuring a combination of free market activity and
government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as
the vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises).
The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum,
hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on
its oil production and international oil prices, with oil and gas
accounting for one-third of exports. Only Saudi Arabia and Russia
export more oil than Norway. Norway opted to stay out of the EU
during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, it contributes
sizably to the EU budget. The government has moved ahead with
privatization. With arguably the highest quality of life worldwide,
Norwegians still worry about that time in the next two decades when
the oil and gas will begin to run out. Accordingly, Norway has been
saving its oil-boosted budget surpluses in a Government Petroleum
Fund, which is invested abroad and now is valued at more than $150
billion. After lackluster growth of 1% in 2002 and 0.5% in 2003, GDP
growth picked up to 3.3% in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$183 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $40,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.2% industry: 36.3% services: 61.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 2.38 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture, forestry, and fishing 4%, industry 22%, services 74% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
4.3% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
25.8 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $134 billion
expenditures: $116.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
33.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish

Industries:
petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper
products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
5.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
125.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.4% hydro: 99.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
107.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
15 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
3.31 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
171,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
3.466 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
88,870 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
9.859 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
54.6 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
4.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
50.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.716 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$30.52 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$76.64 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals,
chemicals, ships, fish

Exports - partners:
UK 22.4%, Germany 12.9%, Netherlands 9.9%, France 9.6%, US 8.4%,
Sweden 6.7% (2004)

Imports:
$45.96 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Sweden 15.7%, Germany 13.6%, Denmark 7.3%, UK 6.5%, China 5%, US
4.9%, Netherlands 4.4%, France 4.3%, Finland 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$0 (Norway is a net external creditor) (2003 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)

Currency (code):
Norwegian krone (NOK)

Currency code:
NOK

Exchange rates:
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003),
7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Norway

Telephones - main lines in use:
3.343 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
4,163,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern in all respects; one of the most
advanced telecommunications networks in Europe
domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; moreover, the
prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of cellular mobile
systems instead of fixed-wire systems
international: country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4
coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean
regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the
other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 5, FM at least 650, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
4.03 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
360 (plus 2,729 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
2.03 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.no

Internet hosts:
593,850 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
13 (2000)

Internet users:
2.288 million (2002)

Transportation Norway

Railways: total: 4,077 km standard gauge: 4,077 km 1.435-m gauge (2,518 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 91,852 km
paved: 71,185 km (including 178 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,667 km (2002)

Pipelines:
condensate 411 km; gas 6,199 km; oil 2,213 km; oil/gas/water 746
km; unknown (oil/water) 38 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Borg Havn, Bergen, Mo i Rana, Molde, Mongstad, Narvik, Oslo, Sture

Merchant marine:
total: 740 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 18,820,495 GRT/27,449,456 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 51, cargo 168, chemical tanker 142,
combination ore/oil 20, container 3, liquefied gas 81, passenger 5,
passenger/cargo 113, petroleum tanker 79, refrigerated cargo 6, roll
on/roll off 30, vehicle carrier 42
foreign-owned: 174 (Belgium 1, China 3, Cyprus 5, Denmark 28,
Estonia 2, Finland 5, Germany 4, Hong Kong 52, Iceland 3, Italy 3,
Japan 3, Lithuania 1, Monaco 1, Netherlands 4, Poland 2, Saudi
Arabia 7, Singapore 10, Sweden 24, United States 16)
registered in other countries: 1,117 (2005)

Airports:
101 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 65 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 36 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Norway

Military branches:
Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy (includes Coastal Rangers and
Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske
Luftforsvaret, RNoAF), Home Guard

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age in wartime; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age for women; 16 years of age for volunteers to the Home Guard; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,014,592 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 827,016 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 29,179 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$4,033.5 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.9% (2003)

Transnational Issues Norway

Disputes - international:
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land
and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia and
Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea
and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Oman

Introduction Oman

Background:
In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said ousted his father and has ruled as
sultan ever since. His extensive modernization program has opened
the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing
political and military relationship with the UK. Oman's moderate,
independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations
with all Middle Eastern countries.

Geography Oman

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian
Gulf, between Yemen and UAE

Geographic coordinates:
21 00 N, 57 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 212,460 sq km
land: 212,460 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Kansas

Land boundaries: total: 1,374 km border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km

Coastline: 2,092 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Terrain:
central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium,
gypsum, natural gas

Land use: arable land: 0.12% permanent crops: 0.14% other: 99.74% (2001)

Irrigated land:
620 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in
interior; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very limited
natural fresh water resources

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on Musandam Peninsula adjacent to Strait of
Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil

People Oman

Population: 3,001,583 note: includes 577,293 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.6% (male 652,028/female 626,698)
15-64 years: 54.9% (male 978,183/female 668,814)
65 years and over: 2.5% (male 41,366/female 34,494) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.13 years
male: 21.88 years
female: 16.45 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.32% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
36.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.46 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.2 male(s)/female
total population: 1.26 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 19.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.13 years
male: 70.92 years
female: 75.46 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.84 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,300 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Omani(s)
adjective: Omani

Ethnic groups:
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Religions:
Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu

Languages:
Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 75.8% male: 83.1% female: 67.2% (2003 est.)

Government Oman

Country name:
conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Muscat and Oman

Government type:
monarchy

Capital:
Muscat

Administrative divisions:
5 regions (manaatiq, singular - mintaqat) and 3 governorates*
(muhaafazaat, singular - muhaafaza) Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Batinah, Al
Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Az Zahirah, Masqat*, Musandam*, Zufar*

Independence:
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)

National holiday:
Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)

Constitution:
none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal
decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a
constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal
succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from
holding interests in companies doing business with the government,
establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil
liberties for Omani citizens

Legal system:
based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the
monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
in Oman's most recent Majlis al-Shura elections in 2003, suffrage
was universal for all Omanis over age 21 except for members of the
military and security forces; the next Majlis al-Shura elections are
scheduled for 2007

Executive branch:
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said al-Said
(since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said
al-Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Legislative branch:
bicameral Majlis Oman consists of an upper chamber or Majlis
al-Dawla (58 seats; members appointed by the monarch; has advisory
powers only) and a lower chamber or Majlis al-Shura (83 seats;
members elected by universal suffrage for four-year term; body has
some limited power to propose legislation, but otherwise has only
advisory powers)
elections: last held 4 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has
judges who practice secular and Sharia (Islamic) law

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Ali bin Thani al-KHUSSAIBY
chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980 through 1981, 1988
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Lewis BALTIMORE III
embassy: Jameat A'Duwal Al Arabiya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat
mailing address: P. O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Al-Sultan Qaboos,
Muscat
telephone: [968] 24-698989
FAX: [968] 24-699771

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width with
a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national emblem
(a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed swords
in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the vertical band

Economy Oman

Economy - overview:
Oman is a middle-income economy in the Middle East with notable oil
and gas resources, a substantial trade surplus, and low inflation.
The government is privatizing its utilities and diversifying its
economy to attract foreign investment. Oman continues to liberalize
its markets and joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in
November 2000. To reduce unemployment and limit dependence on
foreign countries, the government is encouraging the replacement of
expatriate workers with local people, i.e., Omanization. Training in
information technology, business management, and English support
this objective. Industrial development plans focus on gas resources,
metal manufacturing, petrochemicals, and international transshipment
ports.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$38.09 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $13,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.1% industry: 41.1% services: 55.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
920,000 (2002 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
15% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
13.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $9.291 billion
expenditures: $8.747 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
10.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables; camels, cattle; fish

Industries:
crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied natural
gas (LNG) production, construction, cement, copper, steel,
chemicals, optic fiber

Industrial production growth rate:
-1.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
9.896 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
9.792 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
775,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
54,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
721,000 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
5.5 billion bbl (2003 est.)

Natural gas - production:
13.77 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
6.34 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
7.43 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
829.7 billion cu m (2003)

Current account balance:
$2.674 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$13.14 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles

Exports - partners:
China 29.5%, South Korea 17.5%, Japan 11.5%, Thailand 10.6%, UAE
7.2% (2004)

Imports:
$6.373 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
livestock, lubricants

Imports - partners:
UAE 21.2%, Japan 16.6%, UK 8.4%, Italy 6%, Germany 5.1%, US 4.7%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$4.144 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.814 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$76.4 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Omani rial (OMR)

Currency code:
OMR

Exchange rates:
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845
(2002), 0.3845 (2001), 0.3845 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Oman

Telephones - main lines in use:
233,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
464,900 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system consisting of open-wire,
microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited
coaxial cable
domestic: open-wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and a
domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations
international: country code - 968; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)

Radios:
1.4 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
13 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1999)

Televisions:
1.6 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.om

Internet hosts:
726 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
180,000 (2002)

Transportation Oman

Highways:
total: 34,965 km
paved: 9,673 km (including 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,292 km (2001)

Pipelines:
gas 3,754 km; oil 3,212 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mina' Qabus, Salalah

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 15,430 GRT/6,360 DWT
by type: passenger 1 (2005)

Airports:
136 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 130 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 52 914 to 1,523 m: 34 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Oman

Military branches:
Royal Omani Armed Forces: Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of Oman,
Royal Air Force of Oman (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 719,871 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 581,444 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 26,391 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$252.99 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
11.4% (2003)

Transnational Issues Oman

Disputes - international:
boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003
for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah
exclave, but details have not been made public

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Pacific Ocean

Introduction Pacific Ocean

Background:
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five oceans
(followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and
Arctic Ocean). Strategically important access waterways include the
La Perouse, Tsugaru, Tsushima, Taiwan, Singapore, and Torres
Straits. The decision by the International Hydrographic Organization
in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth ocean, the Southern Ocean,
removed the portion of the Pacific Ocean south of 60 degrees south.

Geography Pacific Ocean

Location:
body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the
Western Hemisphere

Geographic coordinates:
0 00 N, 160 00 W

Map references:
Political Map of the World

Area:
total: 155.557 million sq km
note: includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East
China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Philippine Sea, Sea of
Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other
tributary water bodies

Area - comparative:
about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of the global
surface; larger than the total land area of the world

Coastline:
135,663 km

Climate:
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit
remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and
westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal
fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of
Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America;
continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less
pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude
in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a
rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden
winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the
winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to
the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and
east Asia from May to December

Terrain:
surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a
clockwise, warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and
in the southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in
the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of
Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica
reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the
eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the
western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana
Trench, which is the world's deepest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench -10,924 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Natural resources:
oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel
aggregates, placer deposits, fish

Natural hazards:
surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity
sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of Fire"; subject to
tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to
December (most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones
(hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and
Mexico from June to October (most common in August and September);
cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in the equatorial
Pacific, influencing weather in the Western Hemisphere and the
western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure icing in extreme
north from October to May; persistent fog in the northern Pacific
can be a maritime hazard from June to December

Environment - current issues:
endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter,
seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and
South China Sea

Geography - note:
the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon
Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific
Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean;
dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the
southwestern Pacific Ocean

Economy Pacific Ocean

Economy - overview:
The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and
particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides
low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing
grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel
for the construction industry. In 1996, over 60% of the world's fish
catch came from the Pacific Ocean. Exploitation of offshore oil and
gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in the energy
supplies of the US, Australia, NZ, China, and Peru. The high cost of
recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in
world prices for oil since 1985, has led to fluctuations in new
drillings.

Transportation Pacific Ocean

Ports and harbors:
Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong (China), Kao-hsiung (Taiwan), Los
Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San
Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney
(Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Transportation - note:
Inside Passage offers protected waters from southeast Alaska to
Puget Sound (Washington state)

Transnational Issues Pacific Ocean

Disputes - international: some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Pakistan

Introduction Pakistan

Background:
The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of
Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely Hindu India
was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan have
fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir
territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which
India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in
Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate
nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing,
Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The dispute over the state
of Kashmir is ongoing, but recent discussions and
confidence-building measures may be a start toward lessened tensions.

Geography Pakistan

Location:
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east
and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Geographic coordinates:
30 00 N, 70 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 803,940 sq km
land: 778,720 sq km
water: 25,220 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:
total: 6,774 km
border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912
km, Iran 909 km

Coastline:
1,046 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Terrain:
flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
Balochistan plateau in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

Natural resources:
land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor
quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Land use: arable land: 27.87% permanent crops: 0.87% other: 71.26% (2001)

Irrigated land:
180,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and
west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

Environment - current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes
between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

People Pakistan

Population:
162,419,946 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39.6% (male 33,104,311/female 31,244,297)
15-64 years: 56.3% (male 46,759,333/female 44,685,828)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 3,189,122/female 3,437,055) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.58 years
male: 19.44 years
female: 19.74 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.03% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
30.42 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 72.44 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 72.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 63 years
male: 62.04 years
female: 64.01 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.14 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
74,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
4,900 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and cutaneous
leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Pakistani(s)
adjective: Pakistani

Ethnic groups:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from
India at the time of partition and their descendants)

Religions:
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%

Languages:
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu
8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English
(official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government
ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 48.7%
male: 61.7%
female: 35.2% (2004 est.)

Government Pakistan

Country name:
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan
former: West Pakistan

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Islamabad

Administrative divisions:
4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan,
Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**,
North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh
note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and
Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas

Independence:
14 August 1947 (from UK)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 23 March (1956)

Constitution:
12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30
December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31 December 2002;
amended 31 December 2003

Legal system:
based on English common law with provisions to accommodate
Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved
parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims

Executive branch:
note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999, Chief of
Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee,
General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's constitution and
assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; on 12 May 2000,
Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the October 1999 coup
and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative authority for three
years from the coup date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself
as president and was sworn in, replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a
referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was
extended by five more years; on 1 January 2004, MUSHARRAF won a vote
of confidence in the Senate, National Assembly, and four provincial
assemblies
chief of state: President General Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Shaukat AZIZ (since 28 August
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the president is elected by Parliament for a five-year
term; note - in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's
presidency was extended by five more years (next to be held NA
2007); the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: AZIZ elected by the National Assembly on 27 August
2004 with 191 of the votes

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100
seats - formerly 87; members indirectly elected by provincial
assemblies to serve four-year terms; and the National Assembly (342
seats - formerly 217; 60 seats represent women; 10 seats represent
minorities; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 24 and 27 February 2003 (next to be
held by February 2007); National Assembly - last held 10 October
2002 (next to be held by October 2006)
election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PML/Q 40, PPPP 11, MMA 21, MQM/A 6, PML/N 4, NA 3,
PML/F 1, PkMAP 2, ANP 2, PPP/S 2, JWP 1, BNP-Awami 1, BNP-Mengal 1,
BNM/H 1, independents 4; National Assembly results - percent of
votes by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63,
PML/N 19, MQM/A 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1,
PAT 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, MQM/H 1, PkMAP 1, independents 3

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal
Islamic or Shari'a Court

Political parties and leaders:
Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan National
Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch National
Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; Baluch National
Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; Jamhoori Watan Party
or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,
Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Millat Party or MP
[Farooq LEGHARI]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [Qazi
Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A
[Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Quami Movement, Haqiqi faction or MQM/H
[Afaq AHMAD]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha
JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan
ACHAKZAI]; Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal KHAN];
Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Democratic
Party or PDP [Mehbooba Mufti SAYEED]; Pakistan Muslim League,
Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League,
Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League
or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q
changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA;
Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's
Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party
Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf
or PTI [Imran KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Political pressure groups and leaders:
military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy),
landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential

International organization participation:
ARF, AsDB, C (reinstated 2004), CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM,
OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI,
UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jehangir KARAMAT
chancery: 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 243-3277
FAX: [1] (202) 686-1534
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (California)
consulate(s): Chicago, Houston

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan CROCKER
embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200
telephone: [92] (51) 2080-0000
FAX: [92] (51) 2276427
consulate(s): Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar

Flag description:
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious
minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are
centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are
traditional symbols of Islam

Economy Pakistan

Economy - overview:
Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered
from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign
investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring
India. However, IMF-approved government policies, bolstered by
generous foreign assistance and renewed access to global markets
since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last
three years. The government has made substantial macroeconomic
reforms since 2000, although progress on more politically sensitive
reforms has slowed. For example, in the third and final year of its
$1.3 billion IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, Islamabad
has continued to require waivers for energy sector reforms. While
long-term prospects remain uncertain, given Pakistan's low level of
development, medium-term prospects for job creation and poverty
reduction are the best in nearly a decade. Islamabad has raised
development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in
2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment
of its social sector. GDP growth, spurred by double-digit gains in
industrial production over the past year, has become less dependent
on agriculture. Foreign exchange reserves continued to reach new
levels in 2004, supported by robust export growth and steady worker
remittances.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$347.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 22.6%
industry: 24.1%
services: 53.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
45.43 million
note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use
of child labor (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 42%, industry 20%, services 38% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
8.3% plus substantial underemployment (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
32% (FY00/01 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 27.6% (FY96/97)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41 (FY98/99)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.8% (FY03/04 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.4% of GDP (FY03/04 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $13.45 billion
expenditures: $16.51 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
71.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef,
mutton, eggs

Industries:
textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals,
construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Industrial production growth rate:
13.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
75.27 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 68.8% hydro: 28.2% nuclear: 3% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
52.66 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
61,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
365,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
325.5 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
23.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
23.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
695.6 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$15.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice,
leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and
rugs

Exports - partners:
US 23.5%, UAE 7.4%, UK 7.3%, Germany 5%, Hong Kong 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$14.01 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation
equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea

Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 11.6%, UAE 10%, US 9.7%, China 8.4%, Japan 6.5%,
Kuwait 5.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$12.58 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$33.97 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.4 billion (FY01/02)

Currency (code):
Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Currency code:
PKR

Exchange rates:
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 58.258 (2004), 57.752 (2003),
59.724 (2002), 61.927 (2001), 53.648 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Pakistan

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,982,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,624,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the domestic system is mediocre, but improving;
service is adequate for government and business use, in part because
major businesses have established their own private systems; since
1988, the government has promoted investment in the national
telecommunications system on a priority basis, significantly
increasing network capacity; despite major improvements in trunk and
urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily
available to the majority of the rural population
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
cellular, and satellite networks
international: country code - 92; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational
international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad);
microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998)

Radios:
13.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
3.1 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.pk

Internet hosts:
15,124 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
30 (2000)

Internet users:
1.5 million (2002)

Transportation Pakistan

Railways:
total: 8,163 km
broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 257,683 km
paved: 152,033 km (including 339 km of expressways)
unpaved: 105,650 km (2001)

Pipelines:
gas 9,945 km; oil 1,821 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim

Merchant marine:
total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 329,486 GRT/512,506 DWT
by type: cargo 10, petroleum tanker 3
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Airports:
131 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 92 over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 22 1,524 to 2,437 m: 32 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 39 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 15 (2004 est.)

Military Pakistan

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age of 18 (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 39,028,014 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 29,428,747 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 1,969,055 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3.848 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.9% (2004)

Transnational Issues Pakistan

Disputes - international:
recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to defuse
tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group
of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's
ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and
Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005
restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control;
Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's
building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir
to the World Bank for arbitration and in general the two states
still dispute Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and
prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan
resurveyed a portion of the disputed Sir Creek estuary at the mouth
of the Rann of Kutch in 2004; Pakistani maps continue to show
Junagadh in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan with UN
assistance had repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and has
undertaken a census to count the remaining million or more, many of
whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan maintains troops in
remote tribal areas to control the border with Afghanistan and root
out organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities;
regular meetings with Afghan and Coalition allies aim to resolve
periodic claims of boundary encroachments

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 1,064,230 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South
Waziristan) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
opium poppy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas, North-West
Frontier Province, and Balochistan Province has rebounded since it
was nearly eliminated in 2001; key transit point for Afghan drugs,
including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Western
markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimes related to
drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain
problems

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Palau

Introduction Palau

Background:
After three decades as part of the UN Trust Territory of the
Pacific under US administration, this westernmost cluster of the
Caroline Islands opted for independence in 1978 rather than join the
Federated States of Micronesia. A Compact of Free Association with
the US was approved in 1986, but not ratified until 1993. It entered
into force the following year, when the islands gained independence.

Geography Palau

Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean, southeast of
the Philippines

Geographic coordinates:
7 30 N, 134 30 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 458 sq km
land: 458 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,519 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November

Terrain:
varying geologically from the high, mountainous main island of
Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier
reefs

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Ngerchelchuus 242 m

Natural resources:
forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed
minerals

Land use:
arable land: 8.7%
permanent crops: 4.35%
other: 86.95% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons (June to December)

Environment - current issues:
inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to the
marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing
practices, and overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
westernmost archipelago in the Caroline chain, consists of six
island groups totaling more than 300 islands; includes World War II
battleground of Beliliou (Peleliu) and world-famous rock islands

People Palau

Population:
20,303 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 2,768/female 2,601)
15-64 years: 69% (male 7,565/female 6,436)
65 years and over: 4.6% (male 443/female 490) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 31.43 years
male: 32.4 years
female: 30.36 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.39% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.37 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.18 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.13 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.84 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.14 years
male: 66.98 years
female: 73.48 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.46 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Palauan(s)
adjective: Palauan

Ethnic groups:
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures) 69.9%,
Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese
4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, other or unspecified 3.2% (2000
census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 41.6%, Protestant 23.3%, Modekngei 8.8% (indigenous
to Palau), Seventh-Day Adventist 5.3%, Jehovah's Witness 0.9%,
Latter-Day Saints 0.6%, other religion 3.1%, unspecified or none
16.4% (2000 census)

Languages:
Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese
and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and
Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%,
English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other
Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92%
male: 93%
female: 90% (1980 est.)

Government Palau

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Palau
conventional short form: Palau
local long form: Beluu er a Belau
local short form: Belau
former: Palau District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)

Government type:
constitutional government in free association with the US; the
Compact of Free Association entered into force 1 October 1994

Capital:
Koror; note - a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast of
Koror

Administrative divisions:
16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Hatohobei, Kayangel, Koror,
Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngarchelong, Ngardmau, Ngatpang, Ngchesar,
Ngeremlengui, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol

Independence:
1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)

Constitution:
1 January 1981

Legal system:
based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,
common, and customary laws

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. (since 19
January 2001) and Vice President Camsek CHIN (since 1 January 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. (since 19
January 2001) and Vice President Camsek CHIN (since 1 January 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 2 November
2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. reelected president;
percent of vote - Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. 64%, Polycarp BASILIUS
33%; Elias Camsek CHIN elected vice president; percent of vote -
Elias Camsek CHIN 70%, Sandra PIERANTOZZI 29%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Olbiil Era Kelulau (OEK) consists of the
Senate (9 seats; members elected by popular vote on a population
basis to serve four-year terms) and the House of Delegates (16
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2008); House of Delegates - last held 2 November 2004 (next
to be held November 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote - NA%; seats -
independents 9 (four new members elected); House of Delegates -
percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 16 (one new member
elected)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; National Court; Court of Common Pleas

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IOC,
MIGA, OPCW, PIF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Hersey KYOTA chancery: 1800 K Street NW, Suite 714, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: [1] (202) 452-6814 FAX: [1] (202) 452-6281 consulate(s): Tamuning (Guam)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: US ambassador to the Philippines is accredited to
Palau
embassy: Koror (no street address)
mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Republic of Palau 96940
telephone: [680] 488-2920, 2990
FAX: [680] 488-2911

Flag description:
light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted
slightly to the hoist side

Economy Palau

Economy - overview:
The economy consists primarily of tourism, subsistence agriculture,
and fishing. The government is the major employer of the work force,
relying heavily on financial assistance from the US. Business and
tourist arrivals numbered 63,000 in 2003. The population enjoys a
per capita income twice that of the Philippines and much of
Micronesia. Long-run prospects for the key tourist sector have been
greatly bolstered by the expansion of air travel in the Pacific, the
rising prosperity of leading East Asian countries, and the
willingness of foreigners to finance infrastructure development.

GDP (purchasing power parity): $174 million note: GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $9,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA industry: NA services: NA

Labor force:
9,845 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20%, industry NA, services NA (1990)

Unemployment rate:
2.3% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.4% (2000 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $57.7 million
expenditures: $80.8 million, including capital expenditures of $17.1
million (FY98/99 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, copra, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes

Industries:
tourism, craft items (from shell, wood, pearls), construction,
garment making

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production by source:
NA

Exports:
$18 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Exports - commodities:
shellfish, tuna, copra, garments

Exports - partners:
US, Japan, Singapore (2000)

Imports:
$99 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
US, Guam, Japan, Singapore, South Korea (2000)

Debt - external:
$0 (FY99/00)

Economic aid - recipient:
$155.8 million ; note - the Compact of Free Association with the
US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October
1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over 15 years
in return for furnishing military facilities

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Palau

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 680; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2002)

Radios:
12,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (cable) (2005)

Televisions:
11,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.pw

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Transportation Palau

Highways: total: 61 km paved: 36 km unpaved: 25 km

Ports and harbors:
Koror

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Palau

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Police Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US; under a Compact of Free
Association between Palau and the US, the US military is granted
access to the islands for 50 years

Transnational Issues Palau

Disputes - international: border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines, Indonesia

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Palmyra Atoll

Introduction Palmyra Atoll

Background:
The Kingdom of Hawaii claimed the atoll in 1862, and the US
included it among the Hawaiian Islands when it annexed the
archipelago in 1898. The Hawaii Statehood Act of 1959 did not
include Palmyra Atoll, which is now privately owned by the Nature
Conservancy. This organization is managing the atoll as a nature
preserve. The lagoons and surrounding waters within the 12 nautical
mile US territorial seas were transferred to the US Fish and
Wildlife Service and were designated a National Wildlife Refuge in
January 2001.

Geography Palmyra Atoll

Location:
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about half way between
Hawaii and American Samoa

Geographic coordinates:
5 52 N, 162 06 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 11.9 sq km
land: 11.9 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
14.5 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
equatorial, hot, and very rainy

Terrain:
very low

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 2 m

Natural resources: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (forests and woodlands) (2005)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and
balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall

People Palmyra Atoll

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants; 4 to 20 Nature Conservancy staff, US
Fish and Wildlife staff (July 2005 est.)

Government Palmyra Atoll

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Palmyra Atoll

Dependency status:
incorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered
from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior; the Office of Insular Affairs of the US
Department of the Interior continues to administer nine excluded
areas comprising certain tidal and submerged lands within the 12 nm
territorial sea or within the lagoon

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Palmyra Atoll

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Transportation Palmyra Atoll

Highways:
most of the roads and many causeways built during World War II are
unserviceable and overgrown (2001)

Ports and harbors:
West Lagoon

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Palmyra Atoll

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Palmyra Atoll

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Panama

Introduction Panama

Background:
With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly
signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal
and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the
structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the
US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. On 7 September
1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal
from the US to Panama by the end of 1999. Certain portions of the
Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over
in the intervening years. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was
deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the
Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama by
or on 31 December 1999.

Geography Panama

Location:
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North
Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Geographic coordinates:
9 00 N, 80 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 78,200 sq km
land: 75,990 sq km
water: 2,210 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries: total: 555 km border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Coastline: 2,490 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May
to January), short dry season (January to May)

Terrain:
interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland
plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m

Natural resources:
copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 7.36% permanent crops: 1.98% other: 90.66% (2001)

Irrigated land:
320 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area

Environment - current issues: water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge
connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links
North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean

People Panama

Population:
3,039,150 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29.8% (male 460,840/female 443,359)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male 984,558/female 956,748)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 91,383/female 102,262) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.18 years
male: 25.89 years
female: 26.48 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
19.96 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.25 years
male: 72.68 years
female: 77.93 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.45 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.9% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
16,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Panamanian(s)
adjective: Panamanian

Ethnic groups:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and mixed
(West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%

Languages:
Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 93.2%
female: 91.9% (2003 est.)

Government Panama

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Panama
conventional short form: Panama
local long form: Republica de Panama
local short form: Panama

Government type:
constitutional democracy

Capital:
Panama

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory*
(comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera,
Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*(Kuna Yala), and Veraguas

Independence:
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28
November 1821)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 3 November (1903)

Constitution:
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004

Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Martin TORRIJOS Espino (since 1 September
2004); First Vice President Samuel LEWIS Navarro (since 1 September
2004); Second Vice President Ruben AROSEMENA Valdes (since 1
September 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Martin TORRIJOS Espino (since 1
September 2004); First Vice President Samuel LEWIS Navarro (since 1
September 2004); Second Vice President Ruben AROSEMENA Valdes (since
1 September 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 2004
(next to be held 3 May 2009); note - beginning in 2009, Panama will
have only one vice president.
election results: Martin TORRIJOS Espino elected president; percent
of vote - Martin TORRIJOS Espino 47.5%, Guillermo ENDARA Galimany
30.6%, Jose Miguel ALEMAN 17%, Ricardo MARTINELLI 4.9%
note: government coalition - PRD (Democratic Revolutionary Party),
PP (Popular Party)

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (formerly called Legislative Assembly)
or Asamblea Nacional (78 seats; members are elected by popular vote
to serve five-year terms; note - in 2009, the number of seats will
change to 71)
elections: last held 2 May 2004 (next to be held 3 May 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PRD 40, PA 17, PS 8, MOLIRENA 3, CD 2, PP 2, PLN 1, other 5
note: legislators from outlying rural districts are chosen on a
plurality basis while districts located in more populous towns and
cities elect multiple legislators by means of a proportion-based
formula

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine judges
appointed for 10-year terms); five superior courts; three courts of
appeal

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic
Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party
or PLN [Anibal GALINDO]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or
MOLIRENA [Jesus ROSAS]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly the
Arnulfista Party) [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez]; Popular Party or
PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ruben AROSEMENA];
Solidarity Party or PS [Jose Raul MULINO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; National Council of
Organized Workers or CONATO; National Council of Private Enterprise
or CONEP; National Union of Construction and Similar Workers
(SUNTRACS); Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE;
Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP; Workers Confederation of
the Republic of Panama or CTRP

International organization participation:
FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES,
LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Federico HUMBERT Arias
chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
FAX: [1] (202) 483-8416
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New
York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Tampa

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Linda Ellen WATT
embassy: Avenida Balboa and Calle 37, Apartado Postal 0816-02561,
Zona 5, Panama City 5
mailing address: American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945, APO AA 34002
telephone: [507] 207-7000
FAX: [507] 227-1964

Flag description:
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white
(hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain
red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with
a red five-pointed star in the center

Economy Panama

Economy - overview:
Panama's dollarised economy rests primarily on a well-developed
services sector that accounts for four-fifths of GDP. Services
include operating the Panama Canal, banking, the Colon Free Zone,
insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. A slump
in Colon Free Zone and agricultural exports, the global slowdown,
and the withdrawal of US military forces held back economic growth
in 2000-03; growth picked up in 2004 led by export-oriented services
and a construction boom stimulated by tax incentives. The government
has been backing tax reforms, reform of the social security program,
new regional trade agreements, and development of tourism.
Unemployment remains high.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$20.57 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 7.2%
industry: 13%
services: 79.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.32 million
note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled
labor (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 20.8%, industry 18%, services 61.2% (1995 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
37% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.2% highest 10%: 35.7% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
48.5 (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
25% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.095 billion
expenditures: $3.737 billion, including capital expenditures of $471
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
69.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock;
shrimp

Industries:
construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials,
sugar milling

Industrial production growth rate:
5.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
4.873 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 37% hydro: 61.3% nuclear: 0% other: 1.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.473 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
120 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
61 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
40,520 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-469.6 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$5.699 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing (1999)

Exports - partners:
US 50.5%, Sweden 6.6%, Spain 5.1%, Netherlands 4.4%, Costa Rica
4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$7.164 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals

Imports - partners:
US 33.3%, Netherlands Antilles 8.1%, Japan 6%, Costa Rica 5.7%,
Mexico 4.6%, Colombia 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.076 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$8.78 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$197.1 million (1995)

Currency (code):
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
PAB; USD

Exchange rates:
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Panama

Telephones - main lines in use:
386,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
834,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: domestic and international facilities well
developed
domestic: NA
international: country code - 507; 1 coaxial submarine cable;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to
the Central American Microwave System

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 101, FM 134, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
815,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
38 (including repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
510,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.pa

Internet hosts:
7,129 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
120,000 (2002)

Transportation Panama

Railways:
total: 355 km
standard gauge: 76 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 279 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 11,643 km
paved: 4,028 km (including 30 km of expressways)
unpaved: 7,615 km (2000 est.)

Waterways:
800 km (includes 82 km Panama Canal) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Balboa, Colon, Cristobal

Merchant marine:
total: 5,005 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 122,960,929 GRT/183,615,337
DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 1,548, cargo 886, chemical
tanker 465, combination ore/oil 13, container 605, liquefied gas
183, livestock carrier 8, passenger 42, passenger/cargo 77,
petroleum tanker 521, refrigerated cargo 298, roll on/roll off 97,
specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 256
foreign-owned: 4,388 (Andorra 1, Argentina 9, Australia 3, Bahamas
1, Belgium 14, Brazil 1, Canada 1, Chile 14, China 310, Colombia 5,
Croatia 1, Cuba 9, Cyprus 7, Denmark 13, Egypt 15, France 7, Germany
23, Greece 546, Hong Kong 159, India 8, Indonesia 46, Ireland 1,
Isle of Man 2, Israel 3, Italy 8, Japan 1814, Jordan 9, Latvia 2,
Lithuania 5, Malaysia 11, Maldives 1, Malta 1, Mexico 4, Monaco 8,
Netherlands 22, New Zealand 1, Nigeria 6, Norway 66, Pakistan 1,
Peru 13, Philippines 15, Poland 19, Portugal 8, Romania 13, Russia
4, Saudi Arabia 4, Singapore 54, South Africa 3, South Korea 292,
Spain 41, Sri Lanka 1, Sudan 1, Sweden 4, Switzerland 188, Syria 7,
Taiwan 301, Thailand 10, Trinidad & Tobago 1, Tunisia 1, Turkey 18,
Ukraine 9, UAE 83, United Kingdom 29, United States 88, Venezuela
20, Vietnam 2, Yemen 1) (2005)

Airports:
105 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 44 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 61 914 to 1,523 m: 12 under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.)

Military Panama

Military branches:
an amendment to the Constitution abolished the armed forces, but
there are security forces (Panamanian Public Forces or PPF includes
the Panamanian National Police, National Maritime Service, and
National Air Service)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 733,031 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 511,905 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$147 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.1% (2004)

Military - note:
on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA
abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by
creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's
Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting
the creation of a standing military force, but allowing the
temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of
"external aggression"

Transnational Issues Panama

Disputes - international: organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the border region with Panama

Illicit drugs:
major cocaine transshipment point and primary money-laundering
center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity is
especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial center;
negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of financial
transactions is improving; official corruption remains a major
problem

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Papua New Guinea

Introduction Papua New Guinea

Background:
The eastern half of the island of New Guinea - second largest in
the world - was divided between Germany (north) and the UK (south)
in 1885. The latter area was transferred to Australia in 1902, which
occupied the northern portion during World War I and continued to
administer the combined areas until independence in 1975. A
nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville ended in
1997 after claiming some 20,000 lives.

Geography Papua New Guinea

Location:
Oceania, group of islands including the eastern half of the island
of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean,
east of Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:
6 00 S, 147 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 462,840 sq km
land: 452,860 sq km
water: 9,980 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California

Land boundaries: total: 820 km border countries: Indonesia 820 km

Coastline:
5,152 km

Maritime claims:
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon
(May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m

Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries

Land use: arable land: 0.46% permanent crops: 1.44% other: 98.1% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring of Fire"; the
country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud
slides; tsunamis

Environment - current issues:
rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of growing
commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining
projects; severe drought

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world's largest
swamps along southwest coast

People Papua New Guinea

Population:
5,545,268 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.1% (male 1,072,910/female 1,037,635)
15-64 years: 58.1% (male 1,662,166/female 1,559,685)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 99,777/female 113,095) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.09 years
male: 21.25 years
female: 20.93 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.26% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
29.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 51.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 47.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.93 years
male: 62.76 years
female: 67.21 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
16,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
600 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations (2004)

Nationality: noun: Papua New Guinean(s) adjective: Papua New Guinean

Ethnic groups:
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Religions:
Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London
Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant 10%, indigenous beliefs
34%

Languages:
Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by
1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region
note: 715 indigenous languages - many unrelated

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 64.6%
male: 71.1%
female: 57.7% (2002)

Government Papua New Guinea

Country name:
conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guinea
conventional short form: Papua New Guinea
former: Territory of Papua and New Guinea
abbreviation: PNG

Government type:
constitutional monarchy with parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Port Moresby

Administrative divisions:
20 provinces; Bougainville, Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands,
East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay,
Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, Sandaun, Southern
Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain

Independence:
16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 September (1975)

Constitution:
16 September 1975

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by governor general Sir Paulius MATANE (since 29 June
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Michael SOMARE (since 2
August 2002); deputy prime minister (vacant)
cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor
general on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the National Executive Council; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually is appointed prime minister by the
governor general

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Parliament - sometimes referred to as the House
of Assembly (109 seats, 89 elected from open electorates and 20 from
provincial electorates; members elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 15-29 June 2002 and April and May 2003;
completed in May 2003 (voting in the Southern Highlands was not
completed during the June 2002 election period); next to be held not
later than June 2007
election results: percent of vote by party - National Alliance 18%,
URP 13%, PDM 12%, PPP 8%, Pangu 6%, PAP 5%, PLP 4%, others 34%;
seats by party - National Alliance 19, URP 14, PDM 13, PPP 8, PANGU
6, PAP 5, PLP 4, others 40; note - association with political
parties is fluid (2003)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor
general on the proposal of the National Executive Council after
consultation with the minister responsible for justice; other judges
are appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission)

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party [Dr. Banare BUN, party leader];
Melanesian Alliance Party or MAP [Sir Moi AVEL, party leader];
National Alliance Party or NA [Michael SOMARE, party leader; George
MANOA, party president]; National Party [Melchior PEP, party
leader]; Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Chris HAIVETA,
party leader]; Papua New Guinea First Party [Cecilking DORUBA, party
leader]; Papua New Guinea Labor Party [Bob DANAYA, party leader];
Papua New Guinea Party (was People's Democratic Movement or PDM)
[Sir Mekere MORAUTA, party leader]; People's Action Party or PAP
[Moses MALADINA, party leader]; People's Labor Party or PLP [Ekis
ROPENU, party leader]; People's National Congress or PNC [Peter
O'NEILL, party leader]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Andrew
BAING, party leader]; Pipol First Party [Luther WENGE, party
leader]; Rural People's Party [Peter NAMUS, party leader]; United
Party [Bire KIMASOPA, party leader]; United Resources Party or URP
[Tim NEVILLE, party leader] (2004)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, APEC, ARF, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF,
Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Evan Jeremy PAKI
chancery: 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 805, Washington, DC
20036
telephone: [1] (202) 745-3680
FAX: [1] (202) 745-3679

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert W. FITTS embassy: Douglas Street, Port Moresby mailing address: 4240 Port Moresby PI, US Department of State, Washington DC 20521-4240 telephone: [675] 321-1455 FAX: [675] 321-3423

Flag description:
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle
is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower
triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the
Southern Cross constellation centered

Economy Papua New Guinea

Economy - overview:
Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but
exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain and the high cost
of developing infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence
livelihood for 85% of the population. Mineral deposits, including
oil, copper, and gold, account for 72% of export earnings. The
economy has improved over the past two years, following a prolonged
period of instability. Former Prime Minister Mekere MORAUTA had
tried to restore integrity to state institutions, to stabilize the
kina, restore stability to the national budget, to privatize public
enterprises where appropriate, and to ensure ongoing peace on
Bougainville. Australia annually supplies $240 million in aid, which
accounts for 20% of the national budget. Challenges face Prime
Minister Michael SOMARE, including gaining further investor
confidence, continuing efforts to privatize government assets,
maintaining the support of members of Parliament, and balancing
relations with Australia, the former colonial ruler.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.99 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
0.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 34.5% industry: 34.7% services: 30.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3.32 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 85%, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
37% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.7% highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
50.9 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
13.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.174 billion
expenditures: $1.232 billion, including capital expenditures of $344
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
59.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, tea, rubber, sweet potatoes,
fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork

Industries:
copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip
production; mining of gold, silver, and copper; crude oil
production; construction, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
1.679 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 54.1% hydro: 45.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.561 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
46,200 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
170 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
110 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
110 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
385.5 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$29.15 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.437 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish,
prawns

Exports - partners:
Australia 28%, Japan 5.8%, Germany 4.7%, China 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$1.353 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels,
chemicals

Imports - partners:
Australia 46.4%, Singapore 21.6%, Japan 4.3%, New Zealand 4.2%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$635.8 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$2.463 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$400 million (1999 est.)

Currency (code):
kina (PGK)

Currency code:
PGK

Exchange rates:
kina per US dollar - 3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003), 3.8952 (2002),
3.3887 (2001), 2.7822 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Papua New Guinea

Telephones - main lines in use:
62,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
15,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: services are adequate; facilities provide
radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and
international radio communication services
domestic: mostly radiotelephone
international: country code - 675; submarine cables to Australia and
Guam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean);
international radio communication service

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 19, shortwave 28 (1998)

Radios:
410,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 3 (all in the Port Moresby area) note: additional stations at Mt. Hagen, Goroka, Lae, and Rabaul are planned (2004)

Televisions:
59,841 (1999)

Internet country code:
.pg

Internet hosts:
389 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2000)

Internet users:
75,000 (2002)

Transportation Papua New Guinea

Highways: total: 19,600 km paved: 686 km unpaved: 18,914 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
10,940 km (2003)

Pipelines:
oil 264 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Kimbe, Lae, Rabaul

Merchant marine:
total: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 47,586 GRT/60,934 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 17, chemical tanker 1, petroleum
tanker 2
foreign-owned: 8 (Singapore 2, United Kingdom 6) (2005)

Airports:
571 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 21 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 550 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 478 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Papua New Guinea

Military branches:
Papua New Guinea Defense Force (includes Maritime Operations
Element, Air Operations Element)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,264,728 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 902,432 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$16.9 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Papua New Guinea

Disputes - international:
relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal
cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods
smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and
secessionists

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Paracel Islands

Introduction Paracel Islands

Background:
The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive fishing grounds
and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932, French Indochina
annexed the islands and set up a weather station on Pattle Island;
maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam. China has
occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops seized a
South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands. The islands
are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.

Geography Paracel Islands

Location:
Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs in the South
China Sea, about one-third of the way from central Vietnam to the
northern Philippines

Geographic coordinates:
16 30 N, 112 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: NA sq km
land: NA sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
NA

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
518 km

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
mostly low and flat

Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m

Natural resources: none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
typhoons

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs divided into the
northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent Group

People Paracel Islands

Population: no indigenous inhabitants note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons

Government Paracel Islands

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Paracel Islands

Economy Paracel Islands

Economy - overview:
China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands for tourism.

Transportation Paracel Islands

Ports and harbors:
small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island
being expanded

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Paracel Islands

Military - note: occupied by China

Transnational Issues Paracel Islands

Disputes - international: occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Paraguay

Introduction Paraguay

Background:
In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70), Paraguay
lost two-thirds of all adult males and much of its territory. It
stagnated economically for the next half century. In the Chaco War
of 1932-35, large, economically important areas were won from
Bolivia. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo STROESSNER was
overthrown in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in political
infighting in recent years, relatively free and regular presidential
elections have been held since then.

Geography Paraguay

Location:
Central South America, northeast of Argentina

Geographic coordinates:
23 00 S, 58 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 406,750 sq km
land: 397,300 sq km
water: 9,450 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than California

Land boundaries: total: 3,920 km border countries: Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern
portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Terrain:
grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco
region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river,
and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m
highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m

Natural resources:
hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone

Land use: arable land: 7.6% permanent crops: 0.23% other: 92.17% (2001)

Irrigated land:
670 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly
drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal
pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil; population
concentrated in southern part of country

People Paraguay

Population:
6,347,884 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.9% (male 1,223,479/female 1,184,134)
15-64 years: 57.3% (male 1,825,473/female 1,809,810)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 140,935/female 164,053) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.2 years
male: 20.94 years
female: 21.46 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.48% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
29.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 25.63 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 30.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.89 years
male: 72.35 years
female: 77.55 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
15,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
600 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Paraguayan(s) adjective: Paraguayan

Ethnic groups:
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant 10%

Languages:
Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94%
male: 94.9%
female: 93% (2003 est.)

Government Paraguay

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay
conventional short form: Paraguay
local long form: Republica del Paraguay
local short form: Paraguay

Government type:
constitutional republic

Capital:
Asuncion

Administrative divisions:
17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1
capital city*; Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*,
Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion,
Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari,
Presidente Hayes, San Pedro

Independence:
14 May 1811 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 14 May 1811 (observed 15 May annually)

Constitution:
promulgated 20 June 1992

Legal system:
based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial
review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 75

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Nicanor DUARTE Frutos (since 15 August
2003); Vice President Luis CASTIGLIONI Joria (since 15 August 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Nicanor DUARTE Frutos (since 15 August
2003); Vice President Luis CASTIGLIONI Joria (since 15 August 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 April
2003 (next to be held April 2008)
election results: Nicanor DUARTE Frutos elected president; percent
of vote - Nicanor DUARTE Frutos 37.1%, Julio Cesar Ramon FRANCO
Gomez 23.9%, Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella 21.3%, Guillermo
SANCHEZ Guffanti 13.5%, other 4.2%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Chamber of Senators
or Camara de Senadores (45 seats; members are elected by popular
vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara
de Diputados (80 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 27 April 2003 (next to be
held April 2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held 27 April 2003
(next to be held April 2008)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - ANR 16, PLRA 12, UNACE 7, PQ 7, PPS 2, PEN 1;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- ANR 37, PLRA 21, UNACE 10, PQ 10, PPS 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges
appointed on the proposal of the Council of Magistrates or Consejo
de la Magistratura)

Political parties and leaders:
Asociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR [Herminio
CACERES, interim president]; Movimiento Union Nacional de Ciudadanos
Eticos or UNACE [Enrique GONZALEZ Quintana, acting chairman]; Patria
Querida (Beloved Fatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL
Niella]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or PEN [Luis TORALES Kenney];
Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA [Julio Cesar FRANCO];
Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto FILIZZOLA Pallares]
note: Nicanor DUARTE Frutos on leave as party leader of the Colorado
Party or ANR while serving as President of Paraguay; Lino Cesar
OVIEDO Silva, leader of UNACE, is currently serving a ten-year
prison term

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Ahorristas Estafados or AE; Coordinating Table of National
Campesino Organizations or MCNOC; National Federation of Campesinos
or FNC; National Workers Central or CNT; Paraguayan Workers
Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church; Unitary Workers Central
or CUT

International organization participation:
CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC,
NAM (observer), OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James SPALDING Hellmers
chancery: 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-6960 through 6962
FAX: [1] (202) 234-4508
consulate(s) general: Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John F. KEANE
embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Casilla Postal 402, Asuncion
mailing address: Unit 4711, APO AA 34036-0001
telephone: [595] (21) 213-715
FAX: [595] (21) 213-728

Flag description:
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an
emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem
is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left)
bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a
green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within
two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal
of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the
words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)

Economy Paraguay

Economy - overview:
Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy marked by a large informal
sector. This sector features both reexport of imported consumer
goods to neighboring countries as well as the activities of
thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. Because of
the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures
are difficult to obtain. A large percentage of the population
derives their living from agricultural activity, often on a
subsistence basis. The formal economy grew by an average of about 3%
annually in 1995-97, but averaged near-zero growth in 1998-2001 and
contracted by 2.3 percent in 2002, in response to regional contagion
and an outbreak of hoof-and-mouth desease. On a per capita basis,
real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. Most observers attribute
Paraguay's poor economic performance to political uncertainty,
corruption, lack of progress on structural reform, substantial
internal and external debt, and deficient infrastructure. Aided by a
firmer exchange rate and perhaps a greater confidence in the
economic policy of the Duarte FRUTOS administration, the economy
rebounded in 2003 and 2004, posting modest growth each year.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$29.93 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 25.3% industry: 24.9% services: 49.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.66 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 45%

Unemployment rate:
15.1% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
36% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.8% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
57.7 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.123 billion
expenditures: $1.129 billion, including capital expenditures of $700
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
39.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava
(tapioca), fruits, vegetables; beef, pork, eggs, milk; timber

Industries:
sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel,
metallurgic, electric power

Industrial production growth rate:
0% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
48.36 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0% hydro: 99.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.469 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
42.51 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
25,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-36.11 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.936 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils, electricity, wood,
leather

Exports - partners:
Uruguay 27.8%, Brazil 19.2%, Argentina 6.3%, Switzerland 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$3.33 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products,
electrical machinery

Imports - partners:
Brazil 30.9%, Argentina 23.3%, China 16.6%, US 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.164 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3.239 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
guarani (PYG)

Currency code:
PYG

Exchange rates:
guarani per US dollar - 5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003), 5,716.3
(2002), 4,105.9 (2001), 3,486.4 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Paraguay

Telephones - main lines in use:
273,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,770,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: meager telephone service; principal switching
center is Asuncion
domestic: fair microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 595; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 46, FM 27, shortwave 6 (three inactive) (1998)

Radios:
925,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (2003)

Televisions:
990,000 (2001)

Internet country code:
.py

Internet hosts:
9,243 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
4 (2000)

Internet users:
120,000 (2003)

Transportation Paraguay

Railways: total: 441 km standard gauge: 441 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 29,500 km paved: 14,986 km unpaved: 14,514 km (1999 est)

Waterways:
3,100 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion

Merchant marine:
total: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 31,667 GRT/30,826 DWT
by type: cargo 15, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum
tanker 2, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Argentina 2)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
878 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 12
over 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 866
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 323
under 914 m: 517 (2004 est.)

Military Paraguay

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Naval Aviation, River Defense Corps, Coast
Guard), Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,345,022 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,109,166 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 63,058 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$53.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2003)

Transnational Issues Paraguay

Disputes - international:
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders
is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations

Illicit drugs:
major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is
consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for
Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets,
Europe, and US; corruption and some money-laundering activity,
especially in the Tri-Border Area

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Peru

Introduction Peru

Background:
Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean
civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was
captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence
was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824.
After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic
leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth
of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in
1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the
economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity.
Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian
measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting
dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third
term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and
corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of
that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the
spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of
government; his presidency has been hampered by allegations of
corruption.

Geography Peru

Location:
Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between
Chile and Ecuador

Geographic coordinates:
10 00 S, 76 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 1,285,220 sq km
land: 1.28 million sq km
water: 5,220 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Alaska

Land boundaries:
total: 5,536 km
border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km,
Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km

Coastline:
2,414 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to
frigid in Andes

Terrain:
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

Natural resources:
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,
phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Land use: arable land: 2.89% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 96.71% (2001)

Irrigated land:
11,950 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

Environment - current issues: deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake,
with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the
ultimate source of the Amazon River

People Peru

Population:
27,925,628 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 31.5% (male 4,479,278/female 4,323,356)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 8,891,785/female 8,776,343)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 685,179/female 769,687) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.95 years
male: 24.69 years
female: 25.21 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.36% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.87 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 31.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.77 years
female: 71.37 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.56 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
82,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
4,200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian

Ethnic groups:
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 81%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, other Christian
0.7%, other 0.6%, unspecified or none 16.3% (2003 est.)

Languages:
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number
of minor Amazonian languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.7%
male: 93.5%
female: 82.1% (2004 est.)

Government Peru

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: Republica del Peru
local short form: Peru

Government type:
constitutional republic

Capital:
Lima

Administrative divisions:
25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province*
(provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho,
Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La
Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua,
Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Independence:
28 July 1821 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Constitution:
31 December 1993

Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; note
- members of the military and national police may not vote

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28 July
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; additionally, the constitution provides for two vice
presidents, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President
David WAISMAN Rjavinsthi (since 28 July 2001)
head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28
July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; additionally, the constitution provides for two vice
presidents, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President
David WAISMAN Rjavinsthi (since 28 July 2001)
note: Prime Minister Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI (since 25 August 2005)
does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the
president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001,
with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006
election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected
president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO
Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la
Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote
to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - PP 26.3%, APRA 19.7%,
UN 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - PP 47, APRA 28,
UN 17, FIM 11, others 17

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are
appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Political parties and leaders:
Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega];
National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru
Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also
referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria
Americana or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ
Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP
[Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN
Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac
Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned),
Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]

International organization participation:
APEC, CAN, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur
(associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Hartford, Houston,
Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco,
Washington, DC

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima),
APO AA 34031-5000
telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000
FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037

Flag description:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red
with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of
quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all
framed by a green wreath

Economy Peru

Economy - overview:
Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal
region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering
Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the
mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent
fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals
subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of
infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of
inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy grew by an
average 4 percent per year during the period 2002-2004, with a
stable exchange rate and low inflation. Risk premiums on Peruvian
bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late
2004, reflecting investor optimism regarding the government's
prudent fiscal policies and openness to trade and investment.
Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, the TOLEDO
administration remained unpopular in 2004, and unemployment and
poverty have stayed persistently high.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$155.3 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8% industry: 27% services: 65% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
11 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 9%, industry 18%, services 73% (2001)

Unemployment rate:
9.6% in metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
54% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.8% highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
49.8 (2000)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $13.6 billion
expenditures: $14.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8
billion, for general government, excluding private enterprises (2004
est.)

Public debt:
44.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes,
oranges, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish

Industries:
mining and refining of minerals and metals, petroleum extraction
and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing, textiles,
clothing, food processing, steel, metal fabrication

Industrial production growth rate:
5.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
22.88 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 14.5% hydro: 84.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0.8% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
20.22 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
95,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
161,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
49,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
408.8 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
910 million cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
910 million cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
245.1 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-30 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$12.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
copper, gold, zinc, crude petroleum and petroleum products, coffee

Exports - partners:
US 29.5%, China 9.9%, UK 9%, Chile 5.1%, Japan 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$9.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles,
iron and steel, wheat, paper

Imports - partners:
US 30.3%, Spain 11.5%, Chile 7.2%, Brazil 5.4%, Colombia 5.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$12.7 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$29.79 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$491 million (2002)

Currency (code):
nuevo sol (PEN)

Currency code:
PEN

Exchange rates:
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165
(2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Peru

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,839,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,908,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate for most requirements
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic
satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)

Radios:
6.65 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
3.06 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.pe

Internet hosts:
65,868 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10 (2000)

Internet users:
2.85 million (2003)

Transportation Peru

Railways:
total: 3,462 km
standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 78,230 km
paved: 10,452 km
unpaved: 67,778 km (2001)

Waterways:
8,808 km
note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km
of Lago Titicaca (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas
note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of
the Amazon and its tributaries

Merchant marine:
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT
by type: cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (United States 1)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Airports:
234 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 52 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 20 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 182 1,524 to 2,437 m: 21 914 to 1,523 m: 62 under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Peru

Military branches:
Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes
Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea
del Peru; FAP)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service (1999)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,647,874 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,938,417 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 277,105 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$829.3 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Peru

Disputes - international:
Peru proposes changing its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile
to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis; organized illegal
narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared
border; Peru does not support Bolivia's claim to restore maritime
access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian
border

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous
peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging opium
producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to 31,150
hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of the cocaine base
is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine,
while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the
international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished
cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for use in
the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Philippines

Introduction Philippines

Background:
The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during the 16th
century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the
Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a
self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected President and
was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a
10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese
occupation during WWII, and US forces and Filipinos fought together
during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946 the Philippines
attained their independence. The 21-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS
ended in 1986, when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into
exile and installed Corazon AQUINO as president. Her presidency was
hampered by several coup attempts, which prevented a return to full
political stability and economic development. Fidel RAMOS was
elected president in 1992 and his administration was marked by
greater stability and progress on economic reforms. In 1992, the US
closed its last military bases on the islands. Joseph ESTRADA was
elected president in 1998, but was succeeded by his vice-president,
Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, in January 2001 after ESTRADA's stormy
impeachment trial on corruption charges broke down and widespread
demonstrations led to his ouster. MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was elected to a
six-year term in May 2004. The Philippine Government faces threats
from armed communist insurgencies and from Muslim separatists in the
south.

Geography Philippines

Location:
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the
South China Sea, east of Vietnam

Geographic coordinates:
13 00 N, 122 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 300,000 sq km
land: 298,170 sq km
water: 1,830 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Arizona

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
36,289 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from
coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also
claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in
breadth
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest
monsoon (May to October)

Terrain:
mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m

Natural resources:
timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper

Land use:
arable land: 18.95%
permanent crops: 16.77%
other: 64.28% (2001)

Irrigated land:
15,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to
six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes;
destructive earthquakes; tsunamis

Environment - current issues: uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
the Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands; favorably
located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water bodies:
the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and
Luzon Strait

People Philippines

Population:
87,857,473 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 35.4% (male 15,869,636/female 15,255,588)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 26,503,785/female 26,722,511)
65 years and over: 4% (male 1,523,213/female 1,982,740) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 22.27 years
male: 21.77 years
female: 22.8 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.84% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
25.31 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 23.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.34 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.91 years
male: 67.03 years
female: 72.92 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.16 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
9,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Filipino(s)
adjective: Philippine

Ethnic groups:
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Llocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%,
Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3% (2000
census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 80.9%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3%,
Aglipayan 2%, other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 5%, other 1.8%,
unspecified 0.6%, none 0.1% (2000 census)

Languages:
two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English;
eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or
Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 92.5%
female: 92.7% (2002)

Government Philippines

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines
conventional short form: Philippines
local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas
local short form: Pilipinas

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Manila

Administrative divisions:
79 provinces and 116 chartered cities
: provinces: Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay,
Antique, Apayao, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas,
Biliran, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu,
Compostela, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Eastern
Samar, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela,
Kalinga, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte,
Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro
Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain Province,
Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar,
Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon,
Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South
Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay
: chartered cities: Alaminos, Angeles, Antipolo, Bacolod, Bago,
Baguio, Bais, Balanga, Batangas, Bayawan, Bislig, Butuan,
Cabanatuan, Cadiz, Cagayan de Oro, Calamba, Calapan, Calbayog,
Candon, Canlaon, Cauayan, Cavite, Cebu, Cotabato, Dagupan, Danao,
Dapitan, Davao, Digos, Dipolog, Dumaguete, Escalante, Gapan, General
Santos, Gingoog, Himamaylan, Iligan, Iloilo, Isabela, Iriga,
Kabankalan, Kalookan, Kidapawan, Koronadal, La Carlota, Laoag,
Lapu-Lapu, Las Pinas, Legazpi, Ligao, Lipa, Lucena, Maasin, Makati,
Malabon, Malaybalay, Malolos, Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila, Marawi,
Markina, Masbate, Muntinlupa, Munoz, Naga, Olongapo, Ormoc,
Oroquieta, Ozamis, Pagadian, Palayan, Panabo, Paranaque, Pasay,
Pasig, Passi, Puerto Princesa, Quezon, Roxas, Sagay, Samal, San
Carlos (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos (in Pangasinan), San
Fernando (in La Union), San Fernando (in Pampanga), San Jose, San
Jose del Monte, San Pablo, Santa Rosa, Santiago, Silay, Sipalay,
Sorsogon, Surigao, Tabaco, Tacloban, Tacurong, Tagaytay, Tagbilaran,
Tagum, Talisay (in Cebu), Talisay (in Negros Oriental), Tanauan,
Tangub, Tanjay, Tarlac, Toledo, Tuguegarao, Trece Martires,
Urdaneta, Valencia, Valenzuela, Victorias, Vigan, Zamboanga

Independence:
12 June 1898 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 June (1898)
note: 12 June 1898 was date of declaration of independence from
Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of independence from US

Constitution:
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Legal system:
based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January
2001); note - president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20
January 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with consent of
Commission of Appointments
elections: president and vice president (Manuel "Noli" DE CASTRO)
elected on separate tickets by popular vote for six-year terms;
election last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2010)
election results: results of the election - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
elected president; percent of vote - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO 40%,
Fernando POE 37%, three others 23%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24
seats - one-half elected every three years; members elected at large
by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of
Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (212 members
representing districts plus 24 sectoral party-list members; members
elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note - the
Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more
than 250 members)
elections: Senate - last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May
2007); House of Representatives - elections last held 10 May 2004
(next to be held in May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - Lakas 30%, LP
13%, KNP 13%, independents 17%, others 27%; seats by party - Lakas
7, LP 3, KNP (coalition) 3, independents 4, others 6; note - there
are 23 rather than 24 sitting senators because one senator was
elected Vice President; 14 senators are pro-government, 9 are in
opposition; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - Lakas 93, NPC 53, LP 34, LDP 11, others 20;
party-listers 24; note - there are 211 rather than 212 sitting
representatives because one was appointed Secretary of Tourism (2004)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (15 justices are appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and serve until 70
years of age); Court of Appeals; Sandigan-bayan (special court for
hearing corruption cases of government officials)

Political parties and leaders:
Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or
LDP [Edgardo ANGARA, president]; Lakas Ng Edsa (National Union of
Christian Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA, president; Gloria
MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, chairperson]; Liberal Party or LP [Franklin
DRILON, president; Jose ATIENZA, JR., chairman]; National People's
Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO, chairman emeritus; Frisco SAN
JUAN, president]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL, president]; Pwersa
ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine Masses) or PMP [Joseph
ESTRADA, president; Juan Ponce ENRILE, chairman]; Aksyon Demokratiko
Party [Raul ROCO, president]; Reporma [Renato DE VILLA, chairman];
PROMDI [Emilio OSMENA, president]; Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR,
president]; People's Reform Party [Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO,
president}

Political pressure groups and leaders:
AKBAYAN [Reps. Etta ROSALES, Mario AGUJA, and Risa
HONTIVEROS-BARAQUIEL]; ANAKPAWIS [Reps. Crispin BELTRAN and Rafael
MARIANO]; Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives (APEC)
[Reps. Edgar VALDEZ, Ernesto PABLO, and Sunny Rose MADAMBA]; Bayan
Muna [Reps. Satur OCAMPO, Joel VIRADOR, and Teodoro CASINO, Jr.];
BUHAY [Reps. Rene VELARDE and Hans Christian SENERES]; BUTIL [Rep.
Benjamin CRUZ]; CIBAC [Rep. Emmanuel Joel VILLANUEVA]; GABRIELA
[Rep. Liza MAZA]; PARTIDO NG MANGGAGAWA [Rep. Renato MAGTUBO] (2003)

International organization participation:
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH,
NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET,
UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Albert DEL ROSARIO
chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300
FAX: [1] (202) 328-7614
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco, San Jose (Northern Mariana Islands), Tamuning (Guam)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Darryl N. JOHNSON
(Ambassador-designate Michael MICHALAK)
embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
mailing address: PSC 500, FPO AP 96515-1000
telephone: [63] (2) 523-6300
FAX: [63] (2) 522-4361

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top; representing peace and
justice) and red (representing courage); a white equilateral
triangle based on the hoist side represents equality; the center of
the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary rays, each
representing one of the first eight provinces that sought
independence from Spain; each corner of the triangle contains a
small, yellow, five-pointed star representing the three major
geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao;
the design of the flag dates to 1897; in wartime the flag is flown
upside down with the red band at the top

Economy Philippines

Economy - overview:
The Philippines was less severely affected by the Asian financial
crisis of 1998 than its neighbors, aided in part by annual
remittances of $7-8 billion from overseas workers and no sustained
runup in asset prices or foreign borrowing prior to the crisis. From
a 0.6% decline in 1998, GDP expanded by 2.4% in 1999, and 4.4% in
2000, but slowed to 3.2% in 2001 in the context of a global economic
slowdown, an export slump, and political and security concerns. GDP
growth accelerated to 4.3% in 2002, 4.7% in 2003, and about 6% in
2004, reflecting the continued resilience of the service sector, and
improved exports and agricultural output. Nonetheless, it will take
a higher, sustained growth path to make appreciable progress in
poverty alleviation given the Philippines' high annual population
growth rate and unequal distribution of income. The Philippines also
faces higher oil prices, higher interest rates on its dollar
borrowings, and higher inflation. Fiscal constraints limit Manila's
ability to finance infrastructure and social spending. The
Philippines' consistently large budget deficit has produced a high
debt level and has forced Manila to spend a large portion of the
national government budget on debt service. Large, unprofitable
public enterprises, especially in the energy sector, contribute to
the government's debt because of slow progress on privatization.
Credit rating agencies are increasingly concerned about the
Philippines' ability to sustain the debt; legislative progress on
new revenue measures will weigh heavily on credit rating decisions.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$430.6 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.8% industry: 31.9% services: 53.2% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
35.86 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
11.7% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 31.9% (2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
46.6 (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $12.22 billion
expenditures: $15.84 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.4
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
74.2% of GDP (September 2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, casavas, pineapples,
fish, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef

Industries:
electronics assembly, garments, footwear, pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood products, food processing, petroleum refining,
fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
52.86 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 55.6% hydro: 17.5% nuclear: 0% other: 26.9% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
46.05 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
26,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
338,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
312,000 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
152 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Natural gas - production:
2.5 million cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
25 million cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
107.6 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Current account balance:
$3.6 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$38.63 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment, garments,
optical instruments, coconut products, fruits and nuts, copper
products, chemicals

Exports - partners:
Japan 20.1%, US 18.2%, Netherlands 9%, Hong Kong 7.9%, China 6.7%,
Singapore 6.6%, Taiwan 5.6%, Malaysia 5.2% (2004)

Imports:
$37.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials, machinery and equipment, fuels, vehicles and vehicle
parts, plastic, chemicals, grains

Imports - partners:
US 18.8%, Japan 17.4%, Singapore 7.8%, Taiwan 7.3%, South Korea
6.2%, China 6%, Malaysia 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$16.05 billion (2004)

Debt - external:
$55.6 billion (September 2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004)

Currency (code):
Philippine peso (PHP)

Currency code:
PHP

Exchange rates:
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 56.04 (2004), 54.203 (2003),
51.604 (2002), 50.993 (2001), 44.192 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Philippines

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,310,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
15.201 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good international radiotelephone and submarine
cable services; domestic and inter-island service adequate
domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations
international: country code - 63; 9 international gateways;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific
Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and
Japan

Radio broadcast stations: AM 369, FM 583, shortwave 5 note: each shortwave station operates on multiple frequencies in the language of the target audience (2004)

Radios:
11.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
225; note - 1373 CATV networks (2004)

Televisions:
3.7 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ph

Internet hosts:
38,440 (2002)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
33 (2000)

Internet users:
3.5 million (2002)

Transportation Philippines

Railways: total: 897 km narrow gauge: 897 km 1.067-m gauge (492 km are in operation) (2004)

Highways: total: 202,124 km paved: 19,202 km unpaved: 182,922 km (2002)

Waterways: 3,219 km note: limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 100 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Manila, Surigao

Merchant marine:
total: 419 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,524,259 GRT/6,437,171 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 85, cargo 109, chemical tanker 13, container
5, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 15, passenger 11,
passenger/cargo 73, petroleum tanker 47, refrigerated cargo 23, roll
on/roll off 17, vehicle carrier 14
foreign-owned: 69 (Canada 1, China 2, Germany 2, Greece 5, Hong Kong
2, Japan 31, Malaysia 2, Netherlands 20, Norway 1, UAE 1, United
States 2)
registered in other countries: 40 (2005)

Airports:
255 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 82 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 26 914 to 1,523 m: 35 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 173 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 68 under 914 m: 100 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Philippines

Military branches:
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy (includes Coast
Guard, Marine Corps), Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 20,131,179 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 15,170,096 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 907,542 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$805.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1% (2004)

Transnational Issues Philippines

Disputes - international:
The Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the Spratly
Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also
claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in
March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,
and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant
claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the
Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of
attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 150,000 (fighting between government troops and MILF and Abu
Sayyaf groups) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
exports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to East Asia, the
US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit point for heroin
and crystal methamphetamine; domestic methamphetamine production is
a growing problem; remains on Financial Action Task Force
Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continued failure
to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Pitcairn Islands

Introduction Pitcairn Islands

Background:
Pitcairn Island was discovered in 1767 by the British and settled
in 1790 by the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions.
Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British colony (in
1838) and today remains the last vestige of that empire in the South
Pacific. Outmigration, primarily to New Zealand, has thinned the
population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to less than 50 today.

Geography Pitcairn Islands

Location:
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about midway between
Peru and New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
25 04 S, 130 06 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 47 sq km
land: 47 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
51 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy
season (November to March)

Terrain:
rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m

Natural resources:
miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been
discovered offshore

Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons (especially November to March)

Environment - current issues:
deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains
because of burning and clearing for settlement)

Geography - note:
Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger island of
Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural harbor; supplies
must be transported by rowed longboat from larger ships stationed
offshore

People Pitcairn Islands

Population: 46 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
-0.01% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA

Death rate:
NA

Net migration rate:
NA

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Total fertility rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Pitcairn Islander(s) adjective: Pitcairn Islander

Ethnic groups:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian wives

Religions:
Seventh-Day Adventist 100%

Languages:
English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English
dialect and a Tahitian dialect)

Literacy:
NA

Government Pitcairn Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
conventional short form: Pitcairn Islands

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Adamstown

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Constitution:
30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940;
further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964

Legal system:
local island by-laws

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal with three years residency

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor
(nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Richard FELL (since NA
December 2001); Commissioner (nonresident) Leslie JAQUES (since
September 2003); serves as liaison between the governor and the
Island Council
head of government: Governor Richard FELL; mayor and chairman of the
Island Council Jay WARREN (since 15 December 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner and
commissioner appointed by the monarch; island mayor elected by
popular vote for a three-year term; election last held December 2004
(next to be held December 2007)
election results: Jay WARREN elected mayor and chairman of the
Island Council

Legislative branch:
unicameral Island Council (10 seats - 5 elected by popular vote, 1
nominated by the 5 elected members, 2 appointed by the governor
including 1 seat for the Island Secretary, the Island Mayor, and a
commissioner liaising between the governor and council; elected
members serve one-year terms)
elections: last held 15 December 2004 (next to be held December 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Judicial branch:
Magistrate's Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Judicial
Officers are appointed by the Governor

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the
flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a
shield featuring a yellow anchor

Economy Pitcairn Islands

Economy - overview:
The inhabitants of this tiny isolated economy exist on fishing,
subsistence farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps. The fertile
soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and
vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams,
and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major
sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and
the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. In October 2004, more than
one-quarter of Pitcairn's labor force was arrested, putting the
economy in a bind, since their services were required as lighter
crew to load or unload passing ships.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
NA

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - NA

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force: 15 able-bodied men (2004)

Labor force - by occupation: no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA

Budget:
revenues: $746,000
expenditures: $1.028 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY04/05)

Agriculture - products:
wide variety of fruits and vegetables, goats, chickens

Industries:
postage stamps, handicrafts, beekeeping, honey

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a small diesel-powered
generator

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Exports:
NA

Exports - commodities:
fruits, vegetables, curios, stamps

Exports - partners:
NA

Imports:
NA

Imports - commodities:
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other
foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
NA

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$3.465 million (2004)

Currency (code):
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Currency code:
NZD

Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Pitcairn Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
1 (there are 17 telephones on one party line); (2004)

Telephone system:
general assessment: satellite phone services
domestic: domestic communication via radio (CB)
international: country code - 872; satellite earth station (Inmarsat)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0, note - 15 Ham radio operators (VP6) (2004)

Radios:
NA

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.pn

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Pitcairn Islands

Highways: total: 6.4 km paved: 0 km unpaved: 6.4 km

Ports and harbors:
Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)

Airports:
none (2004 est.)

Military Pitcairn Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Pitcairn Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Poland

Introduction Poland

Background:
Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived near the middle of
the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th century.
During the following century, the strengthening of the gentry and
internal disorders weakened the nation. In a series of agreements
between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned
Poland amongst themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918
only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II.
It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its
government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil
in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union
"Solidarity" that over time became a political force and by 1990 had
swept parliamentary elections and the presidency. A "shock therapy"
program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its
economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe, but Poland
currently suffers low GDP growth and high unemployment. Solidarity
suffered a major defeat in the 2001 parliamentary elections when it
failed to elect a single deputy to the lower house of Parliament,
and the new leaders of the Solidarity Trade Union subsequently
pledged to reduce the Trade Union's political role. Poland joined
NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

Geography Poland

Location:
Central Europe, east of Germany

Geographic coordinates:
52 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 312,685 sq km
land: 304,465 sq km
water: 8,220 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Mexico

Land boundaries:
total: 2,788 km
border countries: Belarus 407 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456
km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Slovakia
444 km, Ukraine 526 km

Coastline:
491 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties

Climate:
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and
thundershowers

Terrain:
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
highest point: Rysy 2,499 m

Natural resources:
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber,
arable land

Land use: arable land: 45.91% permanent crops: 1.12% other: 52.97% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding

Environment - current issues:
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry
and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments;
air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide
emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain
has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and
municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous
wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial
establishments bring their facilities up to European Union code, but
at substantial cost to business and the government

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Geography - note:
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the
lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain

People Poland

Population:
38,635,144 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 3,319,176/female 3,150,859)
15-64 years: 70.3% (male 13,506,153/female 13,638,265)
65 years and over: 13% (male 1,912,431/female 3,108,260) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 36.43 years
male: 34.52 years
female: 38.49 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.03% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.74 years
male: 70.71 years
female: 79.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
14,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Pole(s)
adjective: Polish

Ethnic groups:
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other
and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox 1.3%,
Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)

Languages:
Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2003 est.)

Government Poland

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form: Poland
local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form: Polska

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Warsaw

Administrative divisions:
16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie,
Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie, Lubelskie, Lubuskie, Malopolskie,
Mazowieckie, Opolskie, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie, Pomorskie, Slaskie,
Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie, Wielkopolskie,
Zachodniopomorskie

Independence:
11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

Constitution:
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997, passed by national
referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997

Legal system:
mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover
Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part
of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of
legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are
final; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of
Justice in Strasbourg

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23 December
1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Marek BELKA (since 24 June 2004);
Deputy Prime Minister Izabela JARUGA-NOWACKA (since 24 June 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and
the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and
the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 October 2000 (next to be held October 2005);
prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
and confirmed by the Sejm
election results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI reelected president;
percent of popular vote - Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzej
OLECHOWSKI 17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%, Lech WALESA 1%

Legislative branch:
bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the Senate or
Senat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a
provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and a lower house, the
Sejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of
proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the
designation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only
used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly
elections: Senate - last held 25 September 2005 (next to be held by
September 2009); Sejm elections last held September 25 2005 (next to
be held by September 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PiS 49, PO 34, LPR 7, SO 3, PSL 2, independents 5; Sejm -
percent of vote by party - PiS 27%, PO 24.1%, SO 11.4%, SLD 11.3%,
LPR 8%, PSL 7%, other 11.2%; seats by party - PiS 155, PO 133, SO
56, SLD 55, LPR 34, PSL 25, German minorities 2
note: two seats are assigned to ethnic minority parties in the Sejm
only

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an
indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by
the Sejm for nine-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; Civic
Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or KL
[Artur BALAZS]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Jozef OLEKSY]; Dom
Ojczysty (Fatherland Home); Freedom Union or UW [Wladyslaw
FRASYNIUK]; German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL];
Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League of Polish
Families or LPR [Marek KOTLINOWSKI]; Movement for the Reconstruction
of Poland or ROP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic Party or PLD
[Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish
Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej
LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI];
Social Movement or RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP
[Izabela JARUGA-NOWACKA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ];
Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Jozef GLEMP]; Solidarity Trade Union
[Janusz SNIADEK]

International organization participation:
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CE,
CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest),
NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNOMIG,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Przemyslaw GRUDZINSKI chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802 FAX: [1] (202) 328-6270 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Victor ASHE embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, 5010 Warsaw Place, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch) telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000 FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688 consulate(s) general: Krakow

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the
flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

Economy Poland

Economy - overview:
Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic liberalization
throughout the 1990s and today stands out as a success story among
transition economies. Even so, much remains to be done, especially
in bringing down unemployment. The privatization of small and
medium-sized state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing
new firms has encouraged the development of the private business
sector, but legal and bureaucratic obstacles alongside persistent
corruption are hampering its further development. Poland's
agricultural sector remains handicapped by surplus labor,
inefficient small farms, and lack of investment. Restructuring and
privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railroads,
and energy), while recently initiated, have stalled. Reforms in
health care, education, the pension system, and state administration
have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Further
progress in public finance depends mainly on reducing losses in
Polish state enterprises, restraining entitlements, and overhauling
the tax code to incorporate the growing gray economy and farmers,
most of whom pay no tax. The government has introduced a package of
social and administrative spending cuts to reduce public spending by
about $17 billion through 2007. Additional reductions are under
discussion in the legislature but could be trumped by election-year
politics in 2005. Poland joined the EU in May 2004, and surging
exports to the EU contributed to Poland's strong growth in 2004,
though its competitiveness could be threatened by the zloty's
appreciation. GDP per capita roughly equals that of the three Baltic
states. Poland stands to benefit from nearly $13.5 billion in EU
funds, available through 2006. Farmers have already begun to reap
the rewards of membership via higher food prices and EU agricultural
subsidies.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$463 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $12,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.9% industry: 31.3% services: 65.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
17.02 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 16.1%, industry 29%, services 54.9% (2002)

Unemployment rate:
19.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
18.4% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 24.7% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
31.6 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $44.52 billion
expenditures: $54.93 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
49.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork

Industries:
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
10% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
133.8 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 98.1% hydro: 1.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
117.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
11.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
17,180 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
424,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
53,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
413,700 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
116.4 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
5.471 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
13.85 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
41 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
8.782 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
154.4 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-3.831 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$75.98 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured
goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live
animals 7.6% (2003)

Exports - partners:
Germany 30%, Italy 6.1%, France 6%, UK 5.4%, Czech Republic 4.3%,
Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$81.61 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured
goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related
materials 9.1% (2003)

Imports - partners:
Germany 24.4%, Italy 7.9%, Russia 7.3%, France 6.7%, China 4.6%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$41.88 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$99.15 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $17 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Currency (code):
zloty (PLN)

Currency code:
PLN

Exchange rates:
zlotych per US dollar - 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002),
4.0939 (2001), 4.3461 (2000)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Poland

Telephones - main lines in use:
12.3 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
17.401 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: underdeveloped and outmoded system in the
process of being overhauled; partial privatization of the
state-owned telephone monopoly is underway; the long waiting list
for main line telephone service has resulted in a boom in mobile
cellular telephone use
domestic: cable, open-wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellular
networks; local exchanges 56.6% digital
international: country code - 48; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean
regions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
20.2 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
179 (plus 256 repeaters) (September 1995)

Televisions:
13.05 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.pl

Internet hosts:
804,915 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
19 (2000)

Internet users:
8.97 million (2003)

Transportation Poland

Railways:
total: 23,852 km
broad gauge: 629 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 23,223 km 1.435-m gauge (20,555 km operational)
(11,962 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 364,697 km
paved: 249,088 km (including 399 km of expressways)
unpaved: 115,609 km (2001)

Waterways:
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,772 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin

Merchant marine:
total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 154,710 GRT/228,132 DWT
by type: cargo 3, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll
off 1
registered in other countries: 107 (2005)

Airports:
123 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 84 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 30 1,524 to 2,437 m: 40 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 39 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Poland

Military branches:
Land Forces, Navy, Polish Air Force (PSP)

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for compulsory military service after January 1st of the year of 18th birthday; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; in 2005 Poland plans to shorten the length of conscript service obligation from 12 to 9 months; by 2008, plans call for at least 60% of military personnel to be volunteers; only soldiers who have completed their conscript service are allowed to volunteer for professional service; as of April 2004 women are only allowed to serve as officers and non-commissioned officers (April 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 9,673,712 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 7,740,164 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 275,521 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3.5 billion (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.71% (2002)

Transnational Issues Poland

Disputes - international:
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border,
Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs:
major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international
market; minor transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
illicit drugs to Western Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Portugal

Introduction Portugal

Background:
Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th
centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the
destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the
Napoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony.
A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six
decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a
left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The
following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African
colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC
(now the EU) in 1986.

Geography Portugal

Location:
Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of
Spain

Geographic coordinates:
39 30 N, 8 00 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 92,391 sq km
land: 91,951 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries: total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Coastline: 1,793 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in
south

Terrain:
mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in
the Azores 2,351 m

Natural resources:
fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten,
silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land,
hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 21.75%
permanent crops: 7.81%
other: 70.44% (2001)

Irrigated land:
6,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle
emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental
Modification

Geography - note:
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western
sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

People Portugal

Population:
10,566,212 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.6% (male 916,234/female 839,935)
15-64 years: 66.3% (male 3,468,844/female 3,538,779)
65 years and over: 17.1% (male 744,787/female 1,057,633) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 38.2 years
male: 36.06 years
female: 40.33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.39% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.53 years
male: 74.25 years
female: 81.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
22,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese

Ethnic groups:
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent
who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than
100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Religions:
Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant (1995)

Languages:
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.3%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.3% (2003 est.)

Government Portugal

Country name:
conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Lisbon

Administrative divisions:
18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous
regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro,
Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra,
Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto,
Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

Independence:
1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (independent
republic proclaimed)

National holiday:
Portugal Day, 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the
day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died

Constitution:
25 April 1976; revised many times

Legal system:
civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES (since 12 March
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative
body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held January 2006);
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the president
election results: Jorge SAMPAIO reelected president; percent of vote
- Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral
(Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 February 2005 (next to be held February
2009); note - President SAMPAIO called for early elections after
dissolving parliament on 10 December 2004 because he lacked
confidence in the four-month center-right government
election results: percent of vote by party - PS 45.1%, PSD 28.7%,
CDU 7.6%, PP 7.3%, BE 6.4%; seats by party - PS 121, PSD 75, CDU 14,
PP 12, BE 8

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for
life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

Political parties and leaders:
Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA]; Popular Party or
PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO]; Portuguese Communist Party or PCP
[Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES
Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Luis
Marques MENDES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA];
Unitarian Democratic Coalition or UDC [Jeronimo de SOUSA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU,
ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIK, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO,
ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Pedro Manuel Dos Reis Alves CATARINO
chancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San
Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Adrienne
S. O'NEAL
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
mailing address: Apartado 4258, 1507 Lisboa Codex; PSC 83, APO AE
09726
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Flag description:
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line

Economy Portugal

Economy - overview:
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based
economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the past
decade, successive governments have privatized many state-controlled
firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the
financial and telecommunications sectors. The country qualified for
the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began circulating the
euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member economies.
Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the past
decade, but fell back in 2001-04. GDP per capita stands at
two-thirds that of the Big Four EU economies. A poor educational
system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity
and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by
lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for
foreign direct investment. The government faces tough choices in its
attempts to boost Portugal's economic competitiveness while keeping
the budget deficit within the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$188.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $17,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 5.9% industry: 30.2% services: 63.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
5.48 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 10%, industry 30%, services 60% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
6.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.6 (1994-95)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $74.38 billion
expenditures: $79.86 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
61.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, poultry,
beef, dairy products

Industries:
textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metals and
metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; rubber and
plastic products; ceramics; electronics and communications
equipment; rail transportation equipment; aerospace equipment; ship
construction and refurbishment; wine; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
1.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
43.28 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 64.5% hydro: 31.3% nuclear: 0% other: 4.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
42.15 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
3.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
339,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
28,830 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
357,300 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.542 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
2.553 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-8.12 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$37.68 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper
products, hides

Exports - partners:
Spain 25%, France 14%, Germany 13.5%, UK 9.6%, US 6%, Italy 4.3%,
Netherlands 4% (2004)

Imports:
$52.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum, textiles,
agricultural products

Imports - partners:
Spain 29.3%, Germany 14.3%, France 9.3%, Italy 6.1%, UK 4.6%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$12.3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$274.7 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $271 million (1995)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Portugal

Telephones - main lines in use:
4,278,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
9,341,400 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: Portugal's telephone system has achieved a
state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities and
a main line telephone density of 53%
domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave
radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean),
NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station
for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 47, FM 172 (many are repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
3.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 62 (plus 166 repeaters) note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands (1995)

Televisions:
3.31 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.pt

Internet hosts:
346,078 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
3.6 million (2002)

Transportation Portugal

Railways:
total: 2,850 km
broad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 17,135 km
paved: 14,736 km (including 1,659 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,399 km (2002)

Waterways:
210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines

Merchant marine:
total: 114 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 872,557 GRT/1,236,025 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 38, chemical tanker 14, container 7,
liquefied gas 9, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 9,
roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 8
foreign-owned: 97 (Australia 1, Belgium 6, Denmark 5, Germany 18,
Greece 4, Iceland 1, Italy 11, Japan 8, Lebanon 1, Malta 1, Norway
4, Spain 19, Switzerland 4)
registered in other countries: 28 (2005)

Airports:
65 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 42 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Military Portugal

Military branches:
Army, Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Air Force
(Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP), National Republican Guard (Guarda
Nacional Republicana) (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; compulsory military service was ended in 2004 (January 2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,435,042 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,952,819 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 67,189 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3,497.8 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.3% (2003)

Transnational Issues Portugal

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian
heroin entering the European market (especially from Brazil);
transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;
consumer of Southwest Asian heroin

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Puerto Rico

Introduction Puerto Rico

Background:
Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the island was
claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Columbus' second
voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial rule
that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African
slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a result
of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US
citizenship in 1917. Popularly-elected governors have served since
1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal
self government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters
chose to retain commonwealth status.

Geography Puerto Rico

Location:
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic

Geographic coordinates:
18 15 N, 66 30 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 9,104 sq km
land: 8,959 sq km
water: 145 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
501 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains
precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal
areas

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m

Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil

Land use: arable land: 3.95% permanent crops: 5.52% other: 90.53% (2001)

Irrigated land:
400 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; hurricanes

Environment - current issues:
erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Geography - note:
important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to
the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural
harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central
mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry;
fertile coastal plain belt in north

People Puerto Rico

Population:
3,916,632 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 22% (male 441,594/female 421,986)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,228,583/female 1,337,066)
65 years and over: 12.4% (male 211,283/female 276,120) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 34.23 years
male: 32.5 years
female: 35.87 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.47% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
13.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.29 years
male: 74.35 years
female: 82.43 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
7,397 (1997)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)
adjective: Puerto Rican

Ethnic groups:
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%, Amerindian 0.4%,
Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%

Languages:
Spanish, English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.1%
male: 93.9%
female: 94.4% (2002 est.)

Government Puerto Rico

Country name:
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
conventional short form: Puerto Rico

Dependency status:
commonwealth associated with the US

Government type:
commonwealth

Capital:
San Juan

Administrative divisions:
none (commonwealth associated with the US); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular -
municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas
Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta,
Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas,
Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio,
Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama,
Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao,
Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las
Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca,
Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce,
Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San
German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa
Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja,
Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco

Independence:
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

National holiday:
US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico Constitution Day,
25 July (1952)

Constitution:
ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July 1952,
effective 25 July 1952

Legal system:
based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal system of
justice

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; island residents are US citizens but do
not vote in US presidential elections

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001)
head of government: Governor Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (since 2 January
2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the
legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2008)
election results: Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (PPD) elected governor;
percent of vote - 48.4%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (at least 27
seats - currently 29; members are directly elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (51
seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2008); House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PNP 43.4%, PPD
40.3%, PIP 9.4%; seats by party - PNP 17, PPD 9, PIP 1; House of
Representatives - percent of vote by party - PNP 46.3%, PPD 43.1%,
PIP 9.7%; seats by party - PNP 32, PPD 18, PIP 1
note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissioner
to serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the US
House of Representatives; aside from not voting on the House floor,
he enjoys all the rights of a member of Congress; elections last
held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008); results -
percent of vote by party - PNP 48.6%; seats by party - PNP 1; Luis
FORTUNO elected resident commissioner

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance composed of
two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court (justices for
all these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of the
Senate)

Political parties and leaders:
National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National Republican
Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive Party or PNP
(pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic Party or PPD
(pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican Independence
Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN; Armed Forces of
Popular Resistance; Boricua Popular Army (also known as the
Macheteros); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

International organization participation:
ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WToO (associate)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Flag description:
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating
with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears
a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design initially
influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag, with the
colors of the bands and triangle reversed

Economy Puerto Rico

Economy - overview:
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean
region. A diverse industrial sector has far surpassed agriculture as
the primary locus of economic activity and income. Encouraged by
duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have
invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US minimum wage
laws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and
other livestock products as the main source of income in the
agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important
source of income, with estimated arrivals of nearly 5 million
tourists in 1999. Growth fell off in 2001-03, largely due to the
slowdown in the US economy, and has recovered in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$68.95 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $17,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 45% services: 54% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
1.3 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 3%, industry 20%, services 77% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
12% (2002)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.5% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $6.7 billion
expenditures: $9.6 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY99/00)

Agriculture - products: sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas, livestock products, chickens

Industries:
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
22.09 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.2% hydro: 0.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
20.54 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
190,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
630 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
630 million cu m (2001 est.)

Exports:
$46.9 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Exports - commodities:
chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage
concentrates, medical equipment

Exports - partners:
US 90.3%, UK 1.6%, Netherlands 1.4%, Dominican Republic 1.4% (2002
est.)

Imports:
$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Imports - commodities:
chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleum
products

Imports - partners:
US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2002 est.)

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA (2001)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Puerto Rico

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,329,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,211,111 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system integrated with that of the US by
high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed data
capability
domestic: digital telephone system; cellular telephone service
international: country code - 1-787, 939; satellite earth station -
1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 72, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
2.7 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
6 (19 relay stations) (2004)

Televisions:
1.021 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.pr

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
76 (2000)

Internet users:
600,000 (2002)

Transportation Puerto Rico

Railways: total: 96 km narrow gauge: 96 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 25,328 km
paved: 23,665 km (including 426 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,363 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Las Mareas, Mayaguez, San Juan

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 36,728 GRT/37,048 DWT
by type: roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 2 (United States 2)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
30 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Military Puerto Rico

Military branches:
no regular indigenous military forces; paramilitary National Guard,
Police Force

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Puerto Rico

Disputes - international: increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year looking for work

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Qatar

Introduction Qatar

Background:
Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar transformed
itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for pearling
into an independent state with significant oil and natural gas
revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari economy
was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum revenues by
the amir, who had ruled the country since 1972. His son, the current
Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, overthrew him in a bloodless coup
in 1995. In 2001, Qatar resolved its longstanding border disputes
with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Oil and natural gas revenues
enable Qatar to have one of the highest per capita incomes in the
world.

Geography Qatar

Location:
Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
25 30 N, 51 15 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 11,437 sq km
land: 11,437 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries: total: 60 km border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km

Coastline:
563 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements or
the median line

Climate:
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Terrain:
mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, fish

Land use: arable land: 1.64% permanent crops: 0.27% other: 98.09% (2001)

Irrigated land:
130 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
haze, dust storms, sandstorms common

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum
deposits

People Qatar

Population:
863,051 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.7% (male 104,453/female 100,295)
15-64 years: 72.9% (male 437,118/female 191,830)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 21,599/female 7,756) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 31.57 years
male: 36.87 years
female: 22.33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.61% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.54 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
15.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 2.28 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 2.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1.88 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 18.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.67 years
male: 71.15 years
female: 76.32 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.87 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.09% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Qatari(s)
adjective: Qatari

Ethnic groups:
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Religions:
Muslim 95%

Languages:
Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89%
male: 89.1%
female: 88.6% (2004 est.)

Government Qatar

Country name:
conventional long form: State of Qatar
conventional short form: Qatar
local long form: Dawlat Qatar
local short form: Qatar
note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation falls
between cutter and gutter, but not like guitar

Government type:
traditional monarchy

Capital:
Doha

Administrative divisions:
10 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al
Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Wakrah, Ar Rayyan, Jarayan
al Batinah, Madinat ash Shamal, Umm Sa'id, Umm Salal

Independence:
3 September 1971 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 3 September (1971)

Constitution:
ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the
Emir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005

Legal system:
discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil
codes are being implemented; Islamic law dominates family and
personal matters

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani (since 27 June 1995
when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA bin Hamad
al-Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince TAMIM bin Hamad bin
Khalifa al-Thani, third son of the monarch (selected Heir Apparent
by the monarch on 5 August 2003); note - Amir HAMAD also holds the
positions of Minister of Defense and Commander-in-chief of the Armed
Forces
head of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa al-Thani,
brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); Deputy Prime
Minister MUHAMMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani, brother of the monarch
(since 20 January 1998); First Deputy Prime Minister HAMAD bin JASIM
bin JABIR al-Thani (since 16 September 2003; also Foreign Minister
since 1992); Second Deputy Prime Minister Abdallah bin Hamad
al-ATTIYAH (since 16 September 2003; also Energy Minister since NA
1992)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
note: in April 2003, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member
Central Municipal Council (CMC), which has consultative powers aimed
at improving the provision of municipal services; the first election
for the CMC was held in March 1999

Legislative branch:
unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (35 seats; members
appointed)
note: no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there
were partial elections to the body; Council members have had their
terms extended every four years since; the new constitution, which
came into force on 8 June 2004, provides for a 45-member
Consultative Council, or Majlis al-Shura; the public would elect
two-thirds of the Majlis al-Shura; the amir would appoint the
remaining members

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal
note: under the new judiciary law issued in 2003, the former two
court systems, civil and Islamic law, were merged under a higher
court, the Court of Cassation, established for appeals

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,
IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW,
OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Nasir bin Hamad bin Mubarak al-KHALIFA
chancery: 4200 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20016
telephone: [1] (202) 274-1600 and 274-1603
FAX: [1] (202) 237-0061
consulate(s) general: Houston

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Chase UNTERMEYER
embassy: Al-Luqta District, 22 February Road, Doha
mailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Doha
telephone: [974] 488 4101
FAX: [974] 488 4298

Flag description:
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the
hoist side

Economy Qatar

Economy - overview:
Oil and gas account for more than 55% of GDP, roughly 85% of export
earnings, and 70% of government revenues. Oil and gas have given
Qatar a per capita GDP about 80% of that of the leading West
European industrial countries. Proved oil reserves of 16 billion
barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for 23
years. Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas exceed 14 trillion
cubic meters, more than 5% of the world total and third largest in
the world. Long-term goals feature the development of offshore
natural gas reserves to offset the ultimate decline in oil
production. In recent years, Qatar has consistently posted trade
surpluses largely because of high oil prices and increased natural
gas exports, becoming one of the world's fastest growing and highest
per-capita income countries.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$19.49 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
8.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $23,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.3% industry: 58.2% services: 41.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
140,000 (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
2.7% (2001)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $10.17 billion
expenditures: $7.61 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.2
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
NA

Agriculture - products:
fruits, vegetables; poultry, dairy products, beef; fish

Industries:
crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers,
petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship
repair

Industrial production growth rate:
10% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
9.727 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
9.046 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
790,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
30,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
16 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
32.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
15.86 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
18.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
14.41 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$5.187 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$15 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers, steel

Exports - partners:
Japan 41.9%, South Korea 15.8%, Singapore 9.1%, India 5.4% (2004)

Imports:
$6.15 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals

Imports - partners:
France 26.6%, US 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 9.4%, UAE 6.3%, Germany 5.2%,
Japan 5.2%, UK 5.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.351 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$18.62 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Qatari rial (QAR)

Currency code:
QAR

Exchange rates:
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003), 3.64 (2002),
3.64 (2001), 3.64 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Qatar

Telephones - main lines in use:
184,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
376,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system centered in Doha
domestic: NA
international: country code - 974; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;
microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to
Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
256,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus three repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
230,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.qa

Internet hosts:
221 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
126,000 (2003)

Transportation Qatar

Highways: total: 1,230 km paved: 1,107 km unpaved: 123 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 702 km; oil/gas/water 41 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Doha

Merchant marine:
total: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 525,051 GRT/772,635 DWT
by type: cargo 3, chemical tanker 5, container 8, liquefied gas 2,
petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 6 (Kuwait 6) (2005)

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Qatar

Military branches:
Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN), Qatari
Amiri Air Force (QAAF)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; Land Force's enlisted personnel are largely nonprofessional foreign nationals (2005)

Manpower available for military service: males age 18-49: 302,873 note: includes non-nationals (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 238,566 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 7,851 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$723 million (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
10% (FY00)

Transnational Issues Qatar

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Reunion

Introduction Reunion

Background:
The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513. From the
17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration, supplemented by
influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar Indians, gave the
island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cost
the island its importance as a stopover on the East Indies trade
route.

Geography Reunion

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Geographic coordinates:
21 06 S, 55 36 E

Map references:
World

Area:
total: 2,517 sq km
land: 2,507 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
207 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry
from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April

Terrain:
mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m

Natural resources: fish, arable land, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 13.6% permanent crops: 1.2% other: 85.2% (2001)

Irrigated land:
120 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de la
Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
this mountainous, volcanic island has an active volcano, Piton de
la Fournaise; there is a tropical cyclone center at Saint-Denis,
which is the monitoring station for the whole of the Indian Ocean

People Reunion

Population:
776,948 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 30.4% (male 120,698/female 115,108)
15-64 years: 63.6% (male 243,668/female 250,143)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 19,234/female 28,097) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.72 years
male: 25.53 years
female: 27.92 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.38% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
19.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.95 years
male: 70.55 years
female: 77.52 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Reunionese (singular and plural)
adjective: Reunionese

Ethnic groups:
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Religions:
Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995)

Languages:
French (official), Creole widely used

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.9%
male: 87%
female: 90.8% (2003 est.)

Government Reunion

Country name:
conventional long form: Department of Reunion
conventional short form: Reunion
local long form: none
local short form: Ile de la Reunion
former: Bourbon Island

Dependency status:
overseas department of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Saint-Denis

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas department of France); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 4 arrondissements, 24 communes, and 47 cantons

Independence:
none (overseas department of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by Prefect Laurent CAYREL (since 16 July 2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc
POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council
Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council (49 seats; members are elected by
direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral
Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct, popular
vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held 15 and 22 March 1998 (next to
be held NA); Regional Council - last held 28 March 2004 (next to be
held NA 2010)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - various right-wing candidates 13, PCR 10, PS 10,
UDF 8, RPR 6, other left-wing candidates 2; Regional Council (second
round) - percent of vote by party - PCR 44.9%, UMP 32.8%, PS-Greens
22.3%; seats by party - PCR 27, UMP 11, PS-Greens 7
note: Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate;
elections last held NA 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Reunion also
elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last
held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, UMP 1,
PCR 1

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for the
Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert
GERARD]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
InOC, UPU, WFTU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas department of France)

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Reunion

Economy - overview:
The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, but
services now dominate. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more
than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports.
The government has been pushing the development of a tourist
industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to one-third of
the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the
poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social
tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better
off than other segments of the population, often approaching
European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and
unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent.
The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the
seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of
Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from
France.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.57 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 8% industry: 19% services: 73% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
309,900 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 13%, industry 12%, services 75% (2000)

Unemployment rate:
36% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%

Budget:
revenues: $1.26 billion
expenditures: $2.62 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, tropical fruits, vegetables, corn

Industries:
sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil extraction

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
1.166 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 55.5% hydro: 44.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.084 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
18,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$214 million f.o.b. (1997)

Exports - commodities:
sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster 3%,
(1993)

Exports - partners:
France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (2000)

Imports:
$2.5 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Imports - commodities:
manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and
transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products

Imports - partners:
France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Reunion

Telephones - main lines in use:
300,000 est (2001)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
489,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis
domestic: modern open-wire and microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 262; radiotelephone communication to
Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); fiber optic
submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europe
and Asia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (2001)

Radios:
173,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
35 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (2001)

Televisions:
127,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.re

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
150,000 (2002)

Transportation Reunion

Highways:
total: 1,214 km (including 88 km of four-lane roads) (2001)

Ports and harbors:
Le Port

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 28,264 GRT/44,885 DWT
by type: chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (France 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Reunion

Military branches:
no regular indigenous military forces; French forces (includes
Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 183,421 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 142,578 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 7,339 (2005 est.)

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Reunion

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Romania

Introduction Romania

Background:
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under
the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their
autonomy in 1856; they united in 1859 and a few years later adopted
the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its
independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and
acquired new territories following the conflict. In 1940, it allied
with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of
the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed
an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of
a Communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the
king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took
power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly
oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown
and executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the
government until 1996, when they were swept from power by a
fractious coalition of centrist parties. In 2000, the center-left
Social Democratic Party (PSD) became Romania's leading party,
governing with the support of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in
Romania (UDMR). The opposition center-right alliance formed by the
National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Democratic Party (PD) scored a
surprise victory over the ruling PSD in December 2004 presidential
elections. The PNL-PD alliance maintains a parliamentary majority
with the support of the UDMR, the Humanist Party (PUR), and various
ethnic minority groups. Although Romania completed accession talks
with the European Union (EU) in December 2004, it must continue to
address rampant corruption - while invigorating lagging economic and
democratic reforms - before it can achieve its hope of joining the
EU, tentatively set for 2007. Romania joined NATO in March of 2004.

Geography Romania

Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and
Ukraine

Geographic coordinates:
46 00 N, 25 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 237,500 sq km
land: 230,340 sq km
water: 7,160 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east)
169 km

Coastline:
225 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny
summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Terrain:
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia
on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Natural resources:
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron
ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 40.82% permanent crops: 2.25% other: 56.93% (2001)

Irrigated land:
28,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure
and climate promote landslides

Environment - current issues: soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans,
Moldova, and Ukraine

People Romania

Population:
22,329,977 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.9% (male 1,818,488/female 1,727,598)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 7,726,903/female 7,801,441)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 1,342,827/female 1,912,720) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 36.39 years male: 35.04 years female: 37.77 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.12% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.7 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 26.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 29.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 23.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.35 years
male: 67.86 years
female: 75.06 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.36 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
6,500 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
350 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian

Ethnic groups:
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German
0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Religions:
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%,
Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and
Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and
unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)

Languages:
Romanian (official), Hungarian, German

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.4%
male: 99.1%
female: 97.7% (2003 est.)

Government Romania

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Bucharest

Administrative divisions:
41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality*
(municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud,
Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi,
Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,
Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov,
Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare,
Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

Independence:
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire;
independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin;
kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881); 30 December 1947 (republic
proclaimed)

National holiday:
Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

Constitution:
8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003

Legal system:
former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is
now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Calin Popescu-TARICEANU (since 29
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 28 November 2004, with runoff between the top two
candidates held 12 December 2004 (next to be held 28 November 2009
and 12 December 2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 51.23%, Adrian
NASTASE 48.77%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat
(137 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a
proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the
Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (332 seats; members are
elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation
basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 28 November 2004 (next to be held 28
November 2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held 28 November 2004
(next to be held 28 November 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party -
PSD-PUR 37.1%, PNL-PD 31.8%, PRM 13.6%, UDMR 6.2%; seats by party -
PSD 46, PNL 28, PD 21, PRM 21, PUR 11, UMDR 10; Chamber of Deputies
- percent of vote by alliance/party - PSD-PUR 36.6%, PNL-PD 31.3%%,
PRM 12.9%, UDMR 6.2%; seats by party - PSD 113, PNL 64, PD 48, PRM
48, UDMR 22, PUR 19, ethnic minorities 18

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the president on
the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates, a board
of eleven judges and six prosecutors elected by parliament)

Political parties and leaders:
Conservative Party [Dan VOICULESCU], formerly Humanist Party or
PUR; Democratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party
or PNL [Calin Popescu TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA], formerly Party of Social Democracy
in Romania or PDSR

Political pressure groups and leaders:
various human rights and professional associations

International organization participation: ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sorin Dumitru DUCARU chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Jack Dyer CROUCH II embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) telephone: [40] (21) 210-4042 FAX: [40] (21) 210-0395 branch office(s): Cluj-Napoca

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red;
the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also
resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Economy Romania

Economy - overview:
Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely
obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the
country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing
three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets.
Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity in
construction, agriculture, and consumption have kept growth above
4%. An IMF standby agreement, signed in 2001, has been accompanied
by slow but palpable gains in privatization, deficit reduction, and
the curbing of inflation. The IMF Board approved Romania's
completion of the standby agreement in October 2003, the first time
Romania has successfully concluded an IMF agreement since the 1989
revolution. In July 2004, the executive board of the IMF approved a
24-month standby agreement for $367 million. The Romanian
authorities do not intend to draw on this agreement, however,
viewing it simply as a precaution. Meanwhile, recent macroeconomic
gains have done little to address Romania's widespread poverty,
while corruption and red tape continue to handicap the business
environment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$171.5 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
8.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13.1% industry: 33.7% services: 53.2% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
9.66 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 31.6%, industry 30.7%, services 37.7% (2004)

Unemployment rate:
6.3% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
28.9% (2002)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.4% highest 10%: 27.6% (2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
28.8 (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $22.1 billion
expenditures: $23.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.2
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
23.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes;
eggs, sheep

Industries:
textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining,
timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food
processing, petroleum refining

Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
56.53 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 62.5% hydro: 27.6% nuclear: 9.9% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
57.5 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
3.046 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
962 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
128,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
253,800 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.055 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
12.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
18.5 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
5.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
111.1 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-3.631 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$23.54 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles and footwear, metals and metal products, machinery and
equipment, minerals and fuels, chemicals, agricultural products

Exports - partners:
Italy 21.4%, Germany 15%, France 8.5%, Turkey 7%, UK 6.6% (2004)

Imports:
$28.43 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals, textile and
products, basic metals, agricultural products

Imports - partners:
Italy 17.2%, Germany 14.9%, France 7.1%, Russia 6.8%, Turkey 4.2%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$16.21 billion (2004)

Debt - external:
$24.59 billion (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
leu (ROL)

Currency code:
ROL

Exchange rates:
lei per US dollar - 32,637 (2004), 33,200 (2003), 33,055 (2002),
29,061 (2001), 21,709 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Romania

Telephones - main lines in use:
4.3 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6.9 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poor domestic service, but improving
domestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is
mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about
one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages
have no service
international: country code - 40; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate
in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several
international telecommunication network projects (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
7.2 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
5.25 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ro

Internet hosts:
50,807 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
38 (2000)

Internet users:
4 million (2003)

Transportation Romania

Railways:
total: 11,385 km (3,888 km electrified)
standard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-m gauge
broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 198,755 km
paved: 100,173 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved: 98,582 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,731 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Braila, Constanta, Galati, Tulcea

Merchant marine:
total: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 395,350 GRT/510,232 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 5, cargo 20, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2,
petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 2 (Italy 2)
registered in other countries: 39 (2005)

Airports:
61 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 25
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 24 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
1 (2004 est.)

Military Romania

Military branches:
Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces (AMR),
Special Operations, Civil Defense (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 20 years of age for compulsory military service, 18 in wartime; conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 5,061,984 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 3,932,579 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 172,093 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$985 million (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.47% (2002)

Transnational Issues Romania

Disputes - international:
Romania and Ukraine have taken their dispute over
Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea
maritime boundary to the ICJ for adjudication; Romania also opposes
Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border
through Ukraine to the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law
extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians
in Romania, to which Romania had objected

Illicit drugs:
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the
Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for
Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as
a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering which occurs
via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Russia

Introduction Russia

Background:
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able
to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th
centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding
principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty
continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific.
Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic
Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th
century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia.
Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led
to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and
to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists
under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR.
The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Russian
dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of
lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following
decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91)
introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an
attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently
released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15
independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its
efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to
replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the
Communist period. While some progress has been made on the economic
front, recent years have seen a recentralization of power under
Vladimir PUTIN and an erosion in nascent democratic institutions. A
determined guerrilla conflict still plagues Russia in Chechnya.

Geography Russia

Location:
Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is included with
Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North
Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates:
60 00 N, 100 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km

Area - comparative:
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 20,017 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China
(southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finland
1,340 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km,
Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485
km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576
km

Coastline:
37,653 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much
of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the
polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid
in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along
Arctic coast

Terrain:
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest
and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border
regions

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m

Natural resources:
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural
gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder
exploitation of natural resources

Land use: arable land: 7.33% permanent crops: 0.11% other: 92.56% (2001)

Irrigated land:
46,630 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to
development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and
earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and
summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European
Russia

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric
plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal,
and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts;
deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper
application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes
intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from
toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of
obsolete pesticides

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Geography - note:
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably
located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its
size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either
too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's
tallest peak

People Russia

Population:
143,420,309 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.6% (male 10,704,617/female 10,173,313)
15-64 years: 71.3% (male 49,429,716/female 52,799,740)
65 years and over: 14.2% (male 6,405,027/female 13,907,896) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 38.15 years male: 34.99 years female: 41.03 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.37% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.8 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
14.52 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.1 years
male: 60.55 years
female: 74.04 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
860,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
9,000 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian

Ethnic groups:
Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash
1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Religions:
Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

Languages:
Russian, many minority languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.5% (2003 est.)

Government Russia

Country name:
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Government type:
federation

Capital:
Moscow

Administrative divisions:
49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik,
singular - respublika), 10 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov,
singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2
federal cities (singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast
(avtonomnaya oblast')
: oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan',
Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo,
Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy),
Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk,
Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk,
Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin
(Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk
(Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk,
Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'
: republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan
(Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya
(Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas),
Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk),
Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola),
Mordoviya (Saransk), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), North Ossetia
(Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
: autonomous okrugs: Aga Buryat (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'),
Evenk (Tura), Khanty-Mansi, Komi-Permyak (Kudymkar), Koryak
(Palana), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Taymyr [Dolgano-Nenets] (Dudinka),
Ust'-Orda Buryat (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
: krays: Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk,
Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'
: federal cities: Moscow (Moskva), Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg)
: autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Independence:
24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)

Constitution:
adopted 12 December 1993

Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (acting
president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail Yefimovich FRADKOV (since 5
March 2004); Deputy Premier Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9
March 2004)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of
the premier and his deputy, ministers, and selected other
individuals; all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides
staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential
decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a
Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March 2008); note
- no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot
exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns,
the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president
until a new presidential election is held, which must be within
three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval
of the Duma
election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN reelected president;
percent of vote - Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 71.2%, Nikolay
KHARITONOV 13.7%, other (no candidate above 5%) 15.1%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the
Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July 2000,
members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in
each of the 89 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays,
republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of
Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and the
State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; currently 225 seats
elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at
least 5% of the vote, and 225 seats from single-member
constituencies; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 7 December 2003 (next to be held
NA December 2007)
election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by parties
clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of
the 225 party list seats - United Russia 37.1%, CPRF 12.7%, LDPR
11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats by party - United Russia 222, CPRF 53,
LDPR 38, Motherland 37, People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, SPS 2, other
7, independents 65, repeat election required 3

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration;
judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation
Council on the recommendation of the president

Political parties and leaders:
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
[Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [Dmitriy
ROGOZIN]; People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV]; Union of Right Forces or
SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina
Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; United Russia [Boris
Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN
(observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA,
MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE,
Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOCI,
UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer),
ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708 FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735 consulate(s) general: Houston, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW embassy: Bolshoy Devyatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721 telephone: [7] (095) 728-5000 FAX: [7] (095) 728-5090 consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

Economy Russia

Economy - overview:
Russia ended 2004 with its sixth straight year of growth, averaging
6.5% annually since the financial crisis of 1998. Although high oil
prices and a relatively cheap ruble are important drivers of this
economic rebound, since 2000 investment and consumer-driven demand
have played a noticeably increasing role. Real fixed capital
investments have averaged gains greater than 10% over the last five
years, and real personal incomes have realized average increases
over 12%. Russia has also improved its international financial
position since the 1998 financial crisis, with its foreign debt
declining from 90% of GDP to around 28%. Strong oil export earnings
have allowed Russia to increase its foreign reserves from only $12
billion to some $120 billion at yearend 2004. These achievements,
along with a renewed government effort to advance structural
reforms, have raised business and investor confidence in Russia's
economic prospects. Nevertheless, serious problems persist. Economic
growth slowed down in the second half of 2004 and the Russian
government forecasts growth of only 4.5% to 6.2% for 2005. Oil,
natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of
exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices.
Russia's manufacturing base is dilapidated and must be replaced or
modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based economic growth.
Other problems include a weak banking system, a poor business
climate that discourages both domestic and foreign investors,
corruption, and widespread lack of trust in institutions. In
addition, a string of investigations launched against a major
Russian oil company, culminating with the arrest of its CEO in the
fall of 2003, have raised concerns by some observers that President
PUTIN is granting more influence to forces within his government
that desire to reassert state control over the economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.408 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $9,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.9% industry: 33.9% services: 61.2% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
71.83 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 12.3%, industry 22.7%, services 65% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
8.3% plus considerable underemployment (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
25% (January 2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 5.9% highest 10%: 47% (2001)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
39.9 (2001)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $106.4 billion
expenditures: $93.33 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
28.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk

Industries:
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal,
oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from
rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles;
defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced
electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
6.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
915 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 66.3% hydro: 17.2% nuclear: 16.4% other: 0.1% (2003)

Electricity - consumption:
894.3 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
20.7 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
12.65 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
8.42 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.31 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
6.11 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
69 billion bbl (2003 est.)

Natural gas - production:
578.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
405.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
171 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
32.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
47 trillion cu m (2003)

Current account balance:
$46.04 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$162.5 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood
products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures

Exports - partners:
Netherlands 9.1%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 6.4%, Italy 6.2%, China 6%,
US 5%, Switzerland 4.7%, Turkey 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$92.91 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, sugar,
semifinished metal products

Imports - partners:
Germany 15.3%, Ukraine 8.8%, China 6.9%, Japan 5.7%, Kazakhstan 5%,
US 4.6%, Italy 4.6%, France 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$124.5 billion (3 December 2004 e)

Debt - external:
$169.6 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in
non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000
est.)

Currency (code):
Russian ruble (RUR)

Currency code:
RUR

Exchange rates:
Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003), 31.349
(2002), 29.169 (2001), 28.129 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Russia

Telephones - main lines in use:
35.5 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
17,608,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the telephone system underwent significant
changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed
to offer communication services; access to digital lines has
improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail
services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the
telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy;
however, a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint
Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the
telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital
infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are
available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are
still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally
by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several
cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls;
satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik,
Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998)

Radios:
61.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
7,306 (1998)

Televisions:
60.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ru; Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that
was allocated to the Soviet Union, and whose legal status and
ownership are contested by the Russian Government, ICANN, and
several Russian commercial entities

Internet hosts:
560,874 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
300 (June 2000)

Internet users:
6 million (2002)

Transportation Russia

Railways:
total: 87,157 km
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)
note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve
industries (2004)

Highways:
total: 537,289 km
paved: 362,133 km
unpaved: 175,156 km (2001)

Waterways:
96,000 km
note: 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White
Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 122 km; gas 150,007 km; oil 75,539 km; refined products
13,771 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Anapa, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk,
Rostov-na-Donu, Saint Petersburg, Taganrog, Vanino, Vostochnyy

Merchant marine:
total: 1,194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,521,472 GRT/5,505,118 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 45, cargo 767, chemical
tanker 20, combination ore/oil 48, container 21, passenger 11,
passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 213, refrigerated cargo 46, roll
on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 56 (Belgium 2, Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Germany 1, Hong
Kong 1, Latvia 3, Norway 1, Sweden 1, Turkey 28, Ukraine 10, United
Kingdom 2, United States 4)
registered in other countries: 326 (2005)

Airports:
2,586 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 577
over 3,047 m: 55
2,438 to 3,047 m: 197
1,524 to 2,437 m: 128
914 to 1,523 m: 98
under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2,009
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 111
914 to 1,523 m: 257
under 914 m: 1,597 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
36 (2004 est.)

Military Russia

Military branches:
Ground Forces (SV), Navy (VMF), Air Forces (VVS); Airborne Troops
(VDV), Strategic Rocket Troops (RVSN), and Space Troops (KV) are
independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three
branches

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; 200,000 conscripts were inducted into the armed forces in 2003; length of compulsory military service is 2 years; plans as of August 2004 call for reduction in mandatory service to 1 year by 2008; 2003 planning calls for volunteer servicemen to compose 70% of armed forces by 2010, with the remaining servicemen consisting of conscripts (August 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 35,247,049 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 21,049,651 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 1,286,069 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Russia

Disputes - international:
in 2004, China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur,
Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, ending a century-old border dispute; the
sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri,
Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the
Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by
Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty
formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree
on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small,
strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE
observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the
Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed
treaties were signed and ratified with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in
the Caspian Sea but no consensus exists on dividing the water column
among the littoral states; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime
limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond
Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone;
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other
areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but
the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in 1996, the
Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was initialed but both
have been hesitant to sign and ratify it, with Russia asserting that
Estonia needs to better assimilate Russian-speakers and Estonian
groups advocating realignment of the boundary based more closely on
the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic
Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; the
Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned and
unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of
ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement
to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second
World War and other issues; in 2003, the Lithuania-Russia land and
maritime boundary treaty was ratified and a transit regime
established through Lithuania linking Russia and its Kaliningrad
coastal exclave, leaving only improvements to the border demarcation
in 2005; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is complete, but
states have agreed to defer demarcation; Russia and Ukraine continue
talks but still dispute the alignment of a maritime boundary through
the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov; Kazakhstan and Russia continue
demarcation of their long border; Russian Duma has not yet ratified
1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 368,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as
transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American
cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent
Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source
of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are
key concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Rwanda

Introduction Rwanda

Background:
In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority
ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the
next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some
150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of
these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front
(RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several
political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions,
culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis
and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and
ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu
refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring
Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and the former Zaire. Since then, most of
the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but about 10,000 that remain
in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo have formed an
extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried
in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political
reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and
its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in
August and September 2003, respectively - the country continues to
struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic
reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi
political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and
intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across
the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in
the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder
Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.

Geography Rwanda

Location:
Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Geographic coordinates:
2 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 26,338 sq km
land: 24,948 sq km
water: 1,390 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
total: 893 km
border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to
January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Terrain:
mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with
altitude declining from west to east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Natural resources:
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane,
hydropower, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 40.54%
permanent crops: 12.16%
other: 47.3% (2001)

Irrigated land:
40 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the
northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

Environment - current issues:
deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel;
overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the
population predominantly rural

People Rwanda

Population:
8,440,820
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41.9% (male 1,777,178/female 1,762,252)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 2,328,686/female 2,356,572)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 87,155/female 128,977) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.48 years
male: 18.26 years
female: 18.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.43% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
40.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
16.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 91.23 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 96.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 85.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 46.96 years
male: 45.92 years
female: 48.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.49 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
5.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
250,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
22,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Rwandan(s)
adjective: Rwandan

Ethnic groups:
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%,
indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001)

Languages:
Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French
(official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in
commercial centers

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70.4%
male: 76.3%
female: 64.7% (2003 est.)

People - note:
Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa

Government Rwanda

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form: Rwanda
local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form: Rwanda
former: Ruanda

Government type:
republic; presidential, multiparty system

Capital:
Kigali

Administrative divisions:
12 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in
Kinyarwanda - prefigintara for singular and plural); Butare, Byumba,
Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali
Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri

Independence:
1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 4 June 2003

Legal system:
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct
popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%,
Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53 seats;
members elected by direct vote)
elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held Chamber of
Deputies - NA 2008; Senate - NA 2011)
election results: seats by party under the 2003 Constitution - RPF
40, PSD 7, PL 6

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts;
District Courts; mediation committees

Political parties and leaders:
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Democratic
Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic
Republican Movement or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin KABANDA];
Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL
[Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned)
[Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA]; Rwandan Patriotic
Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent
BIRUTA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA
chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Henderson
PATRICK
embassy: 337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03
FAX: [250] 57 2128

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and
green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue
band

Economy Rwanda

Economy - overview:
Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population
engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely
populated country in Africa; landlocked with few natural resources
and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee
and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base,
severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded
the country's ability to attract private and external investment.
However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and
rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty
levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded and inflation has been
curbed. Export earnings, however, have been hindered by low beverage
prices, depriving the country of much needed hard currency. Despite
Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace
with population growth, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to
receive substantial aid money and was approved for IMF-World Bank
Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late
2000. Kigali's high defense expenditures have caused tension between
the government and international donors and lending agencies. An
energy shortage and instability in neighboring states may slow
growth in 2005, while the lack of adequate transportation linkages
to other countries continues to handicap export growth.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$10.43 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
0.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 41.1% industry: 21.2% services: 37.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.6 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 90%

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
60% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
28.9 (1985)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
20% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $354.5 million
expenditures: $385 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums),
bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Industries:
cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap,
furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Industrial production growth rate:
7% (2001 est.)

Electricity - production:
166.7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 2.3% hydro: 97.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
195 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
40 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
5,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-212.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$69.78 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Exports - partners:
Indonesia 64.2%, China 3.6%, Germany 2.7% (2004)

Imports:
$260 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products,
cement and construction material

Imports - partners:
Kenya 24.4%, Germany 7.4%, Belgium 6.6%, Uganda 6.3%, France 5.1%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$210.9 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.3 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$372.9 million (1999)

Currency (code):
Rwandan franc (RWF)

Currency code:
RWF

Exchange rates:
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003), 476.33
(2002), 442.8 (2001), 393.44 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Rwanda

Telephones - main lines in use:
23,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
134,000
note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several
provincial capitals (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: telephone system primarily serves business and
government
domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the
provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular
telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF
radiotelephone
international: country code - 250; international connections employ
microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite
communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations -
1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax
service)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 8 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of
repeaters, three international FM programs include the BBC, VOA, and
Deutchewelle), shortwave 1 (2005)

Radios:
601,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (2004)

Televisions:
NA; probably less than 1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.rw

Internet hosts:
1,495 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2002)

Internet users:
25,000 (2002)

Transportation Rwanda

Highways: total: 12,000 km paved: 996 km unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Airports:
9 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Rwanda

Military branches:
Rwandan Defense Forces: Army, Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 16 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 2,004,750 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 1,103,823 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$50.1 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Rwanda

Disputes - international:
Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic groups,
associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government
forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources -
government heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence
continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC and Rwanda
established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to address
accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the
Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and
bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees lived
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 37,691 (Democratic Republic of the
Congo)
IDPs: 4,158 (incursions by Hutu rebels from Democratic Republic of
the Congo, 1997-99; most IDPs in northwest) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Saint Helena

Introduction Saint Helena

Background:
Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in 1502, Saint
Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th century. It
acquired fame as the place of Napoleon BONAPARTE's exile, from 1815
until his death in 1821, but its importance as a port of call
declined after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Ascension
Island is the site of a US Air Force auxiliary airfield; Gough
Island has a meteorological station.

Geography Saint Helena

Location:
islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about midway between South
America and Africa

Geographic coordinates:
15 56 S, 5 42 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 410 sq km
land: 410 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Saint Helena Island, Ascension, and the island group
of Tristan da Cunha, which consists of Tristan da Cunha Island,
Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and the three Nightingale Islands

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
60 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds;
Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds
(tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Terrain:
Saint Helena - rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
note: the other islands of the group have a volcanic origin

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 2,060 m

Natural resources:
fish

Land use:
arable land: 12.9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 87.1% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown anywhere else in the
world; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns

People Saint Helena

Population:
7,460 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.8% (male 715/female 691)
15-64 years: 71.3% (male 2,745/female 2,575)
65 years and over: 9.8% (male 330/female 404) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 35.4 years
male: 35.61 years
female: 35.21 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.59% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.76 years
male: 74.86 years
female: 80.81 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Saint Helenian(s)
adjective: Saint Helenian

Ethnic groups:
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Religions:
Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic

Languages:
English

Literacy:
definition: age 20 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98% (1987 est.)

Government Saint Helena

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Helena

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Jamestown

Administrative divisions:
1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint
Helena, Tristan da Cunha*

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June (1926)

Constitution:
1 January 1989

Legal system:
NA

Suffrage:
NA years of age

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief Michael CLANCY
(since 15 October 2004)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio
officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed by
the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council (16 seats, including the speaker, 3
ex officio and 12 elected members; members are elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 June 2001 (next to be held June 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court; Small Debts Court; Juvenile Court

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ICFTU, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag;
the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship

Economy Saint Helena

Economy - overview:
The economy depends largely on financial assistance from the UK,
which amounted to about $5 million in 1997 or almost one-half of
annual budgetary revenues. The local population earns income from
fishing, raising livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there
are few jobs, 25% of the work force has left to seek employment on
Ascension Island, on the Falklands, and in the UK.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$18 million (1998 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,500 (1998 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA industry: NA services: NA

Labor force:
3,500
note: 1,200 work offshore (1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture and fishing 6%, industry (mainly construction) 48%,
services 46% (1987 est.)

Unemployment rate:
14% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (1997 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY92/93)

Agriculture - products:
corn, potatoes, vegetables; timber; fish, crawfish (on Tristan da
Cunha)

Industries:
construction, crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
5 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.65 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$17 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), coffee,
handicrafts

Exports - partners:
Tanzania 30.3%, US 23.8%, Japan 10.4%, UK 7.1%, Spain 6.3% (2004)

Imports:
$42 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building
materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts

Imports - partners:
UK 35.7%, US 17.6%, South Africa 17.5%, Tanzania 10.4%, Australia
5.5%, Spain 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
NA (1996)

Economic aid - recipient:
$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)

Currency (code):
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Currency code:
SHP

Exchange rates:
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003),
0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Saint Helena

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (1997)

Telephone system:
general assessment: can communicate worldwide
domestic: automatic network
international: country code - 290; HF radiotelephone from Saint
Helena to Ascension Island, which is a major coaxial submarine cable
relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
3,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
0
note: television programs are received in Saint Helena via satellite
and distributed by cable (2002)

Televisions:
2,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
500 (2002)

Communications - note:
Gough Island has a meteorological station

Transportation Saint Helena

Highways:
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da
Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Georgetown (on Ascension), Jamestown

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Saint Helena

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Saint Helena

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Saint Kitts and Nevis

Introduction Saint Kitts and Nevis

Background:
First settled by the British in 1623, the islands became an
associated state with full internal autonomy in 1967. The island of
Anguilla rebelled and was allowed to secede in 1971. Saint Kitts and
Nevis achieved independence in 1983. In 1998, a vote in Nevis on a
referendum to separate from Saint Kitts fell short of the two-thirds
majority needed. Nevis is once more trying to separate from the
Saint Kitts.

Geography Saint Kitts and Nevis

Location:
Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way
from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago

Geographic coordinates:
17 20 N, 62 45 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 261 sq km (Saint Kitts 168 sq km; Nevis 93 sq km)
land: 261 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
135 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Terrain:
volcanic with mountainous interiors

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m

Natural resources: arable land

Land use: arable land: 19.44% permanent crops: 2.78% other: 77.78% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
hurricanes (July to October)

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
with coastlines in the shape of a baseball bat and ball, the two
volcanic islands are separated by a three-km-wide channel called The
Narrows; on the southern tip of long, baseball bat-shaped Saint
Kitts lies the Great Salt Pond; Nevis Peak sits in the center of its
almost circular namesake island and its ball shape complements that
of its sister island

People Saint Kitts and Nevis

Population:
38,958 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 28% (male 5,586/female 5,330)
15-64 years: 63.7% (male 12,424/female 12,403)
65 years and over: 8.3% (male 1,328/female 1,887) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.6 years
male: 26.78 years
female: 28.38 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.38% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.49 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.15 years
male: 69.31 years
female: 75.16 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Kittitian(s), Nevisian(s) adjective: Kittitian, Nevisian

Ethnic groups:
predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese

Religions:
Anglican, other Protestant, Roman Catholic

Languages:
English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98% (1980 est.)

Government Saint Kitts and Nevis

Country name:
conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis
former: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis

Government type:
constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament

Capital:
Basseterre

Administrative divisions:
14 parishes; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point,
Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James
Windward, Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary
Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter
Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island,
Trinity Palmetto Point

Independence:
19 September 1983 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 19 September (1983)

Constitution:
19 September 1983

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Cuthbert Montraville SEBASTIAN
(since 1 January 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July
1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultation
with the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (14 seats, 3 appointed and 11
popularly elected from single-member constituencies; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 25 October 2004 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
SKNLP 7, CCM 2, NRP 1, PAM 1

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of
the Supreme Court resides in Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Political parties and leaders:
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance AMORY]; Nevis Reformation
Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's Action Movement or PAM
[Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party or SKNLP [Dr.
Denzil DOUGLAS]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, MIGA, OAS, OECS,
OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Izben Cordinal WILLIAMS chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 686-2636 FAX: [1] (202) 686-5740 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Saint Kitts and Nevis; the US
Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Saint Kitts and Nevis

Flag description:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band
bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in
yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red

Economy Saint Kitts and Nevis

Economy - overview:
Sugar was the traditional mainstay of the Saint Kitts economy until
the 1970s. Although the crop still dominates the agricultural
sector, activities such as tourism, export-oriented manufacturing,
and offshore banking have assumed larger roles in the economy.
Tourism revenues are now the chief source of the islands' foreign
exchange. The opening of a 470-room resort in February 2003 was
expected to bring in much-needed revenue.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$339 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-1.9% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,800 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.5% industry: 25.8% services: 70.7% (2001)

Labor force:
18,170 (June 1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
4.5% (1997)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.7% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $89.7 million
expenditures: $128.2 million, including capital expenditures of
$19.5 million (2003 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fish

Industries:
sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,
beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
105.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
98.44 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
710 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$70 million (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery, food, electronics, beverages, tobacco

Exports - partners:
US 57.5%, Canada 9%, Portugal 8.3%, UK 6.7% (2004)

Imports:
$195 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, manufactures, food, fuels

Imports - partners:
Ukraine 44.7%, US 22.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 8.8%, UK 6.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$171 million (2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
$8 million (2001)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Saint Kitts and Nevis

Telephones - main lines in use:
23,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
5,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good interisland and international connections
domestic: inter-island links via Eastern Caribbean Fiber Optic
cable; construction of enhanced wireless infrastructure launched in
November 2004
international: country code - 1-869; international calls are carried
by submarine cable or Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
28,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus three repeaters) (2004)

Televisions:
10,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.kn

Internet hosts:
51 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
10,000 (2002)

Transportation Saint Kitts and Nevis

Railways:
total: 50 km
narrow gauge: 50 km 0.762-m gauge on Saint Kitts to serve sugarcane
plantations during harvest season (2003)

Highways:
total: 320 km
paved: 136 km
unpaved: 184 km (1999 est)

Ports and harbors:
Basseterre, Charlestown

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Saint Kitts and Nevis

Military branches:
Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Force (includes Coast Guard), Royal
Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Saint Kitts and Nevis

Disputes - international:
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which
permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
and Europe; some money-laundering activity

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Saint Lucia

Introduction Saint Lucia

Background:
The island, with its fine natural harbor at Castries, was contested
between England and France throughout the 17th and early 18th
centuries (changing possession 14 times); it was finally ceded to
the UK in 1814. Self-government was granted in 1967 and independence
in 1979.

Geography Saint Lucia

Location:
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic
Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Geographic coordinates:
13 53 N, 60 68 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 616 sq km
land: 606 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Area - comparative:
3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
158 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from
January to April, rainy season from May to August

Terrain:
volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Gimie 950 m

Natural resources:
forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs,
geothermal potential

Land use: arable land: 6.56% permanent crops: 22.95% other: 70.49% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hurricanes and volcanic activity

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the northern region

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), striking cone-shaped
peaks south of Soufriere, are one of the scenic natural highlights
of the Caribbean

People Saint Lucia

Population:
166,312 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 30.3% (male 25,937/female 24,391)
15-64 years: 64.6% (male 52,813/female 54,544)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 3,172/female 5,455) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.81 years
male: 24.03 years
female: 25.66 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.28% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.05 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 13.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.61 years
male: 70.05 years
female: 77.42 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.21 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Saint Lucian(s) adjective: Saint Lucian

Ethnic groups:
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 67.5%, Seventh Day Adventist 8.5%, Pentecostal 5.7%,
Anglican 2%, Evangelical 2%, other Christian 5.1%, Rastafarian 2.1%,
other 1.1%, unspecified 1.5%, none 4.5% (2001 census)

Languages:
English (official), French patois

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 90.1%
male: 89.5%
female: 90.6% (2001 est.)

Government Saint Lucia

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Lucia

Government type:
Westminster-style parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Castries

Administrative divisions:
11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery,
Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort

Independence:
22 February 1979 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 22 February (1979)

Constitution:
22 February 1979

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Dame Pearlette LOUISY (since
September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Kenneth Davis ANTHONY (since 24
May 1997) and Deputy Prime Minister Mario MICHEL (since 24 May 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (11 seats; six members
appointed on the advice of the prime minister, three on the advice
of the leader of the opposition, and two after consultation with
religious, economic, and social groups) and the House of Assembly
(17 seats; members are elected by popular vote from single-member
constituencies to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Assembly - last held 3 December 2001 (next to be
held in December 2006)
election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - SLP
55%, UWP 37%, NA 3.5%; seats by party - SLP 14, UWP 3

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (jurisdiction extends to Anguilla,
Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada,
Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines)

Political parties and leaders:
National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia Freedom Party
or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or SLP [Kenneth
ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher HUNTE];
United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Sonia Merlyn JOHNNY chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 364-6792 through 6795 FAX: [1] (202) 364-6723 consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Saint Lucia; the US Ambassador
to Barbados is accredited to Saint Lucia

Flag description:
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the
upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border

Economy Saint Lucia

Economy - overview:
Changes in the EU import preference regime and the increased
competition from Latin American bananas have made economic
diversification increasingly important in Saint Lucia. The island
nation has been able to attract foreign business and investment,
especially in its offshore banking and tourism industries. The
manufacturing sector is the most diverse in the Eastern Caribbean
area, and the government is trying to revitalize the banana
industry. Economic fundamentals remain solid, even though
unemployment needs to be cut.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$866 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.3% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,400 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7% industry: 20% services: 73% (2002 est.)

Labor force: 43,800 (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 21.7%, industry, commerce, and manufacturing 24.7%, services 53.6% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
20% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $141.2 million
expenditures: $146.7 million, including capital expenditures of
$25.1 million (2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus, root crops, cocoa

Industries:
clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated
cardboard boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing

Industrial production growth rate:
-8.9% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
270.3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
251.3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$66 million (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil

Exports - partners:
UK 41.4%, US 16.5%, Brazil 11.6%, Barbados 5.8%, Antigua and
Barbuda 4.6%, Dominica 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$267 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation
equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels

Imports - partners:
US 27.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 20.4%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7.6%, Finland
7% (2004)

Debt - external:
$214 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$51.8 million (1995)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Saint Lucia

Telephones - main lines in use:
51,100 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
14,300 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate system
domestic: system is automatically switched
international: country code - 1-758; direct microwave radio relay
link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
tropospheric scatter to Barbados; international calls beyond these
countries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
111,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 2 (of which one is a commercial broadcast station and one is a community antenna television or CATV channel) (2004)

Televisions:
32,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.lc

Internet hosts:
41 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
15 (2000)

Internet users:
13,000 (2002)

Transportation Saint Lucia

Highways: total: 1,210 km paved: 63 km unpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Castries, Cul-de-Sac, Vieux-Fort

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Saint Lucia

Military branches:
Royal Saint Lucia Police Force (includes Special Service Unit,
Coast Guard)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Saint Lucia

Disputes - international:
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which
permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea

Illicit drugs:
transit point for South American drugs destined for the US and
Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Introduction Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Background:
First settled by the French in the early 17th century, the islands
represent the sole remaining vestige of France's once vast North
American possessions.

Geography Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Location:
Northern North America, islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, south
of Newfoundland (Canada)

Geographic coordinates:
46 50 N, 56 20 W

Map references:
North America

Area:
total: 242 sq km
land: 242 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the
Miquelon groups

Area - comparative:
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
120 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy

Terrain:
mostly barren rock

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m

Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports

Land use: arable land: 13.04% permanent crops: 0% other: 86.96% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
persistent fog throughout the year can be a maritime hazard

Environment - current issues: recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment

Geography - note: vegetation scanty

People Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Population:
7,012 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 24% (male 861/female 825)
15-64 years: 65.3% (male 2,330/female 2,251)
65 years and over: 10.6% (male 335/female 410) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 33.7 years
male: 33.39 years
female: 33.96 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.21% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
13.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.54 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.46 years
male: 76.13 years
female: 80.9 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.03 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French

Ethnic groups:
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 99%

Languages:
French (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (1982 est.)

Government Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Country name:
conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre
and Miquelon
conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon
local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon

Dependency status:
self-governing territorial collectivity of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Saint-Pierre

Administrative divisions:
none (territorial collectivity of France); note - there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are two communes - Saint Pierre, Miquelon at
the second order

Independence:
none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French
control since 1763)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French law with special adaptations for local conditions, such as
housing and taxation

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by Prefect Albert DUPUY (since 10 January 2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Marc
PLANTAGENEST (since NA)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held, first round - 21 April 2002, second round
- 5 May 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); prefect appointed by the
French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior;
president of the General Council is elected by the members of the
council

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats - 15 from
Saint Pierre and 4 from Miquelon; members are elected by popular
vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: elections last held 19 and 26 March 2000 (next to be held
NA April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PS 12, PRG 2, UDF-RPR 5
note: Saint Pierre and Miquelon elect 1 seat to the French Senate;
elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September
2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPR 1; Saint Pierre and Miquelon also elects 1 seat to the French
National Assembly; elections last held, first round - 9 June 2002,
second round - 16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UDF 1

Judicial branch:
Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
Left Radical Party or PRG [leader NA]; Rassemblement pour la
Republique or RPR (now UMP) [leader NA]; Socialist Party or PS
[leader NA]; Union pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
UPU, WFTU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Flag description:
a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist side rides on a dark blue
background with yellow wavy lines under the ship; on the hoist side,
a vertical band is divided into three parts: the top part (called
ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal cross extending to the
corners overlaid by a white cross dividing the rectangle into four
sections; the middle part has a white background with an ermine
pattern; the third part has a red background with two stylized
yellow lions outlined in black, one above the other; these three
heraldic arms represent settlement by colonists from the Basque
Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the flag of France is used
for official occasions

Economy Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Economy - overview:
The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by
fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of
Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because of
disputes with Canada over fishing quotas and a steady decline in the
number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre. In 1992, an arbitration
panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone of 12,348 sq km
to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with Canada, although
it represents only 25% of what France had sought. The islands are
heavily subsidized by France to the great betterment of living
standards. The government hopes an expansion of tourism will boost
economic prospects. Recent test drilling for oil may pave the way
for development of the energy sector.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$48.3 million - supplemented by annual payments from France of
about $60 million (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force: 3,261 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation: fishing 18%, industry (mainly fish-processing) 41%, services 41% (1996 est.)

Unemployment rate:
9.8% (1997)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (1991-96 average)

Budget:
revenues: $70 million
expenditures: $60 million, including capital expenditures of $24
million (1996 est.)

Agriculture - products:
vegetables; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish

Industries:
fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
43.08 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
40.06 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$10 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
fish and fish products, soybeans, animal feed, mollusks and
crustaceans, fox and mink pelts

Exports - partners:
Belgium 41.3%, US 19.9%, Spain 14.9%, France 10%, Germany 4.1%
(2004)

Imports:
$106 million f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building
materials

Imports - partners:
France 37.6%, Canada 25.3%, Ireland 25.2%, Italy 5.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
approximately $60 million in annual grants from France

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Telephones - main lines in use:
4,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (1994)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 508; radiotelephone communication with
most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic
satellite system

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
4,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 0 (there are, however, two repeaters which rebroadcast programs from France, Canada, and the US) (1997)

Televisions:
4,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.pm

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Highways: total: 114 km paved: 69 km unpaved: 45 km

Ports and harbors:
Saint-Pierre

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Introduction Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Background:
Disputed between France and the United Kingdom in the 18th century,
Saint Vincent was ceded to the latter in 1783. Autonomy was granted
in 1969 and independence in 1979.

Geography Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Location:
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic
Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Geographic coordinates:
13 15 N, 61 12 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 389 sq km (Saint Vincent 344 sq km)
land: 389 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
84 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May
to November)

Terrain:
volcanic, mountainous

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Soufriere 1,234 m

Natural resources:
hydropower, cropland

Land use:
arable land: 17.95%
permanent crops: 17.95%
other: 64.1% (2001)

Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent is a
constant threat

Environment - current issues: pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is
divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada; Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines is comprised of 32 islands and cays

People Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Population:
117,534 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.1% (male 16,208/female 15,621)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 40,287/female 37,883)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 3,280/female 4,255) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.36 years
male: 26.21 years
female: 26.53 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.27% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.34 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-7.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.09 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.62 years
male: 71.78 years
female: 75.51 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s)
adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian

Ethnic groups:
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian 6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Religions:
Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%, Roman Catholic 13%, Hindu, Seventh-Day
Adventist, other Protestant

Languages:
English, French patois

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 96%
male: 96%
female: 96% (1970 est.)

Government Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Government type:
parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the
Commonwealth

Capital:
Kingstown

Administrative divisions:
6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint
George, Saint Patrick

Independence:
27 October 1979 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 October (1979)

Constitution:
27 October 1979

Legal system:
based on English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Fredrick Nathaniel BALLANTYNE
(since 2 September 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Ralph E. GONSALVES (since 29
March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by
the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the
governor general on the advice of the prime minister

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Assembly (21 seats, 15 elected representatives
and 6 appointed senators; representatives are elected by popular
vote from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 28 March 2001 (next to be held by July 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
ULP 12, NDP 3

Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of
the Supreme Court resides in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Political parties and leaders:
National Reform Party or NRP [Joel MIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or
NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken
BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [leader NA]; United People's
Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS]; Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph
GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or
SVLP and the Movement for National Unity or MNU)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OAS,
OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Ellsworth I. A. JOHN chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 364-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 364-6736 consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines; the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines

Flag description:
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and
green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V
pattern

Economy Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Economy - overview:
Economic growth in this lower-middle-income country hinges upon
seasonal variations in the agricultural and tourism sectors.
Tropical storms wiped out substantial portions of crops in 1994,
1995, and 2002, and tourism in the Eastern Caribbean has suffered
low arrivals following 11 September 2001. Saint Vincent is home to a
small offshore banking sector and has moved to adopt international
regulatory standards. Saint Vincent is also a large producer of
marijuana and is being used as a transshipment point for illegal
narcotics from South America.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$342 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
0.7% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 10% industry: 26% services: 64% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
67,000 (1984 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 26%, industry 17%, services 57% (1980 est.)

Unemployment rate:
15% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-0.4% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $94.6 million
expenditures: $85.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products: bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices, small numbers of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, fish

Industries:
food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch

Industrial production growth rate:
-0.9% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
91.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 69.3% hydro: 30.7% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
84.82 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,250 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$38 million (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
bananas 39%, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch; tennis
racquets

Exports - partners:
UK 33.5%, Barbados 13.1%, Saint Lucia 11.5%, Trinidad and Tobago
9.9%, Antigua and Barbuda 8.3%, US 5.3%, Grenada 5.3%, Dominica 4.1%
(2004)

Imports:
$174 million (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers,
minerals and fuels

Imports - partners:
US 37.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 21.3%, UK 10.5% (2004)

Debt - external:
$167.2 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$47.5 million (1995); note - EU $34.5 million (1998)

Currency (code):
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Currency code:
XCD

Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Telephones - main lines in use:
27,300 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
10,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate system
domestic: islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHF
radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the
Grenadines
international: country code - 1-784; VHF/UHF radiotelephone from
Saint Vincent to Barbados; new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and to
Saint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through
Saint Lucia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
77,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (plus three repeaters) (2004)

Televisions:
18,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.vc

Internet hosts:
4 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
15 (2000)

Internet users:
7,000 (2002)

Transportation Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Highways: total: 829 km paved: 580 km unpaved: 249 km (2002)

Ports and harbors:
Kingstown

Merchant marine:
total: 657 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,967,418 GRT/9,041,023 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 112, cargo 366, chemical tanker 18,
combination ore/oil 1, container 24, liquefied gas 4, livestock
carrier 6, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 19, petroleum tanker 29,
refrigerated cargo 48, roll on/roll off 22, specialized tanker 2,
vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 554 (Australia 2, Bangladesh 5, Barbados 1, Belgium
1, British 5, Bulgaria 17, China 115, Congo 1, Croatia 7, Cuba 1,
Czech Republic 1, Denmark 12, Egypt 2, Estonia 19, France 12,
Germany 8, Greece 99, Guyana 3, Hong Kong 10, Iceland 11, India 6,
Iran 1, Ireland 1, Israel 3, Italy 18, Kenya 4, Latvia 9, Lebanon 6,
Lithuania 3, Monaco 4, Netherlands 7, Nigeria 3, Norway 19, Pakistan
4, Poland 1, Puerto Rico 1, Romania 1, Russia 20, Saudi Arabia 3,
Serbia & Montenegro 1, Singapore 2, Slovenia 6, South Korea 3, Spain
2, Sweden 1, Switzerland 7, Syria 6, Trinidad & Tobago 1, Tunisia 2,
Turkey 16, Ukraine 6, UAE 21, United Kingdom 10, United States 24)
(2005)

Airports:
6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Police Force (includes Special Service Unit), Coast Guard

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Disputes - international:
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which
permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
and Europe; small-scale cannabis cultivation

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Samoa

Introduction Samoa

Background:
New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa at
the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer the
islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962, when
the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish
independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the "Western"
from its name in 1997.

Geography Samoa

Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
13 35 S, 172 20 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 2,944 sq km
land: 2,934 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
403 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to
October)

Terrain:
two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands and
uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky,
rugged mountains in interior

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mauga Silisili (Savaii) 1,857 m

Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 21.2% permanent crops: 24.38% other: 54.42% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons; active volcanism

Environment - current issues:
soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
occupies an almost central position within Polynesia

People Samoa

Population:
177,287 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 24,517/female 23,660)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 73,495/female 44,208)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 5,204/female 6,203) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.59 years
male: 27.42 years
female: 21.42 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.23% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-11.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.66 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.39 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 27.71 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.72 years
male: 67.93 years
female: 73.65 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
3

Nationality:
noun: Samoan(s)
adjective: Samoan

Ethnic groups:
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and Polynesian
blood), Europeans 0.4%

Religions:
Congregationalist 34.8%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%,
Latter-Day Saints 12.7%, Assembly of God 6.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist
3.5%, other Christian 4.5%, Worship Centre 1.3%, other 1.7%,
unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)

Languages:
Samoan (Polynesian), English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.6%
female: 99.7% (2003 est.)

Government Samoa

Country name:
conventional long form: Independent State of Samoa
conventional short form: Samoa
former: Western Samoa

Government type:
mix of parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Apia

Administrative divisions:
11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga,
Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga,
Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano

Independence:
1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January 1962
is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered UN
trusteeship, 1 June 1962 is the date that independence is celebrated

Constitution:
1 January 1962

Legal system:
based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of
legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Chief Tanumafili II MALIETOA (cochief of state from
1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5 April 1963)
head of government: Prime Minister Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA
(since 1996); note - TUILA'EPA served as deputy prime minister from
1992 and assumed the duties of acting prime minister in 1996, when
former Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana resigned in poor health;
TUILA'EPA was confirmed as prime minister (November 1998) after
TOFILAU died; Deputy Prime Minister MISA Telefoni (since 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members, appointed by the chief of
state on the prime minister's advice
elections: upon the death of Chief Tanumafili II MALIETOA, a new
chief of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve
a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party is usually appointed prime minister by the chief of
state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (49 seats - 47 elected by
voters affiliated with traditional village-based electoral
districts, 2 elected by independent, mostly non-Samoan or
part-Samoan, voters who cannot, (or choose not to) establish a
village affiliation; only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to
the Fono from the 47 village-based electorates; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: election last held 3 March 2001 (next election to be held
not later than March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
HRPP 30, SNDP 13, independents 6

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; District Court; Land and Titles
Court

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party [leader NA]; Human Rights Protection
Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA, chairman]; Samoan
Democratic United Party or SDUP [LE MAMEA Ropati, chairman]
(opposition)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Aliioaiga Feturi ELISAIA
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400D, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6196, 6197
FAX: [1] (212) 599-0797

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: US Ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to
Samoa
embassy: Accident Compensation Board (ACB) Building, 5th Floor, Apia
mailing address: P. O. Box 3430, Apia
telephone: [685] 21631/22696
FAX: [685] 22030

Flag description:
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing
five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross
constellation

Economy Samoa

Economy - overview:
The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on
development aid, family remittances from overseas, agriculture, and
fishing. The country is vulnerable to devastating storms.
Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force, and furnishes 90%
of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, and copra. The
manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. The
decline of fish stocks in the area is a continuing problem. Tourism
is an expanding sector, accounting for 25% of GDP; about 88,000
tourists visited the islands in 2001. One factory in the Foreign
Trade Zone employs 3,000 people to make automobile electrical
harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. The Samoan Government
has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement
of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, meantime protecting
the environment. Observers point to the flexibility of the labor
market as a basic strength for future economic advances. Foreign
reserves are in a relatively healthy state, the external debt is
stable, and inflation is low.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14% industry: 23% services: 63% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
90,000 (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
NA; note - substantial underemployment

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4% (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $105 million
expenditures: $119 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2001-02)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, bananas, taro, yams, coffee, cocoa

Industries:
food processing, building materials, auto parts

Industrial production growth rate:
2.8% (2000)

Electricity - production:
122 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 58% hydro: 42% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
113.5 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$14 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
fish, coconut oil and cream, copra, taro, automotive parts,
garments, beer

Exports - partners:
Australia 67.2%, US 5.7%, Indonesia 5.3% (2004)

Imports:
$113 million f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
New Zealand 25.1%, Fiji 21.5%, Taiwan 9.1%, Australia 8.9%,
Singapore 8.5%, Japan 7.5%, US 4.7% (2004)

Debt - external:
$197 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
$42.9 million (1995)

Currency (code):
tala (SAT)

Currency code:
SAT (former WST code is still in wide use)

Exchange rates:
tala per US dollar - 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003), 3.3763 (2002),
3.478 (2001), 3.2864 (2000)

Fiscal year:
June 1 - May 31

Communications Samoa

Telephones - main lines in use:
11,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,700 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 685; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
174,849 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (2002)

Televisions:
8,634 (1999)

Internet country code:
.ws

Internet hosts:
8,225 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
4,000 (2002)

Transportation Samoa

Highways: total: 790 km paved: 332 km unpaved: 458 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Apia

Merchant marine: total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,091 GRT/8,127 DWT by type: cargo 1 foreign-owned: 1 (Germany 1) (2005)

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Samoa

Military branches:
no regular armed services; Samoa Police Force

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces;
informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider
any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship

Transnational Issues Samoa

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@San Marino

Introduction San Marino

Background:
The third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco)
also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to
tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named Marino in
301 A.D. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of Italy.
Social and political trends in the republic also track closely with
those of its larger neighbor.

Geography San Marino

Location:
Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Geographic coordinates:
43 46 N, 12 25 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 61.2 sq km
land: 61.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries: total: 39 km border countries: Italy 39 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Terrain:
rugged mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m highest point: Monte Titano 755 m

Natural resources: building stone

Land use: arable land: 16.67% permanent crops: 0% other: 83.33% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Geography - note:
landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See
and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines

People San Marino

Population:
28,880 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 2,482/female 2,328)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 9,255/female 9,943)
65 years and over: 16.9% (male 2,106/female 2,766) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.29 years
male: 39.91 years
female: 40.65 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.3% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
10.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.73 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.62 years
male: 78.13 years
female: 85.43 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sammarinese

Ethnic groups:
Sammarinese, Italian

Religions:
Roman Catholic

Languages:
Italian

Literacy:
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 96%
male: 97%
female: 95% (1976 est.)

Government San Marino

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
conventional short form: San Marino
local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
local short form: San Marino

Government type:
independent republic

Capital:
San Marino

Administrative divisions:
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo
Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino,
Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle

Independence:
3 September 301

National holiday:
Founding of the Republic, 3 September (301)

Constitution:
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions
of a constitution

Legal system:
based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Claudio MUCCIOLI
and Captain Regent Antonello BACCIOCHI (for the period 1 October
2005 - 31 March 2006)
head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political
Affairs Fabio BERARDI (15 December 2003)
cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council
for a five-year term
elections: cochiefs of state (captains regent) elected by the Great
and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA
September 2005 (next to be held March 2006); secretary of state for
foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General
Council for a five-year term; election last held 13 December 2003
(next to be held June 2006 when general elections are scheduled)
election results: Claudio MUCCIOLI and Antonello BACCIOCHI elected
captains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Fabio BERARDI
elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs;
percent of legislative vote - NA%
note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council)
selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs
of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the
Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which
has 10 other members, all selected by the Grand and General Council;
assisting the captains regent are 10 secretaries of state; the
secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some of the
prerogatives of a prime minister

Legislative branch:
unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale
(60 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 10 June 2001 (next to be held by June 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - PDCS 41.4%, PSS 24.2%,
PD 20.8%, APDS 8.2%, RC 3.4%, AN 1.9%; seats by party - PDCS 25, PSS
15, PD 12, APDS 5, RC 2, AN 1

Judicial branch:
Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII

Political parties and leaders:
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in Movement or IM
[Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN [leader NA]; Party of
Democrats or PD [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Christian Democratic
Party or PDCS [Giovanni LONFERNINI]; San Marino Popular Alliance of
Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San Marino Socialist Party or
PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI]; Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo GIARDI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
CE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC,
IOM (observer), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
San Marino does not have an embassy in the US
honorary consulate(s) general: Washington, DC and New York
honorary consulate(s): Detroit and Honolulu

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the US Consul
General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms
has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a
wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS
(Liberty)

Economy San Marino

Economy - overview:
The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 2000 more than 3
million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries are banking,
wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main agricultural
products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of output and
standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous
regions of Italy, which supplies much of its food.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$940 million (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.5% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $34,600 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force:
18,500 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1%, industry 42%, services 57% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
2.6% (2001)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (2001)

Budget:
revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $400 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products: wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides

Industries:
tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Industrial production growth rate:
6% (1997 est.)

Exports:
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Exports - commodities: building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics

Imports:
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Imports - commodities:
wide variety of consumer manufactures, food

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$NA

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications San Marino

Telephones - main lines in use:
20,600 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
16,800 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate connections
domestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated into
Italian system
international: country code - 378; connected to Italian
international network

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
16,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)

Televisions:
9,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sm

Internet hosts:
1,763 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
14,300 (2002)

Transportation San Marino

Highways: total: 220 km paved: 220 km unpaved: 0 km (2001)

Airports: none (2004 est.)

Military San Marino

Military branches:
Voluntary Military Force (Corpi Militari Voluntar); note - performs
ceremonial duties and limited police assistance

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$700,000 (FY00/01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of Italy

Transnational Issues San Marino

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Sao Tome and Principe

Introduction Sao Tome and Principe

Background:
Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the
islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the
19th century - all grown with plantation slave labor, a form of
which lingered into the 20th century. Although independence was
achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the
late 1980s. Though the first free elections were held in 1991, the
political environment has been one of continued instability with
frequent changes in leadership and coup attempts in 1995 and 2003.
The recent discovery of oil in the Gulf of Guinea is likely to have
a significant impact on the country's economy.

Geography Sao Tome and Principe

Location:
Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the
Equator, west of Gabon

Geographic coordinates:
1 00 N, 7 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,001 sq km
land: 1,001 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
more than five times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
209 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Terrain:
volcanic, mountainous

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

Natural resources: fish, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 6.25% permanent crops: 48.96% other: 44.79% (2001)

Irrigated land:
100 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the smallest country in Africa; the two main islands form part of a
chain of extinct volcanoes and both are fairly mountainous

People Sao Tome and Principe

Population:
187,410 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 47.6% (male 45,145/female 44,007)
15-64 years: 48.6% (male 43,996/female 47,011)
65 years and over: 3.9% (male 3,333/female 3,918) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.12 years
male: 15.53 years
female: 16.71 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.16% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
40.8 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 43.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 45.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 41.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.99 years
male: 65.43 years
female: 68.59 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.71 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Sao Tomean(s)
adjective: Sao Tomean

Ethnic groups:
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros
(descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from
Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais
born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Religions:
Catholic 70.3%, Evangelical 3.4%, New Apostolic 2%, Adventist 1.8%,
other 3.1%, none 19.4% (2001 census)

Languages:
Portuguese (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.3%
male: 85%
female: 62% (1991 est.)

Government Sao Tome and Principe

Country name:
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe
local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe
local short form: Sao Tome e Principe

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Sao Tome

Administrative divisions: 2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome note: Principe has had self-government since 29 April 1995

Independence:
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Constitution:
approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990

Legal system:
based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Fradique DE MENEZES (since 3 September
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Maria do Carmo SILVEIRA (since 7
June 2005); Damiao Vaz DE ALMEIDA resigned 2 June 2005
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
proposal of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 29 July 2001 (next to be held July 2006); prime
minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the
president
election results: Fradique DE MENEZES elected president in Sao
Tome's third multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats;
members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 3 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MLSTP 39.6%, Force for
Change Democratic Movement 39.4%, Ue-Kedadji coalition 16.2%; seats
by party - MLSTP 24, Force for Change Democratic Movement 23,
Ue-Kedadji coalition 8

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA]; Force for Change
Democratic Movement [leader NA]; Independent Democratic Action or
ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and
Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto Da
COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA];
Ue-Kedadji coalition [leader NA]; other small parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Sao Tome and Principe does not have an embassy in the US, but does
have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary
Domingos Augusto FERREIRA, located at 400 Park Avenue, 7th Floor,
New York, NY 10022, telephone [1] (212) 317-0580

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the
Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a
nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the
center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the
hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy Sao Tome and Principe

Economy - overview:
This small poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on
cocoa since independence in 1975. Cocoa production has substantially
declined in recent years because of drought and mismanagement, but
strengthening prices helped boost export earnings in 2003. Sao Tome
has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods,
and a substantial amount of food. Over the years, it has had
difficulty servicing its external debt and has relied heavily on
concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Sao Tome benefited from $200
million in debt relief in December 2000 under the Highly Indebted
Poor Countries (HIPC) program, but lacking a formal poverty
reduction program with the IMF, it has not benefited from subsequent
HIPC debt reductions. Sao Tome's external debt stands at over $300
million. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist
industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in
recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce price
controls and subsidies. Sao Tome is optimistic about the development
of petroleum resources in its territorial waters in the oil-rich
Gulf of Guinea. The first production license was sold to a
consortium led by US-based oil firms. Much of the 2005 budget is
dependent upon the sale of additional production licenses.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$214 million (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 16.5%
industry: 15.4%
services: 68.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing
note: shortages of skilled workers

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
54% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
14% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
31.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $27.94 million
expenditures: $43.91 million, including capital expenditures of $54
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papayas, beans; poultry; fish

Industries:
light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fish processing; timber

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
17 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 41.2% hydro: 58.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
15.81 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-31.5 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$6.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cocoa 80%, copra, coffee, palm oil

Exports - partners:
Netherlands 35.9%, China 12.3%, Belgium 7.4%, Germany 6.3%, Poland
5.1%, France 4.8%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$41 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum
products

Imports - partners:
Portugal 52.3%, Germany 9.5%, US 6%, Netherlands 4.8%, South Africa
4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$29.78 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$318 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Currency (code):
dobra (STD)

Currency code:
STD

Exchange rates:
dobras per US dollar - 9,900.4 (2004), 9,347.6 (2003), 9,088.3
(2002), 8,842.1 (2001), 7,978.2 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Sao Tome and Principe

Telephones - main lines in use:
7,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
4,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: adequate facilities
domestic: minimal system
international: country code - 239; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2002)

Radios:
38,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (2002)

Televisions:
23,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.st

Internet hosts:
1,069 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
15,000 (2003)

Transportation Sao Tome and Principe

Highways: total: 320 km paved: 218 km unpaved: 102 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Sao Tome

Merchant marine:
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 79,490 GRT/97,077 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 11, chemical tanker 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Egypt 1, Greece 1) (2005)

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Sao Tome and Principe

Military branches:
Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (FASTP): Army, Coast Guard,
Presidential Guard (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 33,438 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 25,950 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$700,000 (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.8% (2004)

Military - note:
Sao Tome and Principe's army is a tiny force with almost no
resouces at its disposal and would be wholly ineffective operating
unilaterally; infantry equipment is considered simple to operate and
maintain but may require refurbishment or replacement after 25 years
in tropical climates; poor pay and conditions have been a problem in
the past, as has alleged nepotism in the promotion of officers, as
reflected in the 1995 and 2003 coups; these issues are being
addressed with foreign assistance as intial steps towards the
improvement of the army and its focus on realistic security
concerns; command is excersized from the president, through the
Minister of Defense, to the Chief of the Armed Forces staff (2005)

Transnational Issues Sao Tome and Principe

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Saudi Arabia

Introduction Saudi Arabia

Background:
In 1902, ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman Al Saud captured Riyadh and
set out on a 30-year campaign to unify the Arabian Peninsula. A son
of ABD AL-AZIZ rules the country today, and the country's Basic Law
stipulates that the throne shall remain in the hands of the aging
sons and grandsons of the kingdom's founder. Following Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal
family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops
to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following
year. The continuing presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil after
Operation Desert Storm remained a source of tension between the
royal family and the public until the US military's near-complete
withdrawal to neighboring Qatar in 2003. The first major terrorist
attacks in Saudi Arabia in several years, which occurred in May and
November 2003, prompted renewed efforts on the part of the Saudi
government to counter domestic terrorism and extremism, which also
coincided with a slight upsurge in media freedom and announcement of
government plans to phase in partial political representation. A
burgeoning population, aquifer depletion, and an economy largely
dependent on petroleum output and prices are all ongoing
governmental concerns.

Geography Saudi Arabia

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of
Yemen

Geographic coordinates:
25 00 N, 45 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 1,960,582 sq km
land: 1,960,582 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than one-fifth the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 4,431 km
border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman
676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

Coastline:
2,640 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 18 nm continental shelf: not specified

Climate:
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Terrain:
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

Land use: arable land: 1.67% permanent crops: 0.09% other: 98.24% (2001)

Irrigated land:
16,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent sand and dust storms

Environment - current issues:
desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack
of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the
development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal
pollution from oil spills

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and
Suez Canal

People Saudi Arabia

Population: 26,417,599 note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.2% (male 5,149,960/female 4,952,138)
15-64 years: 59.4% (male 8,992,348/female 6,698,633)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 334,694/female 289,826) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.28 years
male: 22.84 years
female: 19.28 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.31% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
29.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.34 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.16 male(s)/female
total population: 1.21 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 13.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.19 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.46 years
male: 73.46 years
female: 77.55 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.01% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Saudi(s)
adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian

Ethnic groups:
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Religions:
Muslim 100%

Languages:
Arabic

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 78.8%
male: 84.7%
female: 70.8% (2003 est.)

Government Saudi Arabia

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form: Saudi Arabia
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah

Government type:
monarchy

Capital:
Riyadh

Administrative divisions:
13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud
ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash
Sharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran,
Tabuk

Independence:
23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)

National holiday:
Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)

Constitution:
governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that
articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was
introduced in 1993

Legal system:
based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced;
commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
adult male citizens age 21 or older
note: voter registration began in November 2004 for partial
municipal council elections scheduled nationwide for February
through April 2005

Executive branch:
chief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al
Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SULTAN bin
Abd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch, born 5 January
1928) note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz
Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SULTAN bin
Abd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch, born 5 January
1928) note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and
includes many royal family members
elections: note - in October 2003, Council of Ministers announced
its intent to introduce elections for half of the members of local
and provincial assemblies and a third of the members of the national
Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura, incrementally over a period
of four to five years; in November 2004, the Ministry of Municipal
and Rural Affairs initiated voter registration for partial municipal
council elections scheduled nationwide for February through April
2005

Legislative branch:
Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (120 members and a chairman
appointed by the monarch for four-year terms)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Council of Justice

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, BIS, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Turki al-Faysal bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800 consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador James Curtis OBERWETTER embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh mailing address: American Embassy Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693 telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800 FAX: [966] (1) 488-3989 consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)

Flag description:
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the Shahada or
Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as "There is
no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a white
horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design dates to
the early twentieth century and is closely associated with the Al
Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932

Economy Saudi Arabia

Economy - overview:
This is an oil-based economy with strong government controls over
major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses 25% of the world's
proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of
petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector
accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of
export earnings. About 40% of GDP comes from the private sector.
Roughly five and a half million foreign workers play an important
role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and service
sectors. The government in 1999 announced plans to begin privatizing
the electricity companies, which follows the ongoing privatization
of the telecommunications company. The government is encouraging
private sector growth to lessen the kingdom's dependence on oil and
increase employment opportunities for the swelling Saudi population.
Priorities for government spending in the short term include
additional funds for education and for the water and sewage systems.
Economic reforms proceed cautiously because of deep-rooted political
and social conservatism.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$310.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $12,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 4.2%
industry: 67.2%
services: 28.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
6.62 million
note: more than 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group is
non-national (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 12%, industry 25%, services 63% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
25% (unofficial estimate) (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $104.8 billion
expenditures: $78.66 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
75% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens,
eggs, milk

Industries:
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals,
ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement,
construction, fertilizer, plastics, commercial ship repair,
commercial aircraft repair

Industrial production growth rate:
2.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
138.2 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
128.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
9.021 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.55 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - exports:
7.92 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
261.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
56.4 billion cu m (2002)

Natural gas - consumption:
56.4 billion cu m (2002)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2002)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
6.339 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$51.5 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$113 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products 90%

Exports - partners:
US 18.2%, Japan 14.9%, South Korea 9.5%, China 6.1%, Taiwan 4.5%,
Singapore 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$36.21 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles,
textiles

Imports - partners:
US 15.3%, Japan 9.8%, Germany 8.1%, China 6.6%, UK 5.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$23.62 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$34.35 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon;
since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for assistance
to the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development in
Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loans
to Iraq

Currency (code):
Saudi riyal (SAR)

Currency code:
SAR

Exchange rates:
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2004), 3.745 (2003), 3.745
(2002), 3.745 (2001), 3.745 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 March - 28 February

Communications Saudi Arabia

Telephones - main lines in use:
3,502,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7,238,200 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and
fiber-optic cable systems
international: country code - 966; microwave radio relay to Bahrain,
Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to
Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain;
satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian
Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 43, FM 31, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
6.25 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
117 (1997)

Televisions:
5.1 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.sa

Internet hosts:
15,931 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
22 (2003)

Internet users:
1.5 million (2003)

Transportation Saudi Arabia

Railways:
total: 1,392 km
standard gauge: 1,392 km 1.435-m gauge (with branch lines and
sidings) (2004)

Highways:
total: 152,044 km
paved: 45,461 km
unpaved: 106,583 km (2000)

Pipelines:
condensate 212 km; gas 1,780 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,191 km; oil
5,068 km; refined products 1,162 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jiddah, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah

Merchant marine:
total: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,306,706 GRT/1,963,191 DWT
by type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 12, container 4, passenger/cargo
8, petroleum tanker 23, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 14 (Egypt 2, Hong Kong 1, Kuwait 5, Singapore 1,
Sudan 1, UAE 1, United Kingdom 3)
registered in other countries: 54 (2005)

Airports:
201 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 72
over 3,047 m: 32
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 129
over 3047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 72
914 to 1,523 m: 39
under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
5 (2004 est.)

Military Saudi Arabia

Military branches:
Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National
Guard, Ministry of Interior Forces (paramilitary)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 7,648,999 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,592,709 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 247,334 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$18 billion (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
10% (2002)

Transnational Issues Saudi Arabia

Disputes - international:
despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation of the
Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah Treaty
is almost complete; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary; Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran;
because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment
of the boundary with the UAE is still unknown

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 240,000 (Palestinian Territories)
(2004)

Illicit drugs:
death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin,
cocaine, and hashish; not a major money-laundering center, improving
anti-money-laundering legislation

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Senegal

Introduction Senegal

Background:
Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia to
form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the
envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out,
and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern
separatist group sporadically has clashed with government forces
since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in
international peacekeeping.

Geography Senegal

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania

Geographic coordinates:
14 00 N, 14 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 196,190 sq km
land: 192,000 sq km
water: 4,190 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Dakota

Land boundaries:
total: 2,640 km
border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau
338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km

Coastline:
531 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong
southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot,
dry, harmattan wind

Terrain:
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m

Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore

Land use: arable land: 12.78% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 87.01% (2001)

Irrigated land:
710 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues: wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Geography - note:
westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost
an enclave within Senegal

People Senegal

Population:
11,126,832 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 42.8% (male 2,404,461/female 2,360,167)
15-64 years: 54.1% (male 2,901,689/female 3,122,854)
65 years and over: 3% (male 161,173/female 176,488) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.15 years
male: 17.6 years
female: 18.7 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.48% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 55.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 59.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 51.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 58.9 years
male: 57.37 years
female: 60.47 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.8% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
44,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
3,500 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Senegalese

Ethnic groups:
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%,
Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Religions:
Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman
Catholic)

Languages:
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.2%
male: 50%
female: 30.7% (2003 est.)

Government Senegal

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form: Senegal
local long form: Republique du Senegal
local short form: Senegal

Government type:
republic under multiparty democratic rule

Capital:
Dakar

Administrative divisions:
11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick,
Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies,
Ziguinchor

Independence:
4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence was
achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960

National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 April (1960)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 7 January 2001

Legal system:
based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative
acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the
government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
under new constitution; election last held under prior constitution
(seven-year terms) 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held
February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote
in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou
DIOUF (PS) 41.51%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats;
members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms)
note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001,
had 140 seats
elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or
Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial system was
reformed in 1992

Political parties and leaders:
African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as
PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party of
Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP
[Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also
known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-Labor
Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front for
Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde
Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party
or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier
DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a
coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic
Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC,
UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou Lamine BA
chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540
FAX: [1] (202) 332-6315
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Alan ROTH
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: [221] 823-4296
FAX: [221] 822-2991

Flag description:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Economy Senegal

Economy - overview:
In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic
reform program with the support of the international donor
community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's
currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the
French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been
steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in
1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform
program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during
1995-2003. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single
digits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union
(WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with
a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. Senegal
still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance, however. Under
the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries debt relief program,
Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of its
bilateral, multilateral, and private sector debt.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$18.36 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.9% industry: 21.4% services: 62.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.65 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 70%

Unemployment rate:
48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:
54% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41.3 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
20.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.572 billion
expenditures: $1.627 billion, including capital expenditures of $357
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
55.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green
vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish

Industries:
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer
production, petroleum refining, construction materials, ship
construction and repair

Industrial production growth rate:
4.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.737 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.615 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-518.8 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.374 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton

Exports - partners:
India 14.4%, Mali 13.1%, France 9.8%, Italy 7.3%, Spain 6.6%,
Guinea-Bissau 5.6%, Gambia, The 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$2.128 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food and beverages, capital goods, fuels

Imports - partners:
France 24.8%, Nigeria 11.9%, Thailand 6.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$820 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3.476 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$362.6 million (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Senegal

Telephones - main lines in use:
228,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
575,900 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: good system
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial
cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
international: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)

Radios:
1.24 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (1997)

Televisions:
361,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sn

Internet hosts:
672 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2002)

Internet users:
225,000 (2003)

Transportation Senegal

Railways: total: 906 km narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 14,576 km
paved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expressways
unpaved: 10,305 km (2000)

Waterways:
1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance rivers) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 564 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Dakar

Airports:
20 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Senegal

Military branches:
Army, Navy (Marine Senegalaise), Air Force (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,183,343 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,300,502 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 124,096 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$107.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Senegal

Disputes - international:
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese citizens
from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence, cross border
raids, and arms smuggling

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 17,000 (clashes between government troops and separatists in
Casamance region) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and
South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America; illicit
cultivator of cannabis

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Serbia and Montenegro

Introduction Serbia and Montenegro

Background:
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its
name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany
in 1941 was resisted by various paramilitary bands that fought each
other as well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took
full control upon German expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his
new government and its successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer
their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the
next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO
Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia,
Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina were recognized as independent
states in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro
declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in April 1992
and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military
intervention efforts to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics
into a "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately
unsuccessful and led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992.
In 1998-99, massive expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries
of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo provoked an international
response, including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of
a NATO-led force (KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of
2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav
KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for
his subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for
the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against
humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted,
and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by
the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June
1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244,
pending a determination by the international community of its future
status. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of
Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These
talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured
the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia
and Montenegro. The Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro
includes a provision that allows either republic to hold a
referendum after three years that would allow for their independence
from the state union.

Geography Serbia and Montenegro

Location:
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania
and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Geographic coordinates:
44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 102,350 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
water: 214 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Kentucky

Land boundaries:
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km,
Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km,
Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Coastline:
199 km

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid
summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion,
continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic
climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain:
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and
hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands
off the coast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Natural resources:
oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony,
chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone,
marble, salt, hydropower, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 33.35%
permanent crops: 3.2%
other: 63.45% (2001)

Irrigated land:
570 sq km

Natural hazards:
destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade
and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes
dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey
and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

People Serbia and Montenegro

Population:
10,829,175 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 18.1% (male 1,014,443/female 943,702)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 3,610,646/female 3,632,365)
65 years and over: 15% (male 699,446/female 928,573) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 36.79 years
male: 35.3 years
female: 38.29 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.03% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.73 years
male: 72.15 years
female: 77.51 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.67 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
10,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

Ethnic groups:
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other
12.6% (1991)

Religions:
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other
11%

Languages:
Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.4%
male: 98.9%
female: 94.1% (2002 est.)

Government Serbia and Montenegro

Country name:
conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro
conventional short form: none
local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora
local short form: none
former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
abbreviation: SCG

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Belgrade

Administrative divisions:
2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally
autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna
pokrajina); Kosovo* (temporarily under UN administration, per UN
Security Council Resolution 1244), Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Independence:
27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbia
and Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

National holiday:
National Day, 27 April

Constitution:
4 February 2003

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet
elections: president elected by the parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held 2007)
election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the
parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin -
filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two
years, after which the Constitutional Charter calls for direct
elections
elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Serbian parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13, G17 Plus 12, SPO-NS 8, SPS
8; Montenegrin parties: DPS 15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS 2, LSCG 2

Judicial branch:
The Court of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are elected by the
Serbia and Montenegro Parliament for six-year terms
note: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the Federal
Court has constitutional and administrative functions; it has an
equal number of judges from each republic

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or
DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of
Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Democratic Serbian Party of
Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; G17 Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New
Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LSCG
[Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC];
Power of Serbia Movement or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian Radical
Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO
[Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist
Party and party of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of
Main Board]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP [Ranko
KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP [Predrag
BULATOVIC]
note: the following political parties participate in elections and
institutions only in Kosovo, which has been governed by the UN under
UNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK
[Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush
HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or GIS [Slavisa
PETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit
RRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA];
Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party of
PD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP
[Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora
[Veton SURROI]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Bislim
HOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular
Movement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-Dragas
Initiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for Kosovo and
Metohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo or
PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Political Council for Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac or PCPMB
[leader NA]; Group for Changes of Montenegro or GZP [Nebojsa
MEDOJEVIC]

International organization participation:
BSEC, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC
chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
consulate(s) general: Chicago

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 consulate(s): Podgorica note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30 Nazim Hikmet 38000 Pristina, Kosovo; telephone: [381](38)549-516; FAX: [381](38)549-890

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

Economy Serbia and Montenegro

Economy - overview:
MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of
economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure
and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy
only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former
Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the Democratic
Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented
stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform
program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000,
a down-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the
international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World
Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June
2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement
rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club government debts
was concluded in November 2001 - it wrote off 66% of the debt - and
the London Club of private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt,
just over half the total owed, in July 2004. The smaller republic of
Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia
during the MILOSEVIC era and continues to maintain its own central
bank, uses the euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official
currency, collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget.
Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a market-based system,
and is largely dependent on the international community and the
diaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the
Yugoslav dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. While
maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues to work with the
European Union and Kosovo's local provisional government to
accelerate economic growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign
investment to help Kosovo integrate into regional economic
structures. The complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political
relationships, slow progress in privatization, legal uncertainty
over property rights, scarcity of foreign-investment and a
substantial foreign trade deficit are holding back the economy.
Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal
discipline, are an important element in policy formation. Severe
unemployment remains a key political economic problem for this
entire region.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$26.27 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.5% industry: 27.6% services: 56.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3.2 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
30%
note: unemployment is approximately 50% in Kosovo (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
30% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
14.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $9.773 billion
expenditures: $10.46 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
80% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and
weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy
(steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth,
cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore,
limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs,
appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and
pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:
1.7% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
31.64 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 62.9% hydro: 37.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
32.33 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
400 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
3.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
38.75 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
602 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
602 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
24.07 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-3.008 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.245 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

Exports - partners:
Italy 29%, Germany 16.6%, Austria 7%, Greece 6.7%, France 4.9%,
Slovenia 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$9.538 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,
manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports - partners:
Germany 18.5%, Italy 16.5%, Austria 8.3%, Slovenia 6.7%, Bulgaria
4.7%, France 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.55 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$12.97 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several
years)

Currency (code):
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is legal
tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal

Currency code:
CSD, EUR

Exchange rates:
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 64.1915 (official rate: 65)
(2002)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Serbia and Montenegro

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,611,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,634,600 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
3.15 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)

Televisions:
2.75 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.cs

Internet hosts:
20,207 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
9 (2000)

Internet users:
847,000 (2003)

Transportation Serbia and Montenegro

Railways: total: 4,380 km standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 45,290 km
paved: 28,261 km (including 374 km of expressways)
unpaved: 17,029 km (2002)

Waterways:
587 km
note: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon bridge at Novi Sad;
plan to replace by summer of 2005 (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bar

Merchant marine:
total: 2
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Finland 1, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Airports:
44 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 19 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Serbia and Montenegro

Military branches:
Serbian and Montenegrin Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije i Crne Gore,
VSCG): Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Forces (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
19 years of age (nine months compulsory service) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 2,389,729 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 1,959,166 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 81,033 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$654 million (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Serbia and Montenegro

Disputes - international:
Kosovo remains unresolved administered by several thousand
peacekeepers from the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo
(UNMIK) since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians overwhelmingly supporting
and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo independence; the
international community had agreed to begin a process to determine
final status but contingency of solidifying multi-ethnic democracy
in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse
demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the
2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia
and Montenegro have delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia
and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 99,170 (Bosnia) 188,656 (Croatia)
IDPs: 225,000 (mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999)
(2004)

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western
Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Seychelles

Introduction Seychelles

Background:
A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for the islands
ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter. Independence came
in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close with a new
constitution and free elections in 1993. The most recent
presidential elections were held in 2001; President RENE, who had
served since 1977, was re-elected. In April 2004 RENE stepped down
and Vice President James MICHEL was sworn in as president.

Geography Seychelles

Location:
archipelago in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar

Geographic coordinates:
4 35 S, 55 40 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 455 sq km
land: 455 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
491 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon
(late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon
(March to May)

Terrain:
Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others
are coral, flat, elevated reefs

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m

Natural resources:
fish, copra, cinnamon trees

Land use:
arable land: 2.22%
permanent crops: 13.33%
other: 84.45% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short
droughts possible

Environment - current issues:
water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: 41 granitic and about 75 coralline islands

People Seychelles

Population:
81,188 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 10,839/female 10,601)
15-64 years: 67.4% (male 26,709/female 28,025)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 1,622/female 3,392) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.7 years
male: 26.62 years
female: 28.76 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.43% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.22 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-5.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 19.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.82 years
male: 66.41 years
female: 77.4 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective: Seychellois

Ethnic groups:
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Religions:
Roman Catholic 82.3%, Anglican 6.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.1%,
other Christian 3.4%, Hindu 2.1%, Muslim 1.1%, other non-Christian
1.5%, unspecified 1.5%, none 0.6% (2002 census)

Languages:
Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2%
(2002 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.9%
male: 91.4%
female: 92.3% (2003 est.)

Government Seychelles

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form: Seychelles

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Victoria

Administrative divisions:
23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse
Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau
Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe),
Grand' Anse (on Praslin), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont
Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint
Louis, Takamaka

Independence:
29 June 1976 (from UK)

National holiday:
Constitution Day (National Day), 18 June (1993)

Constitution:
18 June 1993

Legal system:
based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law

Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President James MICHEL (since 14 April 2004); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President James MICHEL (since 14 April 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 31 August-2 September 2001 (next to be held NA
2006)
election results: France Albert RENE re-elected president; percent
of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 54.19%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO)
44.95%, Philippe BOULLE 0.86%; note - the first time that
presidential elections have been held separately from legislative
elections; France Albert RENE stepped down 14 April 2004 and Vice
President James MICHEL was sworn in as president

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats - 25
elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional basis to
parties winning at least 10% of the vote; members serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 4-6 December 2002 (next to be held by 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - SPPF 54.3%, SNP 42.6%,
DP 3.1%; seats by party - SPPF 23, SNP 11
note: the 9 awarded seats are apportioned according to the
percentage that each party won of the total vote

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are
appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Daniel BELLE]; Mouvement
Seychellois pour la Democratie [Jacques HODOUL]; Seychelles National
Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or UO) [Wavel
RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or SPPF [France
Albert RENE, James MICHEL] - the governing party

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Roman Catholic Church; trade unions

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC,
Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Claude Sylvestre MOREL
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 972-1785
FAX: [1] (212) 972-1786

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the ambassador to
Mauritius is accredited to the Seychelles

Flag description:
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red, white, and
green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side

Economy Seychelles

Economy - overview:
Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean
archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the old
near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector,
which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than
70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years
the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade
hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has
moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the
development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. A
sharp drop illustrated the vulnerability of the tourist sector in
1991-92 due largely to the Gulf war, and once again following the 11
September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US. Growth slowed in
1998-2002, and fell in 2003, due to sluggish tourist and tuna
sectors, but resumed in 2004, erasing a persistent budget deficit.
Tight controls on exchange rates and the scarcity of foreign
exchange have impaired short-term economic prospects. The black
market value of the Seychelles rupee is half the official exchange
rate; without a devaluation of the currency the tourist sector may
remain sluggish as vacationers seek cheaper destinations such as
Comoros, Mauritius, and Madagascar.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$626 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,800 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.8% industry: 28.7% services: 68.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
30,900 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 10%, industry 19%, services 71% (1989)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
39.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $318.3 million
expenditures: $298.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
122.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava (tapioca),
bananas; broiler chickens; tuna fish

Industries:
fishing; tourism; processing of coconuts and vanilla, coir (coconut
fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture; beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
218 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
202.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-98.42 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$256.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
canned tuna, frozen fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products
(reexports)

Exports - partners:
UK 27.7%, France 15.8%, Spain 12.6%, Japan 8.6%, Italy 7.5%,
Germany 5.6% (2004)

Imports:
$393.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Saudi Arabia 15.5%, Spain 13.3%, France 10.3%, Singapore 7%, South
Africa 6.8%, Italy 6.7%, UK 4.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$70.94 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$218.1 million (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$16.4 million (1995)

Currency (code):
Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Currency code:
SCR

Exchange rates:
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.5 (2004), 5.4007 (2003), 5.48
(2002), 5.8575 (2001), 5.7138 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Seychelles

Telephones - main lines in use:
21,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
54,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: effective system
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands in the
archipelago
international: country code - 248; direct radiotelephone
communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal
countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
42,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (plus 9 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
11,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sc

Internet hosts:
264 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
11,700 (2002)

Transportation Seychelles

Highways: total: 373 km paved: 315 km unpaved: 58 km (1997 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Victoria

Merchant marine:
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 42,223 GRT/63,538 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Nigeria 1) (2005)

Airports:
15 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Seychelles

Military branches:
Seychelles Defense Force: Army, Coast Guard (includes Navy Wing,
Air Wing), National Guard (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 21,612 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 16,122 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$12.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Seychelles

Disputes - international: together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Sierra Leone

Introduction Sierra Leone

Background:
The 1991 to 2002 civil war between the government and the
Revolutionary United Front (RUF) resulted in tens of thousands of
deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about
one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in
neighboring countries. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force
and contributions from the World Bank and international community,
demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces
(CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in
May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its
authority. However, the gradual withdrawal of most UN Mission in
Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) peacekeepers in 2004 and early 2005,
deteriorating political and economic conditions in Guinea, and the
tenuous security situation in neighboring Liberia may present
challenges to the continuation of Sierra Leone's stability.

Geography Sierra Leone

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea
and Liberia

Geographic coordinates:
8 30 N, 11 30 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 71,740 sq km
land: 71,620 sq km
water: 120 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries: total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Coastline: 402 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter
dry season (December to April)

Terrain:
coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland
plateau, mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m

Natural resources:
diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite

Land use: arable land: 6.98% permanent crops: 0.89% other: 92.13% (2001)

Irrigated land:
290 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to
February); sandstorms, dust storms

Environment - current issues:
rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting
of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn
agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion;
civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches) a year,
making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western Africa

People Sierra Leone

Population:
6,017,643 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.7% (male 1,318,508/female 1,371,164)
15-64 years: 52% (male 1,494,068/female 1,637,276)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 93,047/female 103,580) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.53 years
male: 17.2 years
female: 17.84 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.22% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
42.84 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
20.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly
returning (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 143.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 161.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 125.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 39.87 years
male: 37.74 years
female: 42.06 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
7% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
170,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
11,000 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean

Ethnic groups:
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%),
Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were
settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century), refugees
from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of Europeans,
Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Religions:
Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%

Languages:
English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende
(principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in
the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of
freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a
lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but
understood by 95%)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende,
Temne, or Arabic
total population: 29.6%
male: 39.8%
female: 20.5% (2000 est.)

Government Sierra Leone

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone

Government type:
constitutional democracy

Capital:
Freetown

Administrative divisions:
3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western*

Independence:
27 April 1961 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 April (1961)

Constitution:
1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times

Legal system:
based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March 1996,
reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March
1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the
approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible
to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held May 2007); note -
president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms
election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of
vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA (APC) 22.4%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by popular vote, 12
filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; members
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 70.06%, APC
22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83, APC 27, PLP 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders:
All People's Congress or APC [Ben KANU]; Peace and Liberation Party
or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman]; Sierra Leone
People's Party or SLPP [Sama BANYA]; numerous others

Political pressure groups and leaders:
trade unions and student unions

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahim M. KAMARA
chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 through 9263
FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas N. HULL embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [232] (22) 226481 through 226485 FAX: [232] (22) 225471

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light
blue

Economy Sierra Leone

Economy - overview:
Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with tremendous
inequality in income distribution. While it possesses substantial
mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its economic and
social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social
disorders continue to hamper economic development. About two-thirds
of the working-age population engages in subsistence agriculture.
Manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and
of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Plans to reopen
bauxite and rutile mines shut down during an 11 year civil war have
not been implemented due to lack of foreign investment. Alluvial
diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings.
The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic
peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad,
which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and
supplement government revenues. International financial institutions
contributed over $600 million in development aid and budgetary
support in 2003.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.335 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 49% industry: 30% services: 21% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
1.369 million (1981 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
68% (1989 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.5% highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
62.9 (1989)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $96 million
expenditures: $351 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts; poultry,
cattle, sheep, pigs; fish

Industries:
diamonds mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles,
cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining, small commercial ship
repair

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
255.3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
237.4 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$49 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish (1999)

Exports - partners:
Belgium 61.6%, Germany 11.8%, US 5.4% (2004)

Imports:
$264 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants,
chemicals (1995)

Imports - partners:
Germany 14%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.7%, UK 9.1%, US 8.4%, China 5.6%,
Netherlands 5%, South Africa 4.1% (2004)

Debt - external:
$1.5 billion (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$103 million (2001 est.)

Currency (code):
leone (SLL)

Currency code:
SLL

Exchange rates:
leones per US dollar - 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003), 2,099
(2002), 1,986.2 (2001), 2,092.1 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Sierra Leone

Telephones - main lines in use:
24,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
67,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph service
domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects
Freetown to Bo and Kenema
international: country code - 232; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999)

Radios:
1.12 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
2 (1999)

Televisions:
53,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sl

Internet hosts:
277 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2001)

Internet users:
8,000 (2002)

Transportation Sierra Leone

Highways: total: 11,300 km paved: 904 km unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Waterways:
800 km (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,435 GRT/8,750 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 2 (2005)

Airports:
10 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
2 (2004 est.)

Military Sierra Leone

Military branches:
Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): Army (includes Air
Wing, Maritime Wing)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,110,077 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 552,785 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$13.2 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Sierra Leone

Disputes - international:
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords, and youth
gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone perpetuate
insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, ethnic
conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN Mission in Sierra Leone
(UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000 peacekeepers in Sierra Leone
since 1999; Sierra Leone pressures Guinea to remove its forces from
the town of Yenga occupied since 1998

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 67,000 (Liberia) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Singapore

Introduction Singapore

Background:
Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819. It
joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but separated two years
later and became independent. It subsequently became one of the
world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading
links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage
handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading
nations of Western Europe.

Geography Singapore

Location:
Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:
1 22 N, 103 48 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 692.7 sq km
land: 682.7 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
193 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as
defined in treaties and practice

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons -
Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon
from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early
evening thunderstorms

Terrain:
lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment
area and nature preserve

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m
highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m

Natural resources:
fish, deepwater ports

Land use:
arable land: 1.64%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 98.36% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources;
limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal
smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes

People Singapore

Population:
4,425,720 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16% (male 366,971/female 342,295)
15-64 years: 75.9% (male 1,639,842/female 1,719,829)
65 years and over: 8.1% (male 157,636/female 199,147) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 36.76 years
male: 36.4 years
female: 37.07 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.56% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
10.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 2.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.62 years
male: 79.05 years
female: 84.39 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
4,100 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Singaporean(s)
adjective: Singapore

Ethnic groups:
Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000 census)

Religions:
Buddhist 42.5%, Muslim 14.9%, Taoist 8.5%, Hindu 4%, Catholic 4.8%,
other Christian 9.8%, other 0.7%, none 14.8% (2000 census)

Languages:
Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese
5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other
0.9% (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 96.6%
female: 88.6% (2002)

Government Singapore

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Singapore
conventional short form: Singapore

Government type:
parliamentary republic

Capital:
Singapore

Administrative divisions:
none

Independence:
9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)

National holiday:
National Day, 9 August (1965)

Constitution:
3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of
Singapore Constitution)

Legal system:
based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1
September 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12 August
2004); Senior Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 12 August 2004);
Minister Mentor LEE Kuan Yew (since 12 August 2004); Deputy Prime
Ministers Shunmugan JAYAKUMAR (since 12 August 2004) and Tony TAN
Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term; last
appointed 17 August 2005 (next election to be held by August 2011);
following legislative elections, leader of majority party or leader
of majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by
president; deputy prime ministers appointed by president
election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN appointed president
in August 2005 after Presidential Elections Committee disqualified
three other would-be candidates

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (84 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve five-year terms); note - in addition, there are up to nine
nominated members; the losing opposition candidate who came closest
to winning a seat may be appointed as a "nonconstituency" member
elections: last held 3 November 2001 (next to be held not later than
25 June 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 75.3% (in contested
constituencies), other 24.7%; seats by party - PAP 82, WP 1, SPP 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the
advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the
president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals

Political parties and leaders:
governing party: People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien Loong];
opposition parties: Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [LING How
Dong]; National Solidarity Party or NSP [vacant] (SDA group);
Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong] (includes SPP,
PKMS, NSP, SJP); Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan];
Singapore Justice Party or SJP [Desmond LIM] (SDA group); Singapore
National Malay Organization or PKMS [Malik ISMAIL] (SDA group);
Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong] (SDA group);
Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia Lim Swee LIAN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador CHAN Heng Chee chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100 FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876 consulate(s) general: San Francisco consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Franklin L. LAVIN embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508 mailing address: FPO AP 96507-0001 telephone: [65] 6476-9100 FAX: [65] 6476-9340

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist
side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed
portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white
five-pointed stars arranged in a circle

Economy Singapore

Economy - overview:
Singapore, a highly developed and successful free market economy,
enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable
prices, and a per capita GDP equal to that of the Big 4 West
European countries. The economy depends heavily on exports,
particularly in electronics and manufacturing. It was hard hit in
2001-03 by the global recession, by the slump in the technology
sector, and by an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in
2003, which curbed tourism and consumer spending. The government
hopes to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to
the external business cycle and will continue efforts to establish
Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and high-tech hub. Fiscal
stimulus, low interest rates, a surge in exports, and internal
flexibility led to vigorous growth in 2004, with real GDP rising by
8 percent, by far the economy's best performance since 2000.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$120.9 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
8.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $27,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0% negligible industry: 32.6% services: 67.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 2.18 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: manufacturing 18%, construction 6%, transportation and communication 11%, financial, business, and other services 49%, other 16% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
3.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
27.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $17.05 billion
expenditures: $18.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.8
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
102.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rubber, copra, fruit, orchids, vegetables, poultry, eggs, fish,
ornamental fish

Industries:
electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment,
petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed
food and beverages, ship repair, offshore platform construction,
life sciences, entrepot trade

Industrial production growth rate:
11.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
35.33 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
32 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
700,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports: 2.5 billion cu m note: from Indonesia and Malaysia (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$8.8 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$174 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery and equipment (including electronics), consumer goods,
chemicals, mineral fuels

Exports - partners:
Malaysia 15.2%, US 13%, Hong Kong 9.8%, China 8.6%, Japan 6.4%,
Taiwan 4.6%, Thailand 4.3%, South Korea 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$155.2 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Malaysia 15.3%, US 12.7%, Japan 11.7%, China 9.9%, Taiwan 5.7%,
South Korea 4.3%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$112.8 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$19.4 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Singapore dollar (SGD)

Currency code:
SGD

Exchange rates:
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422 (2003),
1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Singapore

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,896,100 (2004)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,521,800 (2004)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent service
domestic: excellent domestic facilities
international: country code - 65; submarine cables to Malaysia
(Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific
Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 17, shortwave 2 (2003)

Radios:
2.6 million (2000)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (2003)

Televisions:
1.33 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.sg

Internet hosts:
484,825 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
9 (2000)

Internet users:
2.31 million (2002)

Transportation Singapore

Highways:
total: 3,130 km
paved: 3,130 km (including 150 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 139 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Singapore

Merchant marine:
total: 923 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 23,065,290 GRT/36,393,317 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 138, cargo 86, chemical tanker 115,
combination ore/oil 5, container 180, liquefied gas 42, livestock
carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 316, refrigerated
cargo 3, vehicle carrier 36
foreign-owned: 487 (Australia 5, Bangladesh 1, Belgium 10, China 15,
Denmark 34, Germany 7, Greece 5, Hong Kong 43, India 3, Indonesia
54, Japan 83, Malaysia 31, Norway 83, Philippines 3, Russia 1,
Slovenia 1, South Korea 12, Sweden 12, Taiwan 44, Thailand 17, UAE
6, United Kingdom 12, United States 5)
registered in other countries: 276 (2005)

Airports:
10 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 10 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Singapore

Military branches:
Singapore Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense (2005)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation reduced to 24 months beginning December 2004 (December 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,215,568 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 982,368 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.9% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Singapore

Disputes - international:
disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to
Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works, bridge
construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau
Batu Putih - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute
within three years; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to
finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining
unresolved areas north of Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in
the Malacca Strait

Illicit drugs:
as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is
vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to be used as a
transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money
laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Slovakia

Introduction Slovakia

Background:
In 1918 the Slovaks joined the closely related Czechs to form
Czechoslovakia. Following the chaos of World War II, Czechoslovakia
became a Communist nation within Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe. Soviet
influence collapsed in 1989 and Czechoslovakia once more became
free. The Slovaks and the Czechs agreed to separate peacefully on 1
January 1993. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of
2004.

Geography Slovakia

Location:
Central Europe, south of Poland

Geographic coordinates:
48 40 N, 19 30 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 48,845 sq km
land: 48,800 sq km
water: 45 sq km

Area - comparative:
about twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries:
total: 1,524 km
border countries: Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 677
km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 97 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain:
rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in
the south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m

Natural resources:
brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and
manganese ore; salt; arable land

Land use: arable land: 30.16% permanent crops: 2.62% other: 67.22% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,740 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health
risks; acid rain damaging forests

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the
Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes
and valleys

People Slovakia

Population:
5,431,363 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.1% (male 475,263/female 453,340)
15-64 years: 71% (male 1,919,222/female 1,939,097)
65 years and over: 11.9% (male 241,610/female 402,831) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 35.43 years
male: 33.85 years
female: 37.25 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.15% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.5 years
male: 70.52 years
female: 78.68 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Slovak(s)
adjective: Slovak

Ethnic groups:
Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%,
other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 68.9%, Protestant 10.8%, Greek Catholic 4.1%, other
or unspecified 3.2%, none 13% (2001 census)

Languages:
Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%,
other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2001 est.)

Government Slovakia

Country name:
conventional long form: Slovak Republic
conventional short form: Slovakia
local long form: Slovenska Republika
local short form: Slovensko

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Bratislava

Administrative divisions:
8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banskobystricky, Bratislavsky,
Kosicky, Nitriansky, Presovsky, Trenciansky, Trnavsky, Zilinsky

Independence:
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and
Slovakia)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)

Constitution:
ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in
September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended
February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership

Legal system:
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the
obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ivan GASPAROVIC (since 15 June 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30
October 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Ivan MIKLOS (since 30 October
1998); Deputy Prime Minister Pal CSAKY (since 30 October 1998);
Deputy Prime Minister Pavol RUSKO (since May 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 3 April and 17 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2009); following National Council elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Ivan GASPAROVIC elected president in runoff;
percent of vote - Ivan GASPAROVIC 59.9%, Vladimir MECIAR 40.1%;
Mikulas DZURINDA reelected prime minister October 2002
note: government coalition - SDKU, SMK, KDH, ANO

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic or Narodna Rada
Slovenskej Republiky (150 seats; members are elected on the basis of
proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20-21 September 2002 (next to be held September
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - HZDS-LS 19.5%, SDKU
15.1%, Smer 13.5%, SMK 11.2%, KDH 8.3%, ANO 8%, KSS 6.3%; seats by
party - governing coalition 69 (SDKU 22, SMK 20, KDH 15, ANO 12),
opposition 81 (HZDS 26, Smer 25, KSS 9, Free Forum 6, People's Union
5, and independents 10)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council);
Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of
nominees approved by the National Council)

Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY]; Direction
(Smer) [Robert FICO]; Free Forum [Zuzana MARTINAKOVA]; Movement for
Democracy or HZD [Jozef GRAPA]; Movement for a Democratic
Slovakia-People's Party or HZDS-LS [Vladimir MECIAR]; New Citizens
Alliance or ANO [Pavol RUSKO]; Party of the Hungarian Coalition or
SMK [Bela BUGAR]; People's Union or LU [Gustav KRAJCI]; Slovak
Communist Party or KSS [Jozef SEVC]; Slovak Democratic and Christian
Union or SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS
[Peter SULOVSKY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Association of Employers of Slovakia; Association of Towns and
Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; Metal
Workers Unions or KOVO and METALURG

International organization participation: Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rastislav KACER chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054 FAX: [1] (202) 237-6438 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Scott N.
THAYER
embassy: Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava
mailing address: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (2) 5443-0096

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist
side; the cross is white centered on a background of red and blue

Economy Slovakia

Economy - overview:
Slovakia has mastered much of the difficult transition from a
centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. The DZURINDA
government made excellent progress during 2001-04 in macroeconomic
stabilization and structural reform. Major privatizations are nearly
complete, the banking sector is almost completely in foreign hands,
and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom
with business-friendly policies, such as labor market liberalization
and a 19% flat tax. Slovakia's economic growth exceeded expectations
in 2001-04, despite the general European slowdown. Unemployment, at
an unacceptable 15% in 2003-04, remains the economy's Achilles heel.
Slovakia joined the EU on 1 May 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$78.89 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $14,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.5% industry: 30.1% services: 66.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 2.2 million (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 5.8%, industry 29.3%, construction 9%, services 55.9% (2003)

Unemployment rate:
13.1% (31 December 2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 5.1% highest 10%: 18.2% (1992)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
26.3 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
24% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $15.44 billion
expenditures: $16.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
46.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle, poultry;
forest products

Industries:
metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, gas,
coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery;
paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics; transport vehicles;
textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products

Industrial production growth rate:
5.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
31.15 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 30.3% hydro: 16% nuclear: 53.6% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
28.89 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
8 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
6 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
82,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
4.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
190 million cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
6.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
6.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
7.504 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$29.24 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
vehicles 25.9%, machinery and electrical equipment 21.3%, base
metals 14.6%, chemicals and minerals 10.1%, plastics 5.4%% (2004
est.)

Exports - partners:
Germany 34.4%, Czech Republic 14.7%, Austria 8.2%, Italy 5.8%,
Poland 5.3%, US 4.5%, Hungary 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$29.67 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 41.1%, intermediate manufactured
goods 19.3%, fuels 12.3%, chemicals 9.8%, miscellaneous manufactured
goods 10.2% (2003)

Imports - partners:
Germany 26.1%, Czech Republic 21.3%, Russia 9.1%, Austria 6.6%,
Poland 4.9%, Italy 4.9% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$14.91 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$19.54 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion
funds (2004-06)

Currency (code):
Slovak koruna (SKK)

Currency code:
SKK

Exchange rates:
koruny per US dollar - 32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003), 45.327 (2002),
48.355 (2001), 46.035 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Slovakia

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,294,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
3,678,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: a modernization and privatization program is
increasing accessibility to telephone service, reducing the waiting
time for new subscribers, and generally improving service quality
domestic: predominantly an analog system that is now receiving
digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable,
especially in the larger cities; mobile cellular capability has been
added
international: country code - 421; three international exchanges
(one in Bratislava and two in Banska Bystrica) are available;
Slovakia is participating in several international
telecommunications projects that will increase the availability of
external services

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 15, FM 78, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
3.12 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
6 national broadcasting, 7 regional, 67 local (2004)

Televisions:
2.62 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.sk

Internet hosts:
89,592 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
1,375,800 (2003)

Transportation Slovakia

Railways:
total: 3,662 km
broad gauge: 100 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 3,512 km 1.435-m gauge (1,588 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 50 km (1.000-m or 0.750-m gauge) (2004)

Highways:
total: 42,970 km
paved: 37,698 km (including 302 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,272 km (2002)

Waterways:
172 km (on Danube River) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 6,769 km; oil 449 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bratislava, Komarno

Merchant marine:
total: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 41,891 GRT/63,185 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 5, cargo 18, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 18 (Bulgaria 8, Estonia 1, Greece 1, Syria 1, Turkey
6, United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Airports:
34 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 17 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Slovakia

Military branches:
Army of the Slovak Republic (Armady Slovenskej Republika): Land
Command, Air Forces (Vozdushne Sily), Training and Support Command,
Logistics Command (2005)

Military service age and obligation: complete transition to an all-volunteer professional force is planned for 1 January 2007; 82% of Slovak armed forces were volunteers as of January 2005; volunteers include women, with minimum age of 17 years; 18 years of age for compulsory military service (January 2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,351,848 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,089,645 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 41,544 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$406 million (2002)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.89% (2002)

Transnational Issues Slovakia

Disputes - international:
Hungary amended its status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, to which
Slovakia had protested; consultations continue between Slovakia and
Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia
must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western
Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Slovenia

Introduction Slovenia

Background:
The Slovene lands were part of the Holy Roman Empire and Austria
until 1918 when the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming
a new multinational state, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World
War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia, which
though Communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule. Dissatisfied
with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes
succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short
10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy, and
a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a
modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring
of 2004.

Geography Slovenia

Location:
Central Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Austria and Croatia

Geographic coordinates:
46 07 N, 14 49 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 20,273 sq km
land: 20,151 sq km
water: 122 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:
total: 1,334 km
border countries: Austria 330 km, Croatia 670 km, Italy 232 km,
Hungary 102 km

Coastline:
46.6 km

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild
to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the
east

Terrain:
a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region
adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountains and valleys with
numerous rivers to the east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Triglav 2,864 m

Natural resources:
lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver, hydropower,
forests

Land use: arable land: 8.6% permanent crops: 1.49% other: 89.91% (2001)

Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding and earthquakes

Environment - current issues: Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some
of Europe's major transit routes

People Slovenia

Population:
2,011,070 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14% (male 145,016/female 137,012)
15-64 years: 70.6% (male 715,629/female 704,079)
65 years and over: 15.4% (male 118,298/female 191,036) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.23 years
male: 38.65 years
female: 41.75 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.03% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
8.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.14 years
male: 72.42 years
female: 80.1 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.24 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
280 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Slovene(s)
adjective: Slovenian

Ethnic groups:
Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or
unspecified 12% (2002 census)

Religions:
Catholic 57.8%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, Muslim 2.4%,
unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census)

Languages:
Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4%
(2002 census)

Literacy: definition: NA total population: 99.7% male: 99.7% female: 99.6% (2003 est.)

Government Slovenia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
conventional short form: Slovenia
local long form: Republika Slovenija
local short form: Slovenija
former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia

Government type:
parliamentary democratic republic

Capital:
Ljubljana

Administrative divisions:
182 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban
municipalities* (mestne obcine , singular - mestna obcina )
Ajdovscina, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke,
Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica,
Cankova, Celje*, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno,
Cerkvenjak, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca,
Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec,
Dobrovnik-Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale,
Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gornja
Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina,
Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos-Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina,
Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola-Isola, Jesenice,
Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje,
Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Koper-Capodistria*, Kostel, Kozje, Kranj*,
Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart,
Lendava-Lendva, Litija, Ljubljana*, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Logatec, Loska
Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk,
Maribor*, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na
Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Moravce,
Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Murska Sobota*, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje,
Nova Gorica*, Novo Mesto*, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica,
Pesnica, Piran-Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka,
Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Ptuj*, Puconci,
Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na
Koroskem, Razkrizje, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogasovci, Rogaska
Slatina, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic,
Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur pri Celju,
Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenj Gradec*,
Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smartno ob
Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Starse,
Store, Sveta Ana, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij,
Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic,
Trzin, Turnisce, Velenje*, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej,
Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica,
Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica,
Zuzemberk, Zrece
note: there may be 45 more municipalities

Independence:
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday:
Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Constitution:
adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Janez DRNOVSEK (since 22 December 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 9 November
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 10 November and 1 December 2002 (next to be held
in the fall of 2007); following National Assembly elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held 9 November 2004
(next National Assembly elections to be held October 2008)
election results: Janez DRNOVSEK elected president; percent of vote
- Janez DRNOVSEK 56.5%, Barbara BREZIGAR 43.5%; Janez JANSA elected
prime minister; National Assembly vote - 57 to 27

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consisting of a National Assembly or Drzavni
Zbor (90 seats; 40 are directly elected and 50 are selected on a
proportional basis; note - the numbers of directly elected and
proportionally elected seats varies with each election; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the National
Council or Drzavni Svet (this is primarily an advisory body
organized on corporatist principles with limited legislative powers;
it may propose laws, ask to review any National Assembly decisions,
and call national referenda; members are indirectly elected to
five-year terms by an electoral college)
elections: National Assembly - last held 3 October 2004 (next to be
held October 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - SDS 29.1%, LDS 22.8%,
ZLSD 10.2%, NSi 9%, SLS 6.8%, SNS 6.3%, DeSUS 4.1%, other 11.7%;
seats by party - SDS 29, LDS 23, ZLSD 10, NSi 9, SLS 7, SNS 6, DeSUS
4, Hungarian and Italian minorities 1 each

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the
recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court
(judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and
nominated by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS [Anton
ROUS]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Anton ROP]; New Slovenia or
NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovene Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA];
Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC]; Slovene People's
Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Party or SMS [Darko
KRANJC]; United List of Social Democrats or ZLSD [Borut PAHOR]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member),
FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest),
NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Samuel ZBOGAR chancery: 1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 667-5363 FAX: [1] (202) 667-4563 consulate(s) general: New York and Cleveland

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas B. ROBERTSON embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana mailing address: American Embassy Ljubljana, Department of State, 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140 telephone: [386] (1) 200-5500 FAX: [386] (1) 200-5555

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with
the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's
highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center;
beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and
above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted
triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of
Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early
15th centuries); the seal is located in the upper hoist side of the
flag centered in the white and blue bands

Economy Slovenia

Economy - overview:
Slovenia, with its historical ties to Western Europe, enjoys a GDP
per capita substantially higher than that of the other transitioning
economies of Central Europe. In March 2004, Slovenia became the
first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor
partner at the World Bank. Privatization of the economy proceeded at
an accelerated pace in 2002-04. Despite lackluster performance in
Europe in 2001-04, Slovenia maintained moderate growth. Structural
reforms to improve the business environment have allowed for greater
foreign participation in Slovenia's economy and have helped to lower
unemployment. Further measures to curb inflation are still needed.
Corruption and the high degree of coordination between government,
business, and central bank policy were issues of concern in the
run-up to Slovenia's 1 May 2004 accession to the European Union. In
mid-2004 Slovenia agreed to adopt the euro by 2007 and, therefore,
must keep its debt levels, budget deficits, interest rates, and
inflation levels within the EU's Maastrict criteria.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$39.41 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $19,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3% industry: 36% services: 60% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
870,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 6%, industry 40%, services 55% (2002)

Unemployment rate:
6.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.9% highest 10%: 23% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
28.4 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
24.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $13.36 billion
expenditures: $13.99 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
31.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep,
poultry

Industries:
ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting,
electronics (including military electronics), trucks, electric power
equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Industrial production growth rate:
3.9% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
12.49 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 35.2% hydro: 27.3% nuclear: 36.8% other: 0.7% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
11.8 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
7.448 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
5.194 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
20 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
53,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.04 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.04 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-51.64 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$14.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals,
food

Exports - partners:
Germany 18.3%, Italy 11.6%, Austria 11.5%, France 7.4%, Croatia
7.4%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$16.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals,
fuels and lubricants, food

Imports - partners:
Germany 19.9%, Italy 17%, Austria 14.9%, France 10.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$8.493 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$14.65 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $62 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
tolar (SIT)

Currency code:
SIT

Exchange rates:
tolars per US dollar - 192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003), 240.25 (2002),
242.75 (2001), 222.66 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Slovenia

Telephones - main lines in use:
812,300 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,739,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: 100% digital (2000)
international: country code - 386

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 17, FM 160, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
805,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
48 (2001)

Televisions:
710,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.si

Internet hosts:
45,491 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
11 (2000)

Internet users:
750,000 (2002)

Transportation Slovenia

Railways: total: 1,201 km standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (499 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 20,250 km
paved: 20,250 km (including 456 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Koper

Merchant marine:
registered in other countries: 23

Airports:
14 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Slovenia

Military branches:
Slovenian Army (includes Air and Naval Forces)

Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 17-49: 496,929 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 17-49: 405,593 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 12,816 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$370 million (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.7% (FY00)

Transnational Issues Slovenia

Disputes - international:
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which
would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to Slovenia
and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute;
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border,
Slovenia must implement the strict Schengen border rules to curb
illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while
encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Illicit drugs:
minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound
for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Solomon Islands

Introduction Solomon Islands

Background:
The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon Islands in the
1890s. Some of the bitterest fighting of World War II occurred on
these islands. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and independence
two years later. Ethnic violence, government malfeasance, and
endemic crime have undermined stability and civil society. In June
2003, Prime Minister Sir Allen KEMAKEZA sought the assistance of
Australia in reestablishing law and order; the following month, an
Australian-led multinational force arrived to restore peace and
disarm ethnic militias. The Regional Assistance Mission to the
Solomon Islands (RAMSI) has been very effective in restoring law and
order and rebuilding government institutions.

Geography Solomon Islands

Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua
New Guinea

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 S, 159 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 28,450 sq km
land: 27,540 sq km
water: 910 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
5,313 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather

Terrain:
mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Makarakomburu 2,447 m

Natural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel

Land use: arable land: 0.64% permanent crops: 2% other: 97.36% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with
frequent earth tremors; volcanic activity

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs
are dead or dying

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on sea routes between the South Pacific Ocean,
the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea

People Solomon Islands

Population:
538,032 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 41.9% (male 114,860/female 110,404)
15-64 years: 54.9% (male 149,400/female 145,970)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 8,371/female 9,027) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.63 years
male: 18.5 years
female: 18.76 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.68% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
30.74 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 21.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.66 years
male: 70.16 years
female: 75.28 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.04 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Solomon Islander(s)
adjective: Solomon Islander

Ethnic groups:
Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%, other 1.1%,
unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)

Religions:
Church of Melanesia 32.8%, Roman Catholic 19%, South Seas
Evangelical 17%, Seventh-Day Adventist 11.2%, United Church 10.3%,
Christian Fellowship Church 2.4%, other Christian 4.4%, other 2.4%,
unspecified 0.3%, none 0.2% (1999 census)

Languages:
Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English
is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population
note: 120 indigenous languages

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Solomon Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Solomon Islands
former: British Solomon Islands

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Honiara

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces and 1 capital territory*; Central, Choiseul,
Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Rennell and Bellona,
Temotu, Western

Independence:
7 July 1978 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 7 July (1978)

Constitution:
7 July 1978

Legal system:
English common law, which is widely disregarded

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Nathaniel WAENA (since 7 July 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA (since 17
December 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Snyder RINI (since 17 December
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 20 members appointed by the governor
general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members
of Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of Parliament for up to five
years; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime
minister by Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the
governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members elected from
single-member constituencies by popular vote to serve four-year
terms)
elections: last held 5 December 2001 (next to be held not later than
December 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 40%, SIACC 40%, PPP
20%; seats by party - PAP 16, SIACC 13, PPP 2, SILP 1, independents
18

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:
Association of Independents [Snyder RINI]; People's Alliance Party
or PAP [Allan KEMAKEZA]; People's Progressive Party or PPP [Mannaseh
Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Alliance for Change Coalition or
SIACC [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; Solomon Islands Labor Party or SILP
[Joses TUHANUKU]
note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Collin David BECK
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400L, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6192, 6193
FAX: [1] (212) 661-8925

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Solomon Islands (embassy closed
July 1993); the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to the
Solomon Islands

Flag description:
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower
hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five
white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower
triangle is green

Government - note:
June 2003 Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA sought the intervention
of Australia to aid in restoring order; parliament approved the
request for intervention in July 2003; troops from Australia, New
Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Tonga arrived 24 July 2003. By
the end of 2004 the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon
Islands (RAMSI) had been scaled back to 302 police officers and 120
military in addition to civilian technical advisors.

Economy Solomon Islands

Economy - overview:
The bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and
forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Most manufactured
goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich
in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and
gold. Prior to the arrival of the Regional Assistance Mission to the
Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic violence, the closing of key
businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic
collapse. RAMSI has enabled a return to law and order, a new period
of economic stability, and modest growth as the economy rebuilds.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$800 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.8% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 42% industry: 11% services: 47% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
26,840 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 75%, industry 5%, services 20% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA%

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $49.7 million
expenditures: $75.1 million, including capital expenditures of $0
(2003)

Agriculture - products: cocoa beans, coconuts, palm kernels, rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs; timber; fish

Industries:
fish (tuna), mining, timber

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
32 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
29.76 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,250 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$74 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa

Exports - partners:
China 27.8%, South Korea 17.1%, Thailand 15.7%, Japan 9.7%,
Philippines 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$67 million f.o.b. (2003)

Imports - commodities:
food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Australia 24.6%, Singapore 23.1%, New Zealand 7.7%, Fiji 4.8%,
Papua New Guinea 4.7% (2004)

Debt - external:
$180.4 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$28 million annually, mainly from Australia (2003 est.)

Currency (code):
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Currency code:
SBD

Exchange rates:
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059
(2003), 6.7488 (2002), 5.278 (2001), 5.0889 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Solomon Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,600 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 677; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (2004)

Radios:
57,000 (1997)

Televisions:
3,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sb

Internet hosts:
398 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
2,200 (2002)

Transportation Solomon Islands

Highways: total: 1,360 km paved: 34 km unpaved: 1,326 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Honiara, Malloco Bay, Shortland Harbor, Viru Harbor, Yandina

Airports:
33 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 31 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Military Solomon Islands

Military branches:
no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands Police (RSIP)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Solomon Islands

Disputes - international:
Australian Defense Force leads the Regional Assistance Mission to
the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) at the invitation of the Solomon
Islands' Government to maintain civil and political order and
reinforce regional security

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Somalia

Introduction Somalia

Background:
The regime of Mohamed SIAD Barre was ousted in January 1991;
turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy have followed in the years
since. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent
Republic of Somaliland that now includes the administrative regions
of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not
recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable
existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of a ruling clan and
economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and
American military assistance programs. The regions of Bari and
Nugaal and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring self-declared
autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since
1998, but does not aim at independence; it has also made strides
towards reconstructing a legitimate, representative government, but
has suffered some civil strife. Puntland disputes its border with
Somaliland as it also claims portions of eastern Sool and Sanaag.
Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in
the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN
withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order
still had not been restored. The mandate of the Transitional
National Government (TNG), created in August 2000 in Arta, Djibouti,
expired in August 2003. New Somali President Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed
has formed a new Transitional Federal Government (TFG) consisting of
a 275-member parliament. It was established in October 2004 to
replace the TNG but has not yet moved to Mogadishu. Discussions
regarding the establishment of a new government in Mogadishu are
ongoing in Kenya. Numerous warlords and factions are still fighting
for control of the capital city as well as for other southern
regions. Suspicion of Somali links with global terrorism further
complicates the picture.

Geography Somalia

Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean,
east of Ethiopia

Geographic coordinates:
10 00 N, 49 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 637,657 sq km
land: 627,337 sq km
water: 10,320 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries: total: 2,340 km border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km

Coastline:
3,025 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 200 nm

Climate:
principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon,
moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October
- southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south,
irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between
monsoons

Terrain:
mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

Natural resources:
uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum,
bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves

Land use: arable land: 1.67% permanent crops: 0.04% other: 98.29% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in
summer; floods during rainy season

Environment - current issues:
famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health
problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

Geography - note:
strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to
Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal

People Somalia

Population:
8,591,629
note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in
1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is
complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements
in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44.5% (male 1,918,209/female 1,905,974)
15-64 years: 52.9% (male 2,278,406/female 2,263,602)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 96,256/female 129,182) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.59 years
male: 17.53 years
female: 17.65 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.38% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
45.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
16.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
5.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 116.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 126.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 107.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.09 years
male: 46.36 years
female: 49.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.84 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
43,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Somali(s)
adjective: Somali

Ethnic groups:
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)

Religions:
Sunni Muslim

Languages:
Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 37.8%
male: 49.7%
female: 25.8% (2001 est.)

Government Somalia

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Somalia former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic

Government type:
no permanent national government; transitional, parliamentary
federal government

Capital:
Mogadishu

Administrative divisions:
18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool,
Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe,
Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha
Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed

Independence:
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became
independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland,
which became independent from the Italian-administered UN
trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)

National holiday:
Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26 June
(1960) in Somaliland

Constitution:
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as
the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing

Legal system:
no national system; Shari'a and secular courts are in some
localities

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed (since 14 October 2004); note
- a new Transitional Federal Government consisting of a 275-member
parliament was established in October 2004 but remains resident in
Nairobi, Kenya, and has not extablished effective governance inside
Somalia
head of government: Prime Minister Ali Muhammad GHEDI (since 24
December 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by the
Transitional Federal Assembly
election results: Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed, the leader of the Puntland
region of Somalia, was elected president by the Transitional Federal
Assembly

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly
note: fledgling parliament; a 275-member Transitional Federal
Assembly; the new parliament consists of 61 seats assigned to each
of four large clan groups (Darod, Digil-Mirifle, Dir, and Hawiye)
with the remaining 31 seats divided between minority clans

Judicial branch:
following the breakdown of the central government, most regions
have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either secular,
traditional clan-based arbitration, or Islamic (Shari'a) law with a
provision for appeal of all sentences

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Somalia does not have an embassy in the US (ceased operations on 8
May 1991); note - the TNG and other factions have representatives in
Washington and at the United Nations

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are
represented by the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya at United Nations
Avenue, Gigira, Nairobi; mailing address: Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO
AE 09831; telephone: [254] (20) 363-6000; FAX [254] (20) 363-6157

Flag description:
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; blue
field influenced by the flag of the UN

Government - note:
although an interim government was created in 2004 other governing
bodies continue to exist and control various cities and regions of
the country, including the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, and
traditional clan and faction strongholds

Economy Somalia

Economy - overview:
Somalia's economic fortunes are driven by its deep political
divisions. The northwestern area has declared its independence as
the "Republic of Somaliland"; the northeastern region of Puntland is
a semi-autonomous state; and the remaining southern portion is
riddled with the struggles of rival factions. Economic life
continues, in part because much activity is local and relatively
easily protected. Agriculture is the most important sector, with
livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of
export earnings, but Saudi Arabia's recent ban on Somali livestock,
because of Rift Valley Fever concerns, has severely hampered the
sector. Nomads and semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for
their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population.
Livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are Somalia's
principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined
goods are the principal imports. Somalia's small industrial sector,
based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been
looted and sold as scrap metal. Despite the seeming anarchy,
Somalia's service sector has managed to survive and grow.
Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major
cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the
continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money exchange
services have sprouted throughout the country, handling between $500
million and $1 billion in remittances annually. Mogadishu's main
market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic
gadgets. Hotels continue to operate, and militias provide security.
The ongoing civil disturbances and clan rivalries, however, have
interfered with any broad-based economic development and
international aid arrangements. In 2004 Somalia's overdue financial
obligations to the IMF continued to grow. Statistics on Somalia's
GDP, growth, per capita income, and inflation should be viewed
skeptically. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took an
estimated 150 lives and caused destruction of properity in coastal
areas.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$4.597 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 65% industry: 10% services: 25% (2000 est.)

Labor force: 3.7 million (very few are skilled laborers)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and services 29%

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
note - businesses print their own money, so inflation rates cannot
be sensibly determined (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Agriculture - products:
cattle, sheep, goats; bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts, rice,
sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; fish

Industries:
a few light industries, including sugar refining, textiles,
wireless communication

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
240.3 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
223.5 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:
$79 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal

Exports - partners:
UAE 39.3%, Thailand 24.3%, Yemen 12.2%, Oman 4.7% (2004)

Imports:
$344 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction
materials, qat

Imports - partners:
Djibouti 30.1%, Kenya 13.7%, India 8.6%, Brazil 8.5%, Oman 4.4%,
UAE 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$3 billion (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$60 million (1999 est.)

Currency (code):
Somali shilling (SOS)

Currency code:
SOS

Exchange rates:
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000), 2,620
(January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January 1996
est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

Fiscal year:
NA

Communications Somalia

Telephones - main lines in use:
100,000 (2002 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
35,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the public telecommunications system was almost
completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions;
private wireless companies offer service in most major cities and
charge the lowest international rates on the continent
domestic: local cellular telephone systems have been established in
Mogadishu and in several other population centers
international: country code - 252; international connections are
available from Mogadishu by satellite

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 11, shortwave 1 in Mogadishu; 1 FM in Puntland, 1 FM in
Somaliland (2001)

Radios:
470,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4
note: two in Mogadishu; two in Hargeisa (2001)

Televisions:
135,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.so

Internet hosts:
4 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (one each in Boosaaso, Hargeisa, and Mogadishu) (2000)

Internet users:
89,000 (2002)

Transportation Somalia

Highways: total: 22,100 km paved: 2,608 km unpaved: 19,492 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Boosaaso, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, Mogadishu

Airports:
60 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 over 3,047 m: 4 2438 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 54 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 29 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Somalia

Military branches:
A Somali National Army was attempted under the interim government;
numerous factions and clans maintain independent militias, and the
Somaliland and Puntland regional governments maintain their own
security and police forces

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,787,727 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,022,360 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$18.9 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2003)

Transnational Issues Somalia

Disputes - international:
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to land-locked
Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional states;
"Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek support from
neighboring states in their secessionist aspirations and in
conflicts with each other; Ethiopia has only an administrative line
with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances
with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Somali Interim
Government, which plans eventual relocation from Kenya to Mogadishu;
rival militia and clan fighting in southern Somalia periodically
spills over into Kenya; most of the remaining 23,000 Somali refuges
in Ethiopia are expected to be repatriated in 2005

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 375,000 (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for
resources) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@South Africa

Introduction South Africa

Background:
After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many
of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own
republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred
wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native
inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments, but were
defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). The resulting Union of South
Africa operated under a policy of apartheid - the separate
development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to apartheid
politically and ushered in black majority rule.

Geography South Africa

Location:
Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

Geographic coordinates:
29 00 S, 24 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1,219,912 sq km
land: 1,219,912 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince
Edward Island)

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 4,862 km
border countries: Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491
km, Namibia 967 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km

Coastline:
2,798 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate:
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool
nights

Terrain:
vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal
plain

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m

Natural resources:
gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel,
phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium,
salt, natural gas

Land use:
arable land: 12.08%
permanent crops: 0.79%
other: 87.13% (2001)

Irrigated land:
13,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
prolonged droughts

Environment - current issues:
lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water
conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing
supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban
discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion;
desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely
surrounds Swaziland

People South Africa

Population:
44,344,136
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 30.3% (male 6,760,137/female 6,682,013)
15-64 years: 64.5% (male 13,860,727/female 14,750,496)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 893,360/female 1,397,403) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 23.98 years
male: 23.12 years
female: 24.86 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.31% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
21.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 61.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 65.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 57.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 43.27 years
male: 43.47 years
female: 43.06 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.24 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
21.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5.3 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
370,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: South African(s)
adjective: South African

Ethnic groups:
black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5%
(2001 census)

Religions:
Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%,
Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, other Christian
36%, Islam 1.5%, other 2.3%, unspecified 1.4%, none 15.1% (2001
census)

Languages:
IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%,
English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2%
(2001 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 87%
female: 85.7% (2003 est.)

Government South Africa

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of South Africa
conventional short form: South Africa
former: Union of South Africa
abbreviation: RSA

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Pretoria; note - Cape Town is the legislative center and
Bloemfontein the judicial center

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North-West, Northern Cape, Western Cape

Independence:
31 May 1910 (from UK); note - South Africa became a republic in
1961 following an October 1960 referendum

National holiday:
Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)

Constitution:
10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the
Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then
President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3
February 1997; it is being implemented in phases

Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);
Executive Deputy President Phumzile MLAMBO-NGCUKA (since 23 June
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);
Executive Deputy President Phumzile MLAMBO-NGCUKA (since 23 June
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2009)
election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president; percent of National
Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)
note: ANC-IFP is the governing coalition

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consisting of the National Assembly (400
seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of
proportional representation to serve five-year terms) and the
National Council of Provinces (90 seats, 10 members elected by each
of the nine provincial legislatures for five-year terms; has special
powers to protect regional interests, including the safeguarding of
cultural and linguistic traditions among ethnic minorities); note -
following the implementation of the new constitution on 3 February
1997 the former Senate was disbanded and replaced by the National
Council of Provinces with essentially no change in membership and
party affiliations, although the new institution's responsibilities
have been changed somewhat by the new constitution
elections: National Assembly and National Council of Provinces -
last held 14 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - ANC
69.7%, DA 12.4%, IFP 7%, UDM 2.3%, NNP 1.7%, ACDP 1.6%, other 5.3%;
seats by party - ANC 279, DA 50, IFP 28, UDM 9, NNP 7, ACDP 6, other
21; National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - NA

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High Courts;
Magistrate Courts

Political parties and leaders: African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI, president]; Democratic Alliance or DA (formed from the merger of the Democratic Party or DP and the Freedom Alliance or FA) [Anthony LEON]; Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president]; Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI,
general secretary]; South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade
NZIMANDE, general secretary]; South African National Civics
Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president]; note
- COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, BIS, C, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, NSG, ONUB, OPCW,
PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE,
UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara Joyce Mosima MASEKELA
chancery: 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1607
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jendayi E. FRAZER
embassy: 877 Pretorius Street, Pretoria
mailing address: P. O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001
telephone: [27] (12) 342-1048
FAX: [27] (12) 342-2244
consulate(s) general: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg

Flag description:
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by
a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of
which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black
isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow
yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green
band and its arms by narrow white stripes

Economy South Africa

Economy - overview:
South Africa is a middle-income, emerging market with an abundant
supply of natural resources; well-developed financial, legal,
communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock exchange that
ranks among the 10 largest in the world; and a modern infrastructure
supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers
throughout the region. However, growth has not been strong enough to
lower South Africa's high unemployment rate; and daunting economic
problems remain from the apartheid era, especially poverty and lack
of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups. South
African economic policy is fiscally conservative, but pragmatic,
focusing on targeting inflation and liberalizing trade as means to
increase job growth and household income.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$491.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $11,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.6% industry: 31.2% services: 65.2% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
16.63 million economically active (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
26.2% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
50% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 45.9% (1994)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
59.3 (1993-94)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $47.43 billion
expenditures: $52.54 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
45.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef, poultry, mutton,
wool, dairy products

Industries:
mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium),
automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and
steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
5.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
202.6 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 93.5% hydro: 1.1% nuclear: 5.5% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
189.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
6.95 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
7.873 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
196,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
460,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
7.84 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
1.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-2.48 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$41.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals, machinery and
equipment (1998 est.)

Exports - partners:
US 10.2%, UK 9.2%, Japan 9%, Germany 7.1%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Imports:
$39.42 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific
instruments, foodstuffs (2000 est.)

Imports - partners:
Germany 14.2%, US 8.5%, China 7.5%, Japan 6.9%, UK 6.9%, France 6%,
Saudi Arabia 5.6%, Iran 5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$11.68 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$27.01 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$487.5 million (2000)

Currency (code):
rand (ZAR)

Currency code:
ZAR

Exchange rates:
rand per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002),
8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications South Africa

Telephones - main lines in use:
4.844 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
16.86 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: the system is the best developed and most
modern in Africa
domestic: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial
cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable,
radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port
Elizabeth, and Pretoria
international: country code - 27; 2 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 14, FM 347 (plus 243 repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
17 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
556 (plus 144 network repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
6 million (2000)

Internet country code:
.za

Internet hosts:
288,633 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
150 (2001)

Internet users:
3.1 million (2002)

Transportation South Africa

Railways:
total: 20,872 km
narrow gauge: 20,436 km 1.065-m gauge (10,436 km electrified); 436
km 0.610-m gauge
note: includes a 1,210 km commuter rail system (2004)

Highways:
total: 275,971 km
paved: 57,568 km (including 2,032 km of expressways)
unpaved: 218,403 km (2002)

Pipelines:
condensate 100 km; gas 1,052 km; oil 847 km; refined products 1,354
km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Cape Town, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay,
Saldanha Bay

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 31,505 GRT/37,091 DWT
by type: container 1, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Airports:
728 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 144 over 3,047 m: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 914 to 1,523 m: 67 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 584 1,524 to 2,437 m: 34 914 to 1,523 m: 300 under 914 m: 250 (2004 est.)

Military South Africa

Military branches:
South African National Defense Force (SANDF): Army, Navy, Air
Force, Joint Operations, Joint Support, Military Intelligence,
Military Health Service (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; women have a long
history of military service in non-combat roles - dating back to
World War I (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 10,354,769 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,927,757 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 512,407 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$3.172 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Military - note:
with the end of apartheid and the establishment of majority rule,
former military, black homelands forces, and ex-opposition forces
were integrated into the South African National Defense Force
(SANDF); as of 2003 the integration process was considered complete

Transnational Issues South Africa

Disputes - international:
South Africa has placed military along the border to stem the
thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political
persecution; managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the
boundary in the Orange River

Illicit drugs:
transshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana, and cocaine;
cocaine consumption on the rise; world's largest market for illicit
methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India through various
east African countries; illicit cultivation of marijuana; attractive
venue for money launderers given the increasing level of organized
criminal and narcotics activity in the region

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Southern Ocean

Introduction Southern Ocean

Background:
A decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the
spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean - the Southern Ocean -
from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and
Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean extends from the coast of
Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude, which coincides with
the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth
largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean,
Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the Arctic Ocean).

Geography Southern Ocean

Location:
body of water between 60 degrees south latitude and Antarctica

Geographic coordinates:
65 00 S, 0 00 E (nominally), but the Southern Ocean has the unique
distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally
encircling the continent of Antarctica; this ring of water lies
between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of Antarctica and
encompasses 360 degrees of longitude

Map references:
Antarctic Region

Area:
total: 20.327 million sq km
note: includes Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake
Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and
other tributary water bodies

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of the US

Coastline:
17,968 km

Climate:
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees
Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and
frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between
ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to
the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere
on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south
latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the
Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees
Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds
from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter

Terrain:
the Southern Ocean is deep, 4,000 to 5,000 meters over most of its
extent with only limited areas of shallow water; the Antarctic
continental shelf is generally narrow and unusually deep, its edge
lying at depths of 400 to 800 meters (the global mean is 133
meters); the Antarctic icepack grows from an average minimum of 2.6
million square kilometers in March to about 18.8 million square
kilometers in September, better than a sixfold increase in area; the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (21,000 km in length) moves
perpetually eastward; it is the world's largest ocean current,
transporting 130 million cubic meters of water per second - 100
times the flow of all the world's rivers

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the South Sandwich
Trench
highest point: sea level 0 m

Natural resources:
probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields on the
continental margin, manganese nodules, possible placer deposits,
sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales, and seals -
none exploited; krill, fishes

Natural hazards:
huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred meters; smaller
bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 meter
thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and with large
annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf floored by
glacial deposits varying widely over short distances; high winds and
large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially May-October;
most of region is remote from sources of search and rescue

Environment - current issues:
increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic
ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary productivity
(phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA of some fish;
illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent years,
especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more
Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to
affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental
mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish
note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong
comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Environment - international agreements:
the Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements
regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these
agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International Whaling
Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south
[south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees
west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits
sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (regulates fishing)
note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource
exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front
(Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very
cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the
north

Geography - note:
the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between South America and
Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) is the best
natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean; it
is a distinct region at the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current that separates the very cold polar surface waters to the
south from the warmer waters to the north; the Front and the Current
extend entirely around Antarctica, reaching south of 60 degrees
south near New Zealand and near 48 degrees south in the far South
Atlantic coinciding with the path of the maximum westerly winds

Economy Southern Ocean

Economy - overview:
Fisheries in 2000-01 (1 July to 30 June) landed 112,934 metric
tons, of which 87% was krill and 11% Patagonian toothfish.
International agreements were adopted in late 1999 to reduce
illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 2000-01
season landed, by one estimate, 8,376 metric tons of Patagonian and
antarctic toothfish. In the 2000-01 antarctic summer 12,248
tourists, most of them seaborne, visited the Southern Ocean and
Antarctica, compared to 14,762 the previous year.

Transportation Southern Ocean

Ports and harbors:
McMurdo, Palmer, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica
note: few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the
Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most of them to short
periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without
icebreaker escort; most antarctic ports are operated by government
research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to
commercial or private vessels; vessels in any port south of 60
degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty
observers (see Article 7)

Transportation - note:
Drake Passage offers alternative to transit through the Panama Canal

Transnational Issues Southern Ocean

Disputes - international:
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica entry), but
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK assert
claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in the
Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Introduction South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Background:
The islands lie approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland Islands
and have been under British administration since 1908, except for a
brief period in 1982 when Argentina occupied them. Grytviken, on
South Georgia, was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station.
Famed explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to
his ill-fated attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some
20 months later with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a
successful rescue for the rest of his crew, stranded off the
Antarctic Peninsula. He died in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and
is buried in Grytviken. Today, the station houses scientists from
the British Antarctic Survey. The islands have large bird and seal
populations, and, recognizing the importance of preserving the
marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended the
exclusive fishing zone from 12 nm to 200 nm around each island.

Geography South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Location:
Southern South America, islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east
of the tip of South America

Geographic coordinates:
54 30 S, 37 00 W

Map references:
Antarctic Region

Area:
total: 3,903 sq km
land: 3,903 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia
Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist
of some nine islands

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
NA km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year
interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as
snow

Terrain:
most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and
mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep,
glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of
volcanic origin with some active volcanoes

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m

Natural resources:
fish

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some
sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
the South Sandwich Islands have prevailing weather conditions that
generally make them difficult to approach by ship; they are also
subject to active volcanism

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which
provide good anchorage; reindeer, introduced early in the 20th
century, live on South Georgia

People South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March
2001, to be replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the
British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on
Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited (July 2005
est.)

Government South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
conventional short form: none

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina;
administered from the Falkland Islands by a commissioner, who is
concurrently governor of the Falkland Islands, representing Queen
ELIZABETH II; Grytviken, formerly a whaling station on South
Georgia, is a scientific base

Legal system:
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply; the senior magistrate
from the Falkland Islands presides over the Magistrates Court

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms
centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms features a
shield with a golden lion centered; the shield is supported by a fur
seal on the left and a penguin on the right; a reindeer appears
above the shield, and below it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM
PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the Lion Protect its Own Land)

Economy South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Economy - overview:
Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential
source of income from harvesting finfish and krill. The islands
receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK, sale of
fishing licenses, and harbor and landing fees from tourist vessels.
Tourism from specialized cruise ships is increasing rapidly.

Communications South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Telephone system: general assessment: NA domestic: NA international: coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken

Radio broadcast stations:
0 (2003)

Television broadcast stations:
0 (2003)

Internet country code:
.gs

Transportation South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Ports and harbors:
Grytviken

Airports:
none (2004 est.)

Military South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Disputes - international:
Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly
occupied the islands by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer
seek settlement by force

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Spain

Introduction Spain

Background:
Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries
ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent
failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused
the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic
and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II,
but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). In the
second half of the 20th century, Spain has played a catch-up role in
the western international community; it joined the EU in 1986.
Continuing challenges include Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
terrorism and further reductions in unemployment.

Geography Spain

Location:
Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay, Mediterranean
Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains, southwest of
France

Geographic coordinates:
40 00 N, 4 00 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 504,782 sq km
land: 499,542 sq km
water: 5,240 sq km
note: there are 19 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands
and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the
coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon
de Velez de la Gomera

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 1,917.8 km
border countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km,
Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km

Coastline:
4,964 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)

Climate:
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy
along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and
cool along coast

Terrain:
large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills;
Pyrenees in north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Natural resources:
coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten,
mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin,
potash, hydropower, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 26.07%
permanent crops: 9.87%
other: 64.06% (2001)

Irrigated land:
36,400 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents
from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and
quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

People Spain

Population:
40,341,462 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 2,994,124/female 2,815,456)
15-64 years: 68% (male 13,762,281/female 13,664,762)
65 years and over: 17.6% (male 2,965,859/female 4,138,980) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 39.51 years male: 38.18 years female: 40.93 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.15% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.1 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.42 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 79.52 years
male: 76.18 years
female: 83.08 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.7% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
140,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality: noun: Spaniard(s) adjective: Spanish

Ethnic groups:
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Religions:
Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%

Languages:
Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%; note -
Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages
are official regionally

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.9%
male: 98.7%
female: 97.2% (2003 est.)

Government Spain

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local short form: Espana

Government type:
parliamentary monarchy

Capital:
Madrid

Administrative divisions:
17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular -
comunidad autonoma)and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas,
singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares
(Balearic Islands), Ceuta*, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria,
Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Comunidad Valenciana,
Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla*, Murcia, Navarra,
Pais Vasco (Basque Country)
note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small
islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez
de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central
government, are all located off the coast of Morocco and are
collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de
Soberania)

Independence:
the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent
kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in the early 8th
century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian
redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately,
culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed
the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered
the forging of present-day Spain

National holiday:
National Day, 12 October

Constitution:
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Legal system:
civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Heir
Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government: President of the Government and Prime Minister
Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004); First Vice
President and Deputy Prime Minister (and Minister of the Presidency)
Maria Teresa FERNANDEZ DE LA VEGA (since 18 April 2004) and Second
Vice President (and Minister of Economy and Finance) Pedro SOLBES
(since 18 April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme
consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are
non-binding
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually proposed president by the monarch and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held 14 March 2004
(next to be held March 2008); vice presidents appointed by the
monarch on the proposal of the president
election results: Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (PSOE) elected
president; percent of National Assembly vote - 52.29%

Legislative branch:
bicameral; General Courts or National Assembly or Las Cortes
Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (259 seats - 208 members
directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the
regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of
Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are
elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional
representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March
2008); Congress of Deputies - last held 14 March 2004 (next to be
held March 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PP 49%, PSOE
38.9%, Entesa Catalona de Progress 5.7%, CiU 1.99%, PNV 2.8%, CC
1.4%; seats by party - PP 102, PSOE 81, Entesa Catalona de Progress
12, CiU 4, PNV 6, CC 3; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by
party - PSOE 43.3%, PP 37.8%, CiU 3.2%, ERC 2.5%, PNV 1.6%, IU 3.2%,
CC 0.9%; seats by party - PSOE 164, PP 148, CiU 10, ERC 8, PNV 7, IU
2, CC 3, other 8

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo

Political parties and leaders:
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Canarian Coalition
or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO Baute];
Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a coalition of
the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur MAS i Gavarro]
and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep Antoni DURAN y
LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate coalition grouping
four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA) [leader NA]; Galician
Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel QUINTANA]; Party of
Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular
Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC
[Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE
[Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of
parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar
LLAMAZARES]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor
unions (authorized in April 1977); Socialist General Union of
Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or
USO; university students; Trade Union Confederation of Workers'
Commissions or CC.OO.; Nunca Mas (Galician for "Never Again"; formed
in response to the oil tanker Prestige oil spill)

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU,
ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos WESTENDORP chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340 FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670 consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires J. Robert
MANZANARES
embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
consulate(s) general: Barcelona

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red
with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band;
the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of
Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on
either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Economy Spain

Economy - overview:
The Spanish economy boomed from 1986 to 1990, averaging five
percent annual growth. After a European-wide recession in the early
1990s, the Spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting in 1994.
Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita
basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The
center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully
worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching
the European single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR
administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization,
and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to
that end. Unemployment fell steadily under the AZNAR administration
but remains high at 10.4%. Growth of 2.5% in 2003 and 2.6% in 2004
was satisfactory given the background of a faltering European
economy. The socialist president, RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO, has initiated
economic and social reforms that are generally popular among the
masses of people but that are anathema to religious and other
conservative elements. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic
policies of an integrated Europe, reducing unemployment, and
absorbing widespread social changes will pose challenges to Spain
over the next few years.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$937.6 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $23,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.5% industry: 28.5% services: 68% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 19.33 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 5.3%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 30.1%, services 64.6% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.2% (1990)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
32.5 (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
25.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $383.7 billion
expenditures: $386.4 billion, including capital expenditures of
$12.8 billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
53.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef,
pork, poultry, dairy products; fish

Industries:
textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages,
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles,
machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear,
pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
229 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 50.4% hydro: 18.2% nuclear: 27.2% other: 4.1% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
218.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
4.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
9.8 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
7,099 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.497 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
135,100 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
1.582 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
10.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
516 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
17.96 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
17.26 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
254.9 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-30.89 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$172.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines,
other consumer goods

Exports - partners:
France 19.3%, Germany 11.7%, Portugal 9.6%, UK 9%, Italy 9%, US 4%
(2004)

Imports:
$222 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods;
foodstuffs, consumer goods; measuring and medical control instruments

Imports - partners:
Germany 16.6%, France 15.8%, Italy 8.9%, UK 6.3%, Netherlands 4.8%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$19.7 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$771.1 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)

Currency (code):
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries

Currency code:
EUR

Exchange rates:
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Spain

Telephones - main lines in use:
17,567,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
37,506,700 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: generally adequate, modern facilities;
teledensity is 44 main lines for each 100 persons
domestic: NA
international: country code - 34; 22 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 208, FM 715, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
13.1 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 224 (plus 2,105 repeaters) note: these figures include 11 television broadcast stations and 88 repeaters in the Canary Islands (1995)

Televisions:
16.2 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.es

Internet hosts:
1,056,950 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
56 (2000)

Internet users:
9.789 million (2003)

Transportation Spain

Railways:
total: 14,781 km (7,718 km electrified)
broad gauge: 11,829 km 1.668-m gauge (6,950 km electrified)
standard gauge: 998 km 1.435-m gauge (998 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,926 km 1.000-m gauge (815 km electrified); 28 km
0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 664,852 km
paved: 658,203 km (including 11,152 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,649 km (2001)

Waterways:
1,045 km (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 7,306 km; oil 730 km; refined products 3,512 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Algeciras, Barcelona, Cartagena, Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna,
Tarragona, Valencia

Merchant marine:
total: 182 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,740,974 GRT/2,157,551 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 22, chemical tanker 16, container
19, liquefied gas 8, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 47, petroleum
tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 25, vehicle
carrier 7
foreign-owned: 29 (Cuba 2, Denmark 1, Germany 9, Italy 2, Norway 6,
United States 7, Uruguay 2)
registered in other countries: 192 (2005)

Airports:
156 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 95 over 3,047 m: 15 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 61 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 8 (2004 est.)

Military Spain

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force (Ejercito del Aire, EdA), Naval Infantry

Military service age and obligation:
20 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 9,366,588 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 7,623,356 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 233,384 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$9,906.5 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.2% (2003)

Transnational Issues Spain

Disputes - international:
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to
remain a British colony and against a "total shared sovereignty"
arrangement while demanding participation in talks between the UK
and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater
autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves
of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera,
Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters;
Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration
into Spain from North Africa

Illicit drugs:
key European gateway country and consumer for Latin American
cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market;
destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin; money-laundering site for European earnings of Colombian
narcotics trafficking organizations

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Spratly Islands

Introduction Spratly Islands

Background:
The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or
reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and potentially
by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their entirety by
China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed by Malaysia
and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by relatively
small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a fishing
zone that overlaps a southern reef, but has not made any formal
claim.

Geography Spratly Islands

Location:
Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the South China
Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam to the
southern Philippines

Geographic coordinates:
8 38 N, 111 55 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: less than 5 sq km
land: less than 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts
scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South
China Sea

Area - comparative:
NA

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
926 km

Maritime claims:
NA

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
flat

Elevation extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m

Natural resources: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of numerous reefs and
shoals

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the
central South China Sea; includes numerous small islands, atolls,
shoals, and coral reefs

People Spratly Islands

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several
claimant states (2004)

Government Spratly Islands

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Spratly Islands

Economy Spratly Islands

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. The proximity
to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins suggests the
potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely
unexplored; there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves;
commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.

Transportation Spratly Islands

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
less than 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Spratly Islands

Military - note:
Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small islands or reefs, of
which about 45 are claimed and occupied by China, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam

Transnational Issues Spratly Islands

Disputes - international:
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and
Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines;
in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone that
encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has not
publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratlys

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Sri Lanka

Introduction Sri Lanka

Background:
The Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century B.C.,
probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced beginning in
about the mid-third century B.C., and a great civilization developed
at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from circa 200 B.C. to circa
A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070 to 1200). In the 14th
century, a south Indian dynasty seized power in the north and
established a Tamil kingdom. Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th
century and by the Dutch in the 17th century, the island was ceded
to the British in 1796, became a crown colony in 1802, and was
united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it became independent
in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Tensions between
the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted into war in
1983. Tens of thousands have died in an ethnic conflict that
continues to fester. After two decades of fighting, the government
and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam formalized a cease-fire in
February 2002, with Norway brokering peace negotiations.

Geography Sri Lanka

Location:
Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India

Geographic coordinates:
7 00 N, 81 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 65,610 sq km
land: 64,740 sq km
water: 870 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,340 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest
monsoon (June to October)

Terrain:
mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central
interior

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

Natural resources:
limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay,
hydropower

Land use: arable land: 13.86% permanent crops: 15.7% other: 70.44% (2001)

Irrigated land:
6,510 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional cyclones and tornadoes

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by
poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining
activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being
polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air
pollution in Colombo

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes

People Sri Lanka

Population:
20,064,776
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and
armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand
Tamil civilians have fled the island and more than 200,000 Tamils
have sought refuge in the West (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 24.5% (male 2,508,384/female 2,397,986)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 6,658,765/female 7,059,468)
65 years and over: 7.2% (male 670,813/female 769,360) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 29.44 years
male: 28.38 years
female: 30.51 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.79% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.63 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.57 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.17 years
male: 70.6 years
female: 75.86 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,500 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan

Ethnic groups:
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri
Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)

Religions:
Buddhist 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian 6.2%,
unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)

Languages:
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national
language) 18%, other 8%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken
competently by about 10% of the population

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.3%
male: 94.8%
female: 90% (2003 est.)

Government Sri Lanka

Country name:
conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
former: Serendib, Ceylon

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Colombo; note - Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital

Administrative divisions:
8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western,
Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western; note - North Eastern province
may have been divided in two - Northern and Eastern

Independence:
4 February 1948 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 February (1948)

Constitution:
adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; new constitution
proposed in 2002

Legal system:
a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch,
Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since
12 November 1994); note - Mahinda RAJAPAKSE (since 6 April 2004) is
the prime minister; the president is considered both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA
(since 12 November 1994); note - Mahinda RAJAPAKSE is the prime
minister (since 6 April 2004); the president is considered both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December
2005)
election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected
president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA 51%,
Ranil WICKREMASINGHE 42%, other 7%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote
on the basis of a modified proportional representation system by
district to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held 2 April 2004 (next to be held by 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party or electoral alliance -
SLFP and JVP 45.6%, UNP 37.83%, TNA 6.84%, JHU 5.97%, SLMC 2.02%,
UPF 0.54%, EPDP 0.27%, others 0.93%; seats by party or electoral
alliance - SLFP and JVP 105, UNP 82, TNA 22, JHU 9, SLMC 5, UPF 1,
EPDP 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are
appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders:
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; Ceylon Workers
Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP [D.
GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF
[Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP
[Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP
[Tilvan SILVA]; National Heritage Party or JHU [Tilak KARUNARATNE];
National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF]; People's Liberation
Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [leader NA]; Sihala Urumaya or
SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika
Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff
HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA];
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM]; Tamil
National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil United Liberation
Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Party or UNP
[Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People's Front or UPF [P.
CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,
represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or
LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for a
separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the
National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

International organization participation:
AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB,
OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Bernard GOONETILLEKE chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 (through 4028) FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey J. LUNSTEAD
embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94] (11) 244-8007
FAX: [94] (11) 243-7345

Flag description:
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal
vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is
a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and
there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears
as a border around the entire flag and extends between the two panels

Economy Sri Lanka

Economy - overview:
In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import
substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies and
export-oriented trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food
processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages,
telecommunications, and insurance and banking. In 2003, plantation
crops made up only 15% of exports (compared with 93% in 1970), while
textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew at an average
annual rate of 5.5% in the early 1990s until a drought and a
deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8% in 1996. The
economy rebounded in 1997-2000 with average growth of 5.3%, but 2001
saw the first contraction in the country's history, -1.4%, due to a
combination of power shortages, severe budgetary problems, the
global slowdown, and continuing civil strife. Growth recovered to
4.0% in 2002 and to 5.2% in both 2003 and 2004. About 800,000 Sri
Lankans work abroad, 90% in the Middle East. They send home about $1
billion a year. The struggle by the Tamil Tigers of the north and
east for a largely independent homeland continues to cast a shadow
over the economy. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took about
31,000 lives, left more than 6,300 missing and 443,000 displaced,
and destroyed an estimated $1.5 billion worth of property.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$80.58 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,000 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 19.1% industry: 26.2% services: 54.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
7.26 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 38%, industry 17%, services 45% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
7.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
22% (1997 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 28% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
34.4 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.34 billion
expenditures: $4.686 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
104.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea, rubber,
coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef

Industries:
rubber processing, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural
commodities; telecommunications, insurance, and banking; clothing,
cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate:
7.1% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.697 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 51.7% hydro: 48.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
6.228 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
75,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-587.3 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$5.306 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles and apparel; tea and spices; diamonds, emeralds, rubies;
coconut products; rubber manufactures, fish

Exports - partners:
US 32.4%, UK 13.5%, India 6.8%, Germany 4.8% (2004)

Imports:
$7.265 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery
and transportation equipment

Imports - partners:
India 18%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 7.7%, China 5.7%, Iran 5.2%,
Japan 5.1%, Malaysia 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.475 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$10.85 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$577 million (1998)

Currency (code):
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Currency code:
LKR

Exchange rates:
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 101.194 (2004), 96.521 (2003),
95.662 (2002), 89.383 (2001), 77.005 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Sri Lanka

Telephones - main lines in use:
881,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
931,600 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: very inadequate domestic service, particularly
in rural areas; likely improvement with privatization of national
telephone company and encouragement to private investment; good
international service (1999)
domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital
microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area
and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition
is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low
at 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999)
international: country code - 94; submarine cables to Indonesia and
Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 26, FM 45, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
3.85 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
21 (1997)

Televisions:
1.53 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.lk

Internet hosts:
1,882 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2000)

Internet users:
200,000 (2002)

Transportation Sri Lanka

Railways: total: 1,449 km broad gauge: 1,449 km 1.676-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 11,650 km paved: 11,068 km unpaved: 582 km (2002)

Waterways:
160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Colombo, Galle

Merchant marine:
total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 120,924 GRT/173,604 DWT
by type: cargo 18, container 2, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 10 (Germany 10)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
14 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 13 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Sri Lanka

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,933,217 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,789,627 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 174,049 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$514.8 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Sri Lanka

Disputes - international: none

Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs: 362,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced due to Tamil conflict); 555,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Sudan

Introduction Sudan

Background:
Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have
dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956.
Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the
remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in
northern economic, political, and social domination of non-Muslim,
non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972, but
broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects
resulted in more than 2 million deaths and over 4 million people
displaced over a period of two decades. Peace talks gained momentum
in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords; a final Naivasha
peace treaty of January 2005 granted the southern rebels autonomy
for six years, after which a referendum for independence is
scheduled to be held. A separate conflict that broke out in the
western region of Darfur in 2003 resulted in tens of thousands of
deaths and over 1 million displaced, but by early 2005, peackeeping
troops had stabilized the situation.

Geography Sudan

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 2,505,810 sq km
land: 2.376 million sq km
water: 129,810 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US

Land boundaries:
total: 7,687 km
border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km,
Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605
km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km

Coastline:
853 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by
region (April to November)

Terrain:
generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in far south,
northeast and west; desert dominates the north

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m

Natural resources:
petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc,
tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 6.83% permanent crops: 0.18% other: 92.99% (2001)

Irrigated land:
19,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Environment - current issues:
inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification;
periodic drought

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its tributaries

People Sudan

Population:
40,187,486 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.2% (male 8,865,331/female 8,488,982)
15-64 years: 54.5% (male 10,952,566/female 10,930,218)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 513,679/female 436,710) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.07 years
male: 17.86 years
female: 18.29 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.6% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
35.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.18 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 62.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.29 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 58.54 years
male: 57.33 years
female: 59.8 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
2.3% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
400,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
23,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sudanese

Ethnic groups:
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian 5%
(mostly in south and Khartoum)

Languages:
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic,
Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
note: program of "Arabization" in process

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 61.1%
male: 71.8%
female: 50.5% (2003 est.)

Government Sudan

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
conventional short form: Sudan
local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
local short form: As-Sudan
former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Government type:
authoritarian regime - ruling military junta took power in 1989;
government is run by an alliance of the military and the National
Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front (NIF),
which espouses an Islamist platform

Capital:
Khartoum

Administrative divisions:
26 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); A'ali an Nil (Upper Nile),
Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrat (Lakes), Al Jazirah (El
Gezira), Al Khartum (Khartoum), Al Qadarif (Gedaref), Al Wahdah
(Unity), An Nil al Abyad (White Nile), An Nil al Azraq (Blue Nile),
Ash Shamaliyah (Northern), Bahr al Jabal (Bahr al Jabal), Gharb al
Istiwa'iyah (Western Equatoria), Gharb Bahr al Ghazal (Western Bahr
al Ghazal), Gharb Darfur (Western Darfur), Gharb Kurdufan (Western
Kordofan), Janub Darfur (Southern Darfur), Janub Kurdufan (Southern
Kordofan), Junqali (Jonglei), Kassala (Kassala), Nahr an Nil (Nile),
Shamal Bahr al Ghazal (Northern Bahr al Ghazal), Shamal Darfur
(Northern Darfur), Shamal Kurdufan (Northern Kordofan), Sharq al
Istiwa'iyah (Eastern Equatoria), Sinnar (Sinnar), Warab (Warab)

Independence:
1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Constitution:
12 April 1973; suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim
constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June
1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially
suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR

Legal system:
based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991,
the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in
the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the
northern states regardless of their religion; some separate
religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Suffrage:
17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4
August 2005), Second Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20
September 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4
August 2005), Second Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20
September 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the
National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front
or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA)
election results: Field Marshall Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates
received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged;
all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack
of guarantees for a free and fair election
note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's Revolutionary
Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and served
concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister,
and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointed
president by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote for
the first time in March 1996

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (360 seats; 270 popularly elected, 90
elected by supra assembly of interest groups known as National
Congress; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be held NA)
election results: NCP 355, others 5

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts

Political parties and leaders:
the government allows political "associations" under a 1998 law
revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must accept
the constitution and refrain from advocating or using violence
against the regime; approved parties include the National Congress
Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National Congress or PNC
[Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor, pro-government parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI]; National
Democratic Alliance [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI, chairman]; Sudan
People's Liberation Movement/Army [Dr. John GARANG]; Umma Party
[Sadiq al-MAHDI]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires, Ad
Interim Khidir Haroun AHMED (since April 2001)
chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Gerard M.
GALLUCCI
embassy: Sharia Abdul Latif Avenue, Khartoum
mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829
telephone: [249] (11) 774611 or 774700
FAX: [249] (11) 774137
note: US Consul in Cairo is providing backup service for Khartoum

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Economy Sudan

Economy - overview:
Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound economic
policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces
formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per
capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF
macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and
in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which,
along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate.
Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded
export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.4% in 2004.
Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector,
employing 80% of the work force, contributing 39% of GDP, and
accounting for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed
and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - including the
long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the
Christian/pagan south, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural
prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below
the poverty line for years.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$76.19 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38.7% industry: 20.3% services: 41% (2003 est.)

Labor force: 11 million (1996 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 7%, government 13% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
18.7% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.057 billion
expenditures: $2.965 billion, including capital expenditures of $304
million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
79.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic,
sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet
potatoes, sesame; sheep, livestock

Industries:
oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap
distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments,
automobile/light truck assembly

Industrial production growth rate:
8.5% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.581 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 52.1% hydro: 47.9% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
345,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
70,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
275,000 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:
1.6 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
99.11 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-763.6 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.395 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock, groundnuts,
gum arabic, sugar

Exports - partners:
China 66.9%, Japan 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2004)

Imports:
$3.496 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment,
medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat

Imports - partners:
China 13%, Saudi Arabia 11.5%, UAE 5.9%, Egypt 5.1%, India 4.8%,
Germany 4.5%, Australia 4.1%, Japan 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.652 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$21 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$172 million (2001)

Currency (code):
Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Currency code:
SDD

Exchange rates:
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.91 (2004), 260.98 (2003),
263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001), 257.12 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Sudan

Telephones - main lines in use:
900,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
650,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional
standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in
1996 and have expanded substantially
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone
communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite
system with 14 earth stations
international: country code - 249; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
7.55 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (1997)

Televisions:
2.38 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.sd

Internet hosts:
NA

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2002)

Internet users:
300,000 (2003)

Transportation Sudan

Railways:
total: 5,995 km
narrow gauge: 4,595 km 1.067-m gauge; 1,400 km .600-m gauge for
cotton plantations (2004)

Highways:
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
4,068 km (1,723 km open year round on White and Blue Nile rivers)
(2004)

Pipelines:
gas 156 km; oil 2,365 km; refined products 810 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Port Sudan

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 20,466 GRT/26,973 DWT
by type: cargo 1, livestock carrier 1
registered in other countries: 2 (2005)

Airports:
75 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 12 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 63 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 33 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Sudan

Military branches:
Sudanese People's Armed Forces (SPAF): Army, Navy, Air Force,
Popular Defense Force

Military service age and obligation:
18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 3 years (August 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 8,291,695 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 5,427,474 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 442,915 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$587 million (2001 est.) (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3% (1999) (2004)

Transnational Issues Sudan

Disputes - international:
the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel militia
fighting since the mid-twentieth century have penetrated all of its
border states who provide shelter for fleeing refugees and cover to
disparate domestic and foreign conflicting elements; since 2003,
Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have driven about
200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; large numbers of
Sudanese refugees have also fled to Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, the
Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
southern Sudan provides shelter to Ugandans seeking periodic
protection from soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Army; Sudan
accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to
demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by
civil and ethnic fighting in Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary
extends into the southern Sudan, creating the "Ilemi Triangle";
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer triangular areas that
extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd
Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is
economically developing the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of the Treaty
Line; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water
and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations from
the Central African Republic along the border

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 108,251 (Eritrea) 5,023 (Chad) 7,983
(Uganda)
IDPs: 4.367 million (internal conflict since 1980s; ongoing
genocide) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Suriname

Introduction Suriname

Background:
Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years
later the civilian government was replaced by a military regime that
soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to rule through a
succession of nominally civilian administrations until 1987, when
international pressure finally forced a democratic election. In
1989, the military overthrew the civilian government, but a
democratically-elected government returned to power in 1991.

Geography Suriname

Location:
Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
French Guiana and Guyana

Geographic coordinates:
4 00 N, 56 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 163,270 sq km
land: 161,470 sq km
water: 1,800 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries: total: 1,707 km border countries: Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km

Coastline: 386 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m
highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m

Natural resources:
timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small
amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore

Land use: arable land: 0.37% permanent crops: 0.06% other: 99.57% (2001)

Irrigated land:
490 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues: deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
smallest independent country on South American continent; mostly
tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for
the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development;
relatively small population, mostly along the coast

People Suriname

Population:
438,144 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29.6% (male 66,537/female 63,182)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 144,285/female 136,942)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 12,092/female 15,106) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 26.13 years
male: 25.72 years
female: 26.58 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.25% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.39 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-8.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 23.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.57 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.96 years
male: 66.75 years
female: 71.27 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.34 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.7% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5,200 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Surinamer(s)
adjective: Surinamese

Ethnic groups:
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their ancestors
emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th
century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Religions:
Hindu 27.4%, Protestant 25.2% (predominantly Moravian), Roman
Catholic 22.8%, Muslim 19.6%, indigenous beliefs 5%

Languages:
Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo
(Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca
among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88%
male: 92.3%
female: 84.1% (2000 est.)

Government Suriname

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Suriname
conventional short form: Suriname
local long form: Republiek Suriname
local short form: Suriname
former: Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana

Government type:
constitutional democracy

Capital:
Paramaribo

Administrative divisions:
10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo,
Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo,
Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica

Independence:
25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 November (1975)

Constitution:
ratified 30 September 1987

Legal system:
based on Dutch legal system incorporating French penal theory

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12 August
2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12 August
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12
August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among
the members of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate
receives a a two-thirds constitutional majority in the National
Assembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger
People's United Assembly (869 representatives from the national,
local, and regional councils), for five-year terms; election last
held 25 May 2005 (next to be held 25 May 2010)

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 25 May 2005 (next to be held May 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - NF 41.2%, NDP 23.1%,
VVV 14.5%, A-Com 7.3%, A1 6.2%, other 5.9%; seats by party - NF 23,
NDP 15, VVV 5, A-Com 5, A1 3

Judicial branch:
Cantonal Courts and a Court of Justice as an appellate court
(justices are nominated for life)

Political parties and leaders:
A-Combinatie (coalition of Brotherhood and Unity in Politics or BEP
[Caprino ALENDY], General Interior Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie
BRUNSWIJK], Progressive Laborers and Farmers Union or PALU [Jim
HOK], Seeka [Paul ABENA]); Alternative-1 or A-1 (a coalition of
Democratic Alternative 1991 or DA-91 [Winston JESSURUN], Democrats
of the 21st Century or D-21 [Soewarto MOESTADJA], Nieuw Suriname or
NS [Radjen Nanan PANDAY], Political Wing of the FAL or PVF [Jiwan
SITAL], Trefpunt 2000 or T-2000 [Arti JESSURUN]); National
Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; New Front for Democracy
and Development or NF (a coalition includes National Party Suriname
or NPS (Ronald VENETIAAN], United Reform Party or VHP [Ram SARDJOE],
Pertjaja Luhur or PL [Salam Paul SOMOHARDJO], Surinamese Labor Party
or SPA [Siegfried GILDS]); Party for Democracy and Development in
Unity or DOE [Marten Schalkwijk]; People's Alliance for Progress or
VVV (a coalition of Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP-2000
[Jules WIJDENBOSCH], Grassroots Party for Renewal and Democracy or
BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN], Party for National Unity and Solidarity of the
Highest Order or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA], Party for Progression,
Justice, and Perserverance or PPRS [Renee KAIMAN], Pendawalima or PL
[Raymond SAPOEN]); Union of Progressive Surinamers or UPS [Sheoradj
PANDAY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE];
Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroon [Head Captain WASE];
Women's Parliament Forum or PVF [Iris GILLIAD]

International organization participation:
ACP, Caricom, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDB,
IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAES, MIGA,
NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Henry Lothar ILLES chancery: Suite 460, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 244-7488 FAX: [1] (202) 244-5878 consulate(s) general: Miami

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Marsha E. BARNES embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo mailing address: Department of State, 3390 Paramaribo Place, Washington, DC, 20521-3390 telephone: [597] 472900 FAX: [597] 420800

Flag description:
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red
(quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a
large, yellow, five-pointed star centered in the red band

Economy Suriname

Economy - overview:
The economy is dominated by the alumina industry, which accounts
for more than 15% of GDP and 70% of export earnings. Suriname's
economic prospects for the medium term will depend on continued
commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the
introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote
competition. The government of Ronald VENETIAAN has begun an
austerity program, raised taxes, and attempted to control spending.
While - in 2002 - President VENETIAAN agreed to a large pay raise
for civil servants, threatening his earlier gains in stabilizing the
economy, he has not repeated this promise in the run-up to the May
2005 elections. The Dutch Government has agreed to restart the aid
flow, which will allow Suriname to access international development
financing, but plans to phase out funds over the next five years.
The short-term economic outlook depends on the government's ability
to control inflation and on the development of projects in the
bauxite and gold mining sectors. Prospects for local onshore oil
production are good, as a drilling program is underway. Offshore oil
drilling was given a boost in 2004 when the State Oil Company
(Staatsolie) signed exploration agreements with Repsol and Mearsk.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.885 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $4,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13% industry: 22% services: 65% (2001 est.)

Labor force:
104,000 (2003)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
17% (2000)

Population below poverty line:
70% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
23% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $440 million, including capital expenditures of $34
million (2003)

Agriculture - products:
paddy rice, bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts;
beef, chickens; forest products; shrimp

Industries:
bauxite and gold mining, alumina production, oil, lumbering, food
processing, fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
6.5% (1994 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.984 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 25.2% hydro: 74.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.845 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
12,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
14,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
1,370 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
1,644 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
99 million bbl (2004)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (2004)

Exports:
$495 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
alumina, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

Exports - partners:
Norway 29.3%, US 15.1%, Canada 12.5%, Belgium 10.2%, France 8.4%,
UAE 6.1%, Iceland 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$604 million f.o.b. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
US 26.2%, Netherlands 19.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.5%, Japan 6.6%,
China 4.6%, Brazil 4.2% (2004)

Debt - external:
$321 million (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program
assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million
(1998)

Currency (code):
Surinam dollar (SRD)

Currency code:
SRG

Exchange rates:
Surinamese dollars per US dollar - 2.7336 (2004), Surinamese
guilders per US dollar - 2.6013 (2003), 2.3468 (2002), 2.1785
(2001), 1.3225 (2000)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; in January
2004, the government introduced the Surinamese dollar as replacement
for the guilder, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Suriname

Telephones - main lines in use:
79,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
168,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: international facilities are good
domestic: microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 597; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 13, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
300,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus seven repeaters) (2000)

Televisions:
63,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.sr

Internet hosts:
18 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
20,000 (2002)

Transportation Suriname

Highways: total: 4,492 km paved: 1,168 km unpaved: 3,324 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,200 km (most navigable by ships with drafts up to 7 m) (2003)

Pipelines:
oil 51 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Paramaribo

Merchant marine:
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,078 GRT/1,214 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
46 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 5 over 3,047 m: 1 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 41 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Military Suriname

Military branches:
National Army (includes small Navy and Air Force elements)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 111,582 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 77,793 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$7.5 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.7% (2003)

Transnational Issues Suriname

Disputes - international:
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere
Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a triangle
of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic
dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS
arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over
the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich
waters

Illicit drugs:
growing transshipment point for South American drugs destined for
Europe and Brazil; transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Svalbard

Introduction Svalbard

Background:
First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the islands
served as an international whaling base during the 17th and 18th
centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five years
later it officially took over the territory.

Geography Svalbard

Location:
Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea,
Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway

Geographic coordinates:
78 00 N, 20 00 E

Map references:
Arctic Region

Area:
total: 62,049 sq km
land: 62,049 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
3,587 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 4 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but
not recognized by Russia

Climate:
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold
winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of
Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Terrain:
wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast
clear of ice about one-half of the year; fjords along west and north
coasts

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish

Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (no trees, and the only bushes are crowberry and
cloudberry) (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit point for
coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts of the
northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of nine main
islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total area

People Svalbard

Population: 2,701 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
-0.02% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Sex ratio:
NA%

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0% (2001)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
0 (2001)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
0 (2001)

Ethnic groups:
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)

Languages:
Norwegian, Russian

Literacy:
NA

Government Svalbard

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Svalbard (sometimes referred to as
Spitzbergen)

Dependency status:
territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department of the
Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in
Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty
was awarded to Norway

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Longyearbyen

Independence:
none (territory of Norway)

National holiday:
NA

Legal system:
NA

Executive branch:
chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991)
head of government: Governor Odd Olsen INGERO (since 8 June 2001)
and Assistant Governor Rune Baard HANSEN (since NA)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant
governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of
Justice

International organization participation:
none

Flag description:
the flag of Norway is used

Economy Svalbard

Economy - overview:
Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The treaty
of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit
mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,
Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only
companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The settlements on
Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned
coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the
island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the
local infrastructure. There is also some hunting of seal, reindeer,
and fox.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$NA

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

Labor force:
NA

Budget:
revenues: $11.5 million
expenditures: $11.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 57.9984% hydro: 42.0016% nuclear: 0% other: 0%

Exports:
$NA

Imports:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Currency (code):
Norwegian krone (NOK)

Currency code:
NOK

Exchange rates:
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802 (2003),
7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000)

Communications Svalbard

Telephones - main lines in use:
NA

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: probably adequate
domestic: local telephone service
international: country code - 47-790; satellite earth station - 1 of
unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.sj

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
13 (Svalbard and Jan Mayen) (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Svalbard

Highways: total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors:
Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Airports:
4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Svalbard

Military - note: demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920

Transnational Issues Svalbard

Disputes - international: despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Swaziland

Introduction Swaziland

Background:
Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed by the
British in the late 19th century; independence was granted in 1968.
Student and labor unrest during the 1990s pressured the monarchy
(one of the oldest on the continent) to grudgingly allow political
reform and greater democracy. Swaziland recently surpassed Botswana
as the country with the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS
infection

Geography Swaziland

Location:
Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
26 30 S, 31 30 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 17,363 sq km
land: 17,203 sq km
water: 160 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries: total: 535 km border countries: Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
varies from tropical to near temperate

Terrain:
mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Great Usutu River 21 m
highest point: Emlembe 1,862 m

Natural resources:
asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold
and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc

Land use: arable land: 10.35% permanent crops: 0.7% other: 88.95% (2001)

Irrigated land:
690 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
drought

Environment - current issues:
limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations being
depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil
degradation; soil erosion

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa

People Swaziland

Population:
1,173,900
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 40.6% (male 240,643/female 235,895)
15-64 years: 55.6% (male 327,661/female 325,400)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 19,273/female 25,028) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.72 years
male: 18.53 years
female: 18.92 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.25% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
27.72 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
25.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 69.27 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 33.22 years
male: 32.49 years
female: 33.98 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.7 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
38.8% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
220,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
17,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Swazi(s)
adjective: Swazi

Ethnic groups:
African 97%, European 3%

Religions:
Zionist (a blend of Christianity and indigenous ancestral worship)
40%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 10%, Anglican, Bahai, Methodist,
Mormon, Jewish and other 30%

Languages:
English (official, government business conducted in English),
siSwati (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 81.6%
male: 82.6%
female: 80.8% (2003 est.)

Government Swaziland

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Swaziland
conventional short form: Swaziland

Government type:
monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth

Capital:
Mbabane; note - Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital

Administrative divisions:
4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni

Independence:
6 September 1968 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 September (1968)

Constitution:
a constitution was due to be adopted in November 2003 but was
delayed and scheduled for early 2005

Legal system:
based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts and
Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age

Executive branch:
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
head of government: Prime Minister Absolom Themba DLAMINI (since 14
November 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by
the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Libandla, an advisory body, consists of the
Senate (30 seats - 10 appointed by the House of Assembly and 20
appointed by the monarch; members serve five-year terms) and the
House of Assembly (65 seats - 10 appointed by the monarch and 55
elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Assembly - last held 18 October 2003 (next to be
held October 2008)
election results: House of Assembly - balloting is done on a
nonparty basis; candidates for election are nominated by the local
council of each constituency and for each constituency the three
candidates with the most votes in the first round of voting are
narrowed to a single winner by a second round

Judicial branch:
High Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are appointed
by the monarch

Political parties and leaders:
political parties are banned by the government - the following are
considered political associations; Imbokodvo National Movement or
INM [leader NA]; Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Obed
DLAMINI, president]; People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO
[Mario MASUKU, president]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA,
NAM, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Madzandza KANYA
chancery: 1712 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-5002
FAX: [1] (202) 234-8254

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Lewis LUCKE embassy: Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane mailing address: P. O. Box 199, Mbabane telephone: [268] 404-6441 through 404-6445 FAX: [268] 404-5959

Flag description:
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue;
the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large
black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated
with feather tassels, all placed horizontally

Economy Swaziland

Economy - overview:
In this small, landlocked economy, subsistence agriculture occupies
more than 80% of the population. The manufacturing sector has
diversified since the mid-1980s. Sugar and wood pulp remain
important foreign exchange earners. Mining has declined in
importance in recent years with only coal and quarry stone mines
remaining active. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short
border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South
Africa from which it receives about nine-tenths of its imports and
to which it sends nearly three-quarters of its exports. Customs
duties from the Southern African Customs Union and worker
remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically
earned income. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere
for foreign investment. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and
sometimes floods persist as problems for the future. More than
one-fourth of the population needed emergency food aid in 2004
because of drought, and more than one-third of the adult population
was infected by HIV/AIDS.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$6.018 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.1% industry: 43.4% services: 40.5% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
383,200 (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
NA

Unemployment rate:
34% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
40% (1995)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 50.2% (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
23.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $494.6 million
expenditures: $552.7 million, including capital expenditures of $147
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
sugarcane, cotton, corn, tobacco, rice, citrus, pineapples,
sorghum, peanuts; cattle, goats, sheep

Industries:
mining (coal, raw asbestos), wood pulp, sugar, soft drink
concentrates, textile and apparel

Industrial production growth rate:
3.7% (FY95/96)

Electricity - production:
402 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 58% hydro: 42% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.173 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
799 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-82.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$900.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, cotton yarn,
refrigerators, citrus and canned fruit

Exports - partners:
South Africa 59.7%, EU 8.8%, US 8.8%, Mozambique 6.2% (2004)

Imports:
$1.14 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
petroleum products, chemicals

Imports - partners:
South Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9%, Singapore 0.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$320.5 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$320 million (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$104 million (2001)

Currency (code):
lilangeni (SZL)

Currency code:
SZL

Exchange rates:
emalangeni per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407
(2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Swaziland

Telephones - main lines in use:
46,200 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
88,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: a somewhat modern but not an advanced system
domestic: system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and
low-capacity, microwave radio relay
international: country code - 268; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 3, FM 2 plus 4 repeaters, shortwave 3 (2004)

Radios:
170,000 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
5 plus 7 relay stations (2004)

Televisions:
23,000 (2000)

Internet country code:
.sz

Internet hosts:
1,401 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2002)

Internet users:
27,000 (2003)

Transportation Swaziland

Railways: total: 301 km narrow gauge: 301 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 3,107 km paved: NA unpaved: NA (2000)

Airports: 18 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Military Swaziland

Military branches:
Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force (USDF): Ground Force (includes Air
Wing), Royal Swaziland Police Force (RSPF) (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; both sexes are
eligible for military service (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 248,676 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 98,530 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$40.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (2004)

Transnational Issues Swaziland

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Sweden

Introduction Sweden

Background:
A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not
participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality
was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic
formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare
elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in
2000-02 by the global economic downturn, but fiscal discipline over
the past several years has allowed the country to weather economic
vagaries. Indecision over the country's role in the political and
economic integration of Europe delayed Sweden's entry into the EU
until 1995, and waived the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Geography Sweden

Location:
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia,
Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway

Geographic coordinates:
62 00 N, 15 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 449,964 sq km
land: 410,934 sq km
water: 39,030 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California

Land boundaries: total: 2,233 km border countries: Finland 614 km, Norway 1,619 km

Coastline:
3,218 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of
straits to high seas)
exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Terrain:
mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near Kristianstad
-2.41 m
highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m

Natural resources:
iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium,
arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 6.54% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 93.45% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of
Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic

Environment - current issues:
acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and
the Baltic Sea

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North
Seas

People Sweden

Population:
9,001,774 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.1% (male 791,215/female 747,621)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 2,990,436/female 2,904,873)
65 years and over: 17.4% (male 677,161/female 890,468) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 40.6 years
male: 39.49 years
female: 41.75 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.17% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.36 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 2.77 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 80.4 years
male: 78.19 years
female: 82.74 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
3,600 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Swede(s)
adjective: Swedish

Ethnic groups:
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami minorities;
foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs,
Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Religions:
Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish,
Buddhist

Languages:
Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1979 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Sweden

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden
conventional short form: Sweden
local long form: Konungariket Sverige
local short form: Sverige

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Stockholm

Administrative divisions:
21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarnas,
Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands, Jonkopings, Kalmar,
Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands, Skane,
Sodermanlands, Stockholms, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens,
Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands

Independence:
6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

National holiday:
Flag Day, 6 June

Constitution:
1 January 1975

Legal system:
civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973);
Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of
the monarch (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March
1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the prime minister is elected by the parliament; election
last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006)
election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131
out of 349 votes

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by
popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held September
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 39.8%,
Moderates 15.2%, Liberal Party 13.3%, Christian Democrats 9.1%, Left
Party 8.3%, Center Party 6.1%, Greens 4.6%; seats by party - Social
Democrats 144, Moderates 55, Liberal Party 48, Christian Democrats
33, Left Party 30, Center Party 22, Greens 17

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the
prime minister and the cabinet)

Political parties and leaders:
Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party [Goran
HAGGLUND]; Green Party [no formal leader but party spokespersons are
Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Party or V (formerly
Communist) [Lars OHLY]; Liberal People's Party [Lars LEIJONBORG];
Moderate Party (conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT]; Social Democratic
Party [Goran PERSSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NC, NEA,
NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP,
UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer),
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jan ELIASSON chancery: 1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1702 telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600 FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador M. Teel BIVINS embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589 Stockholm mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, Department of State, 5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch) telephone: [46] (08) 783 53 00 FAX: [46] (08) 661 19 64

Flag description:
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the flag;
the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Sweden

Economy - overview:
Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole 20th century, Sweden
has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of
high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern
distribution system, excellent internal and external communications,
and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore
constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward
foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of
industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50%
of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and
2% of the jobs. The government's commitment to fiscal discipline
resulted in a substantial budgetary surplus in 2001, which was cut
by more than half in 2002, due to the global economic slowdown,
declining revenue, and increased spending. The Swedish central bank
(the Riksbank) focuses on price stability with its inflation target
of 2%. Growth remained sluggish in 2003, but picked up in 2004.
Presumably because of generous sicktime benefits, Swedish workers
report in sick more often than other Europeans. On 14 September
2003, Swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system,
concerned about the impact on democracy and sovereignty.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$255.4 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $28,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2% industry: 29% services: 69% (2001)

Labor force:
4.46 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
5.6% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
25 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
15.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $201.3 billion
expenditures: $199.6 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
51.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
barley, wheat, sugar beets; meat, milk

Industries:
iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods,
motor vehicles

Industrial production growth rate:
5.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
142.8 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 4% hydro: 50.8% nuclear: 43% other: 2.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
138.1 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
14.8 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
20.1 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
328,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
203,700 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
553,100 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
949 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
968 million cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$24.08 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$121.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron
and steel products, chemicals

Exports - partners:
US 10.7%, Germany 10.2%, Norway 8.6%, UK 7.8%, Denmark 6.7%,
Finland 5.7%, France 4.8%, Netherlands 4.8%, Belgium 4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$97.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:
Germany 18.7%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 7.6%, UK 7.5%, Netherlands
6.8%, Finland 6.4%, France 5.5%, Belgium 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$19.99 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$66.5 billion (1994)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)

Currency (code):
Swedish krona (SEK)

Currency code:
SEK

Exchange rates:
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003), 9.7371
(2002), 10.3291 (2001), 9.1622 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Sweden

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,579,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7.949 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
facilities; automatic system
domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice
traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some
additional telephone channels
international: country code - 46; 5 submarine coaxial cables;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat,
and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden
shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries
(Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
8.25 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
4.6 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.se

Internet hosts:
945,221 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
29 (2000)

Internet users:
5.125 million (2002)

Transportation Sweden

Railways: total: 11,481 km standard gauge: 11,481 km 1.435-m gauge (9,400 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 213,237 km
paved: 167,604 km (including 1,542 km of expressways)
unpaved: 45,633 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 798 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Oxelosund,
Stenungsund, Stockholm, Trelleborg

Merchant marine:
total: 205 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,702,763 GRT/1,884,570 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 33, chemical tanker 51, passenger 4,
passenger/cargo 37, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 37,
specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 22
foreign-owned: 42 (Belgium 2, Denmark 4, Finland 11, Germany 6,
Italy 7, Japan 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 9)
registered in other countries: 155 (2005)

Airports:
254 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 154 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 1,524 to 2,437 m: 82 914 to 1,523 m: 22 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 100 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 90 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Sweden

Military branches:
Army, Royal Swedish Navy (RSwN), Air Force (Flygvapnet)

Military service age and obligation: 19 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 7-17 months depending on conscript role; after completing initial service soldiers have a reserve commitment until the age of 47 (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 1,838,427 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 1,493,668 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 58,724 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$5.729 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.7% (2004)

Transnational Issues Sweden

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Switzerland

Introduction Switzerland

Background:
The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a defensive alliance
among three cantons. In succeeding years, other localities joined
the original three. The Swiss Confederation secured its independence
from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499. Switzerland's sovreignty and
neutrality have long been honored by the major European powers, and
the country was not involved in either of the two World Wars. The
political and economic integration of Europe over the past half
century, as well as Switzerland's role in many UN and international
organizations, has strengthened Switzerland's ties with its
neighbors. However, the country did not officially become a UN
member until 2002. Switzerland remains active in many UN and
international organizations, but retains a strong commitment to
neutrality.

Geography Switzerland

Location:
Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy

Geographic coordinates:
47 00 N, 8 00 E

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 41,290 sq km
land: 39,770 sq km
water: 1,520 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

Land boundaries:
total: 1,852 km
border countries: Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km,
Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy
winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

Terrain:
mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central
plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m
highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m

Natural resources:
hydropower potential, timber, salt

Land use: arable land: 10.42% permanent crops: 0.61% other: 88.97% (2001)

Irrigated land:
250 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
avalanches, landslides, flash floods

Environment - current issues:
air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air burning; acid
rain; water pollution from increased use of agricultural
fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe; along with
southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern Austria, has
the highest elevations in the Alps

People Switzerland

Population:
7,489,370 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.6% (male 643,497/female 597,565)
15-64 years: 68% (male 2,570,544/female 2,522,365)
65 years and over: 15.4% (male 472,769/female 682,630) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 39.77 years
male: 38.75 years
female: 40.81 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.49% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
9.77 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 80.39 years
male: 77.58 years
female: 83.36 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.42 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
13,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Swiss (singular and plural)
adjective: Swiss

Ethnic groups:
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Orthodox 1.8%, other
Christian 0.4%, Muslim 4.3%, other 1%, unspecified 4.3%, none 11.1%
(2000 census)

Languages:
German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian
(official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese
1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000
census)
note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national
languages, but only the first three are official languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1980 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government Switzerland

Country name:
conventional long form: Swiss Confederation
conventional short form: Switzerland
local long form: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German),
Confederation Suisse (French), Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
local short form: Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Svizzera
(Italian)

Government type:
formally a confederation, but similar in structure to a federal
republic

Capital:
Bern

Administrative divisions:
26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French; cantoni, singular
- cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton in German); Aargau,
Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden, Appenzell Inner-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft,
Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus, Graubunden, Jura,
Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen,
Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich

Independence:
1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)

National holiday:
Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)

Constitution:
revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament
18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially
entered into force 1 January 2000

Legal system:
civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of
legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general
obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Samuel SCHMID (since 1 January 2005);
Vice President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January 2005); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Samuel SCHMID (since 1 January 2005);
Vice President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January 2005); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal
(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal
Assembly usually from among its own members for a four-year term
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year
terms that run concurrently; election last held 8 December 2004
(next to be held December 2005)
election results: Samuel SCHMID elected president; percent of
Federal Assembly vote - 70.7%; Moritz LEUENBERGER elected vice
president; percent of legislative vote - 64.8%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung (in German),
Assemblee Federale (in French), Assemblea Federale (in Italian)
consists of the Council of States or Standerat (in German), Conseil
des Etats (in French), Consiglio degli Stati (in Italian) (46 seats
- members serve four-year terms) and the National Council or
Nationalrat (in German), Conseil National (in French), Consiglio
Nazionale (in Italian) (200 seats - members are elected by popular
vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year
terms)
elections: Council of States - last held in most cantons 19 October
2003 (each canton determines when the next election will be held);
National Council - last held 19 October 2003 (next to be held
October 2007)
election results: Council of States - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - CVP 15, FDP 14, SVP 8, SPS 6, other 3;
National Council - percent of vote by party - SVP 26.6%, SPS 23.3%,
FDP 17.3%, CVP 14.4%, Greens 7.4%, other small parties all under 5%;
seats by party - SVP 55, SPS 54, FDP 36, CVP 28, Green Party 13,
other small parties 14

Judicial branch:
Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms by the
Federal Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Green Party (Grune Partei der Schweiz or Grune, Parti Ecologiste
Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I Verdi, Partida
Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Ruth GENNER]; Christian Democratic
People's Party (Christichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz or
CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or PDC, Partito
Democratico-Cristiano Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida
Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Doris LEUTHARD,
president]; Radical Free Democratic Party (Freisinnig-Demokratische
Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD,
Partitio Liberal-Radicale Svizzero or PLR) [Marianne
KLEINER-SCHLAEPFER, president]; Social Democratic Party
(Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialist
Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida
Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Hans-Juerg FEHR, president];
Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union
Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or UDC,
Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president]; and
other minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA,
ESA, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Christian BLICKENSTORFER
chancery: 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 745-7900
FAX: [1] (202) 387-2564
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, and San Francisco
consulate(s): Boston

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela P. WILLEFORD embassy: Jubilaumsstrasse 93, CH-3005 Bern mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [41] (031) 357 70 11 FAX: [41] (031) 357 73 44

Flag description:
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that
does not extend to the edges of the flag

Economy Switzerland

Economy - overview:
Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern market
economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a
per capita GDP larger than that of the big Western European
economies. The Swiss in recent years have brought their economic
practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their
international competitiveness. Switzerland remains a safe haven for
investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy and
has kept up the franc's long-term external value. Reflecting the
anemic economic conditions of Europe, GDP growth dropped in 2001 to
about 0.8%, to 0.2% in 2002, and to -0.3% in 2003, with a small rise
to 1.8% in 2004. Even so, unemployment has remained at less than
half the EU average.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$251.9 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $33,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.5% industry: 34% services: 64.5% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
3.77 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 4.6%, industry 26.3%, services 69.1% (1998)

Unemployment rate:
3.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 25.2% (1992)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
33.1 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
20.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $131.5 billion
expenditures: $140.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
57.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grains, fruits, vegetables; meat, eggs

Industries:
machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments

Industrial production growth rate:
4.7% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
63.47 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.3% hydro: 59.5% nuclear: 37.1% other: 2% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
54.53 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
32.3 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
27.8 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
290,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
10,420 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
289,500 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
3.093 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
3.093 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$40.95 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$130.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural products

Exports - partners:
Germany 20.2%, US 10.5%, France 8.7%, Italy 8.3%, UK 5.1%, Spain 4%
(2004)

Imports:
$121.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products,
textiles

Imports - partners:
Germany 32.8%, Italy 11.3%, France 9.9%, US 5.2%, Netherlands 5%,
Austria 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$69.58 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$NA (2000)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)

Currency (code):
Swiss franc (CHF)

Currency code:
CHF

Exchange rates:
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586
(2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Switzerland

Telephones - main lines in use:
5.419 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6.172 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international services
domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks
international: country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 113 (plus many low power stations), shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
7.1 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
115 (plus 1,919 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
3.31 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ch

Internet hosts:
667,275 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
44 (Switzerland and Liechtenstein) (2000)

Internet users:
2.556 million (2002)

Transportation Switzerland

Railways:
total: 4,527 km
standard gauge: 3,232 km 1.435-m gauge (3,211 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,285 km 1.000-m gauge (1,273 km electrified); 10 km
0.800-m gauge (10 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 71,212 km
paved: 71,212 km (including 1,706 of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Waterways:
65 km
note: Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and
Schaffhausen-Bodensee, some canals, and 12 navigable lakes (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Basel

Merchant marine:
total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 604,843 GRT/1,050,914 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 12, cargo 6, chemical tanker 2, container 3
foreign-owned: 6 (United Kingdom 6)
registered in other countries: 291 (2005)

Airports:
65 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 42 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 16 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 23 under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Switzerland

Military branches:
Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe)

Military service age and obligation: the Swiss Confederation states that "every Swiss male is obligated to do military service"; every Swiss male has to serve for at least 260 days in the armed forces; 19 years of age for compulsory military service; 17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscripts receive 15 weeks of compulsory training, followed by 10 intermittent recalls for training over the next 22 years; women are accepted on a voluntary basis, but are not drafted (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 1,707,694 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 1,375,889 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 46,319 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$2.548 billion (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Switzerland

Disputes - international:
none

Illicit drugs:
a major international financial center vulnerable to the layering
and integration stages of money laundering; despite significant
legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules persist and
nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through offshore
entities and various intermediaries; transit country for and
consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Syria

Introduction Syria

Background:
Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I,
Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946. In
the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel.
Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible
peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April of 2005. Over the past
decade, Syria and Israel have held occasional peace talks over the
return of the Golan Heights.

Geography Syria

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and
Turkey

Geographic coordinates:
35 00 N, 38 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 185,180 sq km
land: 184,050 sq km
water: 1,130 sq km
note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than North Dakota

Land boundaries:
total: 2,253 km
border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon
375 km, Turkey 822 km

Coastline:
193 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 41 nm

Climate:
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild,
rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with
snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Terrain:
primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain;
mountains in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m
highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron
ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 25.22% permanent crops: 4.43% other: 70.35% (2001)

Irrigated land:
12,130 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
dust storms, sandstorms

Environment - current issues:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water
pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate
potable water

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (February 2002 est.)

People Syria

Population:
18,448,752
note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied
Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and
about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 37.4% (male 3,556,795/female 3,350,267)
15-64 years: 59.3% (male 5,601,971/female 5,333,799)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 288,868/female 317,052) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.37 years
male: 20.24 years
female: 20.51 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.34% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
28.29 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 29.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 29.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.03 years
male: 68.75 years
female: 71.38 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Syrian(s)
adjective: Syrian

Ethnic groups:
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%,
Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus,
Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Languages:
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely
understood; French, English somewhat understood

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.9%
male: 89.7%
female: 64% (2003 est.)

Government Syria

Country name:
conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic
conventional short form: Syria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
local short form: Suriyah
former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

Government type:
republic under military regime since March 1963

Capital:
Damascus

Administrative divisions:
14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al
Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az
Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus

Independence:
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French
administration)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 17 April (1946)

Constitution:
13 March 1973

Legal system:
based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious
courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice
Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and
Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10
September 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of
President Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held
2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister
and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote
- Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th
Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name
to the People's Council on 25 June 2000

Legislative branch:
unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2-3 March 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NPF 67%, independents
33%; seats by party - NPF 167, independents 83; note - the
constitution guarantees that the Ba'th Party (part of the NPF
alliance) receives one-half of the seats

Judicial branch:
Supreme Constitutional Court (justices are appointed for four-year
terms by the president); High Judicial Council; Court of Cassation;
State Security Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Arab Socialist Unionist Movement [Ahmed al-AHMED]; National
Progressive Front or NPF (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance
(Ba'th) Party; the governing party) [President Bashar al-ASAD,
secretary general]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallal
Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan QUDSI];
Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yuusuf
Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social National Party [Jubran URAYJI];
Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
conservative religious leaders; Kurdish Democratic Alliance [leader
NA]; Kurdish Democratic Front [leader NA]; Muslim Brotherhood
(operates in exile in London) [Ali Badr Eddine al-BAYANOUNI];
National Democratic Front [Hassan Abd al-AZIM]

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Imad MUSTAFA
chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313
FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret SCOBEY embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansur Street, No. 2, Damascus mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus telephone: [963] (11) 333-1342 FAX: [963] (11) 331-9678

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, colors
associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small green
five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars
represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to
the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has
three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line
centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold
Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the current design
dates to 1980

Economy Syria

Economy - overview:
Real GDP growth rose to 2.3 percent in 2004, a slight increase from
2003 when the predominantly statist economy suffered from
disruptions caused by the war in Iraq and other developments in the
region. Annual real GDP growth has averaged 2.3 percent for the last
seven years. The Government of Syria has implemented modest economic
reforms in the last few years, including cutting interest rates,
opening private banks, consolidating some of the multiple exchange
rates, and raising prices on some subsidized foodstuffs.
Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the
government. Long run economic constraints include declining oil
production and exports and pressure on water supplies caused by
rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and increased water
pollution.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$60.44 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2.3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 25% industry: 31% services: 44% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
5.12 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 30%, industry 27%, services 43% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
20% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
20% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $6.58 billion
expenditures: $9.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.67
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
32% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets;
beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk

Industries:
petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate
rock mining

Industrial production growth rate:
7% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
26.15 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 57.6% hydro: 42.4% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
24.32 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
525,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
240,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
285,000 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
2.5 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
5.84 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
5.84 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
240.7 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$1.1 billion (2003)

Exports:
$6.086 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber,
clothing, meat and live animals, wheat

Exports - partners:
Italy 22.7%, France 18%, Turkey 12.9%, Iraq 9%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%
(2004)

Imports:
$5.042 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food
and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical
products, plastics, yarn, paper

Imports - partners:
Turkey 9.4%, Ukraine 8.7%, China 7.8%, Russia 5.4%, Saudi Arabia
5.2%, US 4.7%, South Korea 4.6%, Italy 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$5 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4 billion (excludes military debt and debt to Russia) (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$180 million (2002 est.)

Currency (code):
Syrian pound (SYP)

Currency code:
SYP

Exchange rates:
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (official rate): 11.225 (2004),
11.225 (2003), 11.225 (2002), 11.225 (2001), 11.225 (2000),
(parallel market rate in Amman and Beirut) NA (2004), 52.8 (2003),
52.4 (2002), 50.4 (2002), 49.4 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Syria

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,099,300 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
400,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant
improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology
domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 963; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region);
1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq,
Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
4.15 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
1.05 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.sy

Internet hosts:
11 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
220,000 (2002)

Transportation Syria

Railways:
total: 2,711 km
standard gauge: 2,460 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 45,697 km
paved: 6,489 km (including 1,001 km of expressways)
unpaved: 39,208 km (2002)

Waterways:
900 km (not economically significant) (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 2,300 km; oil 2,183 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Baniyas, Latakia

Merchant marine:
total: 120 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 446,981 GRT/636,620 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 105, container 1, livestock carrier
4, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 12 (Egypt 1, Greece 1, Jordan 2, Lebanon 7, Romania 1)
registered in other countries: 73 (2005)

Airports:
92 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 26 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 66 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 54 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 7 (2004 est.)

Military Syria

Military branches:
Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force (includes
Air Defense Command), Police and Security Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 30 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,356,413 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,453,888 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 225,113 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data that may understate actual spending

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 5.9% (FY00)

Transnational Issues Syria

Disputes - international:
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN
Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since
1964; Lebanon claims Shaba'a farms in Golan Heights; international
pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops and intelligence
personel stationed in Lebanon since October 1976; Syria protests
Turkish hydrological projects regulating upper Euphrates waters;
2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with
Jordan

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 413,827 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
IDPs: 170,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967
Arab-Israeli War) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and
Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls, bank
privatization may leave it vulnerable to money-laundering

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Taiwan

Introduction Taiwan

Background:
In 1895, military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan.
Taiwan reverted to Chinese control after World War II. Following the
Communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists
fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1946
constitution drawn up for all of China. Over the next five decades,
the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the
native population within the governing structure. In 2000, Taiwan
underwent its first peaceful transfer of power from the Nationalist
to the Democratic Progressive Party. Throughout this period, the
island prospered and became one of East Asia's economic "Tigers."
The dominant political issues continue to be the relationship
between Taiwan and China - specifically the question of eventual
unification - as well as domestic political and economic reform.

Geography Taiwan

Location:
Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea,
South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off
the southeastern coast of China

Geographic coordinates:
23 30 N, 121 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 35,980 sq km
land: 32,260 sq km
water: 3,720 sq km
note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
1,566.3 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to
August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Terrain:
eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling
plains in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Yu Shan 3,952 m

Natural resources:
small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

Land use:
arable land: 24%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 75% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
earthquakes and typhoons

Environment - current issues:
air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw
sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in
endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Environment - international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's
international status
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of
Taiwan's international status

Geography - note:
strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon
Strait

People Taiwan

Population:
22,894,384 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 19.7% (male 2,349,077/female 2,156,755)
15-64 years: 70.7% (male 8,205,933/female 7,980,056)
65 years and over: 9.6% (male 1,107,708/female 1,094,855) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 34.14 years
male: 33.71 years
female: 34.57 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.63% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.64 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.09 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.26 years
male: 74.49 years
female: 80.28 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.57 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Taiwan (singular and plural)
note: example: he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan
adjective: Taiwan

Ethnic groups:
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%

Religions:
mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%,
other 2.5%

Languages:
Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.1% (2003)

Government Taiwan

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Taiwan local long form: none local short form: T'ai-wan former: Formosa

Government type:
multiparty democratic regime headed by popularly-elected president
and unicameral legislature

Capital:
Taipei

Administrative divisions:
includes central island of Taiwan plus numerous smaller islands
near central island and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan
is divided into 18 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5
municipalities (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special
municipalities (chuan-shih, singular and plural)
: counties: Chang-hua, Chia-i, Hsin-chu, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung
county, Kin-men, Lien-chiang, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu,
P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-nan, T'ai-pei county, T'ai-tung,
T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin
: municipalities: Chia-i, Chi-lung, Hsin-chu, T'ai-chung, T'ai-nan
: special municipalities: Kao-hsiung city, T'ai-pei city
note: Taiwan generally uses Wade-Giles system for romanization;
special municipality of Taipei adopted standard pinyin romanization
for street and place names within city boundaries, other local
authorities have selected a variety of romanization systems

National holiday:
Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October
(1911)

Constitution:
25 December 1946; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2000

Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bian (since 20 May 2000) and
Vice President Annette LU (LU Hsiu-lien) (since 20 May 2000)
head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) Frank
HSIEH (since 1 February 2005) and Vice Premier (Vice President of
the Executive Yuan) - WU Rong-i) (since 18 February 2005)
cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 20 March
2004 (next to be held in March 2008); premier appointed by the
president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the premier
election results: CHEN Shui-bian re-elected president; percent of
vote - CHEN Shui-bian (DPP) 50.1%, LIEN Chan (KMT) 49.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Yuan (225 seats - 168 elected by popular
vote, 41 elected on basis of proportion of islandwide votes received
by participating political parties, 8 elected from overseas Chinese
constituencies on basis of proportion of island-wide votes received
by participating political parties, 8 elected by popular vote among
aboriginal populations; members serve three-year terms) and
unicameral National Assembly (300 seat nonstanding body; delegates
nominated by parties and elected by proportional representation six
to nine months after Legislative Yuan calls to amend Constitution,
impeach president, or change national borders)
note: as a result of constitutional amendments approved by the
National Assembly on 7 June 2005, the number of seats in the
legislature will be reduced from 225 to 113 beginning with the
election in 2007; the amendments also eliminate the National
Assembly, thus giving Taiwan a unicameral legislature
elections: Legislative Yuan - last held 11 December 2004 (next to be
held in December 2007); National Assembly - last held 14 May 2005
election results: Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - DPP
38%, KMT 35%, PFP 15%, TSU 8%, other parties and independents 4%;
seats by party - DPP 89, KMT 79, PFP 34, TSU 12, other parties 7,
independents 4; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - DPP
42.5%, KMT 38.9%, TSU 7%, PFP 6%, others 6.6%; seats by party - DPP
127, KMT 117, TSU 21, PFP 18, others 17 (2005)

Judicial branch:
Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with consent of
the Legislative Yuan)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [SU Tseng-chang, chairman];
Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [MA Ying-jeou, chairman];
People First Party or PFP [James SOONG (SOONG Chu-yu), chairman];
Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [SU Chin-chiang, chairman]; other
minor parties including the Chinese New Party or CNP

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Taiwan independence movement, various business and environmental
groups
note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the
mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization
and the increased representation of opposition parties in Taiwan's
legislature have opened public debate on the island's national
identity; a broad popular consensus has developed that Taiwan
currently enjoys de facto independence and - whatever the ultimate
outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Taiwan's
people must have the deciding voice; advocates of Taiwan
independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify
with mainland China; goals of the Taiwan independence movement
include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the
UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the
World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for
Taiwan Nation Building

International organization participation:
APEC, AsDB, BCIE, ICC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) in the US with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 12 other US cities

Diplomatic representation from the US: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people on Taiwan are maintained through an unofficial instrumentality - the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) - which has offices in the US and Taiwan; US office at 1700 N. Moore St., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-1996, telephone: [1] (703) 525-8474, FAX: [1] (703) 841-1385); Taiwan offices at #7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: [886] (2) 2162-2000, FAX: [886] (2) 2162-2251; #2 Chung Cheng 3rd Road, 5th Floor, Kao-hsiung, Taiwan, telephone: [886] (7) 238-7744, FAX: [886] (7) 238-5237; and the American Trade Center, Room 3208 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan 10548, telephone: [886] (2) 2720-1550, FAX: [886] (2) 2757-7162

Flag description:
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

Economy Taiwan

Economy - overview:
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing
guidance of investment and foreign trade by government authorities.
In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and
industrial firms are being privatized. Exports have provided the
primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is
substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's third largest.
Agriculture contributes less than 2% to GDP, down from 32% in 1952.
Taiwan is a major investor throughout Southeast Asia. China has
overtaken the US to become Taiwan's largest export market. Because
of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial
strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its
neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998. The global
economic downturn, combined with problems in policy coordination by
the administration and bad debts in the banking system, pushed
Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first year of negative growth
ever recorded. Unemployment also reached record levels. Output
recovered moderately in 2002 in the face of continued global
slowdown, fragile consumer confidence, and bad bank loans; and the
essentially vibrant economy pushed ahead in 2003-04. Growing
economic ties with China are a dominant long-term factor, e.g.,
exports to China of parts and equipment for the assembly of goods
for export to developed countries.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$576.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $25,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1.7% industry: 30.9% services: 67.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
10.22 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 8%, industry 35%, services 57% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
4.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
1% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 6.7% highest 10%: 41.1% (2002 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.7% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $67.41 billion
expenditures: $76.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.4
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
32.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, corn, vegetables, fruit, tea; pigs, poultry, beef, milk; fish

Industries:
electronics, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles,
iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles,
consumer products, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:
12.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
158.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 71.4% hydro: 6% nuclear: 22.6% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
147.4 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
988,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
2.9 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
750 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
6.64 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
410 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
6.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
38.23 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$21.16 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$170.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
computer products and electrical equipment, metals, textiles,
plastics and rubber products, chemicals (2002)

Exports - partners:
China, including Hong Kong 37%, US 16%, Japan 7.7% (2004)

Imports:
$165.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment 44.5%, minerals, precision
instruments (2002)

Imports - partners:
Japan 26%, US 13%, China, including Hong Kong 11%, South Korea 6.9%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$246.5 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$55.5 billion (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Currency code:
TWD

Exchange rates:
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.422 (2004), 34.418 (2003),
34.575 (2002), 33.8 (2001), 33.09 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June (up to FY98/99); 1 July 1999 - 31 December 2000
for FY00; calendar year (after FY00)

Communications Taiwan

Telephones - main lines in use:
13.355 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
25,089,600 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: provides telecommunications service for every
business and private need
domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized
international: country code - 886; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables to
Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 218, FM 333, shortwave 50 (1999)

Radios:
16 million (1994)

Television broadcast stations:
29 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
8.8 million (1998)

Internet country code:
.tw

Internet hosts:
2,777,085 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
8 (2000)

Internet users:
13.8 million (2005)

Transportation Taiwan

Railways:
total: 2,497 km
narrow gauge: 1,097 km 1.067-m gauge (685 km electrified)
note: 1,400 km .762-m gauge (belonging to the Taiwan Sugar
Corporation and to the Taiwan Forestry Bureau used to haul products
and limited numbers of passengers (2004)

Highways:
total: 37,299 km
paved: 35,621 km (including 608 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,678 km (2002)

Pipelines:
condensate 25 km; gas 435 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Kao-hsiung, Su-ao, T'ai-chung

Merchant marine:
total: 126 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,417,768 GRT/5,617,318 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 36, cargo 23, chemical tanker 2, container 37,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 15, refrigerated cargo 9, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 3 (Hong Kong 3)
registered in other countries: 432 (2005)

Airports:
40 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 37 over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
3 (2004 est.)

Military Taiwan

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force, Coast Guard
Administration, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service
Forces Command, Armed Forces Police Command

Military service age and obligation:
19-40 years of age for military service (being lowered to 35 years
of age in July 2005); service obligation 22 months (being shortened
to 18 months in July 2005 and 12 months in 2008) (2005)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 19-49: 5,883,828 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 19-49: 4,749,537 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 174,173 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$7.574 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.6% (2004)

Transnational Issues Taiwan

Disputes - international:
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia, Philippines,
Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands are
occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003, China
and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the
uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's
unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea
where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting

Illicit drugs:
regional transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; major
problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin;
renewal of domestic methamphetamine production is a problem

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tajikistan

Introduction Tajikistan

Background:
The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and 1870s,
but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution
of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely contested and
not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan became independent in
1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union and has now completed
its transition from the civil war that plagued the country from 1992
to 1997. There have been no major security incidents in recent
years, although the country remains the poorest in the region.
Attention by the international community in the wake of the war in
Afghanistan has brought increased economic development assistance,
which could create jobs and increase stability in the long term.
Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade
Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace.

Geography Tajikistan

Location:
Central Asia, west of China

Geographic coordinates:
39 00 N, 71 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 143,100 sq km
land: 142,700 sq km
water: 400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Land boundaries:
total: 3,651 km
border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870
km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to
polar in Pamir Mountains

Terrain:
Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western Fergana Valley
in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m

Natural resources:
hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead,
zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold

Land use: arable land: 6.61% permanent crops: 0.92% other: 92.47% (2001)

Irrigated land:
7,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
earthquakes and floods

Environment - current issues: inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the Trans-Alay Range in
the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; highest point, Qullai
Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain
in the former USSR

People Tajikistan

Population:
7,163,506 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 38.5% (male 1,390,220/female 1,368,268)
15-64 years: 56.7% (male 2,022,764/female 2,040,524)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 150,372/female 191,358) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.73 years
male: 19.45 years
female: 20.02 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.15% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
32.58 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-2.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 110.76 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 122.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 98.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.56 years
male: 61.68 years
female: 67.59 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Tajikistani(s)
adjective: Tajikistani

Ethnic groups:
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6%
(2000 census)

Religions:
Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)

Languages:
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.6%
female: 99.1% (2003 est.)

Government Tajikistan

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form: Tajikistan
local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston
local short form: Tojikiston
former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Dushanbe

Administrative divisions: 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* [Gorno-Badakhshan] (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses

Independence:
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)

Constitution:
6 November 1994

Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994;
head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime
minister appointed by the president; Tajikistan held a
constitutional referendum on 22 June 2003 that, among other things,
set a limit of two seven-year terms for the president
election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of
vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly
of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon (63
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
and the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33
seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local
deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 February and 13 March 2000 for the Assembly
of Representatives (next to be held NA 2010) and 23 March 2000 for
the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - PDPT 74%, CPT 13%, Islamic Revival Party 8%, other 5%; seats
by party - PDPT 49, CPT 4, Islamic Revival Party 2, independents 5,
vacant 3; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party - NA

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV]; Islamic Revival
Party [Said Abdullo NURI]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan
or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT
[Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NAZRIYEV];
Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
there are three unregistered political parties: Agrarian Party or
APT [Hikmatullo NASRIDDINOV]; Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV];
Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]

International organization participation:
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Hamrohon ZARIPOV
chancery: 1725 K Street NW, Suite 409, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090
FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Richard E. HOAGLAND embassy: 10 Pavlova Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734003; note - the embassy in Dushanbe is not yet fully operational; most business is still handled in Almaty at: 531 Sayfullin Street, Almaty, Kazakhstan, telephone 7-3272-58-79-61, FAX 7-3272-58-79-68 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [992] (372) 21-03-48, 21-03-52, 24-15-60 FAX: [992] (372) 21-03-62, 51-00-28

Flag description:
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and
green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold, five-pointed stars is
located in the center of the white stripe

Economy Tajikistan

Economy - overview:
Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among the 15
former Soviet republics. Only 5% to 6% of the land area is arable.
Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but
limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten.
Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower
facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry
and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the
already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in
industrial and agricultural production. Even though 60% of its
people continue to live in abject poverty, Tajikistan has
experienced steady economic growth since 1997. Continued
privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises will
further increase productivity. Tajikistan's economic situation,
however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural
reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external
debt burden. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia
in December 2002, including an interest rate of 4%, a 3-year grace
period, and a US $49.8 million credit to the Central Bank of
Tajikistan.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$7.95 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
10.5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 23.7% industry: 24.3% services: 52% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
3.187 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 67.2%, industry 7.5%, services 25.3% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
40% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
60% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 25.2% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
34.7 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $311.2 million
expenditures: $321.5 million, including capital expenditures of $86
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement, vegetable
oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and freezers

Industrial production growth rate:
8.2% (2002 est.)

Electricity - production:
15.08 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 1.9% hydro: 98.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
3.974 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
4.359 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
250 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:
$-52 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.13 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil, textiles

Exports - partners:
Netherlands 41.4%, Turkey 15.3%, Uzbekistan 7.2%, Latvia 7.1%,
Switzerland 6.9%, Russia 6.6% (2004)

Imports:
$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and
equipment, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Russia 20.2%, Uzbekistan 14.2%, Kazakhstan 12.8%, Azerbaijan 7.2%,
US 6.7%, China 4.8%, Ukraine 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$145.3 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$888 million (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$60.7 million from US (2001)

Currency (code):
somoni

Currency code:
TJS

Exchange rates:
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614 (2003),
2.7641 (2002), 2.3722 (2001), 2.0763 (2000)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Tajikistan

Telephones - main lines in use:
242,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
47,600 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poorly developed and not well maintained; many
towns are not linked to the national network
domestic: cable and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave
radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the
Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to
international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth
stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002)

Radios:
1.291 million (1991)

Television broadcast stations:
13 (2001)

Televisions:
820,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tj

Internet hosts:
69 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
4 (2002)

Internet users:
4,100 (2003)

Transportation Tajikistan

Railways: total: 482 km broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 27,767 km paved: NA unpaved: NA (2000)

Waterways:
200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 541 km; oil 38 km (2004)

Airports:
55 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Military Tajikistan

Military branches:
Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,556,415 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,244,941 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 87,846 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$35.4 million (FY01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.9% (FY01)

Transnational Issues Tajikistan

Disputes - international:
boundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir
Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing claims to
28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands but neither state has published
maps of ceded areas and demarcation has not yet commenced; talks
continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields;
disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan

Illicit drugs:
major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and,
to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; Tajikistan
seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured in Central Asia and
stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates (heroin and raw opium)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tanzania

Introduction Tanzania

Background:
Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form
the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in
1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since
the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular opposition
have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which the ruling
party won despite international observers' claims of voting
irregularities.

Geography Tanzania

Location:
Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and
Mozambique

Geographic coordinates:
6 00 S, 35 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 945,087 sq km
land: 886,037 sq km
water: 59,050 sq km
note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:
total: 3,861 km
border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217
km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Coastline:
1,424 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Terrain:
plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m

Natural resources:
hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones,
gold, natural gas, nickel

Land use: arable land: 4.52% permanent crops: 1.08% other: 94.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,550 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; drought

Environment - current issues:
soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of
coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected
marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and
trade, especially for ivory

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa; bordered by three of the
largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's
second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the
world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the southwest

People Tanzania

Population:
36,766,356
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 44% (male 8,100,216/female 8,074,171)
15-64 years: 53.4% (male 9,665,957/female 9,963,772)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 418,080/female 544,160) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.62 years
male: 17.36 years
female: 17.89 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.83% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
38.16 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
16.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-3.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 98.54 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 107.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 88.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 45.24 years
male: 44.56 years
female: 45.94 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.06 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
8.8% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.6 million (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
160,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, Rift Valley fever and plague are high
risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Tanzanian(s)
adjective: Tanzanian

Ethnic groups:
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of
more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and
Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and native African

Religions:
mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%;
Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim

Languages:
Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in
Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in
Zanzibar), many local languages
note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people
living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili
is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety
of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the
lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of
most people is one of the local languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili),
English, or Arabic
total population: 78.2%
male: 85.9%
female: 70.7% (2003 est.)

Government Tanzania

Country name:
conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form: Tanzania
former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Dar es Salaam; note - legislative offices have been transferred to
Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital; the National
Assembly now meets there on regular basis

Administrative divisions:
26 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera, Kigoma,
Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza,
Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida,
Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar
Urban/West

Independence:
26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from
UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became independent 19
December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April
1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed
United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

National holiday:
Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

Constitution:
25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Legal system:
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts
limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23 November
1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001);
note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23
November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July
2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for
matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that
office on 29 October 2000
cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are
appointed by the president from among the members of the National
Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October
2000 (next to be held 30 October 2005); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president;
percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna
LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (274 seats - 232 elected by
popular vote, 37 allocated to women nominated by the president, five
to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives; members serve
five-year terms); note - in addition to enacting laws that apply to
the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly enacts laws
that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own House of
Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the Zanzibar
House of Representatives has 50 seats, directly elected by universal
suffrage to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held 30 October
2005)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - CCM 244, CUF 16, CHADEMA 4, TLP 3, UDP 2,
Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CCM 34, CUF 16

Judicial branch:
Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of
Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court
(consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the
president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts;
Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the
higher courts)

Political parties and leaders:
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and
Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM
(Revolutionary Party) [Benjamin William MKAPA]; Civic United Front
or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party (unregistered)
[Christopher MTIKLA]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine
Lyatonga MREME]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G- 6, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Andrew Mhando DARAJA chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125 FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Robert V. ROYALL embassy: 140 Msese Road, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam telephone: [255] (22) 2666-010 through 2666-015 FAX: [255] (22) 2666-701, 2668-501

Flag description:
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower
hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the
lower triangle is blue

Economy Tanzania

Economy - overview:
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy
depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for almost half of
GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work force.
Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops
to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally featured the
processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods. The
World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral donors
have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's out-of-date economic
infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. Growth in 1991-2002
featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial
increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Recent banking reforms
have helped increase private sector growth and investment. Continued
donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported real GDP
growth of nearly 6% in 2004.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$23.71 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 43.2% industry: 17.2% services: 39.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
19 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2002 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
36% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 30.1% (1993)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
38.2 (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.985 billion
expenditures: $2.074 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat, cassava
(tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Industries:
agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine),
diamond, gold and iron mining, soda ash, oil refining, shoes,
cement, apparel, wood products, fertilizer, salt

Industrial production growth rate:
8.4% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
2.727 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 18.9% hydro: 81.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.566 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
30 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
17,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
11.33 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-327.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.248 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Exports - partners:
India 9.1%, Spain 8.3%, Netherlands 6.4%, Japan 5.8%, UK 5%, China
4.8%, Kenya 4.7% (2004)

Imports:
$1.972 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial
raw materials, crude oil

Imports - partners:
South Africa 13.1%, China 8.1%, India 6.6%, Kenya 5.6%, UAE 5.5%,
US 4.9%, UK 4.8%, Bahrain 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.175 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$7.321 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$1.2 billion (2001)

Currency (code):
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Currency code:
TZS

Exchange rates:
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,089.33 (2004), 1,038.42
(2003), 966.58 (2002), 876.41 (2001), 800.41 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Tanzania

Telephones - main lines in use:
149,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
891,200 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fair system operating below capacity and being
modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperture terminal)
system under construction
domestic: trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio
relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being
made digital
international: country code - 255; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
8.8 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (1999)

Televisions:
103,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tz

Internet hosts:
5,534 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
250,000 (2003)

Transportation Tanzania

Railways: total: 3,690 km narrow gauge: 969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,721 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 88,200 km paved: 3,704 km unpaved: 84,496 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa principal avenues of
commerce with neighboring countries; rivers not navigable (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 29 km; oil 866 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Zanzibar City

Merchant marine:
total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 25,481 GRT/31,011 DWT
by type: cargo 2, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 4
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
123 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 11 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 112 1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 914 to 1,523 m: 60 under 914 m: 33 (2004 est.)

Military Tanzania

Military branches:
Tanzanian People's Defense Force (JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing, Air
Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service

Military service age and obligation: 15 years of age for voluntary military service; 18 years of age for compulsory military service upon graduation from secondary school; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 7,422,869 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 3,879,630 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$20.6 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Tanzania

Disputes - international:
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 447,877 (Burundi) 153,155 (Democratic
Republic of the Congo) 3,036 (Somalia) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
growing role in transshipment of southwest and southeast Asian
heroin and south American cocaine destined for south African,
European, and US markets and of south Asian methaqualone bound for
southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Thailand

Introduction Thailand

Background:
A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th century.
Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian
country never to have been taken over by a European power. A
bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In
alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally
following the conflict. Thailand is currently facing armed violence
in its three Muslim-majority southernmost provinces.

Geography Thailand

Location:
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of
Thailand, southeast of Burma

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 100 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 514,000 sq km
land: 511,770 sq km
water: 2,230 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries:
total: 4,863 km
border countries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km,
Malaysia 506 km

Coastline:
3,219 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid

Terrain:
central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains elsewhere

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m

Natural resources:
tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish,
gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land

Land use: arable land: 29.36% permanent crops: 6.46% other: 64.18% (2001)

Irrigated land:
47,490 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the depletion of the
water table; droughts

Environment - current issues: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

People Thailand

Population:
65,444,371
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.9% (male 7,988,529/female 7,633,405)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 22,195,625/female 22,731,767)
65 years and over: 7.5% (male 2,251,112/female 2,643,933) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.88 years
male: 30.11 years
female: 31.66 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.87% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.7 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.02 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.48 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.83 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 71.95 years
male: 69.65 years
female: 74.37 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.88 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
570,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
58,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and plague are high risks in some locations animal contact disease: rabies water contact disease: leptospirosis (2004)

Nationality: noun: Thai (singular and plural) adjective: Thai

Ethnic groups:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Religions:
Buddhist 94.6%, Muslim 4.6%, Christian 0.7%, other 0.1% (2000
census)

Languages:
Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and
regional dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 94.9%
female: 90.5% (2002)

Government Thailand

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand
conventional short form: Thailand
former: Siam

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Bangkok

Administrative divisions:
76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Amnat Charoen, Ang
Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi,
Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng
Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon
(Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha
Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,
Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan,
Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani,
Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi,
Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket,
Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi
Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut
Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla,
Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon
Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

Independence:
1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

National holiday:
Birthday of King PHUMIPHON, 5 December (1927)

Constitution:
new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997

Legal system:
based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946)
head of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since 9
February 2001) and Deputy Prime Ministers CHITCHAI Wannasathi (since
11 March 2005), PHINIT Charusombat (since 6 October 2004), SOMKHIT
Chatusiphithak (since 11 March 2005), SURAKIAT Sathianthai (since 11
March 2005); SURIYA Chungrungruankit (since 3 August 2005), SUWAT
Liptapanlop (since 3 August 2005), WISANU Kruangam (since 8 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
note: there is also a Privy Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister is
designated from among the members of the House of Representatives;
following national elections for the House of Representatives, the
leader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usually
is appointed prime minister by the king

Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly or Rathasapha consists of the Senate or
Wuthisapha (200 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Sapha Phuthaen
Ratsadon (500 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 4 March, 29 April, 4 June, 9 July, and
22 July 2000 (next to be held by March 2006); House of
Representatives - last held 6 February 2005 (next to be held in
February 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - TRT 376, DP 97, TNP 25, PP 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court or Sandika (judges appointed by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
Democrat Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [ABHISIT Wetchachiwa];
People's Party or PP (Mahachon Party) [ANEK Laothamatas]; Thai
Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BARNHARN SILPA-ARCHA]; Thai
Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer),
OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: KASIT Piromya
chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC
20007-3681
telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600
FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE
embassy: 120/22 Wireless Road, Bangkok
mailing address: APO AP 96546
telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000
FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990, 205-4131
consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai

Flag description:
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width),
white, and red

Economy Thailand

Economy - overview:
Thailand has a well developed infrastructure, a free-enterprise
economy, and welcomes foreign investment. Thailand has fully
recovered from the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis and was one of
East Asia's best performers in 2002-04. Increased consumption and
investment spending and strong export growth pushed GDP growth up to
6.9% in 2003 and 6.1% in 2004 despite a sluggish global economy. The
highly popular government's expansionist policy, including major
support of village economic development, has raised concerns about
fiscal discipline and the health of financial institutions. Bangkok
has pursued preferential trade agreements with a variety of partners
in an effort to boost exports and maintain high growth, and in 2004
began negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement with the US. In late
December 2004, a major tsunami took 8,500 lives in Thailand and
caused massive destruction of property in the southern provinces of
Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$524.8 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 9% industry: 44.3% services: 46.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
36.43 million (November 2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
1.5% (November 2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
10% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
51.1 (2002)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.8% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.5% of GDP (Jan - Sep 2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $30.86 billion
expenditures: $31.94 billion, including capital expenditures of $5
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
47.6% of GDP (November 2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans

Industries:
tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages,
tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry, electric
appliances and components, computers and parts, integrated circuits,
furniture, plastics, world's second-largest tungsten producer, and
third-largest tin producer

Industrial production growth rate:
8.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
118.9 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 91.3% hydro: 6.4% nuclear: 0% other: 2.4% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
106.1 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
188 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
600 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
225,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
785,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
600 million bbl (1 January 2003)

Natural gas - production:
18.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
23.93 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
5.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
368.2 billion cu m (1 January 2003)

Current account balance:
$6.736 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$87.91 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber, jewelry,
automobiles, computers and electrical appliances

Exports - partners:
US 15.9%, Japan 13.9%, China 7.3%, Singapore 7.2%, Malaysia 5.4%,
Hong Kong 5.1% (2004)

Imports:
$80.84 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer
goods, fuels

Imports - partners:
Japan 23.6%, China 8.6%, US 7.6%, Malaysia 5.8%, Singapore 4.4%,
Taiwan 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$48.3 billion (2004)

Debt - external:
$50.59 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$72 million (2002)

Currency (code):
baht (THB)

Currency code:
THB

Exchange rates:
baht per US dollar - 40.222 (2004), 41.485 (2003), 42.96 (2002),
44.432 (2001), 40.112 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Thailand

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,617,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
26.5 million (2005)

Telephone system:
general assessment: high quality system, especially in urban areas
like Bangkok; WTO requirement for privatization of telecom sector is
planned to be complete by 2006
domestic: fixed line system provided by both a government owned and
commercial provider; wireless service expanding rapidly and
outpacing fixed lines
international: country code - 66; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); landing country for
APCN submarine cable

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999)

Radios:
13.96 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
15.19 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.th

Internet hosts:
103,700 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
15 (2000)

Internet users:
6,971,500 (2003)

Transportation Thailand

Railways: total: 4,071 km narrow gauge: 4,071 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 57,403 km paved: 56,542 km unpaved: 861 km (2000 est.)

Waterways: 4,000 km note: 3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 3,112 km; refined products 265 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Prachuap Port, Si Racha

Merchant marine:
total: 386 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,038,597 GRT/3,104,712 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 57, cargo 142, chemical tanker 12, combination
ore/oil 1, container 21, liquefied gas 25, passenger 3,
passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 89, refrigerated cargo 30, roll
on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 55 (Indonesia 1, Japan 3, Norway 45, Singapore 6)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)

Airports:
109 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 65 over 3,047 m: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 19 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 44 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 3 (2004 est.)

Military Thailand

Military branches:
Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine
Corps), Royal Thai Air Force

Military service age and obligation: 21 years of age for compulsory military service; males are registered at 18 years of age; conscript service obliation - 2 years; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 21-49: 14.984 million (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 21-49: 10,342,337 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 530,493 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.775 billion (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2003)

Transnational Issues Thailand

Disputes - international:
separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern
provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia to stem
terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhanced border
surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Laos and Thailand
pledge to complete demarcation of their boundary in 2005; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and
Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers;
Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and
obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia
by ICJ decision in 1962; ethnic Karens from Burma flee into Thailand
to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops resulting
in Thailand sheltering about 118,000 Burmese refugees in 2004;
Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric dam
construction on the Salween River near the border; environmentalists
in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 118,407 (Burma) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicit transit
point for heroin en route to the international drug market from
Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of
cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing
indigenous abuse of methamphetamine

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Togo

Introduction Togo

Background:
French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA,
installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule well into the
21st century. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted
in the early 1990s, the government continued to be dominated by
President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party
maintained power almost continually since 1967. Togo has come under
fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is
plagued by political unrest. While most bilateral and multilateral
aid to Togo remains frozen, the European Union initiated a partial
resumption of cooperation and development aid to Togo in late 2004.
Upon his death in February 2005, President EYADEMA was succeeded by
his son Faure GNASSINGBE. The succession, supported by the military
and in contravention of the nation's constitution, was challenged by
popular protest and a threat of sanctions from regional leaders.
GNASSINGBE succumbed to pressure and agreed to hold elections in
late April 2005.

Geography Togo

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and
Ghana

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 N, 1 10 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 56,785 sq km
land: 54,385 sq km
water: 2,400 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries: total: 1,647 km border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Coastline: 56 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 30 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau;
low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Agou 986 m

Natural resources:
phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land

Land use: arable land: 46.15% permanent crops: 2.21% other: 51.64% (2001)

Irrigated land:
70 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during
winter; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the
use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and
hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct
geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna

People Togo

Population:
5,681,519
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.2% (male 1,232,759/female 1,224,060)
15-64 years: 54.2% (male 1,505,737/female 1,571,201)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 60,799/female 86,963) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 17.78 years
male: 17.42 years
female: 18.14 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.17% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
33.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 66.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 74.24 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 58.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 57.01 years
male: 55.02 years
female: 59.06 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
110,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
10,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese

Ethnic groups:
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Religions:
indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20%

Languages:
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the
two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled
Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 60.9%
male: 75.4%
female: 46.9% (2003 est.)

Government Togo

Country name:
conventional long form: Togolese Republic
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togoland

Government type:
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

Capital:
Lome

Administrative divisions:
5 regions (regions, singular - region); Kara, Plateaux, Savanes,
Centrale, Maritime

Independence:
27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Constitution:
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the
Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Legal system:
French-based court system

Suffrage:
NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February 2005);
note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded
by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE; popular elections in April 2005
validated the succession
head of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since 8 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held NA); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of
vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas
LAWSON 1.0%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.6%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 October 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1
note: two opposition parties boycotted the election, the Union of
the Forces for Change, and the Action Committee for Renewal

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace and
Equality or MOCEP [leader NA]; Rally for the Support for Development
and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People
or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress
or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President
GNASSINGBE, was the only party until the formation of multiple
parties was legalized 12 April 1991

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Akoussoulelou BODJONA chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212 FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Gregory ENGLE embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome telephone: [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94 FAX: [228] 221 79 52

Flag description:
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating
with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in
the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia

Economy Togo

Economy - overview:
This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both
commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment
for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be
imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export
earnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is
the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate, but production
fell an estimated 22% in 2002 due to power shortages and the cost of
developing new deposits. The government's decade-long effort,
supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic
reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in
line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on
following through on privatization, increased openness in government
financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and
continued support from foreign donors.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$8.684 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 39.5% industry: 20.4% services: 40.1% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
1.74 million (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
32% (1989 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $239.2 million
expenditures: $273.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice,
millet, sorghum; livestock; fish

Industries:
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts,
textiles, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
108.8 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 98.7% hydro: 1.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
451.2 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
10,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-125.6 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$663.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

Exports - partners:
Burkina Faso 16.4%, Ghana 15.1%, Benin 9.4%, Mali 7.6%, China 7.5%,
India 5.6% (2004)

Imports:
$824.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
China 25.5%, India 13.3%, France 11.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$267.4 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$1.4 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA $80 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
XOF

Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29
(2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Togo

Telephones - main lines in use:
60,600 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
220,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave
radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile
cellular system
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional
system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
940,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
73,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tg

Internet hosts:
82 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
3 (2001)

Internet users:
210,000 (2003)

Transportation Togo

Railways: total: 568 km narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 7,520 km paved: 2,376 km unpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Kpeme, Lome

Merchant marine:
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT
by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
9 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Togo

Military branches:
Togolese Armed Forces (FAT): Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
(2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,148,890 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 629,933 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$35.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.9% (2004)

Transnational Issues Togo

Disputes - international:
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary

Illicit drugs:
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money
laundering not a significant problem

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tokelau

Introduction Tokelau

Background:
Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding island
groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in
1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925.

Geography Tokelau

Location:
Oceania, group of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about
one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
9 00 S, 172 00 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 10 sq km
land: 10 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
101 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Terrain:
low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile)
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
lies in Pacific typhoon belt

Environment - current issues:
very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to
emigration to New Zealand

Geography - note:
consists of three atolls, each with a lagoon surrounded by a number
of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over three
meters above sea level

People Tokelau

Population: 1,405 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: 42% 15-64 years: 53% 65 years and over: 5% (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.01% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
NA

Death rate:
NA

Net migration rate:
NA

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: -9 years
female: -9 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan

Ethnic groups:
Polynesian

Religions:
Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant

Languages:
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Literacy:
NA

Government Tokelau

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tokelau

Dependency status:
self-administering territory of New Zealand; note - Tokelauans are
drafting a constitution and developing institutions and patterns of
self-government as Tokelau moves toward free association with New
Zealand

Government type:
NA

Capital:
none; each atoll has its own administrative center

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of New Zealand)

Independence:
none (territory of New Zealand)

National holiday:
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty
over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Constitution:
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970

Legal system:
New Zealand and local statutes

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General of New Zealand Dame Silvia
CARTWRIGHT (since 4 April 2001); New Zealand is represented by
Administrator Neil WALTER (since 1 March 2003)
head of government: Pio TUIA (since February 2005); note - position
rotates annually among the three Faipule (village leaders)
cabinet: the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau,
consisting of three Faipule (village leaders) and three Pulenuku
(village mayors) functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the
head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves
a one-year term

Legislative branch:
unicameral General Fono (21 seats; based upon proportional
representation from the three islands elected by popular vote to
serve three-year terms; Nukunonu has 6 seats, Fakaofo has 7 seats,
Atafu has 8 seats); note - the Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers
limited legislative power on the General Fono
elections: last held January 2002 (next to be held January 2005)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminal
jurisdiction in Tokelau

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
UNESCO (associate), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of New Zealand)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of New Zealand)

Flag description:
the flag of New Zealand is used

Economy Tokelau

Economy - overview:
Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack of
resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aid
from New Zealand - about $4 million annually - to maintain public
services, with annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The
principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage
stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to
families from relatives in New Zealand.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.5 million (1993 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Labor force:
NA

Unemployment rate:
NA%

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%

Budget:
revenues: $430,800
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of
$37,300 (1987 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats

Industries:
small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking, plaited
craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Exports:
$98,000 f.o.b. (1983)

Exports - commodities:
stamps, copra, handicrafts

Exports - partners:
New Zealand (2000)

Imports:
$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel

Imports - partners:
New Zealand (2000)

Debt - external:
$0

Economic aid - recipient:
from New Zealand about $4 million annually

Currency (code):
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Currency code:
NZD

Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

Communications Tokelau

Telephones - main lines in use:
300 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (2001)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern satellite-based communications system;
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: country code - 690; radiotelephone service to Samoa;
government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite
earth stations, established in 1997

Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: 1 radio station provides service to all islands (2002)

Radios:
1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tk

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Tokelau

Highways: total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
none; lagoon landings are possible by amphibious aircraft (2004
est.)

Military Tokelau

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

Transnational Issues Tokelau

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tonga

Introduction Tonga

Background:
The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a
Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in
1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its
independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of
Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.

Geography Tonga

Location:
Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds
of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 S, 175 00 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 748 sq km
land: 718 sq km
water: 30 sq km

Area - comparative:
four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
419 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May),
cool season (May to December)

Terrain:
most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral
formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m

Natural resources:
fish, fertile soil

Land use:
arable land: 23.61%
permanent crops: 43.06%
other: 33.33% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on
Fonuafo'ou

Environment - current issues:
deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for
agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish
and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens
native sea turtle populations

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)

People Tonga

Population:
112,422 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 36.2% (male 20,738/female 19,907)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 33,226/female 33,853)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,031/female 2,667) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 20.46 years
male: 19.93 years
female: 21.02 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.98% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
25.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.05 years
female: 72.14 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Tongan(s)
adjective: Tongan

Ethnic groups:
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Religions:
Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)

Languages:
Tongan, English

Literacy:
definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English
total population: 98.9%
male: 98.8%
female: 99% (1996 est.)

Government Tonga

Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form: Tonga
former: Friendly Islands

Government type:
hereditary constitutional monarchy

Capital:
Nuku'alofa

Administrative divisions:
3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u

Independence:
4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

National holiday:
Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)

Constitution:
4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967

Legal system:
based on English law

Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA
(since 3 January 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER
(since NA January 2001)
cabinet: cabinet consists of 16 members, 12 appointed by the monarch
for life; 4 appointed from among the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly including 2 each from the Nobles and Peoples
representatives serving three year terms
note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch,
the Cabinet, and two governors
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12
reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles
selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular
vote; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008)
election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT
70%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of
Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief
justice of the Supreme Court)

Political parties and leaders:
there are no political parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote
VEA, chairman]

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022 telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025 FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024 consulate(s) general: San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is
accredited to Tonga

Flag description:
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner

Economy Tonga

Economy - overview:
Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrow
export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and
vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up
two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high
proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the
second largest source of hard currency earnings following
remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and
remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade
deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the
private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is
committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a
reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social
services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in
inflation, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues
facing the government.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$244 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.5% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 23% industry: 13% services: 64% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
33,910 (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 65% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
13.3% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10.3% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $39.9 million
expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9
million (FY99/00 est.)

Agriculture - products: squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish

Industries:
tourism, fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
8.6% (FY98/99)

Electricity - production:
24.79 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
23.06 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$27 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities:
squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops

Exports - partners:
Japan 37.1%, China 18.7%, US 17.7%, Taiwan 8.7%, New Zealand 7.4%
(2004)

Imports:
$86 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Imports - partners:
New Zealand 37.1%, Fiji 24.3%, Australia 9.1%, China 8.9%, US 6.3%
(2004)

Debt - external:
$63.4 million (2001)

Economic aid - recipient:
Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)

Currency (code):
pa'anga (TOP)

Currency code:
TOP

Exchange rates:
pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003), 2.1952 (2002),
2.1236 (2001), 1.7585 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Tonga

Telephones - main lines in use:
11,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
9,000 (2004)

Telephone system:
general assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications
Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is
accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT recently granted
authority to develop high-speed digital service for telephone,
Internet, and television
domestic: fully automatic switched network
international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)

Radios:
61,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
3 (2004)

Televisions:
2,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.to

Internet hosts:
18,906 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
2,900 (2002)

Transportation Tonga

Highways: total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Nuku'alofa

Merchant marine:
total: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 136,977 GRT/200,751 DWT
by type: cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 2,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 7 (Cyprus 1, France 1, Greece 1, Norway 1, Romania 2,
United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Airports:
6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Tonga

Military branches:
Tonga Defense Services: Ground Forces (Royal Marines, Royal Guard),
Maritime Force (includes Air Wing)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Tonga

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Trinidad and Tobago

Introduction Trinidad and Tobago

Background:
The islands came under British control in the 19th century;
independence was granted in 1962. The country is one of the most
prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural
gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is
targeted for expansion and is growing.

Geography Trinidad and Tobago

Location:
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Geographic coordinates:
11 00 N, 61 00 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 5,128 sq km
land: 5,128 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
362 km

Maritime claims:
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental
margin

Climate:
tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Terrain:
mostly plains with some hills and low mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Land use: arable land: 14.62% permanent crops: 9.16% other: 76.22% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms

Environment - current issues: water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
Pitch Lake, on Trinidad's southwestern coast, is the world's
largest natural reservoir of asphalt

People Trinidad and Tobago

Population:
1,088,644 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.7% (male 115,594/female 109,665)
15-64 years: 71% (male 403,301/female 369,664)
65 years and over: 8.3% (male 40,638/female 49,782) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 30.91 years
male: 30.46 years
female: 31.44 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.74% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
12.81 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-10.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 24.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.23 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.73 years
male: 65.6 years
female: 67.91 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
3.2% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
29,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
1,900 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Ethnic groups:
Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, other 1.2%,
unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 26%, Hindu 22.5%, Anglican 7.8%, Baptist 7.2%,
Pentecostal 6.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 4%, other Christian 5.8%,
Muslim 5.8%, other 10.8%, unspecified 1.4%, none 1.9% (2000 census)

Languages:
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99.1%
female: 98% (2003 est.)

Government Trinidad and Tobago

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Port-of-Spain

Administrative divisions: 9 regional corporations, 2 city corporations, 3 borough corporations, and 1 ward : regional corporations: Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo, Diego Martin, Mayaro/Rio Claro, Penal/Debe, Princes Town, Sangre Grande, San Juan/Laventille, Siparia, Tunapuna/Piarco : city corporations: Port-of-Spain, San Fernando; : borough corporations: Arima, Point Fortin, Chaguanas : ward: Tobago

Independence:
31 August 1962 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

Constitution:
1 August 1976

Legal system:
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George Maxwell RICHARDS (since 17 March
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Patrick MANNING (since 24
December 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists
of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a
five-year term; election last held 14 February 2003 (next to be held
in 2008); the president usually appoints as prime minister the
leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives
election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS elected president; percent
of electoral college vote - 43%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats; 16 members
appointed by the ruling party, 9 by the President, 6 by the
opposition party for a maximum term of five years) and the House of
Representatives (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 7 October 2002 (next
to be held by October 2007)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - PNM
55.5%, UNC 44.5%; seats by party - PNM 20, UNC 16
note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly with 12 members
serving four-year terms

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice
and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the
president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader
of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on
the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission); High Court
of Justice; Court of Appeals; the highest court of appeal is the
Privy Council in London

Political parties and leaders:
National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Lennox SANKERSINGH];
People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick MANNING]; Team Unity or
TU [Ramesh MAHARAJ]; United National Congress or UNC [Basdeo
PANDAY]; Democratic Action Committee or DAC [Hochoy CHARLES], note -
only active in Tobago

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin BAKR]

International organization participation:
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Marina Annette VALERE
chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490
FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Roy L. AUSTIN
embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
telephone: [1] (868) 622-6372 through 6376, 622-6176
FAX: [1] (868) 628-5462

Flag description:
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist
side to the lower fly side

Economy Trinidad and Tobago

Economy - overview:
Trinidad and Tobago, the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas,
has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site for
international businesses. Tourism is a growing sector, although not
proportionately as important as in many other Caribbean islands. The
economy benefits from low inflation and a growing trade surplus.
Prospects for growth in 2004 are good as prices for oil,
petrochemicals, and liquified natural gas are expected to remain
high, and foreign direct investment continues to grow to support
expanded capacity in the energy sector. The government is coping
with a rise in violent crime.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.48 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $10,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 2.7% industry: 47% services: 50.3% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 590,000 (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 9.5%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14%, construction and utilities 12.4%, services 64.1% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
10.4% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
21% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
19.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.25 billion
expenditures: $3.193 billion, including capital expenditures of
$117.3 million (2004 est.)

Public debt:
54.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cocoa, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry

Industries:
petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage,
cotton textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
7.2% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
5.743 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.8% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0.2% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.341 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
140,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
990 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Natural gas - production:
25 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
13.76 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
11.79 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
589 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Current account balance:
$1.548 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$6.671 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel products,
fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers

Exports - partners:
US 67.1%, Jamaica 5.7%, France 3.5% (2004)

Imports:
$4.65 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, live
animals

Imports - partners:
US 23.9%, Venezuela 11.5%, Germany 11.2%, Brazil 10.7%, Spain 6.4%,
Italy 5.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.927 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$2.94 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$24 million (1999 est.)

Currency (code):
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Currency code:
TTD

Exchange rates:
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.299 (2004), 6.2951
(2003), 6.2487 (2002), 6.2332 (2001), 6.2998 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Trinidad and Tobago

Telephones - main lines in use:
325,100 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
361,900 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent international service; good local
service
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-868; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and
Guyana

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4, FM 18, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
680,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (2004)

Televisions:
425,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tt

Internet hosts:
8,003 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
17 (2000)

Internet users:
138,000 (2002)

Transportation Trinidad and Tobago

Highways: total: 8,320 km paved: 4,252 km unpaved: 4,068 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
condensate 253 km; gas 1,117 km; oil 478 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain

Merchant marine:
total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,178 GRT/3,633 DWT
by type: passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (United States 1)
registered in other countries: 4 (2005)

Airports:
6 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Trinidad and Tobago

Military branches:
Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force: Ground Force, Coast Guard
(includes Air Wing) (2004)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription
(2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 293,094 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 203,531 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$66.7 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.6% (2003)

Transnational Issues Trinidad and Tobago

Disputes - international:
Barbados will assert its claim before UNCLOS that the northern
limit of Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela
extends into its waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to
challenge this boundary as it may extend into its waters as well

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
and Europe; producer of cannabis

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tromelin Island

Introduction Tromelin Island

Background:
First explored by the French in 1776, the island came under the
jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it serves as a sea
turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important meteorological
station.

Geography Tromelin Island

Location:
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Geographic coordinates:
15 52 S, 54 25 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 1 sq km
land: 1 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
3.7 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
low, flat, and sandy; likely volcanic

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (grasses; scattered bushes) (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones;
wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)

People Tromelin Island

Population: uninhabited, except for visits by scientists (July 2005 est.)

Government Tromelin Island

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tromelin Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Tromelin

Dependency status:
possession of France; administered by the Administrateur Superieur
of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Legal system:
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of France is used

Economy Tromelin Island

Economy - overview: no economic activity

Communications Tromelin Island

Communications - note: important meteorological station

Transportation Tromelin Island

Ports and harbors:
none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Tromelin Island

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Tromelin Island

Disputes - international: claimed by Mauritius

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tunisia

Introduction Tunisia

Background:
Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib
BOURGUIBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the
country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and
establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In
recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in
its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising
pressure for a more open political society.

Geography Tunisia

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria
and Libya

Geographic coordinates:
34 00 N, 9 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 163,610 sq km
land: 155,360 sq km
water: 8,250 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries: total: 1,424 km border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Coastline: 1,148 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm

Climate:
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers;
desert in south

Terrain:
mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges
into the Sahara

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Land use:
arable land: 17.86%
permanent crops: 13.74%
other: 68.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:
3,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues: toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are
discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf
between their countries, particularly for oil exploration

People Tunisia

Population:
10,074,951 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.3% (male 1,316,308/female 1,234,309)
15-64 years: 68.1% (male 3,437,880/female 3,418,591)
65 years and over: 6.6% (male 321,287/female 346,576) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.29 years
male: 26.78 years
female: 27.82 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.99% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
15.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 24.77 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.89 years
male: 73.2 years
female: 76.71 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, and hepatitis A vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations during the transmission season (typically April through November) (2004)

Nationality: noun: Tunisian(s) adjective: Tunisian

Ethnic groups:
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Religions:
Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Languages:
Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French
(commerce)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 74.3%
male: 83.4%
female: 65.3% (2004 est.)

Government Tunisia

Country name:
conventional long form: Tunisian Republic
conventional short form: Tunisia
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form: Tunis

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Tunis

Administrative divisions:
24 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin
'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba
(Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili
(Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah),
Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax
(Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse
(Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan
(Zaghwan)

Independence:
20 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 20 March (1956)

Constitution:
1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002

Legal system:
based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

Suffrage:
20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November
1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17
November 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 24 October 2004 (next to be held October 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a
fourth term; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 94.5%,
Mohamed BOUCHIHA 3.8%, Mohamed Ali HALOUANI 1%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (189 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 24 October 2004 (next to be held October 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
RCD 152, MDS 14, PUP 11, UDU 7, Al-Tajdid 3, PSL 2

Judicial branch:
Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation

Political parties and leaders:
Al-Tajdid Movement [Ali HALOUANI]; Constitutional Democratic Rally
Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President
Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal Social
Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Socialist Democrats or MDS
[Ismail BOULAHYA]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed BOUCHIHA];
Progressive Democratic Party [Nejib CHEBBI]; Unionist Democratic
Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is
outlawed

International organization participation:
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer), FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MONUC, NAM,
OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Nejib HACHANA
chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850
FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador William J. HUDSON
embassy: Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis, 2045 La
Goulette, Tunisia
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [216] 71 107-000
FAX: [216] 71 962-115

Flag description:
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam

Economy Tunisia

Economy - overview:
Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining,
energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of
economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the
past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax
structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Progressive social
policies also have helped raise living conditions in Tunisia
relative to the region. Real growth slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9%
in 2002 because of agricultural drought and lackluster tourism.
Better rains in 2003 and 2004, however, helped push GDP growth above
5% for these years. Tourism also recovered after the end of combat
operations in Iraq. Tunisia is gradually removing barriers to trade
with the European Union. Broader privatization, further
liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign
investment, improvements in government efficiency, and reduction of
the trade deficit are among the challenges ahead.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$70.88 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.1% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 13.8% industry: 31.8% services: 54.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 3.55 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.)

Unemployment rate:
13.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
7.6% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 31.8% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
41.7 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.1% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
24.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $6.799 billion
expenditures: $7.573 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
59.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
olives, olive oil, grain, dairy products, tomatoes, citrus fruit,
beef, sugar beets, dates, almonds

Industries:
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism,
textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
10.72 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.5% hydro: 0.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
10.05 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
10 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
90 million kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
72,580 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
87,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
1.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
2.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
3.83 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
1.58 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
77.16 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$71.85 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$9.926 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, agricultural
products, hydrocarbons

Exports - partners:
France 33.1%, Italy 25.3%, Germany 9.2%, Spain 6.1% (2004)

Imports:
$11.52 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, food

Imports - partners:
France 25.1%, Italy 19%, Germany 8.5%, Spain 5.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.509 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$14.71 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$114.6 million (2002)

Currency (code):
Tunisian dinar (TND)

Currency code:
TND

Exchange rates:
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885 (2003),
1.4217 (2002), 1.4387 (2001), 1.3707 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Tunisia

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,163,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,899,900 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be
upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet
access available
domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial
cable, and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 216; 5 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial
cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in
Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
2.06 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
920,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tn

Internet hosts:
281 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
630,000 (2003)

Transportation Tunisia

Railways:
total: 2,152 km
standard gauge: 468 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,674 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)
dual gauge: 10 km 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges (three rails) (2004)

Highways:
total: 18,997 km
paved: 12,424 km (including 142 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,573 km (2001)

Pipelines:
gas 3,059 km; oil 1,203 km; refined products 345 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Skhira

Merchant marine:
total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 124,733 GRT/122,664 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 1, chemical tanker 5, passenger/cargo
4, petroleum tanker 1
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Airports:
30 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 14 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Military Tunisia

Military branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force (2003)

Military service age and obligation: 20 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 2,441,741 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 2,035,431 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 108,817 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$356 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (FY99)

Transnational Issues Tunisia

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Turkey

Introduction Turkey

Background:
Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of
the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was
later honored with the title Ataturk, or "Father of the Turks."
Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging
social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party
rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950
election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful
transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have
multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of
instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980),
which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political
power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the
ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then
Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus
in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since
acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,"
which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984
by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's
Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the
Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives, but
after the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents
largely withdrew from Turkey, mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK
announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK
increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a
member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the
European Community; over the past decade, it has undertaken many
reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy, enabling it to
begin accession membership talks with the European Union.

Geography Turkey

Location:
southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey
west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering
the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the
Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Geographic coordinates:
39 00 N, 35 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 780,580 sq km
land: 770,760 sq km
water: 9,820 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 2,648 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km

Coastline:
7,200 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in
Mediterranean Sea
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary
agreed upon with the former USSR

Climate:
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in
interior

Terrain:
high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several
mountain ranges

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Natural resources:
coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite,
borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone,
magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable
land, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 30.93% permanent crops: 3.31% other: 65.76% (2001)

Irrigated land:
42,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an
arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van

Environment - current issues: water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea
of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount
Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far
eastern portion of the country

People Turkey

Population:
69,660,559 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 26% (male 9,232,439/female 8,897,135)
15-64 years: 67.3% (male 23,806,367/female 23,053,536)
65 years and over: 6.7% (male 2,140,242/female 2,530,840) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.7 years
male: 27.52 years
female: 27.89 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.09% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 41.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 44.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 72.36 years
male: 69.94 years
female: 74.91 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% - note - no country specific models provided (2001
est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish

Ethnic groups:
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Religions:
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

Languages:
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.5%
male: 94.3%
female: 78.7% (2003 est.)

Government Turkey

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye

Government type:
republican parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Ankara

Administrative divisions:
81 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman,
Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan,
Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol,
Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta,
Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu,
Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya,
Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt,
Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van,
Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Independence:
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

National holiday:
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)

Constitution:
7 November 1982

Legal system:
civil law system derived from various European continental legal
systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;
note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), although
Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European
Convention on Human Rights

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held May
2007); prime minister appointed by the president from among members
of parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third
ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National
Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third
ballot

Legislative branch:
unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk
Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); note
- a special rerun of the General Election in the province of Siirt
on 9 March 2003 resulted in the election of Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN to
a seat in parliament, a prerequisite for becoming prime minister, on
14 March 2003
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%, CHP 19.4%,
DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and others; seats by party
- AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note - parties surpassing the
10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats; seats by party as
of 1 December 2004 - AKP 368, CHP 171, DYP 4, LDP 1, independents 5,
vacant 1

Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of
State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court
of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic
People's Party or DEHAP [Tuncer BAKIRHAN]; Justice and Development
Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP
[Emin SIRIN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [Ali Talip OZDEMIR];
Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican
People's Party or CHP (includes the New Turkey Party) [Deniz
BAYKAL]; Felicity Party (sometimes translated as Contentment Party)
or SP [Necmettin ERBEKAN]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP
[Murat KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct
Way Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of
the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Sami EVREN];
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman
CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association
or MUSIAD [Omer BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim
USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or
TUSIAD [Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or
TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is
[Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or
TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and
Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]

International organization participation:
AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD,
ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA,
UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Osman Faruk LOGOGLU chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700 FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Eric S. EDELMAN embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823 telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555 FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019 consulate(s) general: Istanbul consulate(s): Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir

Flag description:
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward
the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside
the crescent opening

Economy Turkey

Economy - overview:
Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and
commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in 2004
still accounted for more than 35% of employment. It has a strong and
rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major
role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The
largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts
for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition
in international markets with the end of the global quota system.
However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics
industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix. In
recent years the economic situation has been marked by erratic
economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth has exceeded
6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by
sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. Inflation, in
recent years in the high double-digit range, fell to 9.3% by 2004 -
a 30-year low. Despite these strong economic gains in 2002-04, which
were largely due to renewed investor interest in emerging markets,
IMF backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still plagued
with high debt and deficits. The public sector fiscal deficit
exceeds 6% of GDP - due in large part to the huge burden of interest
payments, which accounted for more than 40% of central government
spending in 2004, and to populist spending. Foreign direct
investment (FDI) in Turkey remains low - averaging less than $1
billion annually, but further economic and judicial reforms and
prospective EU membership are expected to boost FDI. A major
political and economic issue over the next decade is whether or not
Turkey will become a member of the EU.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$508.7 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
8.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $7,400 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 11.7% industry: 29.8% services: 58.5% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
25.3 million
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2003 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 35.9%, industry 22.8%, services 41.2% (3rd quarter,
2004)

Unemployment rate:
9.3% (plus underemployment of 4.0%) (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
20% (2002)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 30.7% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
42 (2003)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
17.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $78.53 billion
expenditures: $110.9 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
74.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus;
livestock

Industries:
textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite, copper,
boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate:
16.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
139.7 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 79.3% hydro: 20.4% nuclear: 0% other: 0.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
117.9 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
433 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
3.6 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
48,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
619,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
46,110 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
616,500 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - proved reserves:
288.4 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
312 million cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
15.94 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
15.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
8.685 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-15.3 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$69.46 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport
equipment

Exports - partners:
Germany 13.9%, UK 8.8%, US 7.7%, Italy 7.4%, France 5.8%, Spain
4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$94.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport
equipment

Imports - partners:
Germany 12.9%, Russia 9.3%, Italy 7.1%, France 6.4%, US 4.8%, China
4.6%, UK 4.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$37.1 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$16.9 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
ODA, $635.8 million (2002)

Currency (code):
Turkish lira (TRL), New Turkish lira (YTL) after 1 January 2005

Currency code:
TRL, YTL

Exchange rates:
Turkish liras per US dollar - 1,425,500 (2004), 1,500,900 (2003),
1,507,200 (2002), 1,225,600 (2001), 625,200 (2000)
Note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish Lira (TRL)was converted to
New Turkish Lira (YTL) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 New Turkish
Lira

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Turkey

Telephones - main lines in use:
18,916,700 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
27,887,500 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and expansion,
especially with cellular telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid
increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of
technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both
fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating
communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a
domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile
cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
international: country code - 90; international service is provided
by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black
Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania,
and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile
satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)

Radios:
11.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
20.9 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.tr

Internet hosts:
355,215 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
50 (2001)

Internet users:
5.5 million (2003)

Transportation Turkey

Railways: total: 8,697 km standard gauge: 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (2,122 km electrified) (2004)

Highways:
total: 354,421 km
paved: 147,404 km (including 1,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 207,017 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,200 km (2003)

Pipelines:
gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Aliaga, Ambarli, Eregli, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Kocaeli (Izmit),
Skhira, Toros

Merchant marine:
total: 526 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,666,895 GRT/7,311,504 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 108, cargo 228, chemical tanker 45,
combination ore/oil 1, container 25, liquefied gas 6, passenger 5,
passenger/cargo 50, petroleum tanker 33, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 22, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 8 (Cyprus 3, Denmark 2, Greece 1, Italy 1,
Switzerland 1)
registered in other countries: 231 (2005)

Airports:
119 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 87
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
14 (2004 est.)

Military Turkey

Military branches:
Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Land Forces, Naval Forces (includes
Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
20 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 20-49: 16,756,323 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 20-49: 13,905,901 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 679,734 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$12.155 billion (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
5.3% (2003)

Military - note:
in the early 1990s, the Turkish Land Force was a large but badly
equipped infantry force; there were 14 infantry divisions, but only
one was mechanized, and out of 16 infantry brigades, only six were
mechanized; the overhaul that has taken place since has produced
highly moblie forces with greatly enhanced firepower in accordance
with NATO's new strategic concept (2005)

Transnational Issues Turkey

Disputes - international:
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the
Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq
protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates
waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in
Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 350,000-1,000,000 (fighting from 1984-99 between Kurdish PKK
and Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and
- to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea routes;
major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Turkmenistan

Introduction Turkmenistan

Background:
Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a
Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved its independence upon the
dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute
control over the country and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive
hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this
underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were to
be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to
develop alternative petroleum transportation routes in order to
break Russia's pipeline monopoly.

Geography Turkmenistan

Location:
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

Geographic coordinates:
40 00 N, 60 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 488,100 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
water: negl.

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379
km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Coastline:
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
subtropical desert

Terrain:
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the
south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in
west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a
lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates
above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has
dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt

Land use: arable land: 3.72% permanent crops: 0.14% other: 96.14% (2001)

Irrigated land:
17,500 sq km (2003 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,
pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation
methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the
flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's
inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; the western and central low-lying, desolate portions of
the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which
occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau

People Turkmenistan

Population:
4,952,081 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 909,113/female 860,128)
15-64 years: 60.2% (male 1,462,198/female 1,516,836)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 78,119/female 125,687) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 21.56 years
male: 20.68 years
female: 22.44 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.81% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
27.68 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 73.08 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 76.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 69.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.39 years
male: 58.02 years
female: 64.93 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.41 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2004 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2004 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen

Ethnic groups:
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Religions:
Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

Languages:
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.3%
female: 98.3% (1995 est.)

Government Turkmenistan

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power
outside the executive branch

Capital:
Ashgabat

Administrative divisions:
5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty
(Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz Welayaty, Lebap
Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Independence:
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Constitution:
adopted 18 May 1992

Legal system:
based on civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct
presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of
Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first
direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28
December 1999 during a session of the People's Council (Halk
Maslahaty)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held in 2008 when
NIYAZOV turns 70 and is constitutionally ineligible to run); note -
President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life by
the People's Council on 28 December 1999; deputy chairmen of the
cabinet of ministers are appointed by the president
election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without
opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%

Legislative branch:
under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a
unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty (supreme legislative
body of up to 2,500 delegates, some of whom are elected by popular
vote and some of whom are appointed; meets at least yearly) and a
unicameral Parliament or Mejlis (50 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Council - last held in April 2003; Mejlis - last
held 19 December 2004 (next to be held December 2009)
election results: Mejlis - DPT 100%; seats by party - DPT 50; note -
all 50 elected officials are members of the Democratic Party of
Turkmenistan and are preapproved by President NIYAZOV
note: in late 2003, a new law was adopted, reducing the powers of
the Mejlis and making the Halk Maslahaty the supreme legislative
organ; the Halk Maslahaty can now legally dissolve the Mejlis, and
the president is now able to participate in the Mejlis as its
supreme leader; the Mejlis can no longer adopt or amend the
constitution, or announce referendums or its elections; since the
president is both the "Chairman for Life" of the Halk Maslahaty and
the supreme leader of the Mejlis, the 2003 law has the effect of
making him the sole authority of both the executive and legislative
branches of government

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat NIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the
two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been Gundogar and
Erkin; Gundogar was led by former Foreign Minister Boris
SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25
November 2002 assassination attempt on President NIYAZOV; Erkin is
led by former Foreign Minister Abdy KULIEV and is based out of
Moscow; the Union of Democratic Forces, a coalition of
opposition-in-exile groups, is based in Europe

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU,
MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOV
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Tracey A. JACOBSON
embassy: 9 Pushkin (1984) Street, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 774000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-7070
telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45
FAX: [9] (9312) 39-26-14

Flag description:
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side,
containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked
above two crossed olive branches similar to the olive branches on
the UN flag; a white crescent moon and five white stars appear in
the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe

Economy Turkmenistan

Economy - overview:
Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture
in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources. One-half of its
irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was the world's
tenth-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years have led to a
nearly 46% decline in cotton exports. With an authoritarian
ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based social structure,
Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform,
hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its inefficient
economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In 1998-2004,
Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export
routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term
external debt. At the same time, however, total exports rose by
perhaps 30% in 2003 and 19% in 2004, largely because of higher
international oil and gas prices. Overall prospects in the near
future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, the
burden of foreign debt, the government's irrational use of oil and
gas revenues, and its unwillingness to adopt market-oriented
reforms. Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and
GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In
particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$27.6 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate: IMF estimate: 7.5% note: official government statistics show 21.4% growth, but these estimates are notoriously unreliable (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $5,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 28.5% industry: 42.7% services: 28.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
2.32 million (2003 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 48.2%, industry 13.8%, services 37% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
60% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
58% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
40.8 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
29% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.05 billion
expenditures: $3.05 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, grain; livestock

Industries:
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
official government estimate: 22% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
11.41 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 99.9% hydro: 0.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
8.908 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
1.136 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
162,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
63,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
273 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
58.57 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
9.6 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
43.5 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
1.43 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$114 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, cotton fiber, textiles

Exports - partners:
Ukraine 46.6%, Iran 17.3%, Turkey 4.2%, Italy 4.1% (2004)

Imports:
$2.85 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
US 11.8%, Russia 9.7%, UAE 9.2%, Ukraine 9%, Turkey 8.6%, Germany
8%, France 5%, Georgia 4.6%, Iran 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$3.034 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$2.4 billion to $5 billion (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$16 million from the US (2001)

Currency (code):
Turkmen manat (TMM)

Currency code:
TMM

Exchange rates:
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 10,100 (2004), 10,034 (2003), 10,098
(2002), 5,200 (2001)
note: in recent years the unofficial rate has hovered around 21,000
manats to the dollar

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Turkmenistan

Telephones - main lines in use:
374,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
52,000 (2004)

Telephone system:
general assessment: poorly developed
domestic: NA
international: country code - 993; linked by cable and microwave
radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased
connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new
telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new
exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey
via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
1.225 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
4 (government owned and programmed) (2004)

Televisions:
820,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.tm

Internet hosts:
524 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1

Internet users:
8,000 (2002)

Transportation Turkmenistan

Railways: total: 2,440 km broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 24,000 km paved: 19,488 km unpaved: 4,512 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal important inland waterways)
(2003)

Pipelines:
gas 6,549 km; oil 1,395 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Turkmenbasy

Merchant marine:
total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,873 GRT/8,345 DWT
by type: cargo 3, combination ore/oil 1, petroleum tanker 2,
refrigerated cargo 1 (2005)

Airports:
53 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 23 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 30 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Turkmenistan

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces (2004)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,132,833 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 759,978 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 56,532 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$90 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.4% (FY99)

Transnational Issues Turkmenistan

Disputes - international:
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; bilateral
talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and contested
oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; demarcation of land boundary
with Kazakhstan has started but Caspian seabed delimitation remains
stalled

Illicit drugs:
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and Western
European markets; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals bound
for Afghanistan

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Turks and Caicos Islands

Introduction Turks and Caicos Islands

Background:
The islands were part of the UK's Jamaican colony until 1962, when
they assumed the status of a separate crown colony upon Jamaica's
independence. The governor of The Bahamas oversaw affairs from 1965
to 1973. With Bahamian independence, the islands received a separate
governor in 1973. Although independence was agreed upon for 1982,
the policy was reversed and the islands remain a British overseas
territory.

Geography Turks and Caicos Islands

Location:
Caribbean, two island groups in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast
of The Bahamas, north of Haiti

Geographic coordinates:
21 45 N, 71 35 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 430 sq km
land: 430 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
389 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

Terrain:
low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Hills 49 m

Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch

Land use: arable land: 2.33% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.67% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
frequent hurricanes

Environment - current issues: limited natural fresh water resources, private cisterns collect rainwater

Geography - note: about 40 islands (eight inhabited)

People Turks and Caicos Islands

Population:
20,556 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 32.5% (male 3,396/female 3,277)
15-64 years: 63.8% (male 6,900/female 6,220)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 342/female 421) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.35 years
male: 28.08 years
female: 26.62 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.9% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
22.23 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
11.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 15.67 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 18.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.51 years
male: 72.28 years
female: 76.84 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.08 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: none adjective: none

Ethnic groups:
black 90%, mixed, European, or North American 10%

Religions:
Baptist 40%, Methodist 16%, Anglican 18%, Church of God 12%, other
14% (1990)

Languages:
English (official)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 98% (1970 est.)

People - note:
destination and transit point for illegal Haitian immigrants bound
for the Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas, and US

Government Turks and Caicos Islands

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands

Dependency status:
overseas territory of the UK

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Grand Turk

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Independence:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

National holiday:
Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Constitution:
introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised
5 March 1988

Legal system:
based on laws of England and Wales, with a few adopted from Jamaica
and The Bahamas

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953),
represented by Governor Richard TAUWHARE (since 11 July 2005)
head of government: Chief Minister Michael Eugene MISICK (since 15
August 2003)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and
five appointed by the governor from among the members of the
Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party is appointed chief minister by the governor

Legislative branch:
unicameral Legislative Council (19 seats of which 13 are popularly
elected; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 24 April 2003 (next to be held in 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PDM 53.8%, PNP 46.2%;
seats by party - PDM 7, PNP 6; note - in by-elections held 7 August
2003, the PNP gained two seats for a majority of 8 seats; PDM now
has 5

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek H. TAYLOR]; Progressive
National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene MISICK]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Flag description:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the
shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

Economy Turks and Caicos Islands

Economy - overview:
The Turks and Caicos economy is based on tourism, fishing, and
offshore financial services. Most capital goods and food for
domestic consumption are imported. The US is the leading source of
tourists, accounting for more than half of the annual 93,000
visitors in the late 1990s. Major sources of government revenue also
include fees from offshore financial activities and customs receipts.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$216 million (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.9% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $11,500 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force: 4,848 (1990 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: about 33% in government and 20% in agriculture and fishing; significant numbers in tourism, financial, and other services

Unemployment rate:
10% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4% (1995)

Budget:
revenues: $47 million
expenditures: $33.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997-98 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), citrus fruits; fish

Industries:
tourism, offshore financial services

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
5 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
4.65 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day

Oil - consumption:
0 bbl/day

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$169.2 million (2000)

Exports - commodities:
lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

Exports - partners:
US, UK

Imports:
$175.6 million (2000)

Imports - commodities:
food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction
materials

Imports - partners:
US, UK

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$4.1 million (1997)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Turks and Caicos Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
5,700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
1,700 (1999)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fully digital system with international direct
dialing
domestic: full range of services available
international: country code - 1-649; 2 submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
8,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
0 (broadcasts from The Bahamas are received; 2 cable television
networks) (2004)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.tc

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
14 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Turks and Caicos Islands

Highways: total: 121 km paved: 24 km unpaved: 97 km (2000)

Ports and harbors:
Grand Turk, Providenciales

Airports:
8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Turks and Caicos Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

Transnational Issues Turks and Caicos Islands

Disputes - international:
have received Haitians fleeing economic and civil disorder

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined for the
US and Europe

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Tuvalu

Introduction Tuvalu

Background:
In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the
Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice
Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert
Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate
British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000,
Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv"
for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years.

Geography Tuvalu

Location:
Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South
Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 S, 178 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 26 sq km
land: 26 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
24 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November);
westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Terrain:
very low-lying and narrow coral atolls

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Natural resources: fish

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were
three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to
changes in sea level

Environment - current issues:
since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not
potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with
storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one
desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion
because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive
clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral
reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is
very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions
and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's
underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to
Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels
should make evacuation necessary

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth; six of the
coral atolls - Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, and
Nukulaelae - have lagoons open to the ocean; Nanumaya and Niutao
have landlocked lagoons; Niulakita does not have a lagoon

People Tuvalu

Population:
11,636 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 30.8% (male 1,823/female 1,756)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 3,620/female 3,847)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 229/female 361) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 24.45 years
male: 23.36 years
female: 25.85 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.47% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
21.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 68.01 years
male: 65.79 years
female: 70.33 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Tuvaluan(s)
adjective: Tuvaluan

Ethnic groups:
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Religions:
Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist
1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%

Languages:
Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Tuvalu

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tuvalu
former: Ellice Islands
note: "Tuvalu" means "group of eight," referring to the country's
eight traditionally inhabited islands

Government type:
constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began
debating republic status in 1992

Capital:
Funafuti; note - administrative offices are located in Vaiaku
Village on Fongafale Islet

Administrative divisions:
none

Independence:
1 October 1978 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Constitution:
1 October 1978

Legal system:
NA

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Filoimea TELITO (since 15 April 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Maatia TOAFA (since 11 October
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime
minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members
of Parliament; election last held 11 October 2004 (next to be held
following parliamentary elections in 2006)
election results: Saufatu SOPOANGA resigned parliamentary seat on 27
August 2004 following no-confidence vote on 25 August 2004;
succeeded by Deputy Prime Minister Maatia TOAFA in an acting
capacity on 27 August 2004; Maatia TOAFA confirmed Prime Minister in
a Parliamentary election (8-7 vote) on 11 October 2004

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of Assembly
(15 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 25 July 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Judicial branch:
High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its
sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in
Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)

Political parties and leaders: there are no political parties but members of Parliament usually align themselves in informal groupings

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, IFRCS (observer), IMO, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in the US: Tuvalu does not have an embassy in the US - the country's only diplomatic post is in Fiji - Tuvalu does, however, have a UN office located at 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400D, New York, New York 10017, telephone: [1] (212) 490-0534

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador to
Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu

Flag description:
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country
with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

Economy Tuvalu

Economy - overview:
Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine
coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral
resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the
primary economic activities. Fewer than 1,000 tourists, on average,
visit Tuvalu annually. Government revenues largely come from the
sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000
Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has
begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources
decline. Substantial income is received annually from an
international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and
the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise
investments and conservative withdrawals, this fund has grown from
an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US
government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu because of
payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries. In an effort to reduce its
dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector
reforms, including privatization of some government functions and
personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue
from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the
lease of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new
technology sources could increase substantially over the next
decade. With merchandise exports only a fraction of merchandise
imports, continued reliance must be placed on fishing and
telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers,
official transfers, and income from overseas investments.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$12.2 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%

Labor force: 7,000 (2001 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea, reefs, and atolls and from wages sent home by those abroad (mostly workers in the phosphate industry and sailors)

Unemployment rate:
NA%

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5% (2000 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $22.5 million
expenditures: $11.2 million, including capital expenditures of $4.2
million (2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:
coconuts; fish

Industries:
fishing, tourism, copra

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA

Exports:
$1 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:
copra, fish

Exports - partners:
Germany 56.5%, Fiji 14.3%, Italy 10.9%, UK 7.7%, Poland 4.9% (2004)

Imports:
$79 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

Imports - partners:
Fiji 50.2%, Japan 18.1%, Australia 9.6%, China 8%, New Zealand 5.5%
(2004)

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
$13 million; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and the US
(1999 est.)

Currency (code):
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Currency code:
AUD

Exchange rates:
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Tuvalu

Telephones - main lines in use:
700 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (2004)

Telephone system:
general assessment: serves particular needs for internal
communications
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands
international: country code - 688; international calls can be made
by satellite

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
4,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
0 (2004)

Televisions:
800

Internet country code:
.tv

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
1,300 (2002)

Transportation Tuvalu

Highways: total: 8 km paved: 0 km unpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Funafuti

Merchant marine:
total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 54,993 GRT/86,048 DWT
by type: cargo 20, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 16 (China 9, Germany 2, Hong Kong 4, Thailand 1)
(2005)

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Tuvalu

Military branches:
no regular military forces; national police force

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Tuvalu

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Uganda

Introduction Uganda

Background:
Uganda achieved independence from the UK in 1962. The dictatorial
regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the deaths of some
300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights abuses under
Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000 lives.
During the 1990s, the government promulgated non-party presidential
and legislative elections.

Geography Uganda

Location:
Eastern Africa, west of Kenya

Geographic coordinates:
1 00 N, 32 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 236,040 sq km
land: 199,710 sq km
water: 36,330 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
total: 2,698 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933
km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to
February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Terrain:
mostly plateau with rim of mountains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m

Natural resources:
copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land

Land use:
arable land: 25.88%
permanent crops: 10.65%
other: 63.47% (2001)

Irrigated land:
90 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake
Victoria; poaching is widespread

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note:
landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and rivers

People Uganda

Population:
27,269,482
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 50.1% (male 6,875,663/female 6,784,378)
15-64 years: 47.7% (male 6,511,867/female 6,494,859)
65 years and over: 2.2% (male 263,790/female 338,925) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 14.97 years
male: 14.87 years
female: 15.08 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.31% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
47.39 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 67.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 71.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 51.59 years
male: 50.74 years
female: 52.46 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.74 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
4.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
530,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
78,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Ugandan(s)
adjective: Ugandan

Ethnic groups:
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi 6%,
Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro 3%,
Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%, Rundi
2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Religions:
Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs
18%

Languages:
English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used
in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts),
Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages,
preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be
taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan
languages, Swahili, Arabic

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 69.9%
male: 79.5%
female: 60.4% (2003 est.)

Government Uganda

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
conventional short form: Uganda

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Kampala

Administrative divisions:
56 districts; Adjumani, Apac, Arua, Bugiri, Bundibugyo, Bushenyi,
Busia, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole, Kaberamaido,
Kalangala, Kampala, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu, Kapchorwa, Kasese,
Katakwi, Kayunga, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum, Kotido, Kumi,
Kyenjojo, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge, Mbale, Mbarara,
Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nakapiripirit, Nakasongola,
Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pader, Pallisa, Rakai, Rukungiri, Sembabule,
Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe

Independence:
9 October 1962 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Constitution:
8 October 1995

Legal system:
in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one based on
English common law and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power 26 January 1986); note - the president is both chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo NSIBAMBI
(since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of state
and head of government; the prime minister assists the president in
the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected
legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); note -
first popular election for president since independence in 1962 was
held in 1996; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;
percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%, Kizza
BESIGYE 27.8%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (303 members - 214 directly elected by
popular vote, 81 nominated by legally established special interest
groups [women 56, army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5], 8 ex
officio members; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 26 June 2001 (next to be held by June 2006);
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NA; note - election campaigning by party was not permitted

Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approved
by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by the
president)

Political parties and leaders:
only one political organization, the Movement (formerly the NRM)
[President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate unfettered;
note - the president maintains that the Movement is not a political
party, but a mass organization, which claims the loyalty of all
Ugandans
note: the constitution requires the suspension of political parties
while the Movement organization is in governance; of the political
parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates,
the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Milton
OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; Conservative
Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad Kibirige
MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Popular Resistance Against a Life President or PRALP

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Edith Grace SSEMPALA chancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011 telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416 FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Jimmy KOLKER embassy: 1577 Ggaba Rd., Kampala mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala telephone: [256] (41) 234-142 FAX: [256] (41) 258-451

Flag description:
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black,
yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and
depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the hoist
side

Economy Uganda

Economy - overview:
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils,
regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt.
Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing
over 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk of export
revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign
countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and
stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising
producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum
products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are
especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and
export earnings. During 1990-2001, the economy turned in a solid
performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of
infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports,
reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and the
return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. Corruption within the
government and slippage in the government's determination to press
reforms raise doubts about the continuation of strong growth. In
2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief
worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPC
debt relief added up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001-02 was
solid despite continued decline in the price of coffee, Uganda's
principal export. Solid growth in 2003-04 reflected an upturn in
Uganda's export markets.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$39.39 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 35.8% industry: 20.8% services: 43.6% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
12.41 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 82%, industry 5%, services 13% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
35% (2001 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 21% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
37.4 (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.491 billion
expenditures: $1.727 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
73.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products: coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry, cut flowers

Industries:
sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement, steel production

Industrial production growth rate:
5.6% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
1.775 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.9% hydro: 99.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
1.401 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
250 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
8,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-590.8 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$621.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
coffee, fish and fish products, tea; gold, cotton, flowers,
horticultural products

Exports - partners:
Kenya 15%, Netherlands 10.7%, Belgium 9%, France 4.4%, Germany 4.4%
(2004)

Imports:
$1.306 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals

Imports - partners:
Kenya 32.3%, UAE 7.3%, South Africa 6.5%, India 5.8%, China 5.6%,
UK 5.1%, US 4.8%, Japan 4.8% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.2 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$3.865 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$1.4 billion (2000)

Currency (code):
Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Currency code:
UGX

Exchange rates:
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7 (2003),
1,797.6 (2002), 1,755.7 (2001), 1,644.5 (2000)

Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

Communications Uganda

Telephones - main lines in use:
61,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
776,200 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: seriously inadequate; two cellular systems have
been introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of main lines is
essential; e-mail and Internet services are available
domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellular
systems for short-range traffic
international: country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and
Tanzania

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 33, shortwave 2 (2001)

Radios:
5 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
8 (plus one low-power repeater) (2001)

Televisions:
500,000 (2001)

Internet country code:
.ug

Internet hosts:
2,692 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
2 (2000)

Internet users:
125,000 (2003)

Transportation Uganda

Railways: total: 1,241 km narrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Highways: total: 27,000 km paved: 1,809 km unpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
300 km (on Lake Victoria, 200 km on Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, and
parts of Albert Nile) (2004 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell

Airports:
29 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 4 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Military Uganda

Military branches:
Ugandan Peoples' Defense Force (UPDF): Army, Marine Unit, Air Wing

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military duty; the government has stated that recruitment below that age could occur with proper consent and that "no person under the apparent age of 13 years shall be enrolled in the armed forces"

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 5,012,620 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,889,808 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$170.3 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Uganda

Disputes - international:
Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups,
rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces;
Ugandan refugees have fled the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) into the
southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo; LRA forces
have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 184,731 (Sudan) 18,000 (Rwanda) IDPs: 1.4 million note - ongoing Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebellion, mainly in the north; LRA frequently attacks IDP camps (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Ukraine

Introduction Ukraine

Background:
Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, which
during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful
state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol
invasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The cultural and religious legacy of Kievan Rus laid the foundation
for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new
Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the
mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite
continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain
autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the
18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by
the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in
1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period of
independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and forced to endure a
brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22
and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German
and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more
deaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991
with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy remained elusive as the
legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at
economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A peaceful mass
protest "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced the
authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow
a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a
reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. The new government presents
its citizens with hope that the country may at last attain true
freedom and prosperity.

Geography Ukraine

Location:
Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania,
and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east

Geographic coordinates:
49 00 N, 32 00 E

Map references:
Asia, Europe

Area:
total: 603,700 sq km
land: 603,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 4,663 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,
Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia
1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km

Coastline:
2,782 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean
coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west
and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool
along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across
the greater part of the country, hot in the south

Terrain:
most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus,
mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the
Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

Natural resources:
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur,
graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber,
arable land

Land use:
arable land: 56.21%
permanent crops: 1.61%
other: 42.18% (2001)

Irrigated land:
24,540 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution;
deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986
accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds

Geography - note:
strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia;
second-largest country in Europe

People Ukraine

Population:
47,425,336 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 3,783,725/female 3,619,754)
15-64 years: 68.8% (male 15,619,989/female 16,992,628)
65 years and over: 15.6% (male 2,497,851/female 4,911,389) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 38.22 years male: 34.91 years female: 41.21 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.63% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
16.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 20.34 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 69.68 years
male: 64.39 years
female: 75.31 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.4 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
1.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
360,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
20,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian

Ethnic groups:
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%,
Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%,
Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)

Religions:
Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate 19%, Orthodox (no particular
jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 9%,
Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%,
Protestant, Jewish, none 38% (2004 est.)

Languages:
Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%; small Romanian-, Polish-,
and Hungarian-speaking minorities

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.6% (2003 est.)

People - note:
the sex trafficking of Ukrainian women is a serious problem that
has only recently been addressed

Government Ukraine

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Kiev (Kyyiv)

Administrative divisions:
24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic*
(avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular -
misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea
or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k,
Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy,
Kirovohrad, Kiev (Kyyiv)**, Kyyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv,
Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya,
Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Independence:
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 August (1991); the date of 22 January (1918),
the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet
Russia), is now celebrated as Unity Day

Constitution:
adopted 28 June 1996

Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Viktor A. YUSHCHENKO (since 23 January
2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Yuriy YEKHANUROV (since 22
September 2005); First Deputy Prime Minister - Stanislav STASHEVSKYY
(since 27 September 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and
approved by the Supreme Council
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC
originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but
significantly revamped and strengthened under former-President
KUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security
policy on domestic and international matters and advising the
president; a Presidential Administration that helps draft
presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president;
and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
note - a special repeat runoff presidential election between Viktor
YUSHCHENKO and Viktor YANUKOVYCH took place on 26 December 2004
after the earlier 21 November 2004 contest - won by Mr. YANUKOVYCH -
was invalidated by the Ukrainian Supreme Court because of widespread
and significant violations; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme
Council
election results: Viktor YUSHCHENKO elected president; percent of
vote - Viktor YUSHCHENKO 51.99%, Viktor YANUKOVYCH 44.2%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats; under
recent amendments to Ukraine's election law, the Rada's seats are
allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 3% or
more of the national electoral vote; members serve five-year terms
beginning with the next election in 2006)
elections: last held 31 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party/bloc - Our Ukraine 24%,
CPU 20%, United Ukraine 12%, SPU 7%, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 7%,
United Social Democratic Party 6%, other 24%; seats by party/bloc -
Our Ukraine 101, Regions of Ukraine 61, CPU 59, Working Ukraine 14,
United Social Democratic Party 33, Agrarian Party 22, SPU 20, Yuliya
Tymoshenko Bloc 19, United Ukraine 19, People's Democratic
Party-Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 16, Center Group 15,
Democratic Initiatives 14, unaffiliated 57 (December 2004)
note: following the election, United Ukraine splintered into the
Agrarian Party, European Choice, People's Choice, People's
Democratic Party, Regions of Ukraine, and Working
Ukraine-Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; these factions have since
undergone a number of changes

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court

Political parties and leaders:
Agrarian Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; Communist Party of Ukraine or
CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; Democratic Initiatives [Stepan HAVRYSH];
Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Our Ukraine bloc
(comprised of several parties the most prominent of which are Rukh,
the Ukrainian People's Party, Reforms and Order, and Solidarity)
[Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; People's Democratic Party or PDP [Valeriy
PUSTOVOYTENKO]; Regions of Ukraine [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; Socialist
Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman]; United Social
Democratic Party [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]; Working Ukraine [Serhiy
TYHYPKO]; Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]
note: as well as numerous smaller parties; United Ukraine and Center
Group are not actual political parties, but rather deputy groups
(factions not based on a party)

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS
(observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer), ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mykhailo B. REZNIK
chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 349-2920
FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John E. HERBST
embassy: 10 Yuriia Kotsiubynskoho Street, 04053 Kiev
mailing address: 5850 Kiev Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850
telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000
FAX: [380] (44) 490-4085

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grainfields under a blue sky

Economy Ukraine

Economy - overview: After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements. Shortly after independence in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukrainian government officials have taken some steps to reform the country's Byzantine tax code, such as the implementation of lower tax rates aimed at bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including closing tax loopholes and eliminating tax privileges and exemptions. Reforms in the more politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. GDP in 2000 showed strong export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence - and industrial production grew 12.9%. The economy continued to expand in 2001 as real GDP rose 9% and industrial output grew by over 14%. Growth of 4.6% in 2002 was more moderate, in part a reflection of faltering growth in the developed world. In general, growth has been undergirded by strong domestic demand, low inflation, and solid consumer and investor confidence. Growth was a sturdy 9.3% in 2003 and a remarkable 12% in 2004, despite a loss of momentum in needed economic reforms.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$299.1 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
12% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 18% industry: 45.1% services: 36.9% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
21.11 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 24%, industry 32%, services 44% (1996)

Unemployment rate:
3.5% officially registered; large number of unregistered or
underemployed workers; the International Labor Organization
calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is around 9-10
percent (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
29% (2003 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 23.2% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
29 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $13.57 billion
expenditures: $12.26 billion, including capital expenditures of NA;
note - these estimates probably do not include the government's
doubling of pensions in September of 2004 (2004 est.)

Public debt:
24.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk

Industries:
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and
transport equipment, chemicals, food processing (especially sugar)

Industrial production growth rate:
16.5% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
180 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 48.6% hydro: 7.9% nuclear: 43.5% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
132 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
1.2 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
72,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
303,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
395 million bbl (9 November 2004)

Natural gas - production:
19.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
79.86 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
5.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
60.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
560.7 billion cu m (9 November 2004)

Current account balance:
$4.584 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$32.91 billion (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products,
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products

Exports - partners:
Russia 18%, Germany 5.8%, Turkey 5.7%, Italy 5%, US 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$31.45 billion (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:
Russia 41.8%, Germany 9.6%, Turkmenistan 6.7% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$11.33 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$16.37 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)

Currency (code):
hryvnia (UAH)

Currency code:
UAH

Exchange rates:
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266
(2002), 5.3722 (2001), 5.4402 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Ukraine

Telephones - main lines in use:
10,833,300 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
4.2 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan,
running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines,
international connections, and the mobile cellular system
domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a
telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair;
more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be
satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic
trunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system
is expanding at a high rate
international: country code - 380; two new domestic trunk lines are
a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three
Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic
Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries;
additional international service is provided by the
Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and
by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
satellite systems

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
45.05 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: at least 33 (plus 21 repeaters that relay broadcasts from Russia) (1997)

Televisions:
18.05 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ua

Internet hosts:
94,345 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
260 (2001)

Internet users:
3.8 million (2003)

Transportation Ukraine

Railways: total: 22,473 km broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 169,679 km paved: 164,249 km unpaved: 5,430 km (2002)

Waterways:
1,672 km (most on Dnieper River) (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 20,069 km; oil 4,540 km; refined products 4,169 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Feodosiya, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni,
Yuzhnyy

Merchant marine:
total: 201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 675,904 GRT/709,802 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 148, container 4, passenger 7,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 11, roll
on/roll off 7, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1)
registered in other countries: 113 (2005)

Airports:
656 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 174
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 57
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 70 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 482
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 34
under 914 m: 428 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
8 (2004 est.)

Military Ukraine

Military branches:
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (Viyskovo-Povitryani Syly),
Air Defense Forces (2002)

Military service age and obligation: 18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months for Army and Air Force, 24 months for Navy (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 11,067,239 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 7,114,337 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 378,176 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$617.9 million (FY02)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.4% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Ukraine

Disputes - international:
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to
unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing
border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is
complete but the parties have agreed to defer demarcation; maritime
boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait remains unresolved
despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going
expert-level discussions; Moldova and Ukraine have established joint
customs posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away
Transnistria Region which remains under OSCE supervision; Ukraine
and Romania have taken their dispute over Ukrainian-administered
Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ
for adjudication; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a
navigation canal from the Danube border through the Ukraine to the
Black Sea

Illicit drugs:
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS
consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the West;
limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point
for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and
Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved
anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the
Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and
Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering
regime continues to be monitored by FATF

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@United Arab Emirates

Introduction United Arab Emirates

Background:
The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the UK control
of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th century treaties. In
1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash
Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to form the United
Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by Ra's al Khaymah.
The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of leading West
European nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderate
foreign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a vital role in
the affairs of the region.

Geography United Arab Emirates

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf,
between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
24 00 N, 54 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 82,880 sq km
land: 82,880 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries: total: 867 km border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

Coastline: 1,318 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
desert; cooler in eastern mountains

Terrain:
flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast
desert wasteland; mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas

Land use: arable land: 0.6% permanent crops: 2.25% other: 97.15% (2001)

Irrigated land:
720 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
frequent sand and dust storms

Environment - current issues: lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills

Environment - international agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a
vital transit point for world crude oil

People United Arab Emirates

Population:
2,563,212
note: includes an estimated 1,606,079 non-nationals; the 17 December
1995 census presents a total population figure of 2,377,453, and
there are estimates of 3.44 million for 2002 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 25.3% (male 331,269; female 317,977)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 1,115,826; female 707,058)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 66,404; female 24,678) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 27.9 years
male: 35.2 years
female: 22.9 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.54% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.58 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 2.691 male(s)/female
total population: 1.442 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 14.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.24 years
male: 72.73 years
female: 77.87 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.18% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Emirati(s)
adjective: Emirati

Ethnic groups:
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other
expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

Religions:
Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%

Languages:
Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 77.9%
male: 76.1%
female: 81.7% (2003 est.)

Government United Arab Emirates

Country name:
conventional long form: United Arab Emirates
conventional short form: none
local long form: Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
local short form: none
former: Trucial Oman, Trucial States
abbreviation: UAE

Government type:
federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE federal
government and other powers reserved to member emirates

Capital:
Abu Dhabi

Administrative divisions:
7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi),
'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's al
Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn

Independence:
2 December 1971 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 2 December (1971)

Constitution:
2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)

Legal system:
federal court system introduced in 1971; applies to all emirates
except Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah, which are not fully
integrated into the federal system; all emirates have secular courts
to adjudicate criminal, civil, and commercial matters and Islamic
courts to review family and religious disputes

Suffrage:
none

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Sheikh KHALIFA bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan
(since 3 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) (since 4
November 2004) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum (since
8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)
head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum
(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy Prime
Minister SULTAN bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990);
Deputy Prime Minister HAMDAN bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the
seven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional
authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions
federal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Supreme Council (composed of rulers of the seven emirates) for
five-year terms; election last held 3 November 2004 upon the death
of the UAE's Founding Father and first President ZAYID bin Sultan Al
Nuhayyan (next to be held 2009); prime minister and deputy prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Sheikh KHALIFA bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan elected
president by a unanimous vote of the FSC; MAKTUM bin Rashid
al-Maktum unanimously reaffirmed vice president

Legislative branch:
unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) or Majlis al-Ittihad
al-Watani (40 seats; members appointed by the rulers of the
constituent states to serve two-year terms)
elections: none
note: reviews legislation, but cannot change or veto

Judicial branch:
Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Asri Said Ahmad al-DHAHIRI chancery: 3522 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 243-2400 FAX: [1] (202) 243-2432 note: consulates in New York and Houston

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michele SISON
embassy: Embassies District, Plot 38 Sector W59-02, Street No. 4,
Abu Dhabi
mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi
telephone: [971] (2) 414-2200
FAX: [971] (2) 414-2469
consulate(s) general: Dubai

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with
a wider vertical red band on the hoist side

Economy United Arab Emirates

Economy - overview:
The UAE has an open economy with a high per capita income and a
sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is based on oil and gas
output (about 30% of GDP), and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate
with the prices of those commodities. Since the discovery of oil in
the UAE more than 30 years ago, the UAE has undergone a profound
transformation from an impoverished region of small desert
principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At
present levels of production, oil and gas reserves should last for
more than 100 years. The government has increased spending on job
creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening up its
utilities to greater private sector involvement. In April 2004, the
UAE signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) with
Washington and in November 2004 agreed to undertake negotiations
toward a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$63.67 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
5.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $25,200 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 4%
industry: 58.5%
services: 37.5% (2002 est.)

Labor force:
2.36 million
note: 73.9% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national
(2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 7%, industry 15%, services 78% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
2.4% (2001)

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
20.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $23.68 billion
expenditures: $25.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.4
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
17.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
dates, vegetables, watermelons; poultry, eggs, dairy products; fish

Industries:
petroleum, fishing, aluminum, cement, fertilizers, commercial ship
repair, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat building,
handicrafts, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2000)

Electricity - production:
45.12 billion kWh (2004)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
36.51 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2004)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2004)

Oil - production:
2.335 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
310,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
0 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - proved reserves:
97.8 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
44.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
33.7 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
7.19 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
6.06 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$6.3 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$69.48 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates

Exports - partners:
Japan 24.9%, South Korea 9.9%, India 5.4%, Thailand 5.2% (2004)

Imports:
$45.66 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food

Imports - partners:
China 10%, India 9.8%, Japan 6.8%, Germany 6.5%, UK 6.2%, France
6.1%, US 6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$18.64 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.9 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development has
given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries (2004)

Currency (code):
Emirati dirham (AED)

Currency code:
AED

Exchange rates:
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.6725 (2004), 3.6725 (2003),
3.6725 (2002), 3.6725 (2001), 3.6725 (2000)
note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications United Arab Emirates

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,135,800 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2,972,300 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital
network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones; key
centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai
domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber optic and coaxial cable
international: country code - 971; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan;
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi
Arabia

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 13, FM 8, shortwave 2 (2004)

Radios:
820,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
15 (2004)

Televisions:
310,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ae

Internet hosts:
56,283 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
1,110,200 (2003)

Transportation United Arab Emirates

Highways:
total: 1,088 km
paved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
condensate 469 km; gas 2,655 km; liquid petroleum gas 300 km; oil
2,936 km; oil/gas/water 5 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Rashid, Mina'
Saqr, Mina' Zayid, Sharjan

Merchant marine:
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 578,477 GRT/739,823 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 11, chemical tanker 5, container 6,
liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 21, roll
on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 14 (Greece 2, Kuwait 6)
registered in other countries: 200 (2005)

Airports:
35 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 22
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 13
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
2 (2004 est.)

Military United Arab Emirates

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Marines and Coast Guard), Air and Air Defense
Force, paramilitary forces (includes Federal Police Force)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Manpower available for military service: males age 18-49: 653,181 note: includes non-nationals (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 526,671 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 30,706 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.6 billion (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.1% (FY00)

Transnational Issues United Arab Emirates

Disputes - international:
because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment
of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is still unknown; boundary
agreement was signed and ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire
border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves,
but contents of the agreement and maps showing the alignment have
not been published; UAE engage in direct talks and solicit Arab
League support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Lesser
and Greater Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island

Illicit drugs:
the UAE is a drug transshipment point for traffickers given its
proximity to southwest Asian drug producing countries; the UAE's
position as a major financial center makes it vulnerable to money
laundering; anti-money-laundering controls improving

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@United Kingdom

Introduction United Kingdom

Background:
Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the
19th century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary
democracy and in advancing literature and science. At its zenith,
the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface.
The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously
depleted in two World Wars. The second half witnessed the
dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern
and prosperous European nation. As one of five permanent members of
the UN Security Council, a founding member of NATO, and of the
Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign policy; it
currently is weighing the degree of its integration with continental
Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside the Economic
and Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional reform is also
a significant issue in the UK. The Scottish Parliament, the National
Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly were
established in 1999, but the latter is suspended due to bickering
over the peace process.

Geography United Kingdom

Location:
Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the
island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North
Sea, northwest of France

Geographic coordinates:
54 00 N, 2 00 W

Map references:
Europe

Area:
total: 244,820 sq km
land: 241,590 sq km
water: 3,230 sq km
note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries: total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km

Coastline:
12,429 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in
accordance with agreed upon boundaries

Climate:
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North
Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast

Terrain:
mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in
east and southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: The Fens -4 m
highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m

Natural resources:
coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin,
limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate,
arable land

Land use:
arable land: 23.46%
permanent crops: 0.21%
other: 76.33% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,080 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
winter windstorms; floods

Environment - current issues:
continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto
Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to
meet the legally binding target and move towards a domestic goal of
a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to
reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in
landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at
least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between
1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to
10.3%

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:
lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France
and now linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of
heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from
tidal waters

People United Kingdom

Population:
60,441,457 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 17.7% (male 5,490,592/female 5,229,691)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 20,329,272/female 19,855,862)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 4,063,357/female 5,472,683) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 38.99 years male: 37.89 years female: 40.13 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.28% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
10.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
10.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 5.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.38 years
male: 75.94 years
female: 80.96 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
51,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)
adjective: British

Ethnic groups:
white (English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish
2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%,
other 1.6% (2001 census)

Religions:
Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist)
71.6%, Muslim 2.7%, Hindu 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified or none 23.1%
(2001 census)

Languages:
English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish
form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of
schooling
total population: 99% (2000 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Government United Kingdom

Country name:
conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland; note - Great Britain includes England, Scotland,
and Wales
conventional short form: United Kingdom
abbreviation: UK

Government type:
constitutional monarchy

Capital:
London

Administrative divisions:
England - 47 boroughs, 36 counties, 29 London boroughs, 12 cities
and boroughs, 10 districts, 12 cities, 3 royal boroughs
: boroughs: Barnsley, Blackburn with Darwen, Blackpool, Bolton,
Bournemouth, Bracknell Forest, Brighton and Hove, Bury, Calderdale,
Darlington, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Halton, Hartlepool,
Kirklees, Knowsley, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes,
North Tyneside, Oldham, Poole, Reading, Redcar and Cleveland,
Rochdale, Rotherham, Sandwell, Sefton, Slough, Solihull,
Southend-on-Sea, South Tyneside, St. Helens, Stockport,
Stockton-on-Tees, Swindon, Tameside, Thurrock, Torbay, Trafford,
Walsall, Warrington, Wigan, Wirral, Wolverhampton
: counties: Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire,
Cornwall, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex,
Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire,
Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire,
Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Northumberland, North Yorkshire,
Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Somerset, Staffordshire,
Suffolk, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Sussex, Wiltshire, Worcestershire
: London boroughs: Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent,
Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney,
Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon,
Hounslow, Islington, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Newham, Redbridge,
Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham
Forest, Wandsworth
: cities and boroughs: Birmingham, Bradford, Coventry, Leeds,
Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Salford, Sheffield,
Sunderland, Wakefield, Westminster
: districts: Bath and North East Somerset, East Riding of Yorkshire,
North East Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire, North Somerset,
Rutland, South Gloucestershire, Telford and Wrekin, West Berkshire,
Wokingham
: cities: City of Bristol, Derby, City of Kingston upon Hull,
Leicester, City of London, Nottingham, Peterborough, Plymouth,
Portsmouth, Southampton, Stoke-on-Trent, York
: royal boroughs: Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames,
Windsor and Maidenhead
: Northern Ireland - 24 districts, 2 cities, 6 counties
: districts: Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge,
Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down,
Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Magherafelt, Moyle,
Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane
: cities: Belfast, Derry
: counties: County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County
Fermanagh, County Londonderry, County Tyrone
: Scotland - 32 council areas: Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Angus,
Argyll and Bute, The Scottish Borders, Clackmannanshire, Dumfries
and Galloway, Dundee City, East Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, East
Lothian, East Renfrewshire, City of Edinburgh, Falkirk, Fife,
Glasgow City, Highland, Inverclyde, Midlothian, Moray, North
Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Orkney Islands, Perth and Kinross,
Renfrewshire, Shetland Islands, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire,
Stirling, West Dunbartonshire, Eilean Siar (Western Isles), West
Lothian;
: Wales - 11 county boroughs, 9 counties, 2 cities and counties
: county boroughs: Blaenau Gwent, Bridgend, Caerphilly, Conwy,
Gwynedd, Merthyr Tydfil, Neath Port Talbot, Newport, Rhondda Cynon
Taff, Torfaen, Wrexham
: counties: Isle of Anglesey, Ceredigion, Carmarthenshire,
Denbighshire, Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Pembrokeshire, Powys, The
Vale of Glamorgan
: cities and counties: Cardiff, Swansea

Dependent areas:
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin
Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey,
Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and
Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and
Caicos Islands

Independence:
England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the
union between England and Wales, begun in 1284 with the Statute of
Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an Act of Union; in
another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland agreed to
permanently join as Great Britain; the legislative union of Great
Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of
the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; the
Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland; six
northern Irish counties remained part of the United Kingdom as
Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927

National holiday:
the UK does not celebrate one particular national holiday

Constitution:
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:
common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental
influences; has judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the
Human Rights Act of 1998; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir
Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948)
head of government: Prime Minister Anthony (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May
1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually the prime minister

Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament comprised of House of Lords (consists of
approximately 500 life peers, 92 hereditary peers and 26 clergy) and
House of Commons (646 seats since 2005 elections; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms unless the House is
dissolved earlier)
elections: House of Lords - no elections (note - in 1999, as
provided by the House of Lords Act, elections were held in the House
of Lords to determine the 92 hereditary peers who would remain
there; pending further reforms, elections are held only as vacancies
in the hereditary peerage arise); House of Commons - last held 5 May
2005 (next to be held by May 2010)
election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party -
Labor 35.2%, Conservative 32.3%, Liberal Democrats 22%, other 10.5%;
seats by party - Labor 356, Conservative 197, Liberal Democrat 62,
other 31; note - as of 30 September 2005 the seats by party - Labor
354, Conservative 196, Liberal Democrat 62, other 34
note: in 1998 elections were held for a Northern Ireland Assembly
(because of unresolved disputes among existing parties, the transfer
of power from London to Northern Ireland came only at the end of
1999 and has been suspended four times the latest occurring in
October 2002); in 1999 there were elections for a new Scottish
Parliament and a new Welsh Assembly

Judicial branch:
House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in
Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life); Supreme Courts of
England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of
Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts);
Scotland's Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary

Political parties and leaders:
Conservative and Unionist Party [Michael HOWARD]; Democratic
Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY]; Labor Party
[Anthony (Tony) BLAIR]; Liberal Democrats [Charles KENNEDY]; Party
of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Dafydd IWAN]; Scottish National Party or SNP
[Alex SALMOND]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS]; Social
Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Mark DURKAN];
Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Sir Reg EMPEY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of British
Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress

International organization participation:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN
Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador David G. MANNING
chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-6500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-7870
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
consulate(s): Dallas, Denver, Miami, and Seattle

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David T.
JOHNSON
embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W1A 1AE
mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040
telephone: [44] (0) 20 7499-9000
FAX: [44] (0) 20 7629-9124
consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh

Flag description:
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of
England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of
Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is superimposed on
the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland);
properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly called the Union
Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been
the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth
countries and their constituent states or provinces, as well as
British overseas territories

Economy United Kingdom

Economy - overview:
The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is one of the
quartet of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. Over the
past two decades the government has greatly reduced public ownership
and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is
intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards,
producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor
force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary
energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares
of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance,
and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of
GDP while industry continues to decline in importance. GDP growth
slipped in 2001-03 as the global downturn, the high value of the
pound, and the bursting of the "new economy" bubble hurt
manufacturing and exports. Output recovered in 2004, to 3.2% growth.
The economy is one of the strongest in Europe; inflation, interest
rates, and unemployment remain low. The relatively good economic
performance has complicated the BLAIR government's efforts to make a
case for Britain to join the European Economic and Monetary Union
(EMU). Critics point out that the economy is doing well outside of
EMU, and they cite public opinion polls that continue to show a
majority of Britons opposed to the euro. Meantime, the government
has been speeding up the improvement of education, transport, and
health services, at a cost in higher taxes.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.782 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
3.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $29,600 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 26.3% services: 72.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
29.78 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1.5%, industry 19.1%, services 79.5% (2004)

Unemployment rate:
4.8% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
17% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 28.5% (1999)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36.8 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $834.9 billion
expenditures: $896.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
39.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish

Industries:
machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment,
railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and
parts, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals,
coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food processing,
textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods

Industrial production growth rate:
0.9% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
395.9 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 73.8% hydro: 0.9% nuclear: 23.7% other: 1.6% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
337.4 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
2.959 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
5.119 billion kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
1.957 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1.692 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
1.498 million bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:
1.084 million bbl/day (2003)

Oil - proved reserves:
25.41 billion bbl (2003)

Natural gas - production:
105.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
92.85 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
15.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
2.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
714.9 billion cu m (2003)

Current account balance:
$-33.46 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$347.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco

Exports - partners:
US 15.3%, Germany 10.8%, France 9.2%, Ireland 6.8%, Netherlands 6%,
Belgium 5.1%, Spain 4.5%, Italy 4.2% (2004)

Imports:
$439.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Germany 13%, US 9.3%, France 7.4%, Netherlands 6.6%, Belgium 4.9%,
China 4.3%, Italy 4.3% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$48.73 billion (2004)

Debt - external:
$4.71 trillion (2003)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $4.2 billion (2004)

Currency (code):
British pound (GBP)

Currency code:
GBP

Exchange rates:
British pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672
(2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)

Fiscal year:
6 April - 5 April

Communications United Kingdom

Telephones - main lines in use:
34.898 million (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
49.677 million (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: technologically advanced domestic and
international system
domestic: equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and
fiber-optic systems
international: country code - 44; 40 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3
Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat;
at least 8 large international switching centers

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
84.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
228 (plus 3,523 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
30.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.uk

Internet hosts:
3,398,708 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
more than 400 (2000)

Internet users:
25 million (2002)

Transportation United Kingdom

Railways:
total: 17,274 km
standard gauge: 16,814 km 1.435-m gauge (5,296 km electrified)
broad gauge: 460 km 1.600-m gauge (in Northern Ireland) (2004)

Highways:
total: 392,931 km
paved: 392,931 km (including 3,431 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2003)

Waterways:
3,200 km (620 km used for commerce) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate 370 km; gas 21,446 km; liquid petroleum gas 59 km; oil
6,420 km; oil/gas/water 63 km; refined products 4,474 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Hound Point, Immingham, Milford Haven, Liverpool, London,
Southampton, Sullom Voe, Teesport

Merchant marine:
total: 429 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 9,181,284 GRT/9,566,275 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 18, cargo 55, chemical tanker 48, container
134, liquefied gas 11, passenger 12, passenger/cargo 64, petroleum
tanker 40, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 25, vehicle
carrier 3
foreign-owned: 202 (Australia 3, Canada 15, Denmark 38, Finland 2,
Germany 56, Greece 4, Ireland 1, Italy 9, Netherlands 12, Norway 28,
South Africa 4, Sweden 15, Taiwan 7, United States 8)
registered in other countries: 446 (2005)

Airports:
471 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 334 over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 33 1,524 to 2,437 m: 150 914 to 1,523 m: 86 under 914 m: 57 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 137 2438 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 112 (2004 est.)

Heliports: 11 (2004 est.)

Military United Kingdom

Military branches:
Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
16 years of age for voluntary military service (January 2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 14,607,724 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 12,046,268 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$42,836.5 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.4% (2003)

Transnational Issues United Kingdom

Disputes - international:
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to
remain a British colony and against a "total shared sovereignty"
arrangement while demanding participation in talks between the UK
and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater
autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago
(British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants since
their eviction in 1965; most Chagosians reside in Mauritius, and in
2001 were granted UK citizenship but no right to patriation in the
UK; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still
claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British
Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps
Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim
that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Illicit drugs:
producer of limited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic
precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin, Latin
American cocaine, and synthetic drugs; money-laundering center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@United States

Introduction United States

Background:
Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776
and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of
America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and
20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the
nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a
number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic experiences
in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65) and the Great
Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World Wars I and II
and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the world's most
powerful nation state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low
unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in technology.

Geography United States

Location:
North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the
North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

Geographic coordinates:
38 00 N, 97 00 W

Map references:
North America

Area:
total: 9,631,418 sq km
land: 9,161,923 sq km
water: 469,495 sq km
note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia

Area - comparative:
about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of
Africa; about half the size of South America (or slightly larger
than Brazil); slightly larger than China; almost two and a half
times the size of the European Union

Land boundaries:
total: 12,034 km
border countries: Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska),
Mexico 3,141 km
note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and
is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 29 km

Coastline:
19,924 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: not specified

Climate:
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in
Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River,
and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter
temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in
January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains

Terrain:
vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in
east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged,
volcanic topography in Hawaii

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Death Valley -86 m
highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m

Natural resources:
coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold,
iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum,
natural gas, timber

Land use:
arable land: 19.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 80.65% (2001)

Irrigated land:
214,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin;
hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts; tornadoes
in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in California; forest fires
in the west; flooding; permafrost in northern Alaska, a major
impediment to development

Environment - current issues:
air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the
US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning
of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and
fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in much of the
western part of the country require careful management;
desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Geography - note:
world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and
by population (after China and India); Mt. McKinley is highest point
in North America and Death Valley the lowest point on the continent

People United States

Population:
295,734,134 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 20.6% (male 31,095,725/female 29,703,997)
15-64 years: 67% (male 98,914,382/female 99,324,126)
65 years and over: 12.4% (male 15,298,676/female 21,397,228) (2005
est.)

Median age: total: 36.27 years male: 34.94 years female: 37.6 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.92% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
3.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 6.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.71 years
male: 74.89 years
female: 80.67 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.08 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.6% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
950,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
14,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: American(s)
adjective: American

Ethnic groups:
white 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and Alaska native
1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2% (2003 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Religions:
Protestant 52%, Roman Catholic 24%, Mormon 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim
1%, other 10%, none 10% (2002 est.)

Languages:
English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and
Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97% (1999 est.)

Government United States

Country name:
conventional long form: United States of America
conventional short form: United States
abbreviation: US or USA

Government type:
Constitution-based federal republic; strong democratic tradition

Capital:
Washington, DC

Administrative divisions:
50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas,
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*,
Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New
Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North
Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South
Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia,
Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Dependent areas:
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island,
Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island,
Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)

Independence:
4 July 1776 (from Great Britain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Constitution:
17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789

Legal system:
federal court system based on English common law; each state has
its own unique legal system, of which all but one (Louisiana's) is
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each
state; president and vice president serve four-year terms; election
last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: George W. BUSH reelected president; percent of
popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 50.9%, John KERRY
(Democratic Party) 48.1%, other 1.0%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress consists of the Senate (100 seats, one-third are
renewed every two years; two members are elected from each state by
popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of
Representatives (435 seats; members are directly elected by popular
vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2006); House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Republican Party 55, Democratic Party 44, independent 1;
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Republican Party 231, Democratic Party 200, undecided 4

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for life on
condition of good behavior by the president with confirmation by the
Senate); United States Courts of Appeal; United States District
Courts; State and County Courts

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party [Howard DEAN]; Green Party [leader NA];
Libertarian Party [Steve DAMERELL]; Republican Party [Ken MEHLMAN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AfDB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia
Group, BIS, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CP, EAPC, EBRD, FAO,
G-5, G-7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security
Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL,
UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Flag description:
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating
with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset
horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows
of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes
represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design
and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags,
including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

Economy United States

Economy - overview:
The US has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in
the world, with a per capita GDP of $40,100. In this market-oriented
economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the
decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods
and services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business
firms enjoy considerably greater flexibility than their counterparts
in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to
lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. At the same
time, they face higher barriers to entry in their rivals' home
markets than the barriers to entry of foreign firms in US markets.
US firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances,
especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military
equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War
II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual
development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the
bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of
those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay
raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975,
practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top
20% of households. The response to the terrorist attacks of 11
September 2001 showed the remarkable resilience of the economy. The
war in March/April 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the
subsequent occupation of Iraq, required major shifts in national
resources to the military. The rise in GDP in 2004 was undergirded
by substantial gains in labor productivity. The economy suffered
from a sharp increase in energy prices in the second half of 2004.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic
infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging
population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of
family income in the lower economic groups.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$11.75 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $40,100 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.9% industry: 19.7% services: 79.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 147.4 million (includes unemployed) (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: farming, forestry, and fishing 0.7%, manufacturing, extraction, transportation, and crafts 22.7%, managerial, professional, and technical 34.9%, sales and office 25.5%, other services 16.3% note: figures exclude the unemployed (2004)

Unemployment rate:
5.5% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
12% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 30.5% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
45 (2004)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
15.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.862 trillion
expenditures: $2.338 trillion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
65% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork,
poultry, dairy products; forest products; fish

Industries:
leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified and
technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles,
aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food
processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

Industrial production growth rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
3.839 trillion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 71.4% hydro: 5.6% nuclear: 20.7% other: 2.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
3.66 trillion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
13.36 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
36.23 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
7.8 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
19.65 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
22.45 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
548.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
640.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
11.16 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
114.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
5.195 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$-646.5 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$795 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
agricultural products (soybeans, fruit, corn) 9.2%, industrial
supplies (organic chemicals) 26.8%, capital goods (transistors,
aircraft, motor vehicle parts, computers, telecommunications
equipment) 49.0%, consumer goods (automobiles, medicines) 15.0%
(2003)

Exports - partners:
Canada 23%, Mexico 13.6%, Japan 6.7%, UK 4.4%, China 4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$1.476 trillion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil
8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment,
motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery),
consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture,
toys) (2003)

Imports - partners:
Canada 17%, China 13.8%, Mexico 10.3%, Japan 8.7%, Germany 5.2%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$85.94 billion (2003)

Debt - external:
$1.4 trillion (2001 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
British pounds per US dollar - 0.5457 (2004), 0.6139 (2003), 0.6661
(2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000); Canadian dollars per US dollar
- 1.3014 (2004), 1.4045 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851
(2000); Japanese yen per US dollar - 108.13 (2004), 116.08 (2003),
125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000); euros per US dollar -
0.8048 (2004), 0.8866 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.08540
(2000)

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications United States

Telephones - main lines in use:
181,599,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
158.722 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: a large, technologically advanced, multipurpose
communications system
domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio
relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of
telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile
telephone traffic throughout the country
international: country code - 1; 24 ocean cable systems in use;
satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16
Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4
Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 4,854, FM 8,950, shortwave 18 (2004)

Radios:
575 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: more than 1,500 (including nearly 1,000 stations affiliated with the five major networks - NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, and PBS; in addition, there are about 9,000 cable TV systems) (1997)

Televisions:
219 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.us

Internet hosts:
115,311,958 (2002)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
7,000 (2002 est.)

Internet users:
159 million (2002)

Transportation United States

Railways: total: 227,736 km standard gauge: 227,736 km 1.435-m gauge (2003)

Highways:
total: 6,393,603 km
paved: 4,180,053 km (including 74,406 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,213,550 km (2003)

Waterways:
41,009 km (19,312 km used for commerce)
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint
Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with Canada (2004)

Pipelines:
petroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Corpus Christi, Duluth, Hampton Roads, Houston, Long Beach, Los
Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa, Texas City
note: 13 ports north of New Orleans (South Louisiana Ports) on the
Mississippi River handle 290,000,000 tons of cargo annually.

Merchant marine:
total: 486 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 12,436,658 GRT/14,630,116 DWT
by type: barge carrier 7, bulk carrier 19, cargo 152, chemical
tanker 19, container 92, passenger 17, passenger/cargo 57, petroleum
tanker 79, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 28, vehicle
carrier 14
foreign-owned: 49 (Australia 2, Canada 8, China 1, Denmark 20,
Malaysia 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Singapore 11, Sweden 1, United
Kingdom 1)
registered in other countries: 680 (2005)

Airports:
14,857 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 5,128
over 3,047 m: 188
2,438 to 3,047 m: 221
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1,375
914 to 1,523 m: 2,383
under 914 m: 961 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 9,729
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 160
914 to 1,523 m: 1,718
under 914 m: 7,843 (2004 est.)

Heliports:
155 (2004 est.)

Military United States

Military branches:
Army, Navy and Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard (Coast
Guard administered in peacetime by the Department of Homeland
Security, but in wartime reports to the Department of the Navy)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 67,742,879
females age 18-49: 67,070,144 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 54,609,050
females age 18-49: 54,696,706 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 2,143,873
females: 2,036,201 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.3% (FY03 est.) (February 2004)

Transnational Issues United States

Disputes - international:
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices and
infrastructure in the border region strains water-sharing
arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped up efforts to stem
nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world
from crossing illegally into the United States from Mexico; illegal
immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti and the Dominican
Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida by sea; 1990
Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits Russian
Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes with Canada at
Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US and Canada seek
greater cooperation in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree on a
maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from
Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can
terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island; US
has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other
state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): the United States admitted 52,868 refugees during FY03/04 including: 13,331 (Somalia), 6,000 (Laos), 3,482 (Ukraine), 2,959 (Cuba), 1,787 (Iran); note - 27,239 refugees have been admitted as of 31 May 2005

Illicit drugs:
consumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia through Mexico and the
Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, and increasingly
methamphetamine from Mexico; consumer of high-quality Southeast
Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana, depressants,
stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine; money-laundering
center

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Uruguay

Introduction Uruguay

Background:
Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military
stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to became an
important commercial center. Annexed by Brazil as a separate
province in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later
and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The
administrations of President BATLLE in the early 20th century
established widespread political, social, and economic reforms. A
violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement, the Tupamaros, launched in
the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to agree to military control
of his administration in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been
crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold throughout
the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. Uruguay's
political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.

Geography Uruguay

Location:
Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between
Argentina and Brazil

Geographic coordinates:
33 00 S, 56 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 176,220 sq km
land: 173,620 sq km
water: 2,600 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than the state of Washington

Land boundaries: total: 1,564 km border countries: Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km

Coastline: 660 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Terrain:
mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m

Natural resources: arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries

Land use: arable land: 7.43% permanent crops: 0.23% other: 92.34% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and occasional
violent wind which blows north from the Argentine pampas), droughts,
floods; because of the absence of mountains, which act as weather
barriers, all locations are particularly vulnerable to rapid changes
from weather fronts

Environment - current issues: water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
second-smallest South American country (after Suriname); most of
the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is
grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising

People Uruguay

Population:
3,415,920 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.2% (male 403,041/female 389,427)
15-64 years: 63.6% (male 1,076,960/female 1,095,833)
65 years and over: 13.2% (male 183,877/female 266,782) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 32.46 years
male: 31.02 years
female: 33.95 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.47% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.09 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 11.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 76.13 years
male: 72.92 years
female: 79.45 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.3% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
6,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Uruguayan(s)
adjective: Uruguayan

Ethnic groups:
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically
nonexistent)

Religions:
Roman Catholic 66% (less than half of the adult population attends
church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, nonprofessing or other
31%

Languages:
Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the
Brazilian frontier)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 97.6%
female: 98.4% (2003 est.)

Government Uruguay

Country name:
conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
conventional short form: Uruguay
local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay
local short form: Uruguay
former: Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province

Government type:
constitutional republic

Capital:
Montevideo

Administrative divisions:
19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas,
Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida,
Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera,
Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres

Independence:
25 August 1825 (from Brazil)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 25 August (1825)

Constitution:
27 November 1966, effective February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973,
new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two
constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7
January 1997

Legal system:
based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Tabare VAZQUEZ (since 1 March 2005) and
Vice President Rodolfo NIN NOVA (since 1 March 2005); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Tabare VAZQUEZ (since 1 March 2005)
and Vice President Rodolfo NIN NOVA (since 1 March 2005); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with
parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October
2004 (next to be held October 2009)
election results: Tabare VAZQUEZ elected president; percent of vote
- Tabare VAZQUEZ 50.5%, Jorge LARRANAGA 35.1%, Guillermo STIRLING
10.3%

Legislative branch:
bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of Chamber
of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of
Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 31 October 2004 (next to
be held October 2009); Chamber of Representatives - last held 31
October 2004 (next to be held October 2009)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - EP-FA 16, Blanco 11, Colorado Party 3; Chamber
of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- EP-FA 52, Blanco 36, Colorado Party 10, Independent Party 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected
for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE Ibanez]; National Party or Blanco
[Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera]; New Sector/Space Coalition (Nuevo
Espacio) [Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter/Broad Front
Coalition (Encuentro Progresista/Frente Amplio) or EP-FA [Tabare
VAZQUEZ]; Independent Party (Partido Independiente) [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Agrupacion UTE (powerful state worker's union), Rural Association
of Uruguay (rancher's association), Uruguayan Construction League,
Chamber of Uruguayan Industries (manufacturer's association),
Chemist and Pharmaceutical Association (professional organization),
Architect's Society of Uruguay (professional organization), the
Catholic Church, students

International organization participation:
CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA,
Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS, ONUB,
OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMOGIP, UNMOT, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos GIANELLI Derois
chancery: 1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316
FAX: [1] (202) 331-8142
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York
consulate(s): San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Martin J. SILVERSTEIN embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200 mailing address: APO AA 34035 telephone: [598] (2) 418-7777 FAX: [598] (2) 418-8611

Flag description:
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating
with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner
with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and
16 rays alternately triangular and wavy

Economy Uruguay

Economy - overview:
Uruguay's well-to-do economy is characterized by an export-oriented
agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, and high levels of
social spending. After averaging growth of 5% annually during
1996-98, in 1999-2002 the economy suffered a major downturn,
stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems
of its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. For instance, in
2001-02 massive withdrawals by Argentina of dollars deposited in
Uruguayan banks led to a plunge in the Uruguyan peso and a massive
rise in unemployment. Total GDP in these four years dropped by
nearly 20%, with 2002 the worst year due to the serious banking
crisis. Unemployment rose to nearly 20% in 2002, inflation surged,
and the burden of external debt doubled. Cooperation with the IMF
limited the damage. The debt swap with private creditors carried out
in 2003, which extended the maturity dates on nearly half of
Uruguay's $11.3 billion in public debt, substantially alleviated the
country's amortization burden in the coming years and restored
public confidence. The economy grew about 10% in 2004 as a result of
high commodity prices for Uruguayan exports, the weakness of the
dollar against the euro, growth in the region, low international
interest rates, and greater export competitiveness.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$49.27 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
10.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $14,500 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 7.9% industry: 27.4% services: 64.8% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
1.56 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 14%, industry 16%, services 70%

Unemployment rate:
13% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
21% of households (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.7% highest 10%: 25.8% (1997)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44.8 (1999)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.6% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
9.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $3.332 billion
expenditures: $3.787 billion, including capital expenditures of $193
million (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
rice, wheat, corn, barley; livestock; fish

Industries:
food processing, electrical machinery, transportation equipment,
petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
22% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
8.536 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.7% hydro: 99.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0.3% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.878 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
954 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
434.2 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
41,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
64.5 million cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
65 million cu m (2003 est.)

Current account balance:
$181.8 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$2.2 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
meat, rice, leather products, wool, fish, dairy products

Exports - partners:
US 17.3%, Brazil 16%, Germany 6.3%, Argentina 6.2%, Mexico 4.2%
(2004)

Imports:
$2.071 billion f.o.b. (2003)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, crude petroleum

Imports - partners:
Argentina 19.5%, Brazil 19%, Paraguay 12.9%, US 9.2%, China 6%
(2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$2.362 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$12.8 billion (March 2004)

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Currency code:
UYU

Exchange rates:
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 28.704 (2004), 28.209 (2003),
21.257 (2002), 13.319 (2001), 12.1 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Uruguay

Telephones - main lines in use:
946,500 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
652,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: fully digitalized
domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 598; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2002)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 91, FM 149, shortwave 7 (2001)

Radios:
1.97 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
23 (2002)

Televisions:
782,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.uy

Internet hosts:
87,630 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
14 (2001)

Internet users:
400,000 (2002)

Transportation Uruguay

Railways:
total: 2,073 km
standard gauge: 2,073 km 1.435-m gauge
note: 461 km have been taken out of service and 460 km are in
partial use (2004)

Highways: total: 8,983 km paved: 8,081 km unpaved: 902 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,600 km (2002)

Pipelines:
gas 192 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Montevideo

Merchant marine:
total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 10,918 GRT/10,342 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum
tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 4 (Argentina 3, Greece 1)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005)

Airports:
64 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 50 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 17 under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Military Uruguay

Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm, Marines, Maritime Prefecture in
wartime), Air Force

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service (2001)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 764,408 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 637,445 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$257.5 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2% (2004)

Transnational Issues Uruguay

Disputes - international:
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Uzbekistan

Introduction Uzbekistan

Background:
Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff
resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually
suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1924. During the
Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain
led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies,
which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain
rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to
gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its
mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism
by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of
human rights and democratization.

Geography Uzbekistan

Location:
Central Asia, north of Afghanistan

Geographic coordinates:
41 00 N, 64 00 E

Map references:
Asia

Area:
total: 447,400 sq km
land: 425,400 sq km
water: 22,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
total: 6,221 km
border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km,
Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Coastline:
0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern
portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Maritime claims:
none (doubly landlocked)

Climate:
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid grassland in east

Terrain:
mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat
intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya, Syr
Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east surrounded
by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m

Natural resources:
natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead
and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Land use: arable land: 10.83% permanent crops: 0.83% other: 88.34% (2001)

Irrigated land:
42,810 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of
chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then
blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to
desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the
heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human
health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination
from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including
DDT

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly landlocked
countries in the world

People Uzbekistan

Population:
26,851,195 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.5% (male 4,575,443/female 4,408,146)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 8,201,993/female 8,371,933)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 528,334/female 765,346) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 22.36 years
male: 21.74 years
female: 23 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.67% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
26.22 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 71.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 74.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.19 years
male: 60.82 years
female: 67.73 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
11,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Uzbekistani
adjective: Uzbekistani

Ethnic groups:
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%,
Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Religions:
Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Languages:
Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.3%
male: 99.6%
female: 99% (2003 est.)

Government Uzbekistan

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: Ozbekiston
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little power
outside the executive branch

Capital:
Tashkent (Toshkent)

Administrative divisions:
12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous
republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon Viloyati,
Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati, Namangan
Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi),
Qaraqalpog'iston Respublikasi* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo
Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent
Shahri**, Toshkent Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Independence:
1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

Constitution:
new constitution adopted 8 December 1992

Legal system:
evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial
system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when
he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYAYEV (since 11
December 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional
amendment in 2002); election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be
held December 2007); prime minister and deputy ministers appointed
by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote
- Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2%

Legislative branch:
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an Upper
House or Senate (100 seats; 84 members are elected by regional
governing councils to serve five-year terms and 16 are appointed by
the president) and a Lower House or Legislative Chamber (120 seats;
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 26 December 2004 and 9 January 2005 (next to be
held December 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - LDPU 41, NDP 32, Fidokorlar 17, MTP 11, Adolat 9,
unaffiliated 10
note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed
by the Supreme Assembly)

Political parties and leaders:
Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom TOSHMUHAMMADOVA,
chairman]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly Tiklanish) or
MTP [Xurshid DOSTMUHAMMADOV, chief]; Liberal Democratic Party of
Uzbekistan or LDPU [Adham SHODMONOV, chairman]; People's Democratic
Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Asliddin RUSTAMOV, first
secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar National Democratic
Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, chief]; note - Fatherland Progress Party
merged with Self-Sacrificers Party

Political pressure groups and leaders:
Agrarian and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Birlik (Unity)
Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom) Democratic
Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December 1992; Ezgulik
Human Rights Society [Vasilia INOYATOVA]; Free Farmers' Party or
Ozod Dehqonlar [Nigara KHIDOYATOVA]; Human Rights Society of
Uzbekistan [Tolib YAKUBOV, chairman]; Independent Human Rights
Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]; Mazlum [leader
NA]

International organization participation:
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdulaziz KAMILOV
chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-6803
FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804
consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jon PURNELL
embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent 700115
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450
FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green
separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and 12
white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

Economy Uzbekistan

Economy - overview:
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11% consists of
intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than 60% of its
population lives in densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan
is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter, a large producer
of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of chemicals
and machinery. Following independence in December 1991, the
government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy with
subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Uzbekistan
responded to the negative external conditions generated by the Asian
and Russian financial crises by emphasizing import substitute
industrialization and by tightening export and currency controls
within its already largely closed economy. The government, while
aware of the need to improve the investment climate, sponsors
measures that often increase, not decrease, the government's control
over business decisions. A sharp increase in the inequality of
income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since
independence. In 2003, the government accepted the obligations of
Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund (IMF), providing
for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls
and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of
convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further
stifled economic activity.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$47.59 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.4% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38% industry: 26.3% services: 35.7% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
14.64 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
0.6% officially, plus another 20% underemployed (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
28% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 22% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
44.7 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.457 billion
expenditures: $2.482 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
41.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock

Industries:
textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy, gold
petroleum, natural gas, chemicals

Industrial production growth rate:
6.2% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
47.7 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 88.2% hydro: 11.8% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
46.66 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
6.8 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
143,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
142,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
297 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Natural gas - production:
63.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
45.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
17.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
937.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Current account balance:
$461.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$3.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral fertilizers,
ferrous metals, textiles, food products, automobiles (1998 est.)

Exports - partners:
Russia 22%, China 14.7%, Turkey 6.4%, Tajikistan 6.1%, Kazakhstan
4.2%, Bangladesh 4% (2004)

Imports:
$2.82 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%, chemicals, metals
(1998 est.)

Imports - partners:
Russia 26.8%, South Korea 12.6%, US 8%, Germany 7.7%, Kazakhstan
6.3%, China 5.8%, Turkey 5.1%, Ukraine 4.5% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.603 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.351 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$87.4 million from the US (2003)

Currency (code):
Uzbekistani sum (UZS)

Currency code:
UZS

Exchange rates:
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 1,020 (2004), 971.265 (2003),
771.03 (2001), 423.832 (2001), 236.61 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Uzbekistan

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,717,100 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
320,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in serious need of
modernization
domestic: the domestic telephone system is being expanded and
technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent (Toshkent) and
Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in
industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks
had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System
for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile
Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
international: country code - 998; linked by landline or microwave
radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased
connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the
completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE)
fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian
facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides
an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite
earth stations - NA (1998)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 10 (1998)

Radios:
10.8 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 4 (plus two repeaters that relay Russian programs), 1 cable rebroadcaster in Tashkent; approximately 20 stations in regional capitals (2003)

Televisions:
6.4 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.uz

Internet hosts:
1,040 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
42 (2000)

Internet users:
492,000 (2003)

Transportation Uzbekistan

Railways: total: 3,950 km broad gauge: 3,950 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 81,600 km paved: 71,237 km unpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
1,100 km (2004)

Pipelines:
gas 9,149 km; oil 869 km; refined products 33 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Termiz (Amu Darya)

Airports:
226 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 33 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 193 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 187 (2004 est.)

Military Uzbekistan

Military branches:
Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,340,220 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,609,621 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 324,722 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$200 million (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2% (FY97)

Transnational Issues Uzbekistan

Disputes - international:
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation
with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation is
underway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to delimit border and remove minefields

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 3,000 (forced population transfers by government from
villages near Tajikistan border) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a
lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit cultivation
of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for domestic
consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by government crop
eradication program; transit point for heroin precursor chemicals
bound for Afghanistan

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Vanuatu

Introduction Vanuatu

Background:
The British and French, who settled the New Hebrides in the 19th
century, agreed in 1906 to an Anglo-French Condominium, which
administered the islands until independence in 1980.

Geography Vanuatu

Location:
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Geographic coordinates:
16 00 S, 167 00 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 12,200 sq km
land: 12,200 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes more than 80 islands, about 65 of which are inhabited

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Connecticut

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
2,528 km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October;
moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by
cyclones from December to April

Terrain:
mostly mountainous islands of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Tabwemasana 1,877 m

Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish

Land use: arable land: 2.46% permanent crops: 7.38% other: 90.16% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes
minor earthquakes; tsunamis

Environment - current issues:
a majority of the population does not have access to a reliable
supply of potable water; deforestation

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller islands;
several of the islands have active volcanoes

People Vanuatu

Population:
205,754 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.3% (male 35,039/female 33,553)
15-64 years: 63.1% (male 66,311/female 63,502)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 3,878/female 3,471) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 22.64 years
male: 22.68 years
female: 22.59 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.52% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
23.06 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 55.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 57.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 52.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 62.49 years
male: 61 years
female: 64.05 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.77 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)
adjective: Ni-Vanuatu

Ethnic groups:
Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)

Religions:
Presbyterian 31.4%, Anglican 13.4%, Roman Catholic 13.1%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 10.8%, other Christian 13.8%, indigenous
beliefs 5.6% (including Jon Frum cargo cult), other 9.6%, none 1%,
unspecified 1.3% (1999 Census)

Languages:
local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or
Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified
0.7% (1999 Census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 74%
male: NA%
female: NA% (1999 est.)

Government Vanuatu

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu
conventional short form: Vanuatu
former: New Hebrides

Government type:
parliamentary republic

Capital:
Port-Vila (Efate)

Administrative divisions:
6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba

Independence:
30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 30 July (1980)

Constitution:
30 July 1980

Legal system:
unified system being created from former dual French and British
systems

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Kalkot Matas KELEKELE (since 16 August
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Ham LINI (since 11 December
2004); Deputy Prime Minister Sato KILMAN (since 11 December 2004);
Prime Minister Serge VOHOR ousted in no-confidence vote on 11
December 2004
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected for a five-year term by an electoral
college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional
councils; election for president last held 16 August 2004 (next to
be held in 2009); following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime
minister by Parliament from among its members; election for prime
minister last held 29 July 2004 (next to be held following general
elections in 2008)
election results: Kalkot Matas KELEKELE elected president, with 49
votes out of 56, after several ballots on 16 August 2004

Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (52 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 6 July 2004 (next to be held 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
UMP 8, VP 8, NUP 10, VRP 4, MPP 3, VGP 3, other and independent 16;
note - political party associations are fluid
note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of culture
and language

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president after
consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the
opposition, three other justices are appointed by the president on
the advice of the Judicial Service Commission)

Political parties and leaders:
Jon Frum Movement [Song KEASPAI]; Melanesian Progressive Party or
MPP [Barak SOPE]; National United Party or NUP [leader NA]; Union of
Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanua'aku Pati (Our Land
Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Republican Party or VRP
[Maxime Carlot KORMAN]; Vanuatu Greens Party or VGP [Moana CARCASSES]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, PIF, Sparteca, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
Vanuatu does not have an embassy in the US; it does, however, have
a Permanent Mission to the UN

Diplomatic representation from the US:
the US does not have an embassy in Vanuatu; the ambassador to Papua
New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu

Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black
isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a
black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele leaves, all in yellow

Economy Vanuatu

Economy - overview:
This South Pacific island economy is based primarily on small-scale
agriculture, which provides a living for 65% of the population.
Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with about 50,000
visitors in 2004, are other mainstays of the economy. Mineral
deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum
deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market.
Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is
hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main
markets and between constituent islands. GDP growth rose less than
3% on average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the
government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore
financial center. In mid-2002 the government stepped up efforts to
boost tourism. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a
second target for growth. Australia and New Zealand are the main
suppliers of tourists and foreign aid.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$580 million (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.1% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 26%
industry: 12%
services: 62% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA%

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.1% (2003 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $52.6 million
expenditures: $54.3 million, including capital expenditures of
$700,000 (2003 est.)

Agriculture - products: copra, coconuts, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables; fish, beef

Industries:
food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning

Industrial production growth rate:
1% (1997 est.)

Electricity - production:
48.42 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
45.03 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
$26.6 million f.o.b. (2003)

Exports - commodities:
copra, beef, cocoa, timber, kava, coffee

Exports - partners:
Thailand 47%, Malaysia 18.4%, Japan 7.5%, Belgium 5.4%, China 4.9%
(2004)

Imports:
$138 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels

Imports - partners:
Taiwan 24%, Australia 16.5%, Japan 11.4%, Singapore 8.5%, New
Zealand 7.2%, Fiji 6.3%, US 4.4% (2004)

Debt - external:
$83.7 million (2002)

Economic aid - recipient:
$27.5 million (2002)

Currency (code):
vatu (VUV)

Currency code:
VUV

Exchange rates:
vatu per US dollar - 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003), 139.2 (2002),
145.31 (2001), 137.64 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Vanuatu

Telephones - main lines in use:
6,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
7,800 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 678; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)

Radios:
67,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
1 (2004)

Televisions:
2,300 (1999)

Internet country code:
.vu

Internet hosts:
512 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
7,500 (2003)

Transportation Vanuatu

Highways: total: 1,070 km paved: 256 km unpaved: 814 km (1999 est.)

Ports and harbors:
Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo)

Merchant marine:
total: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,192,474 GRT/1,560,828 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 16, container 1, liquefied gas 2,
refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 2, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 52 (Australia 2, Canada 5, Estonia 1, Greece 1,
Israel 1, Japan 25, New Zealand 1, Poland 11, Russia 1, Switzerland
2, Thailand 1, United States 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Airports:
30 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1524 to 2437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 27 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Military Vanuatu

Military branches:
no regular military forces; security forces comprise the Vanuatu
Police Force (VPF) and paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF),
which includes Vanuatu's naval force, known as the Police Maritime
Wing (PMW); border security in Vanuatu is the joint responsibility
of the Customs and Inland Revenue Service, VPF, VMF, and PMW (2003)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues Vanuatu

Disputes - international: Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by Vanuatu and France

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Venezuela

Introduction Venezuela

Background:
Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse
of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and Ecuador).
For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled
by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil
industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected
governments have held sway since 1959. Current concerns include: a
polarized political environment, a politicized military,
drug-related violence along the Colombian border, increasing
internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry
with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations
that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.

Geography Venezuela

Location:
Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North
Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana

Geographic coordinates:
8 00 N, 66 00 W

Map references:
South America

Area:
total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries: total: 4,993 km border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Coastline: 2,800 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 15 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain:
Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains
(llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals,
hydropower, diamonds

Land use: arable land: 2.95% permanent crops: 0.92% other: 96.13% (2001)

Irrigated land:
540 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts

Environment - current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations

Environment - international agreements: party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
on major sea and air routes linking North and South America; Angel
Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall

People Venezuela

Population:
25,375,281 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 29.9% (male 3,909,876/female 3,667,958)
15-64 years: 65% (male 8,287,255/female 8,209,599)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 590,236/female 710,357) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 25.6 years
male: 24.98 years
female: 26.24 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.4% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
18.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 22.2 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.31 years
male: 71.27 years
female: 77.58 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.7% - note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
110,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
4,100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: Venezuelan

Ethnic groups:
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous
people

Religions:
nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%

Languages:
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.4%
male: 93.8%
female: 93.1% (2003 est.)

Government Venezuela

Country name:
conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
local short form: Venezuela

Government type:
federal republic

Capital:
Caracas

Administrative divisions:
23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 federal district*
(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia
federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar,
Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito
Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva
Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia
note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled
island groups with a total of 72 individual islands

Independence:
5 July 1811 (from Spain)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 5 July (1811)

Constitution:
30 December 1999

Legal system:
open, adversarial court system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February
1999); Vice President Jose Vicente RANGEL Vale (since 28 April
2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February
1999); Vice President Jose Vicente RANGEL Vale (since 28 April
2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of
vote - 60%
note: a special presidential recall vote on 15 August 2004 resulted
in a victory for CHAVEZ; percent of vote - 58% in favor of CHAVEZ
fulfilling the remaining two years of his term, 42% in favor of
terminating his presidency immediately

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (165 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three
seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela)
elections: last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held July 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
pro-government 108 (MVR 92, MAS 6, indigenous 3, other 7),
opposition 57 (AD 33, COPEI 6, Justice First 5, other 13)

Judicial branch:
Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia
(magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single
12-year term)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Action or AD [Jesus MENDEZ Quijada]; Fifth Republic
Movement or MVR [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Homeland for All or PPT [Jose
ALBORNOZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism
or MAS [Hector MUJICA]; National Convergence or Convergencia [Juan
Jose CALDERA]; Radical Cause or La Causa R [Andres VELASQUEZ];
Social Christian Party or COPEI [Eduardo FERNANDEZ]; Venezuela
Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups;
Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor organization
dominated by the Democratic Action)

International organization participation:
CAN, CDB, CSN, FAO, G-3, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate),
MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Bernardo ALVAREZ Herrera
chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214
FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans,
New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador William R. BROWNFIELD
embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle
Arriba, Caracas 1080
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
telephone: [58] (212) 975-9234, 975-6411
FAX: [58] (212) 975-8991

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with
the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of
seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band

Economy Venezuela

Economy - overview:
Venezuela continues to be highly dependent on the petroleum sector,
accounting for roughly one-third of GDP, around 80% of export
earnings, and over half of government operating revenues. A
disastrous two-month national oil strike from December 2002 to
February 2003, temporarily halted economic activity. The economy
remained in depression in 2003, declining by 9.2% after an 8.9% fall
in 2002. Despite continued domestic instability, output recovered
strongly in 2004, aided by high oil prices. Both inflation and
unemployment remain fundamental problems.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$145.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
16.8% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $5,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 0.1% industry: 46.5% services: 53.4% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
12.25 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 13%, industry 23%, services 64% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
17.1% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
47% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 0.8% highest 10%: 36.5% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
49.5 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
22.4% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
12.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $26.91 billion
expenditures: $30.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.6
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
43.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef,
pork, milk, eggs; fish

Industries:
petroleum, iron ore mining, construction materials, food
processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly

Industrial production growth rate:
12.3% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
89.7 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 31.7% hydro: 68.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
89.3 billion kWh (2003)

Electricity - exports:
450 million kWh (2003)

Electricity - imports:
30 million kWh (2003)

Oil - production:
2.6 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
500,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - exports:
2.1 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
78 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
29.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
29.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
4.19 trillion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$14.59 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$35.84 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural
products, basic manufactures

Exports - partners:
US 55.6%, Netherlands Antilles 4.7%, Dominican Republic 2.8% (2004)

Imports:
$14.98 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment,
construction materials

Imports - partners:
US 28.8%, Colombia 9.9%, Brazil 7%, Mexico 4.1% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$25.75 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$33.29 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$74 million (2000)

Currency (code):
bolivar (VEB)

Currency code:
VEB

Exchange rates:
bolivares per US dollar - 1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003), 1,161
(2002), 723.7 (2001), 680 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Venezuela

Telephones - main lines in use:
2,841,800 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
6,463,600 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern and expanding
domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent
substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas;
substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines;
installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of
digital multimedia services
international: country code - 58; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1
PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in
the construction of an international fiber-optic network

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)

Radios:
10.75 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
4.1 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.ve

Internet hosts:
35,301 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
16 (2000)

Internet users:
1,274,400 (2002)

Transportation Venezuela

Railways: total: 682 km standard gauge: 682 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Highways:
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
7,100 km
note: Orinoco River and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing
vessels, Orinoco for 400 km (2004)

Pipelines:
extra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,262 km; oil 7,360 km; refined
products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Amuay, La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

Merchant marine:
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 740,919 GRT/1,191,483 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 16, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
liquefied gas 5, passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 19, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 9 (Denmark 2, Greece 1, Hong Kong 2, Mexico 1, Russia
2, Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 20 (2005)

Airports:
369 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 127 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 31 914 to 1,523 m: 61 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 242 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 88 under 914 m: 144 (2004 est.)

Military Venezuela

Military branches:
National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, FAN): Ground
Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces
(Fuerzas Navales or Armada - includes Marines, Coast Guard), Air
Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or
National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 6,236,012 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,907,947 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 252,396 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1.687 billion (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.5% (2004)

Transnational Issues Venezuela

Disputes - international:
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana,
preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
UNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over Los
Monjes islands and maritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities
penetrate Venezuela's shared border region resulting in several
thousand residents migrating away from the border; US, France and
the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to
Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation
and other states' recognition of it

Illicit drugs:
small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing
of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of
cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia
bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related
money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia
and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily
targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by
Colombian insurgents on border

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Vietnam

Introduction Vietnam

Background:
The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was completed
by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887. Independence
was declared after World War II, but the French continued to rule
until 1954 when they were defeated by Communist forces under Ho Chi
MINH, who took control of the North. US economic and military aid to
South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the
government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a
cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnamese
forces overran the South. Despite the return of peace, for over two
decades the country experienced little economic growth because of
conservative leadership policies. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities
have committed to economic liberalization and enacted structural
reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more
competitive, export-driven industries. The country continues to
experience protests from the Montagnard ethnic minority population
of the Central Highlands over loss of land to Vietnamese settlers
and religious persecution.

Geography Vietnam

Location:
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin,
and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia

Geographic coordinates:
16 00 N, 106 00 E

Map references:
Southeast Asia

Area:
total: 329,560 sq km
land: 325,360 sq km
water: 4,200 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries: total: 4,639 km border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km

Coastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands)

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to
mid-March)

Terrain:
low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly,
mountainous in far north and northwest

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Fan Si Pan 3,144 m

Natural resources:
phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and
gas deposits, forests, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 19.97% permanent crops: 5.95% other: 74.08% (2001)

Irrigated land:
30,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding,
especially in the Mekong River delta

Environment - current issues:
logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to
deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing
threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits
potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population
migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
City

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across
at its narrowest point

People Vietnam

Population:
83,535,576 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.9% (male 12,065,777/female 11,212,299)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 27,406,456/female 28,024,250)
65 years and over: 5.8% (male 1,889,585/female 2,937,209) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 25.51 years
male: 24.47 years
female: 26.68 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.04% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
17.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 25.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 70.61 years
male: 67.82 years
female: 73.6 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
1.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.4% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
220,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
9,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)
adjective: Vietnamese

Ethnic groups:
Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome 1.4%, Hoa
1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)

Religions:
Buddhist 9.3%, Catholic 6.7%, Hoa Hao 1.5%, Cao Dai 1.1%,
Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, none 80.8% (1999 census)

Languages:
Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second
language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.3%
male: 93.9%
female: 86.9% (2002)

Government Vietnam

Country name:
conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
conventional short form: Vietnam
local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam
local short form: Viet Nam
abbreviation: SRV

Government type:
Communist state

Capital:
Hanoi

Administrative divisions:
59 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5 municipalities (thu
do, singular and plural)
: provinces: An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba
Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh
Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Dac Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai,
Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Ha Nam, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh,
Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai
Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh
Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang
Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh,
Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen
Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai
: municipalities: Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh

Independence:
2 September 1945 (from France)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 2 September (1945)

Constitution:
15 April 1992

Legal system:
based on communist legal theory and French civil law system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September
1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29
September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Vu KHOAN (8 August 2002) and
Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president based on proposal of prime
minister and ratification of National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its
members for a five-year term; election last held 25 July 2002 (next
to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative
elections in 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from
among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers
appointed by the prime minister
election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly or Quoc-Hoi (498 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 19 May 2002 (next to be held 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - CPV 90%, other 10% (the
10% are not CPV members but are approved by the CPV to stand for
election); seats by party - CPV 447, CPV-approved 51

Judicial branch:
Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year
term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)

Political parties and leaders:
only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nong Duc MANH,
general secretary]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
ACCT (observer), APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Nguyen Tam CHIEN chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737 FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917 consulate(s) general: San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael W. MARINE embassy: 7 Lang Ha Road, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [84] (4) 772-1500 FAX: [84] (4) 772-1510 consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City

Flag description: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

Economy Vietnam

Economy - overview:
Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in the last
30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of
financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a
centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from
1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of
development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth averaged
around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial
crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy and
temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress towards a
market oriented economy. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in
1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth then rose to 7% in 2000-04 even against
the background of global recession. Since 2001, however, Vietnamese
authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic
liberalization and international integration. They have moved to
implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and
to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. However,
equitization of state-owned enterprises and reduction in the
proportion of non-performing loans has fallen behind schedule.
Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry
into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade in December 2001 have
led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic
regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in
2003. Vietnam is working toward accession to the WTO in 2005. Among
other benefits, accession will allow Vietnam to take advantage of
the phase out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which
eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO partners on 1
January 2005. Vietnam is working to promote job creation to keep up
with the country's high population growth rate. However, in 2004,
high levels of inflation prompted Vietnamese authorities to tighten
monetary and fiscal policies.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$227.2 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
7.7% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 21.8% industry: 40.1% services: 38.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
42.98 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 63%, industry and services 37% (2000 est.)

Unemployment rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
28.9% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 29.9% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
36.1 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.5% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
36.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $10.66 billion
expenditures: $13.09 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8
billion (2004 est.)

Public debt:
65.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
paddy rice, coffee, fish and seafood, rubber, cotton, tea, pepper,
soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas, poultry

Industries:
food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building, mining, cement,
chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper

Industrial production growth rate:
16% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
34.48 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 43.7% hydro: 56.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
32.06 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
359,400 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
185,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
650 million bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
1.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
1.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
192.6 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$-2.061 billion (2004 est.)

Exports:
$23.72 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments,
shoes

Exports - partners:
US 20.2%, Japan 13.6%, China 9%, Australia 7%, Germany 5.9%,
Singapore 4.8%, UK 4.6% (2004)

Imports:
$26.31 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel
products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles

Imports - partners:
China 13.7%, Taiwan 11.3%, South Korea 10.8%, Japan 10.5%,
Singapore 10.5%, Thailand 6.2%, Hong Kong 4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$6.51 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$16.55 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient: $2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000 (2004)

Currency (code):
dong (VND)

Currency code:
VND

Exchange rates:
dong per US dollar - 15,746 (2004), 15,510 (2003), 15,280 (2002),
14,725 (2001), 14,168 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Vietnam

Telephones - main lines in use:
4.402 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
2.742 million (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort into
modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its
performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors
domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to
Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or
microwave radio relay networks; main lines have been substantially
increased, and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly
international: country code - 84; satellite earth stations - 2
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)

Radios:
8.2 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
3.57 million (1997)

Internet country code:
.vn

Internet hosts:
340 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2000)

Internet users:
3.5 million (2003)

Transportation Vietnam

Railways:
total: 2,600 km
standard gauge: 178 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 2,169 km 1.000-m gauge
dual gauge: 253 km three-rail track combining 1.435-m and 1.000-m
gauges (2004)

Highways: total: 93,300 km paved: 23,418 km unpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
17,702 km (5,000 km navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft) (2004)

Pipelines:
condensate/gas 432 km; gas 210 km; oil 3 km; refined products 206
km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City

Merchant marine:
total: 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,170,621 GRT/1,798,376 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 18, cargo 142, chemical tanker 3, container 2,
liquefied gas 4, petroleum tanker 22, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 11 (2005)

Airports:
24 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 21 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Vietnam

Military branches:
People's Army of Vietnam: Ground Forces, People's Navy Command
(includes Naval Infantry), Air and Air Defense Force, Coast Guard

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service
obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 21,341,813 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 16,032,358 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 915,572 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$650 million (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.5% (FY98)

Transnational Issues Vietnam

Disputes - international:
southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check
the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese
squatters and armed encroachments along border; in 2004
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing
markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;
Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the
Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Illicit drugs:
minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for
Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine
addiction problems

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Virgin Islands

Introduction Virgin Islands

Background: During the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish. Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1917, the US purchased the Danish portion, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848.

Geography Virgin Islands

Location:
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic
Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Geographic coordinates:
18 20 N, 64 50 W

Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
total: 352 sq km
land: 349 sq km
water: 3 sq km

Area - comparative:
twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
188 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low
humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season
September to November

Terrain:
mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Crown Mountain 474 m

Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf

Land use: arable land: 11.76% permanent crops: 2.94% other: 85.3% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA

Natural hazards:
several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and severe droughts
and floods; occasional earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
lack of natural freshwater resources

Geography - note:
important location along the Anegada Passage - a key shipping lane
for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural
deepwater harbors in the Caribbean

People Virgin Islands

Population:
108,708 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 23.1% (male 12,676/female 12,421)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 34,069/female 37,918)
65 years and over: 10.7% (male 5,125/female 6,499) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 36.52 years
male: 35.6 years
female: 37.33 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
-0.07% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
14.2 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
-8.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 8.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.91 years
male: 75.08 years
female: 82.96 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Virgin Islander(s)
adjective: Virgin Islander

Ethnic groups:
black 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%, mixed 3.5% (2000
census)

Religions:
Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7%

Languages:
English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French
Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census)

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Virgin Islands

Country name:
conventional long form: United States Virgin Islands
conventional short form: Virgin Islands
former: Danish West Indies

Dependency status:
organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy relations
between the Virgin Islands and the US under the jurisdiction of the
Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Charlotte Amalie

Administrative divisions:
none (territory of the US); there are no first-order administrative
divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are three
islands at the second order; Saint Croix, Saint John, Saint Thomas

National holiday:
Transfer Day (from Denmark to the US), 27 March (1917)

Constitution:
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954

Legal system:
based on US laws

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; note - island residents are US citizens
but do not vote in US presidential elections

Executive branch:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001)
head of government: Governor Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (since 5
January 1999)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held November 2006)
election results: Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL reelected governor;
percent of vote - Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (Democrat) 50.5%, John
de JONGH 24.4%

Legislative branch:
unicameral Senate (15 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve two-year terms)
elections: last held 6 November 2002 (next to be held 2 November
2004)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Democratic Party 10, ICM 2, independent 3
note: the Virgin Islands elects one non-voting representative to the
US House of Representatives; election last held 6 November 2002
(next to be held 2 November 2004); results - Donna M.
CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSON (Democrat) reelected

Judicial branch:
US District Court of the Virgin Islands (under Third Circuit
jurisdiction); Territorial Court (judges appointed by the governor
for 10-year terms)

Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; Independent Citizens'
Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS]; Republican Party [Gary SPRAUVE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (territory of the US)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (territory of the US)

Flag description:
white, with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the
large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a yellow eagle
holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other
with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white stripes below a
blue panel

Economy Virgin Islands

Economy - overview:
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for 80% of GDP
and employment. The islands normally host 2 million visitors a year.
The manufacturing sector consists of petroleum refining, textiles,
electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch assembly. The agricultural
sector is small, with most food being imported. International
business and financial services are a small but growing component of
the economy. One of the world's largest petroleum refineries is at
Saint Croix. The islands are subject to substantial damage from
storms. The government is working to improve fiscal discipline, to
support construction projects in the private sector, to expand
tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and to protect the environment.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.5 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
2% (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $17,200 (2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 1% industry: 19% services: 80% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
48,900 (2003 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 1%, industry 19%, services 80% (2003 est.)

Unemployment rate:
9.3% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (2003)

Budget: revenues: $560 expenditures: NA (2003)

Agriculture - products:
fruit, vegetables, sorghum; Senepol cattle

Industries:
tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling,
construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
1.035 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
962.6 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
66,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
NA

Exports - commodities:
refined petroleum products

Exports - partners:
US, Puerto Rico

Imports:
NA

Imports - commodities:
crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials

Imports - partners:
US, Puerto Rico

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
US dollar (USD)

Currency code:
USD

Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used

Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

Communications Virgin Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:
69,400 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
41,000 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: modern system with total digital switching,
uses fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
domestic: full range of services available
international: country code - 1-340; 2 submarine cable connections
(Taino Carib, Americas-1); satellite earth stations - NA

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 17, shortwave 0 (2004)

Radios:
107,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
16 (2004)

Televisions:
68,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.vi

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
50 (2000)

Internet users:
30,000 (2002)

Transportation Virgin Islands

Highways:
total: 1,257 km
paved: 1,192 km
unpaved: 65 km
note: the only US possession where driving on the left side of the
road is practiced (2003)

Ports and harbors:
Charlotte Amalie, Limetree Bay

Airports:
2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Military Virgin Islands

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of the US

Transnational Issues Virgin Islands

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Wake Island

Introduction Wake Island

Background:
The US annexed Wake Island in 1899 for a cable station. An
important air and naval base was constructed in 1940-41. In December
1941, the island was captured by the Japanese and held until the end
of World War II. In subsequent years, Wake was developed as a
stopover and refueling site for military and commercial aircraft
transiting the Pacific. Since 1974, the island's airstrip has been
used by the US military and some commercial cargo planes, as well as
for emergency landings. There are over 700 landings a year on the
island.

Geography Wake Island

Location:
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the
way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands

Geographic coordinates:
19 17 N, 166 36 E

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 6.5 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
19.3 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical

Terrain:
atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano;
central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 6 m

Natural resources:
none

Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)

Irrigated land:
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
occasional typhoons

Environment - current issues:
NA

Geography - note:
strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency landing
location for transpacific flights

People Wake Island

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants
note: US military personnel have left the island, but contractor
personnel remain; as of October 2001, 200 contractor personnel were
present (July 2005 est.)

Government Wake Island

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Wake Island

Dependency status:
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from Washington,
DC, by the Department of the Interior; activities on the island are
conducted by the US Air Force

Legal system:
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Flag description:
the flag of the US is used

Economy Wake Island

Economy - overview:
Economic activity is limited to providing services to contractors
located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be
imported.

Electricity - production:
NA

Communications Wake Island

Telephone system:
general assessment: satellite communications; 1 DSN circuit off the
Overseas Telephone System (OTS)
domestic: NA
international: NA

Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM NA, shortwave NA note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio service provided by satellite (1998)

Television broadcast stations: 0 (1997)

Transportation Wake Island

Ports and harbors:
none; two offshore anchorages for large ships

Airports:
1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Transportation - note:
formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used by US
military, some commercial cargo planes, and for emergency landings

Military Wake Island

Military - note:
defense is the responsibility of the US; launch support facility is
part of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site (RTS)
administered by US Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC)

Transnational Issues Wake Island

Disputes - international: claimed by Marshall Islands

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Wallis and Futuna

Introduction Wallis and Futuna

Background:
Although discovered by the Dutch and the British in the 17th and
18th centuries, it was the French who declared a protectorate over
the islands in 1842. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted
to become a French overseas territory.

Geography Wallis and Futuna

Location:
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of
the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:
13 18 S, 176 12 W

Map references:
Oceania

Area:
total: 274 sq km
land: 274 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island),
Ile Alofi, and 20 islets

Area - comparative:
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
0 km

Coastline:
129 km

Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate:
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season
(May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity);
average temperature 26.6 degrees C

Terrain:
volcanic origin; low hills

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Singavi 765 m

Natural resources:
NEGL

Land use:
arable land: 5%
permanent crops: 25%
other: 70% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
NA

Environment - current issues:
deforestation (only small portions of the original forests remain)
largely as a result of the continued use of wood as the main fuel
source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, the
mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion;
there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of
natural fresh water resources

Geography - note:
both island groups have fringing reefs

People Wallis and Futuna

Population: 16,025 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
NA%

Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate:
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New
Caledonia (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders
adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander

Ethnic groups:
Polynesian

Religions:
Roman Catholic 99%, other 1%

Languages:
Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%,
French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50%
male: 50%
female: 50% (1969 est.)

Government Wallis and Futuna

Country name:
conventional long form: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
conventional short form: Wallis and Futuna
local long form: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna
local short form: Wallis et Futuna

Dependency status:
overseas territory of France

Government type:
NA

Capital:
Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)

Administrative divisions:
none (overseas territory of France); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are three kingdoms at the second order named Alo, Sigave, Wallis

Independence:
none (overseas territory of France)

National holiday:
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Legal system:
French legal system

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May
1995), represented by High Administrator Xavier DE FURST (since 18
January 2005)
head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Patalione
KANIMOA (since NA January 2001)
cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of three kings and three
members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the
Territorial Assembly
note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the
Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by
the members of the assembly

Legislative branch:
unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (20
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 11 March 2002 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPR and affiliates 13, Socialists and affiliates 7
note: Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and
one deputy to the French National Assembly; French Senate -
elections last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held by September
2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats - RPR (now
UMP) 1; French National Assembly - elections last held 16 June 2002
(next to be held by NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats - RPR (UMP) 1

Judicial branch:
none; justice generally administered under French law by the high
administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary
law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu

Political parties and leaders:
Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) [leader NA]; Mouvement des Radicaux de
Gauche or MRG [leader NA]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Clovis
LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]; Union Populaire
Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la Democratie Francaise or
UDF [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
FZ, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none (overseas territory of France)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none (overseas territory of France)

Flag description:
a large white modified Maltese cross - shifted a little off center
toward the fly and slightly downward - on a red background; the flag
of France outlined in white on two sides is in the upper hoist
quadrant; the flag of France is used for official occasions

Economy Wallis and Futuna

Economy - overview:
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with
about 80% labor force earnings from agriculture (coconuts and
vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the
population is employed in government. Revenues come from French
Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South
Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New
Caledonia.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$60 million (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
NA%

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:
NA%

Population below poverty line:
NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%

Budget:
revenues: $20 million
expenditures: $17 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Agriculture - products:
breadfruit, yams, taro, bananas; pigs, goats

Industries:
copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber

Industrial production growth rate:
NA%

Electricity - production:
NA kWh

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0%

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Exports:
$250,000 f.o.b. (1999)

Exports - commodities:
copra, chemicals, construction materials

Exports - partners:
Italy 40%, Croatia 15%, US 14%, Denmark 13%

Imports:
$300,000 f.o.b. (1999)

Imports - commodities:
chemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
France 97%, Australia 2%, New Zealand 1%

Debt - external:
$NA

Economic aid - recipient:
assistance from France

Currency (code):
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Currency code:
XPF

Exchange rates:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US dollar - 96.04
(2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Wallis and Futuna

Telephones - main lines in use:
1,900 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (1994)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 681

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (2000)

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
2 (2000)

Televisions:
NA

Internet country code:
.wf

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
900 (2002)

Transportation Wallis and Futuna

Highways:
total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)
paved: 16 km (all on Ile Uvea)
unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)

Ports and harbors:
Leava, Mata-Utu

Merchant marine: total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 74,754 GRT/1,187 DWT by type: passenger 4 foreign-owned: 4 (France 3, United States 1) (2005)

Airports: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Wallis and Futuna

Military - note: defense is the responsibility of France

Transnational Issues Wallis and Futuna

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@West Bank

Introduction West Bank

Background:
The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government
Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993,
provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of
Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West
Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and
responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which includes the
Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January 1996, as part of
the interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip
and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo
Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and in additional
areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28 September 1995
Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol
Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23 October 1998
Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh
Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility
during the transitional period for external and internal security
and for public order of settlements and Israeli citizens. Direct
negotiations to determine the permanent status of Gaza and West Bank
that began in September 1999 after a three-year hiatus, were
derailed by a second intifadah that broke out in September 2000. The
resulting widespread violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip,
Israel's military response, and instability within the Palestinian
Authority continue to undermine progress toward a permanent
agreement. Following the death of longtime Palestinian leader Yasir
ARAFAT in November 2004, the election of his successor Mahmud ABBAS
in January 2005 could bring a turning point in the conflict.

Geography West Bank

Location:
Middle East, west of Jordan

Geographic coordinates:
32 00 N, 35 15 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 5,860 sq km
land: 5,640 sq km
water: 220 sq km
note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter
of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and
Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of
depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967

Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries: total: 404 km border countries: Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm
to hot summers, cool to mild winters

Terrain:
mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren
in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Tall Asur 1,022 m

Natural resources:
arable land

Land use:
arable land: 16.9%
permanent crops: 18.97%
other: 64.13% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
droughts

Environment - current issues:
adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Geography - note:
landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal
aquifers; there are 244 West Bank settlements and 29 East Jerusalem
settlements in addition to at least 20 occupied outposts (August
2003 est.)

People West Bank

Population:
2,385,615
note: in addition, there are about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the
West Bank and fewer than 177,000 in East Jerusalem (July 2004 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43.4% (male 530,197/female 504,794)
15-64 years: 53.2% (male 649,610/female 619,335)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 34,803/female 46,876) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 18.14 years
male: 17.99 years
female: 18.3 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.13% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
32.37 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
3.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
2.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 19.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.08 years
male: 71.33 years
female: 74.95 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
4.4 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality:
noun: NA
adjective: NA

Ethnic groups:
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Religions:
Muslim 75% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 17%, Christian and other 8%

Languages:
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians),
English (widely understood)

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.9%
male: 96.3%
female: 87.4% (2003 est.)

Government West Bank

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: West Bank

Economy West Bank

Economy - overview:
The West Bank - the larger of the two areas under the Palestine
Authority - has experienced a general decline in economic growth and
a degradation in economic conditions made worse since the second
intifadah began in September 2000. The downturn has been largely the
result of the Israeli closure policies - the imposition of border
closures in response to security incidents in Israel - which
disrupted labor and commodity market relationships. In 2001, and
even more severely in 2002, Israeli military measures in Palestine
Authority areas resulted in the destruction of much capital plant,
the disruption of administrative structure, and widespread business
closures. Including the Gaza Strip, the UN estimates that more than
100,000 Palestinians out of the 125,000 who used to work in Israeli
settlements, or in joint industrial zones, have lost their jobs.
International aid of $2 billion to the West Bank and Gaza strip in
2004 prevented the complete collapse of the economy and allowed some
reforms in the government's financial operations. Meanwhile,
unemployment has continued at more than half the labor force.
ARAFAT's death in 2004 leaves open more political options that could
affect the economy.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$1.8 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
6% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 9% industry: 28% services: 63% note: includes Gaza Strip (2002 est.)

Labor force:
364,000 (2004)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 15%, industry 25%, services 60% (2004 est.)

Unemployment rate:
27.2% (includes Gaza Strip) (2004 est.)

Population below poverty line:
59% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.2% (includes Gaza Strip) (2001 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $676.6 million
expenditures: $1.155 billion, including capital expenditures of NA;
note - these budget data include Gaza Strip (2003)

Agriculture - products:
olives, citrus, vegetables; beef, dairy products

Industries:
generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles,
soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the
Israelis have established some small-scale, modern industries in the
settlements and industrial centers

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East
Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to
Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;
the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most
Jewish residents and military facilities; some Palestinian
municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own
electricity from small power plants

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
NA kWh

Electricity - imports:
NA kWh

Exports:
$205 million f.o.b., includes Gaza Strip (2002)

Exports - commodities:
olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone

Exports - partners:
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)

Imports:
$1.5 billion c.i.f., includes Gaza Strip (2002)

Imports - commodities:
food, consumer goods, construction materials

Imports - partners:
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)

Debt - external:
$108 million (includes Gaza Strip) (1997 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2 billion (includes Gaza Strip) (2004 est.)

Currency (code):
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Currency code:
ILS; JOD

Exchange rates:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541 (2003),
4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year (since 1 January 1992)

Communications West Bank

Telephones - main lines in use: 301,600 (total for West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 480,000 (cellular subscribers in both West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
note: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are
responsible for communication services in the West Bank

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0
note: the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an AM
station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local, private stations are
reported to be in operation (2000)

Radios:
NA; note - most Palestinian households have radios (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
NA; note - many Palestinian households have televisions (1999)

Internet country code:
.ps

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
8 (1999)

Internet users:
145,000 (includes Gaza Strip) (2003)

Transportation West Bank

Highways:
total: 4,500 km
paved: 2,700 km
unpaved: 1,800 km
note: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewish
settlements (1997 est.)

Airports:
3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military West Bank

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
NA

Transnational Issues West Bank

Disputes - international:
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status
subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent
status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel
continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along
parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel announced
its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw from four
settlements in the northern West Bank in 2005; since 1948, about 350
peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO),
headquartered in Jerusalem, monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice
agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist
other UN personnel in the region

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 665,246 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA)) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Western Sahara

Introduction Western Sahara

Background:
Morocco virtually annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara
(formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and the rest of the territory in
1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the
Polisario Front contesting Rabat's sovereignty ended in a 1991
UN-brokered cease-fire; a UN-organized referendum on final status
has been repeatedly postponed.

Geography Western Sahara

Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Mauritania and Morocco

Geographic coordinates:
24 30 N, 13 00 W

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 266,000 sq km
land: 266,000 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative:
about the size of Colorado

Land boundaries: total: 2,046 km border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

Coastline:
1,110 km

Maritime claims:
contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

Climate:
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce
fog and heavy dew

Terrain:
mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces
rising to small mountains in south and northeast

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m
highest point: unnamed location 463 m

Natural resources:
phosphates, iron ore

Land use:
arable land: 0.02%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.98% (2001)

Irrigated land:
NA sq km

Natural hazards:
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and
spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely
restricting visibility

Environment - current issues:
sparse water and lack of arable land

Environment - international agreements: party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note: the waters off the coast are particularly rich fishing areas

People Western Sahara

Population: 273,008 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: NA 15-64 years: NA 65 years and over: NA

Population growth rate:
NA

Birth rate:
NA births/1,000 population

Death rate:
NA deaths/1,000 population

Sex ratio:
NA

Infant mortality rate:
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

Total fertility rate:
NA children born/woman

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations during the transmission season (typically April through November) (2004)

Nationality: noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s) adjective: Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian

Ethnic groups:
Arab, Berber

Religions:
Muslim

Languages:
Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Government Western Sahara

Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Western Sahara
former: Spanish Sahara

Government type:
legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty unresolved;
territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front
for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in
February 1976 formally proclaimed a government-in-exile of the
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), led by President Mohamed
ABDELAZIZ; territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in
April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania,
under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to
its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector
shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control;
the Polisario's government-in-exile was seated as an OAU member in
1984; guerrilla activities continued sporadically, until a
UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September 1991

Capital:
none

Administrative divisions:
none (under de facto control of Morocco)

Suffrage:
none; a UN-sponsored voter identification campaign not yet completed

Executive branch:
none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
none

International organization participation:
none

Diplomatic representation in the US:
none

Diplomatic representation from the US:
none

Economy Western Sahara

Economy - overview:
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate
mining as the principal sources of income for the population. The
territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable agricultural
production, and most of the food for the urban population must be
imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by
the Moroccan Government. Moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed
contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western Sahara, which
has angered the Polisario. Incomes and standards of living in
Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
NA

GDP - real growth rate:
NA

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - NA

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: NA industry: NA services: 40% (1996 est.)

Labor force:
12,000

Labor force - by occupation:
animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%

Unemployment rate:
NA

Population below poverty line:
NA

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA

Budget:
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Agriculture - products:
fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases); camels, sheep,
goats (kept by nomads)

Industries:
phosphate mining, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
NA

Electricity - production:
90 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
83.7 million kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
1,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Exports:
NA

Exports - commodities:
phosphates 62%

Exports - partners:
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners
are included in overall Moroccan accounts

Imports:
NA

Imports - commodities:
fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners
are included in overall Moroccan accounts

Debt - external:
NA

Economic aid - recipient:
NA

Currency (code):
Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Currency code:
MAD

Exchange rates:
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.868 (2004), 9.5744 (2003),
11.0206 (2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.6256 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Western Sahara

Telephones - main lines in use:
about 2,000 (1999 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
0 (1999)

Telephone system:
general assessment: sparse and limited system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 212; tied into Morocco's system by
microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to
Rabat, Morocco

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
56,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
6,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.eh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
NA

Transportation Western Sahara

Highways: total: 6,200 km paved: 1,350 km unpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est)

Ports and harbors:
Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, Laayoune (El Aaiun)

Airports:
11 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Transnational Issues Western Sahara

Disputes - international:
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, administered by the UN Mission for the
Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts to hold a
referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all
brokered proposals

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@World

Introduction World

Background:
Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world
wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast
colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from
the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the
landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance
and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in
North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about the
environment, including loss of forests, shortages of energy and
water, the decline in biological diversity, and air pollution; (h)
the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of
the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population
continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820, to 2 billion in 1930,
3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1988, and 6
billion in 2000. For the 21st century, the continued exponential
growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances
in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal
weapons of war).

Geography World

Map references:
Physical Map of the World, Political Map of the World, Standard
Time Zones of the World

Area:
total: 510.072 million sq km
land: 148.94 million sq km
water: 361.132 million sq km
note: 70.8% of the world's surface is water, 29.2% is land

Area - comparative:
land area about 16 times the size of the US

Land boundaries:
the land boundaries in the world total 250,472 km (not counting
shared boundaries twice); two nations, China and Russia, each border
14 other countries
note: 43 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include:
Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic,
Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay,
Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two
of these, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked

Coastline:
356,000 km
note: 98 nations and other entities are islands that border no other
countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Baker Island, Barbados, Bassas da India, Bermuda, Bouvet Island,
British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde,
Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling)
Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus,
Dominica, Europa Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe
Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic
Lands, Glorioso Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard
Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Jamaica, Jan
Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Juan de Nova
Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Isle of
Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated
States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa
Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern
Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines,
Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tromelin Island, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu,
Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan

Maritime claims:
a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make
the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as
described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea:
territorial sea - 12 nm , contiguous zone - 24 nm , and exclusive
economic zone - 200 nm ; additional zones provide for exploitation
of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone;
boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries
from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm

Climate:
two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow
temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to
subtropical climates

Terrain:
the greatest ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at 10,924 m in the
Pacific Ocean

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m
note: in the oceanic realm, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is
the lowest point, lying -10,924 m below the surface of the Pacific
Ocean
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Natural resources:
the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the
depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and
plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality
(especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose
serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only
beginning to address

Land use: arable land: 10.73% permanent crops: 1% other: 88.27% (2001)

Irrigated land:
2,714,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural
disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)

Environment - current issues: large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Geography - note:
the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old, just
about one-third of the 13-billion-year age estimated for the universe

People World

Population:
6,446,131,400 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 27.8% (male 919,726,623; female 870,468,158)
15-64 years: 64.9% (male 2,117,230,183; female 2,066,864,970)
65 years and over: 7.3% (male 207,903,775; female 263,627,270)
note: some countries do not maintain age structure information, thus
a slight discrepancy exists between the total world population and
the total for world age structure (2005 est.)

Median age: total: 27.6 years male: 27 years female: 28.2 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
1.14% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
20.15 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 50.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 64.33 years
male: 62.73 years
female: 66.04 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
2.6 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Religions:
Christians 32.84% (of which Roman Catholics 17.34%, Protestants
5.78%, Orthodox 3.44%, Anglicans 1.27%), Muslims 19.9%, Hindus
13.29%, Buddhists 5.92%, Sikhs 0.39%, Jews 0.23%, other religions
12.63%, non-religious 12.44%, atheists 2.36% (2003 est.)

Languages:
Chinese, Mandarin 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi
2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese
1.99%, German, Standard 1.49%, Chinese, Wu 1.21% (2004 est.)
note: percents are for "first language" speakers only

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 82%
male: 87%
female: 77%
note: over two-thirds of the world's 785 million illiterate adults
are found in only eight countries (India, China, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Egypt); of all the
illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women; extremely low
literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, South and West
Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arab states, where around
one-third of the men and half of all women are illiterate (2005 est.)

Government World

Administrative divisions:
271 nations, dependent areas, and other entities

Legal system:
all members of the UN are parties to the statute that established
the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court

Economy World

Economy - overview: Global output rose by 4.9% in 2004, led by China (9.1%), Russia (6.7%), and India (6.2%). The other 14 successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong performers, in the 7% range of growth. Growth results posted by the major industrial countries varied from a small gain in Italy (1.3%) to a strong gain by the United States (4.4%). The developing nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing population increases that erode gains in output. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada. Externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers to international bodies, notably the European Union. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 75 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations. The terrorist attacks on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuate a further growing risk to global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major global problems that continued into 2005.

GDP (purchasing power parity): GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - $55.5 trillion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $8,800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 4%
industry: 32%
services: 64% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
NA

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many
non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12%
unemployment

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: NA % highest 10%: NA %

Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries 5% to 60% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in several Third World countries (2004 est.)

Industries:
dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers,
robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment;
most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small
portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to
these technological forces; the accelerated development of new
industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already
grim environmental problems

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
15.29 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: NA hydro: NA nuclear: NA other: NA (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
14.28 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - exports:
500.8 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - imports:
497.6 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Oil - production:
76.01 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
77.04 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:
1.025 trillion bbl (1 January 2002 est.)

Natural gas - production:
2.637 trillion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
2.599 trillion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
693.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
718.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
161.2 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Exports:
$8.819 trillion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

Exports - partners:
US 15.7%, Germany 7.7%, China 5.4%, France 5.1%, UK 5.1%, Japan
4.5% (2004)

Imports:
$8.754 trillion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities:
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services

Imports - partners:
Germany 9.4%, US 9.3%, China 8.5%, Japan 6.5%, France 4.5% (2004)

Debt - external:
$12.7 trillion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)

Communications World

Telephones - main lines in use:
843,923,500 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA

Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA

Radio broadcast stations:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Radios:
NA

Television broadcast stations:
NA

Televisions:
NA

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
10,350 (2000 est.)

Internet users:
604,111,719 (2002 est.)

Transportation World

Railways:
total: 1,115,205 km
broad gauge: 257,481 km
standard gauge: 671,413 km
narrow gauge: 186,311 km (2003)

Highways: total: 32,345,165 km paved: 19,403,061 km unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)

Waterways:
671,886 km (2004)

Merchant marine:
total ships: 30,936 (2005)

Airports:
49,973 (2004)

Military World

Military expenditures - dollar figure: aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion dollars (1999 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Transnational Issues World

Disputes - international:
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land
boundaries separate the 192 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continue
to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around
the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form
the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of
contention include access to water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most
nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to
resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional
discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, often leaving the world community to cope with
resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,
and desertification

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated
that in December 2003 there was a global population of 9.7 million
refugees and as many as 25 million IDPs

Illicit drugs:
cocaine: worldwide, coca is grown on an estimated 173,450 hectares
- almost exclusively in South America with 70% in Colombia;
potential cocaine production during 2003 is estimated at 728 metric
tons (or 835 metric tons of export quality cocaine); coca
eradication programs continue in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru; 376
metric tons of export quality cocaine are documented to have been
seized in 2003, and 26 metric tons disrupted (jettisoned or
destroyed); consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to
have been 800 metric tons
opiates: cultivation of opium poppy occurred on an estimated 137,944
hectares in 2003 - mostly in Southwest and Southeast Asia - with 44%
in Afghanistan, potentially produced 3,775 metric tons of opium,
which conceivably could be converted to the equivalent of 429 metric
tons of pure heroin; opium eradication programs have been undertaken
in Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, and
Vietnam

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Yemen

Introduction Yemen

Background:
North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The
British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port
of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South
Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist
orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis
from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility
between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the
Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994
was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a
delimitation of their border.

Geography Yemen

Location:
Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea,
between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 N, 48 00 E

Map references:
Middle East

Area:
total: 527,970 sq km
land: 527,970 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR
or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries: total: 1,746 km border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Coastline: 1,906 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate:
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western
mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry,
harsh desert in east

Terrain:
narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged
mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the
desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Natural resources:
petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold,
lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west

Land use: arable land: 2.78% permanent crops: 0.24% other: 96.98% (2001)

Irrigated land:
4,900 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Environment - current issues:
very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of
potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea
and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes

People Yemen

Population:
20,727,063 (July 2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.5% (male 4,905,831/female 4,727,177)
15-64 years: 50.8% (male 5,364,711/female 5,172,811)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 274,166/female 282,367) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.54 years
male: 16.53 years
female: 16.56 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
3.45% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
43.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 61.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 66.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 56.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 61.75 years
male: 59.89 years
female: 63.71 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
6.67 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
12,000 (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA

Nationality: noun: Yemeni(s) adjective: Yemeni

Ethnic groups:
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Religions:
Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of
Jewish, Christian, and Hindu

Languages:
Arabic

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50.2%
male: 70.5%
female: 30% (2003 est.)

Government Yemen

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
conventional short form: Yemen
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
local short form: Al Yaman
former: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Sanaa

Administrative divisions:
19 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Ad
Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit,
'Amran, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah,
San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz
note: for electoral and administrative purposes, the capital city of
Sanaa is treated as an additional governorate

Independence:
22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen established with the merger of the
Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the
Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen had become
independent in November of 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South
Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

National holiday:
Unification Day, 22 May (1990)

Constitution:
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Legal system:
based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local
tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990,
the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger
of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab
Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4
April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a
seven-year term (recently extended from a five-year term by
constitutional amendment); election last held 23 September 1999
(next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the
president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najib Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%

Legislative branch:
a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created
a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats;
members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives
(301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held NA April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
GPC 228, Islah 47, YSP 7, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab
Socialist Ba'th Party 2, independents 14

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
there are more than 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of
the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President
Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh
Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik
al-MAKHLAFI]; National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Dr. Qassim
SALAAM]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]
note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a
landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no
longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn
al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had
been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a
loyal opposition party, represents the remnants of the former South
Yemeni leadership; leaders of the 1994 secessionist movement have
been pardoned by President SALIH and some are now returning to Yemen
from exile

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer),
OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Abd al-Wahab Abdallah al-HAJRI chancery: Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037 telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760 FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas C. KRAJESKI
embassy: Saawan Street, Sanaa
mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
telephone: [967] (1) 303-151 through 159
FAX: [967] (1) 303-160/161/162/164/165

Flag description:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars and of Iraq
which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a
horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag
of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

Economy Yemen

Economy - overview:
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, has reported
strong growth since 2000, but its economic fortunes depend mostly on
oil. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment
program designed to modernize and streamline the economy, which has
led to substantial foreign debt relief and restructuring. Yemen has
worked to maintain tight control over spending and to implement
additional components of the IMF program, but a high population
growth rate and internal political dissension complicate the
government's task. Plans include a diversification of the economy,
encouragement of tourism, and more efficient use of scarce water
resources.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$16.25 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.9% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.5% industry: 44.7% services: 39.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force: 5.98 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force

Unemployment rate:
35% (2003 est.)

Population below poverty line:
45.2% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.9% (2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
33.4 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12.2% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
16.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $4.251 billion
expenditures: $4.568 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
46.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat (mildly narcotic shrub),
coffee, cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle,
camels), poultry; fish

Industries:
crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production
of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts;
small aluminum products factory; cement; commercial ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
3% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
3.04 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
2.827 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
417,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oil - consumption:
78,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Oil - exports:
370,300 bbl/day (2003)

Oil - imports:
NA

Oil - proved reserves:
4 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
480 billion cu m (2004)

Current account balance:
$369.9 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$4.468 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish

Exports - partners:
Thailand 33.8%, China 30.3%, Singapore 7.8% (2004)

Imports:
$3.734 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:
UAE 12.2%, Saudi Arabia 9.7%, China 8.8%, France 7.3%, India 4.4%,
US 4.4%, Kuwait 4.2% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$5.3 billion (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.4 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements) (2003-07 disbursements)

Currency (code):
Yemeni rial (YER)

Currency code:
YER

Exchange rates:
Yemeni rials per US dollar - 184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003), 175.63
(2002), 168.67 (2001), 161.72 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Yemen

Telephones - main lines in use:
542,200 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
411,100 (2002)

Telephone system:
general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have been
made to create a national telecommunications network
domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay,
cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone
systems
international: country code - 967; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to
Saudi Arabia and Djibouti

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
1.05 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
470,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.ye

Internet hosts:
138 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
1 (2000)

Internet users:
100,000 (2002)

Transportation Yemen

Highways: total: 67,000 km paved: 7,705 km unpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)

Pipelines:
gas 88 km; oil 1,174 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Aden, Nishtun

Merchant marine:
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 19,766 GRT/24,794 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 2 (2005)

Airports:
44 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 16
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 28
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Military Yemen

Military branches:
Army (includes Special Forces), Naval Forces and Coastal Defenses
(includes Marines), Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces),
Republican Guard (2002)

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 4,058,223 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,790,705 (2005 est.)

Manpower reaching military service age annually:
males: 236,517 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$885.5 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
7.8% (2003)

Military - note:
a Coast Guard was established in 2002

Transnational Issues Yemen

Disputes - international:
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to
Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; despite resistance from nomadic groups,
the demarcation of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under
the 2000 Jeddah Treaty is almost complete; Yemen protests Saudi
erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to
stem illegal cross-border activities in sections of the boundary

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 60,901 (Somalia) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Zambia

Introduction Zambia

Background:
The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the South
Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923.
During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development
and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in
1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a
prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end
to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant
harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by
administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition
challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA.
The new president launched a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign
in 2002, which resulted in the prosecution of former President
Frederick CHILUBA and many of his supporters in late 2003.
Opposition parties currently hold a majority of seats in the
National Assembly.

Geography Zambia

Location:
Southern Africa, east of Angola

Geographic coordinates:
15 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 752,614 sq km
land: 740,724 sq km
water: 11,890 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania
338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)

Terrain:
mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m
highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Natural resources:
copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,
hydropower

Land use: arable land: 7.08% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 92.9% (2001)

Irrigated land:
460 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April)

Environment - current issues:
air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and
refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; poaching seriously
threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water
treatment presents human health risks

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with
Zimbabwe

People Zambia

Population:
11,261,795
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 46.5% (male 2,626,911/female 2,609,857)
15-64 years: 51.1% (male 2,848,402/female 2,904,376)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 118,043/female 154,206) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 16.46 years
male: 16.26 years
female: 16.67 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
2.12% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
41.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
20.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 88.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 80.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 39.7 years
male: 39.43 years
female: 39.98 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
5.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
16.5% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
920,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
89,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian

Ethnic groups:
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Religions:
Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages:
English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda,
Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 80.6%
male: 86.8%
female: 74.8% (2003 est.)

Government Zambia

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zambia
conventional short form: Zambia
former: Northern Rhodesia

Government type:
republic

Capital:
Lusaka

Administrative divisions:
9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka,
Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western

Independence:
24 October 1964 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Constitution:
24 August 1991

Legal system:
based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006);
vice president appointed by the president
election results: Levy MWANAWASA elected president; percent of vote
- Levy MWANAWASA 29%, Anderson MAZOKA 27%, Christon TEMBO 13%,
Tilyenji KAUNDA 10%, Godfrey MIYANDA 8%, Benjamin MWILA 5%, Michael
SATA 3%, other 5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MMD 45.9%, UPND 32.4%,
UNIP 8.8%, FDD 8.1%, HP 2.7%, PF 0.7%, ZRP 0.7%, independents 0.7%;
seats by party - MMD 68, UPND 48, UNIP 13, FDD 12, HP 4, PF 1, ZRP
1, independents 1; seats not determined 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by
the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil
and criminal cases)

Political parties and leaders:
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA]; Forum for
Democracy and Development or FDD [Christon TEMBO]; Heritage Party or
HP [Godfrey MIYANDA]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger
CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Levy
MWANAWASA, acting president]; National Leadership for Development or
NLD [Yobert SHAMAPANDE]; National Party or NP [Dr. Sam CHIPUNGU];
Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA]; Zambian Republican Party or
ZRP [Benjamin MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline
KONIE]; United National Independence Party or UNIP [Francis NKHOMA,
president]; United Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson
MAZOKA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719 FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Martin George BRENNAN embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka telephone: [260] (1) 250-955 FAX: [260] (1) 252-225

Flag description:
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side),
black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of
the flag

Economy Zambia

Economy - overview:
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's
economic growth remains somewhat below the 5% to 7% needed to reduce
poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned copper
mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses generated
by the industry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining
to return to profitability and spur economic growth. Copper output
increased in 2004 and is expected to increase again in 2005, due to
higher copper prices and the opening of new mines. The maize harvest
was again good in 2004, helping boost GDP and agricultural exports.
Cooperation continues with international bodies on programs to
reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement with the IMF in
the second quarter, 2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut
inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with fiscal
discipline.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$9.409 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4.6% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 14.9% industry: 28.9% services: 56.1% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.63 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%

Unemployment rate:
50% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
86% (1993)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 41% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
52.6 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
18.3% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
41.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.129 billion
expenditures: $1.307 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
127.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables, flowers,
tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats, pigs,
poultry, milk, eggs, hides; coffee

Industries:
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages,
chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture

Industrial production growth rate:
6.9% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
8.167 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 0.5% hydro: 99.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.345 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
2.25 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-181.4 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.548 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity, tobacco, flowers, cotton

Exports - partners:
South Africa 25.6%, UK 17%, Switzerland 16%, Tanzania 7.4%,
Democratic Republic of the Congo 7%, Zimbabwe 5.8% (2004)

Imports:
$1.519 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:
South Africa 46.2%, UK 14.2%, UAE 7.1%, Zimbabwe 6% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$345 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$5.353 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$651 million (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Currency code:
ZMK

Exchange rates:
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3 (2003),
4,398.6 (2002), 3,610.9 (2001), 3,110.8 (2000)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Zambia

Telephones - main lines in use:
88,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
241,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: facilities are aging but still among the best
in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation;
Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal
(VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: country code - 260; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
1.2 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
9 (2002)

Televisions:
277,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.zm

Internet hosts:
1,880 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
68,200 (2003)

Transportation Zambia

Railways:
total: 2,173 km
narrow gauge: 2,173 km 1.067-m gauge
note: includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority
(TAZARA) (2004)

Highways:
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Waterways:
2,250 km
note: includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula rivers
(2003)

Pipelines:
oil 771 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mpulungu

Airports:
109 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 99
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 62
under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Military Zambia

Military branches:
Zambian National Defense Force (ZNDF): Army, Air Force, Police,
National Service

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,219,739 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,043,702 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$106.8 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.8% (2004)

Transnational Issues Zambia

Disputes - international:
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections and joined Namibia in
supporting plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over
the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not
clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river; 90,000
Angolan refugees were repatriated from Zambia by 2004, the remaining
160,000 are expected to return in 2005

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 158,894 (Angola) 58,405 (Democratic
Republic of the Congo) 5,767 (Rwanda) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small
amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and
possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled
with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it
an unattractive venue for money launderers

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@Zimbabwe

Introduction Zimbabwe

Background:
The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in
1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored whites in
power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its
independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more
complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country
(then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising
finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe)
in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been
the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated
the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land
redistribution campaign begun in 2000 caused an exodus of white
farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages
of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation, MUGABE
rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his reelection.
Opposition and labor groups launched general strikes in 2003 to
pressure MUGABE to retire early; security forces continued their
brutal repression of regime opponents.

Geography Zimbabwe

Location:
Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 390,580 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Terrain:
mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld);
mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Natural resources:
coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore,
vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Land use: arable land: 8.32% permanent crops: 0.34% other: 91.34% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,170 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with
Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on
the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water

People Zimbabwe

Population:
12,746,990
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39.2% (male 2,522,609/female 2,474,131)
15-64 years: 57.1% (male 3,686,354/female 3,592,662)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 235,478/female 235,756) (2005 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.26 years
male: 19.28 years
female: 19.24 years (2005 est.)

Population growth rate:
0.51% (2005 est.)

Birth rate:
29.74 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Death rate:
24.66 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population negligible migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa
and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2005 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 67.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 70.32 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 39.13 years
male: 40.2 years
female: 38.03 years (2005 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
24.6% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
1.8 million (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
170,000 (2003 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean

Ethnic groups:
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and Asian 1%,
white less than 1%

Religions:
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian
25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Languages:
English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele,
sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 90.7%
male: 94.2%
female: 87.2% (2003 est.)

Government Zimbabwe

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Harare

Administrative divisions:
8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*,
Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East,
Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South,
Midlands

Independence:
18 April 1980 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Constitution:
21 December 1979

Legal system:
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote for a 6-year term; election
last held 9-11 March 2002 (next to be held March 2008); co-vice
presidents appointed by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Assembly (150 seats - 120 elected by popular
vote for five-year terms, 12 nominated by the president, 10 occupied
by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied by
provincial governors appointed by the president)
elections: last held 31 March 2005 (next to be held NA 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 59.6%, MDC
39.5%, other 0.9%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 78, MDC 41, Independents
1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders:
Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; National
Alliance for Good Governance or NAGG [Shakespeare MAYA]; United
Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or
ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]; Zimbabwe
African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]; Crisis
in Zimbabwe Coalition [Brian KAGORO]; Zimbabwe Congress of Trade
Unions or ZCTU [Lovemore MATOMBO]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Simbi Veke MUBAKO
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100
FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: [263] (4) 250-593 and 250-594 FAX: [263] (4) 796488

Flag description:
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red,
yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black
with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird representing
the long history of the country is superimposed on a red
five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which symbolizes
peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral wealth, red -
blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands for the native
people

Economy Zimbabwe

Economy - overview:
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult
economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable fiscal
deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and bare
shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of
dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been
suspended because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals.
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 133% at the end
of 2004, while the exchange rate fell from 24 Zimbabwean dollars per
US dollar to 6,200 in the same time period. The government's land
reform program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly
damaged the commercial farming sector, the traditional source of
exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$24.37 billion (2004 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-8.2% (2004 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 18.1% industry: 24.3% services: 57.7% (2004 est.)

Labor force:
4.23 million (2004 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 66%, industry 10%, services 24% (1996)

Unemployment rate:
70% (2002 est.)

Population below poverty line:
70% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.97% highest 10%: 40.42% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
50.1 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
133% (2004 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):
9.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.325 billion
expenditures: $1.593 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Public debt:
52.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - products:
corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; sheep,
goats, pigs

Industries:
mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous
metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products, cement,
chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
-7.8% (2004 est.)

Electricity - production:
8.839 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 47% hydro: 53% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
11.22 billion kWh (2002)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2002)

Electricity - imports:
3 billion kWh (2002)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA

Oil - imports:
NA

Current account balance:
$-230.3 million (2004 est.)

Exports:
$1.409 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Exports - commodities:
cotton, tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing

Exports - partners:
South Africa 31.5%, Switzerland 7.4%, UK 7.3%, China 6.1%, Germany
4.3% (2004)

Imports:
$1.599 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals,
fuels

Imports - partners:
South Africa 46.9%, Botswana 3.6%, UK 3.4% (2004)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$57 million (2004 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.086 billion (2004 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

Currency (code):
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

Currency code:
ZWD

Exchange rates:
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 4,303.28 (2004), 697.424 (2003),
55.036 (2002), 55.052 (2001), 44.418 (2000)
note: these are official exchange rates, non-official rates vary
significantly

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Zimbabwe

Telephones - main lines in use:
300,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
379,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: system was once one of the best in Africa, but
now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding
requests for connection despite an equally large number of installed
but unused main lines
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop
installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet
connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns
and for some of the smaller ones
international: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and
Gweru)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
1.14 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
16 (1997)

Televisions:
370,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.zw

Internet hosts:
4,501 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
500,000 (2002)

Transportation Zimbabwe

Railways: total: 3,077 km narrow gauge: 3,077 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified) (2004)

Highways: total: 18,338 km paved: 8,692 km unpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
on Lake Kariba, length small (2003)

Pipelines:
refined products 261 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Binga, Kariba

Airports:
404 (2004 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 387 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 186 under 914 m: 196 (2004 est.)

Military Zimbabwe

Military branches:
Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of
Zimbabwe (AFZ), Zimbabwe Republic Police (2005)

Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Manpower available for military service:
males age 18-49: 2,840,053 (2005 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:
males age 18-49: 1,148,590 (2005 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$217 million (2004)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
4.3% (2004)

Transnational Issues Zimbabwe

Disputes - international:
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has placed
military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 100,000-150,000 (MUGABE-led political violence, human rights
violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax,
and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European
markets

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2001 GDP (purchasing power parity)

Afghanistan
$21.5 billion (2003 est.)

Albania
$17.46 billion (2004 est.)

Algeria
$212.3 billion (2004 est.)

American Samoa
$500 million (2000 est.)

Andorra
$1.9 billion (2003 est.)

Angola
$23.17 billion (2004 est.)

Anguilla
$112 million (2002 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
$750 million (2002 est.)

Argentina
$483.5 billion (2004 est.)

Armenia
$13.65 billion (2004 est.)

Aruba
$1.94 billion (2002 est.)

Australia
$611.7 billion (2004 est.)

Austria
$255.9 billion (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
$30.01 billion (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
$5.295 billion (2004 est.)

Bahrain
$13.01 billion (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
$275.7 billion (2004 est.)

Barbados
$4.569 billion (2004 est.)

Belarus
$70.5 billion (2004 est.)

Belgium
$316.2 billion (2004 est.)

Belize
$1.778 billion (2004 est.)

Benin
$8.338 billion (2004 est.)

Bermuda
$2.33 billion (2003 est.)

Bhutan
$2.9 billion (2003 est.)

Bolivia
$22.33 billion (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$26.21 billion (2004 est.)

Botswana
$15.05 billion (2004 est.)

Brazil
$1.492 trillion (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$2.498 billion (2004 est.)

Brunei
$6.842 billion (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
$61.63 billion (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
$15.74 billion (2004 est.)

Burma
$74.3 billion (2004 est.)

Burundi
$4.001 billion (2004 est.)

Cambodia
$26.99 billion (2004 est.)

Cameroon
$30.17 billion (2004 est.)

Canada
$1.023 trillion (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
$600 million (2002 est.)

Cayman Islands
$1.391 billion (2004 est.)

Central African Republic
$4.248 billion (2004 est.)

Chad
$15.66 billion (2004 est.)

Chile
$169.1 billion (2004 est.)

China
$7.262 trillion (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
$281.1 billion (2004 est.)

Comoros
$441 million (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$42.74 billion (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$2.324 billion (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
$105 million (2001 est.)

Costa Rica
$37.97 billion (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$24.78 billion (2004 est.)

Croatia
$50.33 billion (2004 est.)

Cuba
$33.92 billion (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $15.71 billion
north Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $4.54 billion (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
$172.2 billion (2004 est.)

Denmark
$174.4 billion (2004 est.)

Djibouti
$619 million (2002 est.)

Dominica
$384 million (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
$55.68 billion (2004 est.)

East Timor
$370 million (2004 est.)

Ecuador
$49.51 billion (2004 est.)

Egypt
$316.3 billion (2004 est.)

El Salvador
$32.35 billion (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$1.27 billion (2002 est.)

Eritrea
$4.154 billion (2004 est.)

Estonia
$19.23 billion (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
$54.89 billion (2004 est.)

European Union
$11.65 trillion (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$75 million (2002 est.)

Faroe Islands
$1 billion (2001 est.)

Fiji
$5.173 billion (2004 est.)

Finland
$151.2 billion (2004 est.)

France
$1.737 trillion (2004 est.)

French Guiana
$1.551 billion (2003 est.)

French Polynesia
$4.58 billion (2003 est.)

Gabon
$7.966 billion (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
$2.799 billion (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
$768 million (2003 est.)

Georgia
$14.45 billion (2004 est.)

Germany
$2.362 trillion (2004 est.)

Ghana
$48.27 billion (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
$769 million (2000 est.)

Greece
$226.4 billion (2004 est.)

Greenland
$1.1 billion (2001 est.)

Grenada
$440 million (2002 est.)

Guadeloupe
$3.513 billion (2003 est.)

Guam
$3.2 billion (2000 est.)

Guatemala
$59.47 billion (2004 est.)

Guernsey
$2.59 billion (2003 est.)

Guinea
$19.5 billion (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$1.008 billion (2004 est.)

Guyana
$2.899 billion (2004 est.)

Haiti
$12.05 billion (2004 est.)

Honduras
$18.79 billion (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
$234.5 billion (2004 est.)

Hungary
$149.3 billion (2004 est.)

Iceland
$9.373 billion (2004 est.)

India
$3.319 trillion (2004 est.)

Indonesia
$827.4 billion (2004 est.)

Iran
$516.7 billion (2004 est.)

Iraq
$54.4 billion (2004 est.)

Ireland
$126.4 billion (2004 est.)

Israel
$129 billion (2004 est.)

Italy
$1.609 trillion (2004 est.)

Jamaica
$11.13 billion (2004 est.)

Japan
$3.745 trillion (2004 est.)

Jersey
$3.6 billion (2003 est.)

Jordan
$25.5 billion (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$118.4 billion (2004 est.)

Kenya
$34.68 billion (2004 est.)

Kiribati
$79 million - supplemented by a nearly equal amount from
external sources (2001 est.)

Korea, North
$40 billion (2004 est.)

Korea, South
$925.1 billion (2004 est.)

Kuwait
$48 billion (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$8.495 billion (2004 est.)

Laos
$11.28 billion (2004 est.)

Latvia
$26.53 billion (2004 est.)

Lebanon
$18.83 billion (2004 est.)

Lesotho
$5.892 billion (2004 est.)

Liberia
$2.903 billion (2004 est.)

Libya
$37.48 billion (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
$825 million (1999 est.)

Lithuania
$45.23 billion (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
$27.27 billion (2004 est.)

Macau
$9.1 billion (2003)

Macedonia
$14.4 billion (2004 est.)

Madagascar
$14.56 billion (2004 est.)

Malawi
$7.41 billion (2004 est.)

Malaysia
$229.3 billion (2004 est.)

Maldives
$1.25 billion (2002 est.)

Mali
$11 billion (2004 est.)

Malta
$7.223 billion (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
$2.113 billion (2003 est.)

Marshall Islands
$115 million (2001 est.)

Martinique
$6.117 billion (2003 est.)

Mauritania
$5.534 billion (2004 est.)

Mauritius
$15.68 billion (2004 est.)

Mayotte
$466.8 million (2003 est.)

Mexico
$1.006 trillion (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$277 million
note: GDP is supplemented by grant aid, averaging perhaps $100
million annually (2002 est.)

Moldova
$8.581 billion (2004 est.)

Monaco
$870 million (2000 est.)

Mongolia
$5.332 billion (2004 est.)

Montserrat
$29 million (2002 est.)

Morocco
$134.6 billion (2004 est.)

Mozambique
$23.38 billion (2004 est.)

Namibia
$14.76 billion (2004 est.)

Nauru
$60 million (2001 est.)

Nepal
$39.53 billion (2004 est.)

Netherlands
$481.1 billion (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
$2.45 billion (2003 est.)

New Caledonia
$3.158 billion (2003 est.)

New Zealand
$92.51 billion (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
$12.34 billion (2004 est.)

Niger
$9.716 billion (2004 est.)

Nigeria
$125.7 billion (2004 est.)

Niue
$7.6 million (2000 est.)

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands $900 million note: GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2000 est.)

Norway
$183 billion (2004 est.)

Oman
$38.09 billion (2004 est.)

Pakistan
$347.3 billion (2004 est.)

Palau $174 million note: GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2001 est.)

Panama
$20.57 billion (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$11.99 billion (2004 est.)

Paraguay
$29.93 billion (2004 est.)

Peru
$155.3 billion (2004 est.)

Philippines
$430.6 billion (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
$463 billion (2004 est.)

Portugal
$188.7 billion (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
$68.95 billion (2004 est.)

Qatar
$19.49 billion (2004 est.)

Reunion
$4.57 billion (2004 est.)

Romania
$171.5 billion (2004 est.)

Russia
$1.408 trillion (2004 est.)

Rwanda
$10.43 billion (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
$18 million (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$339 million (2002 est.)

Saint Lucia
$866 million (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon $48.3 million - supplemented by annual payments from France of about $60 million (2003 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$342 million (2002 est.)

Samoa
$1 billion (2002 est.)

San Marino
$940 million (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
$214 million (2003 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$310.2 billion (2004 est.)

Senegal
$18.36 billion (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$26.27 billion (2004 est.)

Seychelles
$626 million (2002 est.)

Sierra Leone
$3.335 billion (2004 est.)

Singapore
$120.9 billion (2004 est.)

Slovakia
$78.89 billion (2004 est.)

Slovenia
$39.41 billion (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
$800 million (2002 est.)

Somalia
$4.597 billion (2004 est.)

South Africa
$491.4 billion (2004 est.)

Spain
$937.6 billion (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
$80.58 billion (2004 est.)

Sudan
$76.19 billion (2004 est.)

Suriname
$1.885 billion (2004 est.)

Svalbard
$NA

Swaziland
$6.018 billion (2004 est.)

Sweden
$255.4 billion (2004 est.)

Switzerland
$251.9 billion (2004 est.)

Syria
$60.44 billion (2004 est.)

Taiwan
$576.2 billion (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
$7.95 billion (2004 est.)

Tanzania
$23.71 billion (2004 est.)

Thailand
$524.8 billion (2004 est.)

Togo
$8.684 billion (2004 est.)

Tokelau
$1.5 million (1993 est.)

Tonga
$244 million (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$11.48 billion (2004 est.)

Tunisia
$70.88 billion (2004 est.)

Turkey
$508.7 billion (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
$27.6 billion (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$216 million (2002 est.)

Tuvalu
$12.2 million (2000 est.)

Uganda
$39.39 billion (2004 est.)

Ukraine
$299.1 billion (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$63.67 billion (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
$1.782 trillion (2004 est.)

United States
$11.75 trillion (2004 est.)

Uruguay
$49.27 billion (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
$47.59 billion (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
$580 million (2003 est.)

Venezuela
$145.2 billion (2004 est.)

Vietnam
$227.2 billion (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
$2.5 billion (2002 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
$60 million (2004 est.)

West Bank
$1.8 billion (2003 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - $55.5
trillion (2004 est.)

Yemen
$16.25 billion (2004 est.)

Zambia
$9.409 billion (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
$24.37 billion (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2002 Population growth rate (%)

Afghanistan
4.77%
note: this rate does not take into consideration the recent war and
its continuing impact (2005 est.)

Albania
0.52% (2005 est.)

Algeria
1.22% (2005 est.)

American Samoa
-0.11% (2005 est.)

Andorra
0.95% (2005 est.)

Angola
1.9% (2005 est.)

Anguilla
1.77% (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
0.57% (2005 est.)

Argentina
0.98% (2005 est.)

Armenia
-0.25% (2005 est.)

Aruba
0.47% (2005 est.)

Australia
0.87% (2005 est.)

Austria
0.11% (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
0.59% (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
0.67% (2005 est.)

Bahrain
1.51% (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
2.09% (2005 est.)

Barbados
0.33% (2005 est.)

Belarus
-0.09% (2005 est.)

Belgium
0.15% (2005 est.)

Belize
2.33% (2005 est.)

Benin
2.82% (2005 est.)

Bermuda
0.64% (2005 est.)

Bhutan
2.11% (2005 est.)

Bolivia
1.49% (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.44% (2005 est.)

Botswana
0% (2005 est.)

Brazil
1.06% (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
2.06% (2005 est.)

Brunei
1.9% (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
-0.89% (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
2.53% (2005 est.)

Burma
0.42% (2005 est.)

Burundi
2.22% (2005 est.)

Cambodia
1.81% (2005 est.)

Cameroon
1.93% (2005 est.)

Canada
0.9% (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
0.67% (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
2.64% (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
1.49% (2005 est.)

Chad
2.95% (2005 est.)

Chile
0.97% (2005 est.)

China
0.58% (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
0% (2005 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
0% (2005 est.)

Colombia
1.49% (2005 est.)

Comoros
2.91% (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
2.98% (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
1.31% (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
1.48% (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
2.06% (2005 est.)

Croatia
-0.02% (2005 est.)

Cuba
0.33% (2005 est.)

Cyprus
0.54% (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
-0.05% (2005 est.)

Denmark
0.34% (2005 est.)

Djibouti
2.06% (2005 est.)

Dominica
-0.27% (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
1.29% (2005 est.)

East Timor
2.09% (2005 est.)

Ecuador
1.24% (2005 est.)

Egypt
1.78% (2005 est.)

El Salvador
1.75% (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
2.42% (2005 est.)

Eritrea
2.51% (2005 est.)

Estonia
-0.65% (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
2.36% (2005 est.)

European Union
0.15% (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
2.44% (2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
0.62% (2005 est.)

Fiji
1.4% (2005 est.)

Finland
0.16% (2005 est.)

France
0.37% (2005 est.)

French Guiana
2.1% (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
1.52% (2005 est.)

Gabon
2.45% (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
2.93% (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
3.77% (2005 est.)

Georgia
-0.35% (2005 est.)

Germany
0% (2005 est.)

Ghana
1.25% (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
0.17% (2005 est.)

Greece
0.19% (2005 est.)

Greenland
-0.02% (2005 est.)

Grenada
0.19% (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
0.92% (2005 est.)

Guam
1.46% (2005 est.)

Guatemala
2.57% (2005 est.)

Guernsey
0.29% (2005 est.)

Guinea
2.37% (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
1.96% (2005 est.)

Guyana
0.26% (2005 est.)

Haiti
2.26% (2005 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
0.01% (2005 est.)

Honduras
2.16% (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
0.65% (2005 est.)

Hungary
-0.26% (2005 est.)

Iceland
0.91% (2005 est.)

India
1.4% (2005 est.)

Indonesia
1.45% (2005 est.)

Iran
0.86% (2005 est.)

Iraq
2.7% (2005 est.)

Ireland
1.16% (2005 est.)

Israel
1.2% (2005 est.)

Italy
0.07% (2005 est.)

Jamaica
0.71% (2005 est.)

Japan
0.05% (2005 est.)

Jersey
0.32% (2005 est.)

Jordan
2.56% (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
0.3% (2005 est.)

Kenya
2.56% (2005 est.)

Kiribati
2.25% (2005 est.)

Korea, North
0.9% (2005 est.)

Korea, South
0.38% (2005 est.)

Kuwait
3.44%
note: this rate reflects a return to pre-Gulf crisis immigration of
expatriates (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
1.29% (2005 est.)

Laos
2.42% (2005 est.)

Latvia
-0.69% (2005 est.)

Lebanon
1.26% (2005 est.)

Lesotho
0.08% (2005 est.)

Liberia
2.64% (2005 est.)

Libya
2.33% (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
0.82% (2005 est.)

Lithuania
-0.3% (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
1.25% (2005 est.)

Macau
0.87% (2005 est.)

Macedonia
0.26% (2005 est.)

Madagascar
3.03% (2005 est.)

Malawi
2.06% (2005 est.)

Malaysia
1.8% (2005 est.)

Maldives
2.82% (2005 est.)

Mali
2.74% (2005 est.)

Malta
0.42% (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
0.52% (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
2.27% (2005 est.)

Martinique
0.76% (2005 est.)

Mauritania
2.9% (2005 est.)

Mauritius
0.84% (2005 est.)

Mayotte
3.93% (2005 est.)

Mexico
1.17% (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
-0.08% (2005 est.)

Moldova
0.22% (2005 est.)

Monaco
0.43% (2005 est.)

Mongolia
1.45% (2005 est.)

Montserrat
1.04% (2005 est.)

Morocco
1.57% (2005 est.)

Mozambique
1.48% (2005 est.)

Namibia
0.73% (2005 est.)

Nauru
1.83% (2005 est.)

Nepal
2.2% (2005 est.)

Netherlands
0.53% (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
0.82% (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
1.28% (2005 est.)

New Zealand
1.02% (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
1.92% (2005 est.)

Niger
2.63% (2005 est.)

Nigeria
2.37% (2005 est.)

Niue
0% (2005 est.)

Norfolk Island
-0.01% (2005 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
2.61% (2005 est.)

Norway
0.4% (2005 est.)

Oman
3.32% (2005 est.)

Pakistan
2.03% (2005 est.)

Palau
1.39% (2005 est.)

Panama
1.26% (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
2.26% (2005 est.)

Paraguay
2.48% (2005 est.)

Peru
1.36% (2005 est.)

Philippines
1.84% (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
-0.01% (2005 est.)

Poland
0.03% (2005 est.)

Portugal
0.39% (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
0.47% (2005 est.)

Qatar
2.61% (2005 est.)

Reunion
1.38% (2005 est.)

Romania
-0.12% (2005 est.)

Russia
-0.37% (2005 est.)

Rwanda
2.43% (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
0.59% (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0.38% (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
1.28% (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0.21% (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0.27% (2005 est.)

Samoa
-0.23% (2005 est.)

San Marino
1.3% (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
3.16% (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
2.31% (2005 est.)

Senegal
2.48% (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
0.03% (2005 est.)

Seychelles
0.43% (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
2.22% (2005 est.)

Singapore
1.56% (2005 est.)

Slovakia
0.15% (2005 est.)

Slovenia
-0.03% (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
2.68% (2005 est.)

Somalia
3.38% (2005 est.)

South Africa
-0.31% (2005 est.)

Spain
0.15% (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
0.79% (2005 est.)

Sudan
2.6% (2005 est.)

Suriname
0.25% (2005 est.)

Svalbard
-0.02% (2005 est.)

Swaziland
0.25% (2005 est.)

Sweden
0.17% (2005 est.)

Switzerland
0.49% (2005 est.)

Syria
2.34% (2005 est.)

Taiwan
0.63% (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
2.15% (2005 est.)

Tanzania
1.83% (2005 est.)

Thailand
0.87% (2005 est.)

Togo
2.17% (2005 est.)

Tokelau
-0.01% (2005 est.)

Tonga
1.98% (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
-0.74% (2005 est.)

Tunisia
0.99% (2005 est.)

Turkey
1.09% (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
1.81% (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
2.9% (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
1.47% (2005 est.)

Uganda
3.31% (2005 est.)

Ukraine
-0.63% (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
1.54% (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
0.28% (2005 est.)

United States
0.92% (2005 est.)

Uruguay
0.47% (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
1.67% (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
1.52% (2005 est.)

Venezuela
1.4% (2005 est.)

Vietnam
1.04% (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
-0.07% (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
3.13% (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
1.14% (2005 est.)

Yemen
3.45% (2005 est.)

Zambia
2.12% (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
0.51% (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2003 GDP - real growth rate (%)

Afghanistan
7.5% (2004 est.)

Albania
5.6% (2004 est.)

Algeria
6.1% (2004 est.)

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
2% (2003 est.)

Angola
11.7% (2004 est.)

Anguilla
2.8% (2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
3% (2002 est.)

Argentina
8.3% (2004 est.)

Armenia
9% (2004 est.)

Aruba
-1.5% (2002 est.)

Australia
3.5% (2004 est.)

Austria
1.9% (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
9.8% (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
3% (2004 est.)

Bahrain
5.6% (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
4.9% (2004 est.)

Barbados
2.3% (2004 est.)

Belarus
6.4% (2004 est.)

Belgium
2.6% (2004 est.)

Belize
3.5% (2004 est.)

Benin
5% (2004 est.)

Bermuda
2% (2003 est.)

Bhutan
5.3% (2003 est.)

Bolivia
3.7% (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
5% (2004 est.)

Botswana
3.5% (2004 est.)

Brazil
5.1% (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
1% (2002 est.)

Brunei
3.2% (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
5.3% (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
4.8% (2004 est.)

Burma
-1.3% (2004 est.)

Burundi
3% (2004 est.)

Cambodia
5.4% (2004 est.)

Cameroon
4.9% (2004 est.)

Canada
2.4% (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
5% (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
1.7% (2002 est.)

Central African Republic
0.5% (2004 est.)

Chad
38% (2004 est.)

Chile
5.8% (2004 est.)

China
9.1% (official data) (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA%

Colombia
3.6% (2004 est.)

Comoros
2% (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
7.5% (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
3.7% (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
7.1% (2001 est.)

Costa Rica
3.9% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
-1% (2004 est.)

Croatia
3.7% (2004 est.)

Cuba
3% (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 3.2% north Cyprus: 2.6% (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
3.7% (2004 est.)

Denmark
2.1% (2004 est.)

Djibouti
3.5% (2002 est.)

Dominica
-1% (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
1.7% (2004 est.)

East Timor
1% (2004 est.)

Ecuador
5.8% (2004 est.)

Egypt
4.5% (2004 est.)

El Salvador
1.8% (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
20% (2002 est.)

Eritrea
2.5% (2004 est.)

Estonia
6% (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
11.6% (2004 est.)

European Union
2.4% (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA%

Faroe Islands
10% (2001 est.)

Fiji
3.6% (2004 est.)

Finland
3% (2004 est.)

France
2.1% (2004 est.)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA% (2001 est.)

Gabon
1.9% (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
6% (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
4.5% (2003 est.)

Georgia
9.5% (2004 est.)

Germany
1.7% (2004 est.)

Ghana
5.4% (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
3.7% (2004 est.)

Greenland
1.8% (2001 est.)

Grenada
2.5% (2002 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
NA

Guatemala
2.6% (2004 est.)

Guernsey
3% (2003 est.)

Guinea
1% (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
2.6% (2004 est.)

Guyana
1.9% (2004 est.)

Haiti
-3.5% (2004 est.)

Honduras
4.2% (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
7.9% (2004 est.)

Hungary
3.9% (2004 est.)

Iceland
1.8% (2004 est.)

India
6.2% (2004 est.)

Indonesia
4.9% (2004 est.)

Iran
6.3% (2004 est.)

Iraq
52.3% (2004 est.)

Ireland
5.1% (2004 est.)

Israel
3.9% (2004 est.)

Italy
1.3% (2004 est.)

Jamaica
1.9% (2004 est.)

Japan
2.9% (2004 est.)

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
5.1% (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
9.1% (2004 est.)

Kenya
2.2% (2004 est.)

Kiribati
1.5% (2001 est.)

Korea, North
1% (2004 est.)

Korea, South
4.6% (2004 est.)

Kuwait
6.8% (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
6% (2004 est.)

Laos
6% (2004 est.)

Latvia
7.6% (2004 est.)

Lebanon
4% (2004 est.)

Lesotho
3.3% (2004 est.)

Liberia
21.8% (2004 est.)

Libya
4.9% (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
11% (1999 est.)

Lithuania
6.6% (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
2.3% (2004 est.)

Macau
15.6% (2003)

Macedonia
1.3% (2004 est.)

Madagascar
5.5% (2004 est.)

Malawi
4% (2004 est.)

Malaysia
7.1% (2004 est.)

Maldives
2.3% (2002 est.)

Mali
4% (2004 est.)

Malta
1% (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
NA%

Marshall Islands
1% (2001 est.)

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
3% (2004 est.)

Mauritius
4.7% (2004 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
4.1% (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
1% (2002 est.)

Moldova
6.8% (2004 est.)

Monaco
0.9% (2000 est.)

Mongolia
10.6% according to official estimate (2004 est.)

Montserrat
-1% (2002 est.)

Morocco
4.4% (2004 est.)

Mozambique
8.2% (2004 est.)

Namibia
4.8% (2004 est.)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
3% (2004 est.)

Netherlands
1.2% (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
0.5% (2003 est.)

New Caledonia
NA%

New Zealand
4.8% (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
4% (2004 est.)

Niger
3.5% (2004 est.)

Nigeria
6.2% (2004 est.)

Niue
-0.3% (2000 est.)

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
3.3% (2004 est.)

Oman
1.2% (2004 est.)

Pakistan
6.1% (2004 est.)

Palau
1% (2001 est.)

Panama
6% (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
0.9% (2004 est.)

Paraguay
2.8% (2004 est.)

Peru
4.5% (2004 est.)

Philippines
5.9% (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
5.6% (2004 est.)

Portugal
1.1% (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
2.7% (2004 est.)

Qatar
8.7% (2004 est.)

Reunion
2.5% (2004 est.)

Romania
8.1% (2004 est.)

Russia
6.7% (2004 est.)

Rwanda
0.9% (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
-1.9% (2002 est.)

Saint Lucia
3.3% (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0.7% (2002 est.)

Samoa
5% (2002 est.)

San Marino
7.5% (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
6% (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
5% (2004 est.)

Senegal
3.2% (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
6.5% (2004 est.)

Seychelles
1.5% (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
6% (2004 est.)

Singapore
8.1% (2004 est.)

Slovakia
5.3% (2004 est.)

Slovenia
3.9% (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
5.8% (2003 est.)

Somalia
2.8% (2004 est.)

South Africa
3.5% (2004 est.)

Spain
2.6% (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
5.2% (2004 est.)

Sudan
6.4% (2004 est.)

Suriname
4.2% (2004 est.)

Svalbard
NA%

Swaziland
2.5% (2004 est.)

Sweden
3.6% (2004 est.)

Switzerland
1.8% (2004 est.)

Syria
2.3% (2004 est.)

Taiwan
6% (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
10.5% (2004 est.)

Tanzania
5.8% (2004 est.)

Thailand
6.1% (2004 est.)

Togo
3% (2004 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
1.5% (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
5.7% (2004 est.)

Tunisia
5.1% (2004 est.)

Turkey
8.2% (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
IMF estimate: 7.5%
note: official government statistics show 21.4% growth, but these
estimates are notoriously unreliable (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4.9% (2000 est.)

Tuvalu
3% (2000 est.)

Uganda
5% (2004 est.)

Ukraine
12% (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
5.7% (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
3.2% (2004 est.)

United States
4.4% (2004 est.)

Uruguay
10.2% (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
4.4% (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
1.1% (2003 est.)

Venezuela
16.8% (2004 est.)

Vietnam
7.7% (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
2% (2002 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
6% (2003 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
4.9% (2004 est.)

Yemen
1.9% (2004 est.)

Zambia
4.6% (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
-8.2% (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2004 GDP - per capita

Afghanistan
purchasing power parity - $800 (2003 est.)

Albania
purchasing power parity - $4,900 (2004 est.)

Algeria
purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2004 est.)

American Samoa
purchasing power parity - $8,000 (2000 est.)

Andorra
purchasing power parity - $26,800 (2003 est.)

Angola
purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2004 est.)

Anguilla
purchasing power parity - $7,500 (2002 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
purchasing power parity - $11,000 (2002 est.)

Argentina
purchasing power parity - $12,400 (2004 est.)

Armenia
purchasing power parity - $4,600 (2004 est.)

Aruba
purchasing power parity - $28,000 (2002 est.)

Australia
purchasing power parity - $30,700 (2004 est.)

Austria
purchasing power parity - $31,300 (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
purchasing power parity - $17,700 (2004 est.)

Bahrain
purchasing power parity - $19,200 (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2004 est.)

Barbados
purchasing power parity - $16,400 (2004 est.)

Belarus
purchasing power parity - $6,800 (2004 est.)

Belgium
purchasing power parity - $30,600 (2004 est.)

Belize
purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2004 est.)

Benin
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2004 est.)

Bermuda
purchasing power parity - $36,000 (2003 est.)

Bhutan
purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2003 est.)

Bolivia
purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2004 est.)

Botswana
purchasing power parity - $9,200 (2004 est.)

Brazil
purchasing power parity - $8,100 (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
purchasing power parity - $38,500 (2004 est.)

Brunei
purchasing power parity - $23,600 (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
purchasing power parity - $8,200 (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2004 est.)

Burma
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

Burundi
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

Cambodia
purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2004 est.)

Cameroon
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

Canada
purchasing power parity - $31,500 (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2002 est.)

Cayman Islands
purchasing power parity - $32,300 (2004 est.)

Central African Republic
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)

Chad
purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.)

Chile
purchasing power parity - $10,700 (2004 est.)

China
purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2004 est.)

Colombia
purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2004 est.)

Comoros
purchasing power parity - $700 (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2001 est.)

Costa Rica
purchasing power parity - $9,600 (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

Croatia
purchasing power parity - $11,200 (2004 est.)

Cuba
purchasing power parity - $3,000 (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $20,300 (2004
est.); north Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $7,135 (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
purchasing power parity - $16,800 (2004 est.)

Denmark
purchasing power parity - $32,200 (2004 est.)

Djibouti
purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2002 est.)

Dominica
purchasing power parity - $5,500 (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2004 est.)

East Timor
purchasing power parity - $400 (2004 est.)

Ecuador
purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2004 est.)

Egypt
purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2004 est.)

El Salvador
purchasing power parity - $4,900 (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2002 est.)

Eritrea
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

Estonia
purchasing power parity - $14,300 (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

European Union
purchasing power parity - $26,900 (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) purchasing power parity - $25,000 (2002 est.)

Faroe Islands
purchasing power parity - $22,000 (2001 est.)

Fiji
purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2004 est.)

Finland
purchasing power parity - $29,000 (2004 est.)

France
purchasing power parity - $28,700 (2004 est.)

French Guiana
purchasing power parity - $8,300 (2003 est.)

French Polynesia
purchasing power parity - $17,500 (2003 est.)

Gabon
purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
purchasing power parity - $600 (2003 est.)

Georgia
purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2004 est.)

Germany
purchasing power parity - $28,700 (2004 est.)

Ghana
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
purchasing power parity - $27,900 (2000 est.)

Greece
purchasing power parity - $21,300 (2004 est.)

Greenland
purchasing power parity - $20,000 (2001 est.)

Grenada
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2002 est.)

Guadeloupe
purchasing power parity - $7,900 (2003 est.)

Guam
purchasing power parity - $21,000 (2000 est.)

Guatemala
purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2004 est.)

Guernsey
purchasing power parity - $40,000 (2003 est.)

Guinea
purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.)

Guyana
purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2004 est.)

Haiti
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

Honduras
purchasing power parity - $2,800 (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
purchasing power parity - $34,200 (2004 est.)

Hungary
purchasing power parity - $14,900 (2004 est.)

Iceland
purchasing power parity - $31,900 (2004 est.)

India
purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2004 est.)

Indonesia
purchasing power parity - $3,500 (2004 est.)

Iran
purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2004 est.)

Iraq
purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2004 est.)

Ireland
purchasing power parity - $31,900 (2004 est.)

Israel
purchasing power parity - $20,800 (2004 est.)

Italy
purchasing power parity - $27,700 (2004 est.)

Jamaica
purchasing power parity - $4,100 (2004 est.)

Japan
purchasing power parity - $29,400 (2004 est.)

Jersey
purchasing power parity - $40,000 (2003 est.)

Jordan
purchasing power parity - $4,500 (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
purchasing power parity - $7,800 (2004 est.)

Kenya
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)

Kiribati
purchasing power parity - $800 (2001 est.)

Korea, North
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

Korea, South
purchasing power parity - $19,200 (2004 est.)

Kuwait
purchasing power parity - $21,300 (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

Laos
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

Latvia
purchasing power parity - $11,500 (2004 est.)

Lebanon
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2004 est.)

Lesotho
purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2004 est.)

Liberia
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

Libya
purchasing power parity - $6,700 (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
purchasing power parity - $25,000 (1999 est.)

Lithuania
purchasing power parity - $12,500 (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
purchasing power parity - $58,900 (2004 est.)

Macau
purchasing power parity - $19,400 (2003)

Macedonia
purchasing power parity - $7,100 (2004 est.)

Madagascar
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

Malawi
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

Malaysia
purchasing power parity - $9,700 (2004 est.)

Maldives
purchasing power parity - $3,900 (2002 est.)

Mali
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

Malta
purchasing power parity - $18,200 (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
purchasing power parity - $28,500 (2003 est.)

Marshall Islands
purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2001 est.)

Martinique
purchasing power parity - $14,400 (2003 est.)

Mauritania
purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.)

Mauritius
purchasing power parity - $12,800 (2004 est.)

Mayotte
purchasing power parity - $2,600 (2003 est.)

Mexico
purchasing power parity - $9,600 (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2002 est.)

Moldova
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

Monaco
purchasing power parity - $27,000 (2000 est.)

Mongolia
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

Montserrat
purchasing power parity - $3,400 (2002 est.)

Morocco
purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2004 est.)

Mozambique
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2004 est.)

Namibia
purchasing power parity - $7,300 (2004 est.)

Nauru
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2001 est.)

Nepal
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

Netherlands
purchasing power parity - $29,500 (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
purchasing power parity - $11,400 (2003 est.)

New Caledonia
purchasing power parity - $15,000 (2003 est.)

New Zealand
purchasing power parity - $23,200 (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2004 est.)

Niger
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

Nigeria
purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2004 est.)

Niue
purchasing power parity - $3,600 (2000 est.)

Norfolk Island
purchasing power parity - NA

Northern Mariana Islands purchasing power parity - $12,500 (2000 est.)

Norway
purchasing power parity - $40,000 (2004 est.)

Oman
purchasing power parity - $13,100 (2004 est.)

Pakistan
purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2004 est.)

Palau
purchasing power parity - $9,000 (2001 est.)

Panama
purchasing power parity - $6,900 (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
purchasing power parity - $2,200 (2004 est.)

Paraguay
purchasing power parity - $4,800 (2004 est.)

Peru
purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2004 est.)

Philippines
purchasing power parity - $5,000 (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
purchasing power parity - NA

Poland
purchasing power parity - $12,000 (2004 est.)

Portugal
purchasing power parity - $17,900 (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
purchasing power parity - $17,700 (2004 est.)

Qatar
purchasing power parity - $23,200 (2004 est.)

Reunion
purchasing power parity - $6,000 (2004 est.)

Romania
purchasing power parity - $7,700 (2004 est.)

Russia
purchasing power parity - $9,800 (2004 est.)

Rwanda
purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
purchasing power parity - $2,500 (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
purchasing power parity - $8,800 (2002 est.)

Saint Lucia
purchasing power parity - $5,400 (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
purchasing power parity - $7,000 (2001
est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
purchasing power parity - $2,900
(2002 est.)

Samoa
purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2002 est.)

San Marino
purchasing power parity - $34,600 (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
purchasing power parity - $1,200 (2003 est.)

Saudi Arabia
purchasing power parity - $12,000 (2004 est.)

Senegal
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2004 est.)

Seychelles
purchasing power parity - $7,800 (2002 est.)

Sierra Leone
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

Singapore
purchasing power parity - $27,800 (2004 est.)

Slovakia
purchasing power parity - $14,500 (2004 est.)

Slovenia
purchasing power parity - $19,600 (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
purchasing power parity - $1,700 (2002 est.)

Somalia
purchasing power parity - $600 (2004 est.)

South Africa
purchasing power parity - $11,100 (2004 est.)

Spain
purchasing power parity - $23,300 (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
purchasing power parity - $4,000 (2004 est.)

Sudan
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

Suriname
purchasing power parity - $4,300 (2004 est.)

Swaziland
purchasing power parity - $5,100 (2004 est.)

Sweden
purchasing power parity - $28,400 (2004 est.)

Switzerland
purchasing power parity - $33,800 (2004 est.)

Syria
purchasing power parity - $3,400 (2004 est.)

Taiwan
purchasing power parity - $25,300 (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2004 est.)

Tanzania
purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.)

Thailand
purchasing power parity - $8,100 (2004 est.)

Togo
purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2004 est.)

Tokelau
purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)

Tonga
purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
purchasing power parity - $10,500 (2004 est.)

Tunisia
purchasing power parity - $7,100 (2004 est.)

Turkey
purchasing power parity - $7,400 (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
purchasing power parity - $5,700 (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands purchasing power parity - $11,500 (2002 est.)

Tuvalu
purchasing power parity - $1,100 (2000 est.)

Uganda
purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2004 est.)

Ukraine
purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
purchasing power parity - $25,200 (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
purchasing power parity - $29,600 (2004 est.)

United States
purchasing power parity - $40,100 (2004 est.)

Uruguay
purchasing power parity - $14,500 (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2003 est.)

Venezuela
purchasing power parity - $5,800 (2004 est.)

Vietnam
purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
purchasing power parity - $17,200 (2002 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2004 est.)

West Bank
purchasing power parity - $800 (2003 est.)

Western Sahara
purchasing power parity - NA

World
purchasing power parity - $8,800 (2004 est.)

Yemen
purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 est.)

Zambia
purchasing power parity - $900 (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2006 Dependency status

Akrotiri
overseas territory of UK; administered by an administrator
who is also the Commander, British Forces Cyprus

American Samoa
unincorporated and unorganized territory of the US;
administered by the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the
Interior

Anguilla
overseas territory of the UK

Aruba
part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; full autonomy in
internal affairs obtained in 1986 upon separation from the
Netherlands Antilles; Dutch Government responsible for defense and
foreign affairs

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
territory of Australia; administered by
the Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services

Baker Island
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from
Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge
system

Bassas da India
possession of France; administered by the
Administrateur Superieur of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Bermuda
overseas territory of the UK

Bouvet Island
territory of Norway; administered by the Polar
Department of the Ministry of Justice and Police from Oslo

British Indian Ocean Territory overseas territory of the UK; administered by a commissioner, resident in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London

British Virgin Islands overseas territory of the UK; internal self-governing

Cayman Islands overseas territory of the UK

Christmas Island
territory of Australia; administered by the
Australian Department of Transport and Regional Services

Clipperton Island
possession of France; administered by France from
French Polynesia by a high commissioner of the Republic

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
territory of Australia; administered from
Canberra by the Australian Department of Transport and Regional
Services

Cook Islands
self-governing in free association with New Zealand;
Cook Islands is fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand
retains responsibility for external affairs and defense, in
consultation with the Cook Islands

Coral Sea Islands
territory of Australia; administered from Canberra
by the Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories

Dhekelia
overseas territory of UK; administered by an administrator
who is also the Commander, British Forces Cyprus

Europa Island
possession of France; administered by the
Administrateur Superieur of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
overseas territory of the UK; also
claimed by Argentina

Faroe Islands
part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1948

French Guiana
overseas department of France

French Polynesia
overseas lands of France; overseas territory of
France from 1946-2004

French Southern and Antarctic Lands overseas territory of France since 1955; administered from Paris by Administrateur Superieur Michel CHAMPON (since 20 December 2004), assisted by Secretary General Jean-Yves HERMOSO (since NA)

Gibraltar overseas territory of the UK

Glorioso Islands
possession of France; administered by the
Administrateur Superieur of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Greenland
part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas
administrative division of Denmark since 1979

Guadeloupe
overseas department of France

Guam
organized, unincorporated territory of the US with policy
relations between Guam and the US under the jurisdiction of the
Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the Interior

Guernsey
British crown dependency

Heard Island and McDonald Islands territory of Australia; administered from Canberra by the Australian Antarctic Division of the Department of the Environment and Heritage

Hong Kong
special administrative region of China

Howland Island
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from
Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge
system

Jan Mayen
territory of Norway; since August 1994, administered from
Oslo through the county governor (fylkesmann) of Nordland; however,
authority has been delegated to a station commander of the Norwegian
Defense Communication Service

Jarvis Island
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from
Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US
Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge
system

Jersey
British crown dependency

Johnston Atoll
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from
Honolulu, HI, by Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, and the
Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as
part of the National Wildlife Refuge system

Juan de Nova Island
possession of France; administered by the
Administrateur Superieur of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Kingman Reef
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from
Washington, DC, by the US Fish and Wildlife Service of the
Department of the Interior
note: on 1 September 2000, the Department of the Interior accepted
restoration of its administrative jurisdiction over Kingman Reef
from the Department of the Navy; Executive Order 3223 signed 18
January 2001 established Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge to be
administered by the Director, US Fish and Wildlife Service; this
refuge is managed to protect the terrestrial and aquatic wildlife of
Kingman Reef out to the 12-nautical-mile territorial sea limit

Macau
special administrative region of China

Man, Isle of
British crown dependency

Martinique
overseas department of France

Mayotte
territorial collectivity of France

Midway Islands
unincorporated territory of the US; formerly
administered from Washington, DC, by the US Navy; on 31 October
1996, through a presidential executive order, the jurisdiction and
control of the atoll was transferred to the Fish and Wildlife
Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National
Wildlife Refuge system

Montserrat
overseas territory of the UK

Navassa Island
unincorporated territory of the US; administered by
the Fish and Wildlife Service, US Department of the Interior, from
the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge in Boqueron, Puerto
Rico; in September 1996, the Coast Guard ceased operations and
maintenance of Navassa Island Light, a 46-meter-tall lighthouse on
the southern side of the island; there has also been a private claim
advanced against the island

Netherlands Antilles
an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the
Netherlands; full autonomy in internal affairs granted in 1954;
Dutch Government responsible for defense and foreign affairs

New Caledonia
overseas territory of France since 1956

Niue
self-governing in free association with New Zealand since 1974;
Niue fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains
responsibility for external affairs and defense; however, these
responsibilities confer no rights of control and are only exercised
at the request of the Government of Niue

Norfolk Island
territory of Australia; Canberra administers
Commonwealth responsibilities on Norfolk Island through the
Department of Environment, Sport, and Territories

Northern Mariana Islands
commonwealth in political union with the
US; federal funds to the Commonwealth administered by the US
Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs

Palmyra Atoll
incorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but
administered from Washington, DC, by the Fish and Wildlife Service
of the US Department of the Interior; the Office of Insular Affairs
of the US Department of the Interior continues to administer nine
excluded areas comprising certain tidal and submerged lands within
the 12 nm territorial sea or within the lagoon

Pitcairn Islands
overseas territory of the UK

Puerto Rico
commonwealth associated with the US

Reunion
overseas department of France

Saint Helena
overseas territory of the UK

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
self-governing territorial collectivity of
France

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
overseas territory of
the UK, also claimed by Argentina; administered from the Falkland
Islands by a commissioner, who is concurrently governor of the
Falkland Islands, representing Queen ELIZABETH II; Grytviken,
formerly a whaling station on South Georgia, is a scientific base

Svalbard
territory of Norway; administered by the Polar Department
of the Ministry of Justice, through a governor (sysselmann) residing
in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920)
sovereignty was awarded to Norway

Tokelau
self-administering territory of New Zealand; note -
Tokelauans are drafting a constitution and developing institutions
and patterns of self-government as Tokelau moves toward free
association with New Zealand

Tromelin Island
possession of France; administered by the
Administrateur Superieur of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands

Turks and Caicos Islands
overseas territory of the UK

Virgin Islands
organized, unincorporated territory of the US with
policy relations between the Virgin Islands and the US under the
jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, US Department of the
Interior

Wake Island
unincorporated territory of the US; administered from
Washington, DC, by the Department of the Interior; activities on the
island are conducted by the US Air Force

Wallis and Futuna
overseas territory of France

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2007 Diplomatic representation from the US

Afghanistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Zalmay KHALILZAD
embassy: The Great Masood Road, Kabul
mailing address: 6180 Kabul Place, Dulles, VA 20189-6180
telephone: [00] (2) 230-0436
FAX: [0093] (2) 230-1364

Akrotiri
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Albania
chief of mission: Ambassador Marcie B. RIES
embassy: Rruga Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana
mailing address: U. S. Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place,
Dulles, VA 20189-9510
telephone: [355] (4) 247285
FAX: [355] (4) 374957 and [355] (4) 232222

Algeria
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard W. ERDMAN
embassy: 4 Chemin Cheikh Bachir El-Ibrahimi, Algiers
mailing address: B. P. 408, Alger-Gare, 16030 Algiers
telephone: [213] (21) 691-425/255/186
FAX: [213] (21) 69-39-79

American Samoa
none (territory of the US)

Andorra
the US does not have an embassy in Andorra; the US
Ambassador to Spain is accredited to Andorra; US interests in
Andorra are represented by the Consulate General's office in
Barcelona (Spain); mailing address: Paseo Reina Elisenda, 23, 08034
Barcelona, Spain; telephone: [34] (93) 280-2227; FAX: [34] (93)
280-6175

Angola
chief of mission: Ambassador Cynthia EFFIRD
embassy: number 32 Rua Houari Boumedienne (in the Miramar area of
Luanda), Luanda
mailing address: international mail: Caixa Postal 6468, Luanda;
pouch: American Embassy Luanda, Department of State, Washington, DC
20521-2550
telephone: [244] (2) 445-481, 447-028, 446-224
FAX: [244] (2) 446-924

Anguilla
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda
the US does not have an embassy in Antigua and
Barbuda (embassy closed 30 June 1994); the US Ambassador to Barbados
is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina
chief of mission: Ambassador Lino GUTIERREZ
embassy: Avenida Colombia 4300, C1425GMN Buenos Aires
mailing address: international mail: use street address; APO
address: Unit 4334, APO AA 34034
telephone: [54] (11) 5777-4533
FAX: [54] (11) 5777-4240

Armenia
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. EVANS
embassy: 18 Baghramyan Ave., Yerevan 375019
mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, Department of State, 7020
Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020
telephone: [374](1) 521-611, 520-791, 542-117, 542-132, 524-661,
527-001, 524-840
FAX: [374](1) 520-800

Aruba
the US does not have an embassy in Aruba; the Consul General
to Netherlands Antilles is accredited to Aruba

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Australia
chief of mission: William A. STANTON, Charge d'Affaires ad
interim
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600
mailing address: APO AP 96549
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney

Austria
chief of mission: Ambassador William Lee LYONS BROWN, Jr.
embassy: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [43] (1) 31339-0, 31375, 31335
FAX: [43] (1) 3100682

Azerbaijan
chief of mission: Ambassador Reno L. HARNISH III
embassy: 83 Azadlyg Prospecti, Baku AZ1007
mailing address: American Embassy Baku, Department of State, 7050
Baku Place, Washington, DC 20521-7050
telephone: [9] (9412) 98-03-35, 36, 37
FAX: [9] (9412) 656-671

Bahamas, The
chief of mission: Ambassador John D. ROOD
embassy: 42 Queen Street, Nassau
mailing address: local or express mail address: P. O. Box N-8197,
Nassau; Department of State, 3370 Nassau Place, Washington, DC
20521-3370
telephone: [1] (242) 322-1181, 328-2206 (after hours)
FAX: [1] (242) 356-0222

Bahrain
chief of mission: Ambassador William T. MONROE
embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club),
Block 331, Zinj District, Manama
mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE
09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama
telephone: [973] 1724-2700
FAX: [973] 1725-6242 (consular)

Bangladesh
chief of mission: Ambassador Harry K. THOMAS, Jr.
embassy: Madani Avenue, Baridhara, Dhaka 1212
mailing address: G. P. O. Box 323, Dhaka 1000
telephone: [880] (2) 885-5500
FAX: [880] (2) 882-3744

Barbados
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary E. KRAMER
embassy: Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Building, Broad Street,
Bridgetown; (courier) ALICO Building-Cheapside, Bridgetown
mailing address: P. O. Box 302, Bridgetown; CMR 1014, APO AA 34055
telephone: [1] (246) 436-4950
FAX: [1] (246) 429-5246, 429-3379

Belarus
chief of mission: Ambassador George A. KROL
embassy: 46 Starovilenskaya St., Minsk 220002
mailing address: PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723
telephone: [375] (17) 210-12-83, 217-7347, 217-7348
FAX: [375] (17) 234-7853

Belgium
chief of mission: Ambassador Tom C. KOROLOGOS
embassy: Regentlaan 27 Boulevard du Regent, B-1000 Brussels
mailing address: PSC 82, Box 002, APO AE 09710
telephone: [32] (2) 508-2111
FAX: [32] (2) 511-2725

Belize
chief of mission: Ambassador Russell F. FREEMAN
embassy: 29 Gabourel Lane, Belize City
mailing address: P. O. Box 286, Belize City
telephone: [501] 227-7161 through 7163
FAX: [501] 2-30802

Benin
chief of mission: Ambassador Wayne NEILL
embassy: Rue Caporal Bernard Anani, Cotonou
mailing address: 01 B. P. 2012, Cotonou
telephone: [229] 30-06-50
FAX: [229] 30-06-70

Bermuda
chief of mission: Deputy Chief of Mission Antoinette BOECKER
consulate(s) general: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire DVO3
mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate
General Hamilton, Department of State, 5300 Hamilton Place,
Washington, DC 20520-5300
telephone: [1] (441) 295-1342
FAX: [1] (441) 295-1592, [1] (441) 296-9233

Bhutan
the US and Bhutan have no formal diplomatic relations,
although informal contact is maintained between the Bhutanese and US
Embassy in New Delhi (India)

Bolivia
chief of mission: Ambassador David N. GREENLEE
embassy: Avenida Arce 2780, San Jorge, La Paz
mailing address: P. O. Box 425, La Paz; APO AA 34032
telephone: [591] (2) 2430120, 2430251
FAX: [591] (2) 2433900

Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas L.
McELHANEY
embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo
mailing address: use street address
telephone: [387] (33) 445-700
FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar

Botswana
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph HUGGINS
embassy: address NA, Gaborone
mailing address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
telephone: [267] 353982
FAX: [267] 312782

Brazil
chief of mission: Ambassador John DANILOVICH
embassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal
Cep 70403-900, Brasilia
mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030
telephone: [55] (61) 312-7000
FAX: [55] (61) 225-9136
consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
consulate(s): Recife

British Indian Ocean Territory
none (overseas territory of the UK)

British Virgin Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei
chief of mission: Ambassador Emil SKODON
embassy: Third Floor, Teck Guan Plaza, Jalan Sultan, Bandar Seri
Begawan
mailing address: PSC 470 (BSB), FPO AP 96507
telephone: [673] (2) 229670
FAX: [673] (2) 225293

Bulgaria
chief of mission: Ambassador James William PARDEW
embassy: 16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1407
mailing address: American Embassy Sofia, Department of State, 5740
Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740
telephone: [359] (2) 937-5100
FAX: [359] (2) 937-5230

Burkina Faso
chief of mission: Ambassador Anthony HOLMES
embassy: 602 Avenue Raoul Follereau, Koulouba, Secteur 4
mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou 01; pouch mail - U. S.
Department of State, 2440 Ouagadougou Place, Washington, DC
20521-2440
telephone: [226] 306723
FAX: [226] 303890

Burma
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Carmen M. MARTINEZ
embassy: 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)
mailing address: Box B, APO AP 96546
telephone: [95] (1) 379 880, 379 881
FAX: [95] (1) 256 018

Burundi
chief of mission: Ambassador James Howard YELLIN
embassy: Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura
mailing address: B. P. 1720, Bujumbura
telephone: [257] 223454
FAX: [257] 222926

Cambodia
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph A. MUSSOMELI
embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh
mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438
FAX: [855] (23) 216-437/811

Cameroon
chief of mission: Ambassador George McDade STAPLES
embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
mailing address: P. O. Box 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy,
Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520
telephone: [237] 223-05-12, 222-25-89, 222-17-94, 223-40-14
FAX: [237] 223-07-53
branch office(s): Douala

Canada
chief of mission: Ambassador David H. WILKINS
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburgh, NY 13669-0430
telephone: [1] (613) 238-5335, 4470
FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto,
Vancouver, Winnipeg

Cape Verde
chief of mission: Ambassador Donald C. JOHNSON
embassy: Rua Abilio m. Macedo 81, Praia
mailing address: C. P. 201, Praia
telephone: [238] 261 56 16, 261 56 17
FAX: [238] 261 13 55

Cayman Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Central African Republic
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires James
PANOS
embassy: Avenue David Dacko, Bangui
mailing address: B. P. 924, Bangui
telephone: [236] 61 02 00
FAX: [236] 61 44 94
note: the embassy is currently operating with a minimal staff

Chad
chief of mission: Ambassador Marc WALL
embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena
telephone: [235] (51) 70-09
FAX: [235] (51) 56-54

Chile
chief of mission: Ambassador Craig A. KELLY
embassy: Avenida Andres Bello 2800, Las Condes, Santiago
mailing address: APO AA 34033
telephone: [56] (2) 232-2600
FAX: [56] (2) 330-3710

China
chief of mission: Ambassador Clark T. RANDT, Jr.
embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 6532-3831
FAX: [86] (10) 6532-6929
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai,
Shenyang

Christmas Island
none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Colombia
chief of mission: Ambassador William B. WOOD
embassy: Calle 22D-BIS, numbers 47-51, Apartado Aereo 3831
mailing address: Carrera 45 #22D-45, Bogota, D.C., APO AA 34038
telephone: [57] (1) 315-0811
FAX: [57] (1) 315-2197

Comoros
the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the ambassador
to Mauritius is accredited to Comoros

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
chief of mission: Ambassador
Aubrey HOOKS
embassy: 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa
mailing address: Unit 31550, APO AE 09828
telephone: [243] (88) 43608
FAX: [243] (88) 43467

Congo, Republic of the
chief of mission: Ambassador Roger A. MEECE
embassy: NA
mailing address: NA
telephone: [243] (88) 43608
note: the embassy is temporarily collocated with the US Embassy in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (US Embassy Kinshasa, 310
Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa)

Cook Islands
none (self-governing in free association with New
Zealand)

Coral Sea Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Costa Rica
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Douglas M. BARNES
embassy: Calle 120 Avenida O, Pavas, San Jose
mailing address: APO AA 34020
telephone: [506] 220-3939
FAX: [506] 519-2305

Cote d'Ivoire
chief of mission: Ambassador Aubrey HOOKS
embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan
mailing address: B. P. 1712, Abidjan 01
telephone: [225] 20 21 09 79
FAX: [225] 20 22 32 59

Croatia
chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph FRANK
embassy: 2 Thomas Jefferson, 10010 Zagreb
mailing address: use street address
telephone: [385] (1) 661-2200
FAX: [385] (1) 661-2373

Cuba
none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Swiss
Embassy, headed by Principal Officer James C. CASON; address: USINT,
Swiss Embassy, Calzada between L and M Streets, Vedado, Havana;
telephone: [53] (7) 833-3551 through 3559 (operator assistance
required); FAX: [53] (7) 833-3700; protecting power in Cuba is
Switzerland

Cyprus
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KLOSSON
embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, 2407
Nicosia
mailing address: P. O. Box 24536, 1385 Nikosia
telephone: [357] (22) 393939
FAX: [357] (22) 780944

Czech Republic
chief of mission: Ambassador William J. CABANISS
embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [420] (2) 5753-0663
FAX: [420] (2) 5753-0583

Denmark
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Sally M. LIGHT
embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen
mailing address: PSC 73, APO AE 09716
telephone: [45] 35 55 31 44
FAX: [45] 35 43 02 23

Dhekelia
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Djibouti
chief of mission: Ambassador Marguerita RAGSDALE
embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti
mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti
telephone: [253] 35 39 95
FAX: [253] 35 39 40

Dominica
the US does not have an embassy in Dominica; the US
Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Dominica

Dominican Republic
chief of mission: Ambassador Hans H. HERTELL
embassy: corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo
Navarro, Santo Domingo
mailing address: Unit 5500, APO AA 34041-5500
telephone: [1] (809) 221-2171
FAX: [1] (809) 686-7437

East Timor
chief of mission: Ambassador Grover Joseph REES
embassy: Avenida de Portugal, Praia dos Conqueiros, Dili
mailing address: Department of State, 8250 Dili Place, Washington,
DC 20521-8250
telephone: (670) 332-4684
FAX: (670) 331-3206

Ecuador
chief of mission: Ambassador Kristie Anne KENNEY
embassy: Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito
mailing address: APO AA 34039
telephone: [593] (2) 256-2890
FAX: [593] (2) 250-2052
consulate(s) general: Guayaquil

Egypt
chief of mission: Ambassador designate Francis J. RICCIARDONE,
Jr
embassy: 8 Kamal El Din Salah St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900
telephone: [20] (2) 797-3300
FAX: [20] (2) 797-3200

El Salvador
chief of mission: Ambassador H. Douglas BARCLAY
embassy: Final Boulevard Santa Elena Sur, Antiguo Cuscatlan, La
Libertad, San Salvador
mailing address: Unit 3116, APO AA 34023
telephone: [503] 278-4444
FAX: [503] 278-5522

Equatorial Guinea
the US does not have an embassy in Equatorial
Guinea (embassy closed September 1995); the US ambassador to
Cameroon is accredited to Equatorial Guinea; the US State Department
is considering opening a Consulate Agency in Malabo

Eritrea
chief of mission: Ambassador Scott H. DELISI
embassy: Franklin D. Roosevelt Street, Asmara
mailing address: P. O. Box 211, Asmara
telephone: [291] (1) 120004
FAX: [291] (1) 127584

Estonia
chief of mission: Ambassador Aldona Zofia WOS
embassy: Kentmanni 20, 15099 Tallinn
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [372] 668-8100
FAX: [372] 668-8134

Ethiopia
chief of mission: Ambassador Aurelia A. BRAZEAL
embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa
mailing address: P. O. Box 1014, Addis Ababa
telephone: [251] (1) 550666
FAX: [251] (1) 551328

European Union
chief of mission: Ambassador Rockwell SCHNABEL
embassy: 13 Zinnerstraat/Rue Zinner, B-1000 Brussels
mailing address: same as above
telephone: [32] (2) 508-2222
FAX: [32] (2) 512-5720

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (overseas territory of the
UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands
none (self-governing overseas administrative division
of Denmark)

Fiji
chief of mission: Ambassador David L. LYON
embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva
mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva
telephone: [679] 331-4466
FAX: [679] 330-0081

Finland
chief of mission: Ambassador Earle I. MACK
embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address: APO AE 09723
telephone: [358] (9) 616250
FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800

France
chief of mission: Ambassador Howard H. LEACH
embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75008 Paris Cedex 08
mailing address: PSC 116, APO AE 09777
telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22
FAX: [33] (1) 42 66 97 83
consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg

French Guiana
none (overseas department of France)

French Polynesia
none (overseas lands of France)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
none (overseas territory of
France)

Gabon
chief of mission: Ambassador Barrie R. WALKLEY
embassy: Boulevard du Bord de Mer, Libreville
mailing address: Centre Ville, B. P. 4000, Libreville
telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, after hours - 74 34 92
FAX: [241] 74 55 07

Gambia, The
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph D. STAFFORD, III
embassy: Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, Banjul
mailing address: P. M. B. No. 19, Banjul
telephone: [220] 392856, 392858, 391971
FAX: [220] 392475

Georgia
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard M. MILES
embassy: #25 Atoneli Street, T'bilisi 0105
mailing address: 7060 Tbilisi Place, Washington, DC 20521-7060
telephone: [995] (32) 989-967/68
FAX: [995] (32) 933-759

Germany
chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel R. COATS
embassy: Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 4-5, 10117 Berlin; note - a new
embassy will be built near the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin; ground
was broken in October 2004 and completion is scheduled for 2008
mailing address: PSC 120, Box 1000, APO AE 09265
telephone: [49] (030) 8305-0
FAX: [49] (030) 8305-1215
consulate(s) general: Duesseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg,
Leipzig, Munich

Ghana
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Carlin YATES
embassy: 6th and 10th Lanes, 798/1 Osu, Accra
mailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accra
telephone: [233] (21) 775-347, 775-348
FAX: [233] (21) 701-813

Gibraltar
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Glorioso Islands
none (possession of France)

Greece
chief of mission: Ambassador Charles RIES
embassy: 91 Vasilissis Sophias Avenue, 10160 Athens
mailing address: PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108
telephone: [30] (210) 721-2951
FAX: [30] (210) 645-6282
consulate(s) general: Thessaloniki

Greenland
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of
Denmark)

Grenada
chief of mission: the US Ambassador to Barbados is
accredited to Grenada
embassy: Lance-aux-Epines Stretch, Saint George's
mailing address: P. O. Box 54, Saint George's, Grenada, West Indies
telephone: [1] (473) 444-1173 through 1176
FAX: [1] (473) 444-4820

Guadeloupe
none (overseas department of France)

Guam
none (territory of the US)

Guatemala
chief of mission: Ambassador John R. HAMILTON
embassy: 7-01 Avenida Reforma, Zone 10, Guatemala City
mailing address: APO AA 34024
telephone: [502] 2331-1541/55
FAX: [502] 2334-8477

Guernsey
none (British crown dependency)

Guinea
chief of mission: Ambassador Jackson MCDONALD
embassy: Rue Ka 038, Conakry
mailing address: B. P. 603, Conakry
telephone: [224] 41 15 20, 41 15 21, 41 15 23
FAX: [224] 41 15 22

Guinea-Bissau
the US Embassy suspended operations on 14 June 1998 in
the midst of violent conflict between forces loyal to then President
VIEIRA and military-led junta; US embassy Dakar is responsible for
covering Guinea-Bissau: telephone - [221] 823-4296; FAX - [221]
822-5903

Guyana
chief of mission: Ambassador Roland BULLEN
embassy: 100 Young and Duke Streets, Kingston, Georgetown
mailing address: P. O. Box 10507, Georgetown
telephone: [592] 225-4900 through 4909
FAX: [592] 225-8497

Haiti
chief of mission: Ambassador James B. FOLEY
embassy: 5 Harry S Truman Boulevard, Port-au-Prince
mailing address: P. O. Box 1761, Port-au-Prince
telephone: [509] 222-0354, 222-0269, 222-0200, 222-0327
FAX: [509] 223-1641 or 222-0200 ext 460

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Holy See (Vatican City)
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
embassy: Villa Domiziana, Via delle Terme Deciane 26, 00153 Rome
mailing address: PSC 59, Box 66, APO AE 09624
telephone: [39] (06) 4674-3428
FAX: [39] (06) 575-8346

Honduras
chief of mission: Ambassador Larry Leon PALMER
embassy: Avenida La Paz, Apartado Postal No. 3453, Tegucigalpa
mailing address: American Embassy, APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa
telephone: [504] 238-5114, 236-9320
FAX: [504] 236-9037

Hong Kong
chief of mission: Consul General James B. CUNNINGHAM
consulate(s) general: 26 Garden Road, Hong Kong
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 1, FPO AP 96521-0006
telephone: [852] 2523-9011
FAX: [852] 2524-0860

Hungary
chief of mission: Ambassador George Herbert WALKER
embassy: Szabadsag ter 12, H-1054 Budapest
mailing address: pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest
Place, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270
telephone: [36] (1) 475-4400
FAX: [36] (1) 475-4764

Iceland
chief of mission: Ambassador James I. GADSDEN
embassy: Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavik
mailing address: US Embassy, PSC 1003, Box 40, FPO AE 09728-0340
telephone: [354] 562-9100
FAX: [354] 562-9118

India
chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORD
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000
FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai
(Bombay)

Indonesia
chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Iran
none; note - protecting power in Iran is Switzerland

Iraq
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires James
F. JEFFREY
embassy: Baghdad
mailing address: APO AE 09316
telephone: 00-1-240-553-0584 ext. 4354; note - Consular Section
FAX: NA

Ireland
chief of mission: Ambassador James C. KENNY
embassy: 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [353] (1) 668-8777
FAX: [353] (1) 668-9946

Israel
chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel C. KURTZER
embassy: 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv 63903
mailing address: PSC 98, Box 29, APO AE 09830
telephone: [972] (3) 519-7369/7453/7454/7457/7458/7551/7575
FAX: [972] (3) 516-4390
consulate(s) general: Jerusalem; note - an independent US mission,
established in 1928, whose members are not accredited to a foreign
government

Italy
chief of mission: Ambassador Melvin F. SEMBLER
embassy: Via Vittorio Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome
mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624
telephone: [39] (06) 46741
FAX: [39] (06) 488-2672, 4674-2356
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples

Jamaica
chief of mission: Ambassador Sue McCourt COBB
embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor,
Kingston 5
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859
FAX: [1] (876) 935-6001

Japan
chief of mission: Ambassador J. Thomas SCHIEFFER
embassy: 10-5 Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8420
mailing address: Unit 45004, Box 258, APO AP 96337-5004
telephone: [81] (03) 3224-5000
FAX: [81] (03) 3505-1862
consulate(s) general: Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo
consulate(s): Fukuoka, Nagoya

Jersey
none (British crown dependency)

Jordan
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
David M. HALE
embassy: Abdoun, Amman
mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; Unit 70200, Box
5, APO AE 09892-0200
telephone: [962] (6) 592-0101
FAX: [962] (6) 592-4102

Juan de Nova Island
none (possession of France)

Kazakhstan
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. ORDWAY
embassy: 99/97A Fumanova, Samal-2, Almaty, 480099
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [7] (3272) 50-48-02
FAX: [7] (3272) 50-48-84

Kenya
chief of mission: Ambassador William M. BELLAMY
embassy: US Embassy, United Nations Ave., Gigiri; P. O. Box 606
Village Market Nairobi
mailing address: Box 21A, Unit 64100, APO AE 09831
telephone: [254] (20) 537-800
FAX: [254] (20) 537-810

Kiribati
the US does not have an embassy in Kiribati; the ambassador
to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati

Korea, North
none (Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang represents the US as
consular protecting power)

Korea, South
chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher R. HILL
embassy: 82 Sejong-no, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-710
mailing address: American Embassy, Unit 15550, APO AP 96205-5550
telephone: [82] (2) 397-4114
FAX: [82] (2) 738-8845

Kuwait
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard LEBARON
embassy: Bayan, Area 14, Al-Masjed Al-Aqsa Street (near the Bayan
palace), Kuwait City
mailing address: P. O. Box 77 Safat 13001 Kuwait; or PSC 1280 APO AE
09880-9000
telephone: [965] 539-5307, 5308
FAX: [965] 538-0282

Kyrgyzstan
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen M. YOUNG
embassy: 171 Prospect Mira, Bishkek 720016
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [996] (312) 551-241, (517) 777-217
FAX: [996] (312) 551-264

Laos
chief of mission: Ambassador Patricia M. HASLACH
embassy: 19 Rue Bartholonie, B. P. 114, Vientiane
mailing address: American Embassy, Box V, APO AP 96546
telephone: [856] (21) 212581, 212582, 212585
FAX: [856] (21) 212584

Latvia
chief of mission: Ambassador Catherine TODD-BAILEY
embassy: 7 Raina Boulevard, Riga LV-1510
mailing address: American Embassy Riga, PSC 78, Box Riga, APO AE
09723
telephone: [371] 703-6200
FAX: [371] 782-0047

Lebanon
chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey D. FELTMAN
embassy: Awkar, Lebanon
mailing address: P. O. Box 70-840, Antelias, Lebanon; PSC 815, Box
2, FPO AE 09836-0002
telephone: [961] (4) 542600, 543600
FAX: [961] (4) 544136

Lesotho
chief of mission: Ambassador June Carter PERRY
embassy: 254 Kingsway, Maseru West (Consular Section)
mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho
telephone: [266] 22 312666
FAX: [266] 22 310116

Liberia
chief of mission: Ambassador John William BLANEY III
embassy: 111 United Nations Drive, P. O. Box 10-0098, Mamba Point,
1000 Monrovia, 10 Liberia
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [231] 226-370 through 226-380
FAX: [231] 226-148

Libya
the US suspended all embassy activities in Tripoli in May
1980, resumed embassy activities in February 2004 under the
protective power of the US interests section of the Belgian Embassy
in Tripoli, then opened a Liaison Office in Tripoli in June 2004

Liechtenstein
the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein, but
the US Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein

Lithuania
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen D. MULL
embassy: 2600 Akmenu 6, Vilnius
mailing address: American Embassy, Vilnius, PSC 78, Box V, APO AE
09723
telephone: [370] (5) 266 5500
FAX: [370] (5) 266 5510

Luxembourg
chief of mission: Ambassador Peter TERPELUK, Jr.
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE
09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box
9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail)
telephone: [352] 46 01 23
FAX: [352] 46 14 01

Macau
the US has no offices in Macau; US interests are monitored by
the US Consulate General in Hong Kong

Macedonia
chief of mission: Ambassador Lawrence Edward BUTLER
embassy: Bul. Ilindenska bb, 1000 Skopje
mailing address: American Embassy Skopje, Department of State, 7120
Skopje Place, Washington, DC 20521-7120 (pouch)
telephone: [389] 2 311-6180
FAX: [389] 2 311-7103

Madagascar
chief of mission: Ambassador Wanda L. NESBITT
embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101
mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo
telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56
FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39

Malawi
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
David GILMOUR
embassy: Area 40, Plot 24, Kenyatta Road
mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
telephone: [265] (1) 773 166
FAX: [265] (1) 770 471

Malaysia
chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher J. LAFLEUR
embassy: 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur
mailing address: P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur; American
Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152
telephone: [60] (3) 2168-5000
FAX: [60] (3) 2142-2207

Maldives
the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; the US
Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic
visits there

Mali
chief of mission: Ambassador Vicki HUDDLESTONE
embassy: Rue Rochester NY and Rue Mohamed V, Bamako
mailing address: B. P. 34, Bamako
telephone: [223] (2) 223-833
FAX: [223] (2) 223-712

Malta
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
William GRANT
embassy: 3rd Floor, Development House, Saint Anne Street, Floriana,
Malta VLT 01
mailing address: P. O. Box 535, Valletta, Malta, CMR01
telephone: [356] 2561 4000
FAX: [356] 21 243229

Man, Isle of
none (British crown dependency)

Marshall Islands
chief of mission: Ambassador Greta N. MORRIS
embassy: Oceanside, Mejen Weto, Long Island, Majuro
mailing address: P. O. Box 1379, Majuro, Republic of the Marshall
Islands 96960-1379
telephone: [692] 247-4011
FAX: [692] 247-4012

Martinique
none (overseas department of France)

Mauritania
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph E. LEBARON
embassy: 288 Rue Abdallaye (between Presidency building and Spanish
Embassy), Nouakchott
mailing address: BP 222, Nouakchott
telephone: [222] 525-2660/525-2663
FAX: [222] 25-25-92

Mauritius
chief of mission: Ambassador John PRICE
embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis
mailing address: international mail: P. O. Box 544, Port Louis; US
mail: American Embassy, Port Louis, Department of State, Washington,
DC 20521-2450
telephone: [230] 202-4400
FAX: [230] 208-9534

Mayotte
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Mexico
chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio O. GARZA
embassy: Paseo de la Reforma 305, Colonia Cuauhtemoc, 06500 Mexico,
Distrito Federal
mailing address: P. O. Box 9000, Brownsville, TX 78520-0900
telephone: [52] (55) 5080-2000
FAX: [52] (55) 5525-5040
consulate(s) general: Ciudad Juarez, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Tijuana
consulate(s): Hermosillo, Matamoros, Merida, Nogales, Nuevo, Laredo

Micronesia, Federated States of
chief of mission: Ambassador Suzanne
K. HALE
embassy: 101 Upper Pics Road, Kolonia
mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States
of Micronesia 96941
telephone: [691] 320-2187
FAX: [691] 320-2186

Moldova
chief of mission: Ambassador Heather M. HODGES
embassy: 103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [373] (22) 408-300
FAX: [373] (22) 23-30-44

Monaco
the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul
General in Marseille (France) is accredited to Monaco

Mongolia
chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela J. SLUTZ
embassy: Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road, C.P.O. 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [976] (11) 329095
FAX: [976] (11) 320776

Montserrat
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Morocco
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas T. RILEY
embassy: 2 Avenue de Mohamed El Fassi, Rabat
mailing address: PSC 74, Box 021, APO AE 09718
telephone: [212] (37) 76 22 65
FAX: [212] (37) 76 56 61
consulate(s) general: Casablanca

Mozambique
chief of mission: Ambassador Helen LA LIME
embassy: Avenida Kenneth Kuanda 193, Maputo
mailing address: P. O. Box 783, Maputo
telephone: [258] (1) 492797
FAX: [258] (1) 490448

Namibia
chief of mission: Ambassador Joyce BARR
embassy: Ausplan Building, 14 Lossen Street, Windhoek
mailing address: Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek
telephone: [264] (61) 221601
FAX: [264] (61) 229792

Nauru
the US does not have an embassy in Nauru; the US Ambassador to
Fiji is accredited to Nauru

Nepal
chief of mission: Ambassador James F. MORIARTY
embassy: Panipokhari, Kathmandu
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [977] (1) 411179
FAX: [977] (1) 419963

Netherlands
chief of mission: Ambassador Clifford M. SOBEL
embassy: Lange Voorhout 102, 2514 EJ, The Hague
mailing address: PSC 71, Box 1000, APO AE 09715
telephone: [31] (70) 310-9209
FAX: [31] (70) 361-4688
consulate(s) general: Amsterdam

Netherlands Antilles
chief of mission: Consul General Robert E.
SORENSON
consulate(s) general: J. B. Gorsiraweg #1, Willemstad AN, Curacao
mailing address: P. O. Box 158, Willemstad, Curacao
telephone: [599] (9) 4613066
FAX: [599] (9) 4616489

New Caledonia
none (overseas territory of France)

New Zealand
chief of mission: Ambassador Charles J. SWINDELLS
embassy: 29 Fitzherbert Terrace, Thorndon, Wellington
mailing address: P. O. Box 1190, Wellington; PSC 467, Box 1, APO AP
96531-1034
telephone: [64] (4) 462-6000
FAX: [64] (4) 499-0490
consulate(s) general: Auckland

Nicaragua
chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara Calandra MOORE
embassy: Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur, Managua
mailing address: APO AA 34021
telephone: [505] 266-6010
FAX: [505] 266-9074

Niger
chief of mission: Ambassador Gail Dennise Thomas MATHIEU
embassy: Rue Des Ambassades, Niamey
mailing address: B. P. 11201, Niamey
telephone: [227] 72 26 61 through 72 26 64
FAX: [227] 73 31 67, 72-31-46

Nigeria
chief of mission: Ambassador John CAMPBELL
embassy: 7 Mambilla Drive, Abuja
mailing address: P. O. Box 554, Lagos
telephone: [234] (9) 523-0916/0906/5857/2235/2205
FAX: [234] (9) 523-0353

Niue
none (self-governing territory in free association with New
Zealand)

Norfolk Island
none (territory of Australia)

Norway
chief of mission: Ambassador John D. ONG
embassy: Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo
mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707
telephone: [47] (22) 44 85 50
FAX: [47] (22) 44 33 63

Oman
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Lewis BALTIMORE III
embassy: Jameat A'Duwal Al Arabiya Street, Al Khuwair area, Muscat
mailing address: P. O. Box 202, P.C. 115, Madinat Al-Sultan Qaboos,
Muscat
telephone: [968] 24-698989
FAX: [968] 24-699771

Pakistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Ryan CROCKER
embassy: Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
mailing address: P. O. Box 1048, Unit 62200, APO AE 09812-2200
telephone: [92] (51) 2080-0000
FAX: [92] (51) 2276427
consulate(s): Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar

Palau
chief of mission: US ambassador to the Philippines is
accredited to Palau
embassy: Koror (no street address)
mailing address: P. O. Box 6028, Republic of Palau 96940
telephone: [680] 488-2920, 2990
FAX: [680] 488-2911

Panama
chief of mission: Ambassador Linda Ellen WATT
embassy: Avenida Balboa and Calle 37, Apartado Postal 0816-02561,
Zona 5, Panama City 5
mailing address: American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945, APO AA 34002
telephone: [507] 207-7000
FAX: [507] 227-1964

Papua New Guinea
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert W. FITTS
embassy: Douglas Street, Port Moresby
mailing address: 4240 Port Moresby PI, US Department of State,
Washington DC 20521-4240
telephone: [675] 321-1455
FAX: [675] 321-3423

Paraguay
chief of mission: Ambassador John F. KEANE
embassy: 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Casilla Postal 402, Asuncion
mailing address: Unit 4711, APO AA 34036-0001
telephone: [595] (21) 213-715
FAX: [595] (21) 213-728

Peru
chief of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima),
APO AA 34031-5000
telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000
FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037

Philippines
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Darryl N. JOHNSON
(Ambassador-designate Michael MICHALAK)
embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
mailing address: PSC 500, FPO AP 96515-1000
telephone: [63] (2) 523-6300
FAX: [63] (2) 522-4361

Pitcairn Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland
chief of mission: Ambassador Victor ASHE
embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw
mailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State,
5010 Warsaw Place, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000
FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688
consulate(s) general: Krakow

Portugal
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Adrienne S. O'NEAL
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
mailing address: Apartado 4258, 1507 Lisboa Codex; PSC 83, APO AE
09726
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Puerto Rico
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Qatar
chief of mission: Ambassador Chase UNTERMEYER
embassy: Al-Luqta District, 22 February Road, Doha
mailing address: P. O. Box 2399, Doha
telephone: [974] 488 4101
FAX: [974] 488 4298

Reunion
none (overseas department of France)

Romania
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Jack Dyer CROUCH II
embassy: Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
mailing address: American Embassy Bucharest, Department of State,
5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)
telephone: [40] (21) 210-4042
FAX: [40] (21) 210-0395
branch office(s): Cluj-Napoca

Russia
chief of mission: Ambassador Alexander VERSHBOW
embassy: Bolshoy Devyatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow
mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (095) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (095) 728-5090
consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg

Rwanda
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Henderson PATRICK
embassy: 337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03
FAX: [250] 57 2128

Saint Helena
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
the US does not have an embassy in Saint Kitts
and Nevis; the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Saint
Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia
the US does not have an embassy in Saint Lucia; the US
Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Saint Lucia

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
the US does not have an embassy in
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; the US Ambassador to Barbados is
accredited to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Samoa
chief of mission: US Ambassador to New Zealand is accredited
to Samoa
embassy: Accident Compensation Board (ACB) Building, 5th Floor, Apia
mailing address: P. O. Box 3430, Apia
telephone: [685] 21631/22696
FAX: [685] 22030

San Marino
the US does not have an embassy in San Marino; the US
Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe
the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome
and Principe; the Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and
Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the
islands

Saudi Arabia
chief of mission: Ambassador James Curtis OBERWETTER
embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh
mailing address: American Embassy Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE
09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693
telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800
FAX: [966] (1) 488-3989
consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)

Senegal
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Alan ROTH
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: [221] 823-4296
FAX: [221] 822-2991

Serbia and Montenegro chief of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 consulate(s): Podgorica note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30 Nazim Hikmet 38000 Pristina, Kosovo; telephone: [381](38)549-516; FAX: [381](38)549-890

Seychelles
the US does not have an embassy in Seychelles; the
ambassador to Mauritius is accredited to the Seychelles

Sierra Leone
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas N. HULL
embassy: Corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Streets, Freetown
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [232] (22) 226481 through 226485
FAX: [232] (22) 225471

Singapore
chief of mission: Ambassador Franklin L. LAVIN
embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508
mailing address: FPO AP 96507-0001
telephone: [65] 6476-9100
FAX: [65] 6476-9340

Slovakia
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Scott N. THAYER
embassy: Hviezdoslavovo Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava
mailing address: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
FAX: [421] (2) 5443-0096

Slovenia
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas B. ROBERTSON
embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana
mailing address: American Embassy Ljubljana, Department of State,
7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140
telephone: [386] (1) 200-5500
FAX: [386] (1) 200-5555

Solomon Islands
the US does not have an embassy in Solomon Islands
(embassy closed July 1993); the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is
accredited to the Solomon Islands

Somalia
the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are
represented by the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya at United Nations
Avenue, Gigira, Nairobi; mailing address: Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO
AE 09831; telephone: [254] (20) 363-6000; FAX [254] (20) 363-6157

South Africa
chief of mission: Ambassador Jendayi E. FRAZER
embassy: 877 Pretorius Street, Pretoria
mailing address: P. O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001
telephone: [27] (12) 342-1048
FAX: [27] (12) 342-2244
consulate(s) general: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
none (overseas
territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)

Spain
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires J.
Robert MANZANARES
embassy: Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
consulate(s) general: Barcelona

Sri Lanka
chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey J. LUNSTEAD
embassy: 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3
mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
telephone: [94] (11) 244-8007
FAX: [94] (11) 243-7345

Sudan
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Gerard M. GALLUCCI
embassy: Sharia Abdul Latif Avenue, Khartoum
mailing address: P. O. Box 699, Khartoum; APO AE 09829
telephone: [249] (11) 774611 or 774700
FAX: [249] (11) 774137
note: US Consul in Cairo is providing backup service for Khartoum

Suriname
chief of mission: Ambassador Marsha E. BARNES
embassy: Dr. Sophie Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo
mailing address: Department of State, 3390 Paramaribo Place,
Washington, DC, 20521-3390
telephone: [597] 472900
FAX: [597] 420800

Swaziland
chief of mission: Ambassador Lewis LUCKE
embassy: Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane
mailing address: P. O. Box 199, Mbabane
telephone: [268] 404-6441 through 404-6445
FAX: [268] 404-5959

Sweden
chief of mission: Ambassador M. Teel BIVINS
embassy: Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589 Stockholm
mailing address: American Embassy Stockholm, Department of State,
5750 Stockholm Place, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch)
telephone: [46] (08) 783 53 00
FAX: [46] (08) 661 19 64

Switzerland
chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela P. WILLEFORD
embassy: Jubilaumsstrasse 93, CH-3005 Bern
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [41] (031) 357 70 11
FAX: [41] (031) 357 73 44

Syria
chief of mission: Ambassador Margaret SCOBEY
embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansur Street, No. 2, Damascus
mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus
telephone: [963] (11) 333-1342
FAX: [963] (11) 331-9678

Taiwan
none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the
people on Taiwan are maintained through an unofficial
instrumentality - the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) - which has
offices in the US and Taiwan; US office at 1700 N. Moore St., Suite
1700, Arlington, VA 22209-1996, telephone: [1] (703) 525-8474, FAX:
[1] (703) 841-1385); Taiwan offices at #7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road,
Section 3, Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: [886] (2) 2162-2000, FAX:
[886] (2) 2162-2251; #2 Chung Cheng 3rd Road, 5th Floor, Kao-hsiung,
Taiwan, telephone: [886] (7) 238-7744, FAX: [886] (7) 238-5237; and
the American Trade Center, Room 3208 International Trade Building,
Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei,
Taiwan 10548, telephone: [886] (2) 2720-1550, FAX: [886] (2)
2757-7162

Tajikistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard E. HOAGLAND
embassy: 10 Pavlova Street, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734003; note - the
embassy in Dushanbe is not yet fully operational; most business is
still handled in Almaty at: 531 Sayfullin Street, Almaty,
Kazakhstan, telephone 7-3272-58-79-61, FAX 7-3272-58-79-68
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [992] (372) 21-03-48, 21-03-52, 24-15-60
FAX: [992] (372) 21-03-62, 51-00-28

Tanzania
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert V. ROYALL
embassy: 140 Msese Road, Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam
mailing address: P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam
telephone: [255] (22) 2666-010 through 2666-015
FAX: [255] (22) 2666-701, 2668-501

Thailand
chief of mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE
embassy: 120/22 Wireless Road, Bangkok
mailing address: APO AP 96546
telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000
FAX: [66] (2) 254-2990, 205-4131
consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai

Togo
chief of mission: Ambassador Gregory ENGLE
embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone: [228] 221 29 91 through 221 29 94
FAX: [228] 221 79 52

Tokelau
none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga
the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to
Fiji is accredited to Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago
chief of mission: Ambassador Roy L. AUSTIN
embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
telephone: [1] (868) 622-6372 through 6376, 622-6176
FAX: [1] (868) 628-5462

Tunisia
chief of mission: Ambassador William J. HUDSON
embassy: Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis, 2045 La
Goulette, Tunisia
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [216] 71 107-000
FAX: [216] 71 962-115

Turkey
chief of mission: Ambassador Eric S. EDELMAN
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir

Turkmenistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Tracey A. JACOBSON
embassy: 9 Pushkin (1984) Street, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 774000
mailing address: 7070 Ashgabat Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-7070
telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45
FAX: [9] (9312) 39-26-14

Turks and Caicos Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu
the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador
to Fiji is accredited to Tuvalu

Uganda
chief of mission: Ambassador Jimmy KOLKER
embassy: 1577 Ggaba Rd., Kampala
mailing address: P. O. Box 7007, Kampala
telephone: [256] (41) 234-142
FAX: [256] (41) 258-451

Ukraine
chief of mission: Ambassador John E. HERBST
embassy: 10 Yuriia Kotsiubynskoho Street, 04053 Kiev
mailing address: 5850 Kiev Place, Washington, DC 20521-5850
telephone: [380] (44) 490-4000
FAX: [380] (44) 490-4085

United Arab Emirates
chief of mission: Ambassador Michele SISON
embassy: Embassies District, Plot 38 Sector W59-02, Street No. 4,
Abu Dhabi
mailing address: P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi
telephone: [971] (2) 414-2200
FAX: [971] (2) 414-2469
consulate(s) general: Dubai

United Kingdom
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge
d'Affaires David T. JOHNSON
embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W1A 1AE
mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040
telephone: [44] (0) 20 7499-9000
FAX: [44] (0) 20 7629-9124
consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh

Uruguay
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin J. SILVERSTEIN
embassy: Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo 11200
mailing address: APO AA 34035
telephone: [598] (2) 418-7777
FAX: [598] (2) 418-8611

Uzbekistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Jon PURNELL
embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent 700115
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450
FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335

Vanuatu
the US does not have an embassy in Vanuatu; the ambassador
to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu

Venezuela
chief of mission: Ambassador William R. BROWNFIELD
embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle
Arriba, Caracas 1080
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
telephone: [58] (212) 975-9234, 975-6411
FAX: [58] (212) 975-8991

Vietnam
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael W. MARINE
embassy: 7 Lang Ha Road, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [84] (4) 772-1500
FAX: [84] (4) 772-1510
consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands
none (territory of the US)

Wallis and Futuna
none (overseas territory of France)

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas C. KRAJESKI
embassy: Saawan Street, Sanaa
mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
telephone: [967] (1) 303-151 through 159
FAX: [967] (1) 303-160/161/162/164/165

Zambia
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin George BRENNAN
embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues
mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka
telephone: [260] (1) 250-955
FAX: [260] (1) 252-225

Zimbabwe
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN
embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare
telephone: [263] (4) 250-593 and 250-594
FAX: [263] (4) 796488

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2008 Transportation - note

Arctic Ocean
sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes;
the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route
(Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways

Atlantic Ocean
Kiel Canal and Saint Lawrence Seaway are two
important waterways; significant domestic commercial and
recreational use of Intracoastal Waterway on central and south
Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico coast of US

Baker Island
there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast

Georgia
transportation network is in poor condition resulting from
ethnic conflict, criminal activities, and fuel shortages; network
lacks maintenance and repair

Howland Island
Earhart Light is a day beacon near the middle of the
west coast that was partially destroyed during World War II, but has
since been rebuilt; named in memory of famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART

Jarvis Island
there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast

Midway Islands
airfield serves as an emergency landing site for
commercial aircraft crossing the Pacific Ocean

Pacific Ocean
Inside Passage offers protected waters from southeast
Alaska to Puget Sound (Washington state)

Southern Ocean
Drake Passage offers alternative to transit through
the Panama Canal

Wake Island
formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used
by US military, some commercial cargo planes, and for emergency
landings

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2010 Age structure (%)

Afghanistan
0-14 years: 44.7% (male 6,842,857/female 6,524,485)
15-64 years: 52.9% (male 8,124,077/female 7,713,603)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 353,193/female 370,772) (2005 est.)

Albania
0-14 years: 25.6% (male 476,989/female 434,298)
15-64 years: 65.8% (male 1,199,964/female 1,144,886)
65 years and over: 8.6% (male 141,559/female 165,416) (2005 est.)

Algeria
0-14 years: 29% (male 4,811,086/female 4,626,271)
15-64 years: 66.3% (male 10,861,862/female 10,701,459)
65 years and over: 4.7% (male 719,460/female 811,715) (2005 est.)

American Samoa
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 10,705/female 9,956)
15-64 years: 61.3% (male 18,351/female 17,125)
65 years and over: 3% (male 664/female 1,080) (2005 est.)

Andorra
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 5,471/female 4,995)
15-64 years: 71.5% (male 26,463/female 23,977)
65 years and over: 13.7% (male 4,780/female 4,863) (2005 est.)

Angola
0-14 years: 43.4% (male 2,454,209/female 2,407,083)
15-64 years: 53.7% (male 3,059,339/female 2,955,060)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 139,961/female 175,134) (2005 est.)

Anguilla
0-14 years: 23.2% (male 1,561/female 1,517)
15-64 years: 69.9% (male 4,767/female 4,501)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 405/female 503) (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
0-14 years: 27.9% (male 9,767/female 9,427)
15-64 years: 68% (male 23,466/female 23,250)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 1,085/female 1,727) (2005 est.)

Argentina
0-14 years: 25.6% (male 5,170,721/female 4,938,171)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male 12,626,711/female 12,627,026)
65 years and over: 10.6% (male 1,712,117/female 2,463,197) (2005
est.)

Armenia
0-14 years: 21.6% (male 339,453/female 305,214)
15-64 years: 67.5% (male 938,734/female 1,074,240)
65 years and over: 10.9% (male 131,519/female 193,744) (2005 est.)

Aruba
0-14 years: 19.9% (male 7,308/female 6,960)
15-64 years: 68.2% (male 23,736/female 25,068)
65 years and over: 11.9% (male 3,486/female 5,008) (2005 est.)

Australia
0-14 years: 19.8% (male 2,038,809/female 1,943,563)
15-64 years: 67.2% (male 6,815,600/female 6,695,189)
65 years and over: 12.9% (male 1,145,274/female 1,452,002) (2005
est.)

Austria
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 656,058/female 624,574)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 2,790,673/female 2,756,612)
65 years and over: 16.6% (male 543,626/female 813,148) (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 1,063,731/female 1,028,684)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 2,533,762/female 2,665,381)
65 years and over: 7.8% (male 245,758/female 374,658) (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
0-14 years: 27.9% (male 42,142/female 42,096)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 97,865/female 101,047)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 7,616/female 11,024) (2005 est.)

Bahrain
0-14 years: 27.8% (male 96,807/female 94,863)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 275,792/female 197,424)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 12,078/female 11,381) (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
0-14 years: 33.1% (male 24,590,207/female 23,162,420)
15-64 years: 63.5% (male 46,764,824/female 44,868,733)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 2,650,683/female 2,282,761) (2005 est.)

Barbados
0-14 years: 20.6% (male 28,813/female 28,634)
15-64 years: 70.6% (male 96,590/female 100,622)
65 years and over: 8.8% (male 9,432/female 15,163) (2005 est.)

Belarus
0-14 years: 16% (male 839,292/female 804,738)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 3,481,432/female 3,672,991)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 498,717/female 1,003,313) (2005 est.)

Belgium
0-14 years: 16.9% (male 892,995/female 855,177)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 3,435,282/female 3,373,917)
65 years and over: 17.4% (male 745,178/female 1,061,839) (2005 est.)

Belize
0-14 years: 40.1% (male 57,114/female 54,877)
15-64 years: 56.4% (male 79,694/female 77,881)
65 years and over: 3.5% (male 4,768/female 5,123) (2005 est.)

Benin
0-14 years: 46.5% (male 1,752,243/female 1,719,458)
15-64 years: 51.2% (male 1,868,630/female 1,948,610)
65 years and over: 2.3% (male 70,367/female 100,717) (2005 est.)

Bermuda
0-14 years: 18.9% (male 6,177/female 6,154)
15-64 years: 69.2% (male 22,422/female 22,828)
65 years and over: 11.9% (male 3,378/female 4,406) (2005 est.)

Bhutan
0-14 years: 39.1% (male 452,213/female 420,675)
15-64 years: 56.9% (male 654,109/female 615,431)
65 years and over: 4% (male 45,281/female 44,582) (2005 est.)

Bolivia
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 1,613,049/female 1,551,023)
15-64 years: 59.8% (male 2,591,328/female 2,701,892)
65 years and over: 4.5% (male 178,486/female 222,092) (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
0-14 years: 18.3% (male 378,784/female
358,784)
15-64 years: 70.7% (male 1,458,405/female 1,388,793)
65 years and over: 10.9% (male 188,741/female 251,969) (2005 est.)

Botswana
0-14 years: 38.8% (male 322,916/female 312,735)
15-64 years: 57.5% (male 455,183/female 487,236)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 23,914/female 38,131) (2005 est.)

Brazil
0-14 years: 26.1% (male 24,789,495/female 23,842,715)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male 62,669,392/female 63,719,631)
65 years and over: 6% (male 4,549,552/female 6,542,009) (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
0-14 years: 21% (male 2,400/female 2,358)
15-64 years: 73.9% (male 8,607/female 8,115)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 614/female 549) (2005 est.)

Brunei
0-14 years: 28.6% (male 54,342/female 52,084)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 134,908/female 119,814)
65 years and over: 3% (male 5,301/female 5,912) (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
0-14 years: 14.1% (male 539,005/female 512,762)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 2,516,368/female 2,599,524)
65 years and over: 17.2% (male 531,008/female 751,682) (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
0-14 years: 46% (male 3,213,436/female 3,193,253)
15-64 years: 51.2% (male 3,487,201/female 3,635,673)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 164,418/female 231,332) (2005 est.)

Burma
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 5,967,487/female 5,717,795)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 14,448,887/female 14,641,419)
65 years and over: 5% (male 939,092/female 1,194,784) (2005 est.)

Burundi
0-14 years: 46% (male 1,479,941/female 1,450,808)
15-64 years: 51.3% (male 1,617,864/female 1,653,331)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 66,199/female 102,466) (2005 est.)

Cambodia
0-14 years: 37.3% (male 2,559,734/female 2,510,235)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 3,887,642/female 4,232,313)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 150,862/female 266,283) (2005 est.)

Cameroon
0-14 years: 41.7% (male 3,457,180/female 3,375,668)
15-64 years: 55% (male 4,537,281/female 4,477,163)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 239,634/female 293,079) (2005 est.)

Canada
0-14 years: 17.9% (male 3,016,032/female 2,869,244)
15-64 years: 68.9% (male 11,357,425/female 11,244,356)
65 years and over: 13.2% (male 1,842,496/female 2,475,488) (2005
est.)

Cape Verde
0-14 years: 39% (male 82,249/female 80,752)
15-64 years: 54.3% (male 110,119/female 116,816)
65 years and over: 6.8% (male 10,599/female 17,689) (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
0-14 years: 21.1% (male 4,658/female 4,662)
15-64 years: 70.8% (male 15,284/female 16,050)
65 years and over: 8.2% (male 1,699/female 1,917) (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
0-14 years: 42.5% (male 813,596/female
802,728)
15-64 years: 54% (male 1,010,696/female 1,041,903)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 54,345/female 76,629) (2005 est.)

Chad
0-14 years: 47.9% (male 2,365,277/female 2,337,388)
15-64 years: 49.4% (male 2,323,110/female 2,528,086)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 109,535/female 163,023) (2005 est.)

Chile
0-14 years: 25.2% (male 2,062,735/female 1,970,913)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 5,320,870/female 5,342,771)
65 years and over: 8% (male 534,737/female 748,886) (2005 est.)

China
0-14 years: 21.4% (male 148,134,928/female 131,045,415)
15-64 years: 71% (male 477,182,072/female 450,664,933)
65 years and over: 7.6% (male 47,400,282/female 51,886,182) (2005
est.)

Christmas Island
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Colombia
0-14 years: 30.7% (male 6,670,950/female 6,516,371)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 13,424,433/female 14,142,825)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 968,127/female 1,231,573) (2005 est.)

Comoros
0-14 years: 42.8% (male 144,075/female 143,175)
15-64 years: 54.2% (male 179,541/female 184,488)
65 years and over: 3% (male 9,407/female 10,561) (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
0-14 years: 48.1% (male
14,513,779/female 14,396,952)
15-64 years: 49.4% (male 14,579,101/female 15,121,297)
65 years and over: 2.5% (male 597,776/female 876,099) (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
0-14 years: 37.3% (male 571,011/female
563,414)
15-64 years: 59% (male 886,297/female 907,348)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 45,799/female 65,257) (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Costa Rica
0-14 years: 28.9% (male 593,540/female 566,361)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,330,481/female 1,300,664)
65 years and over: 5.6% (male 104,564/female 120,563) (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
0-14 years: 41% (male 3,490,536/female 3,596,208)
15-64 years: 56.3% (male 4,920,726/female 4,820,326)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 231,514/female 238,730) (2005 est.)

Croatia
0-14 years: 16.4% (male 378,615/female 359,231)
15-64 years: 67% (male 1,497,355/female 1,514,993)
65 years and over: 16.6% (male 283,460/female 462,250) (2005 est.)

Cuba
0-14 years: 19.6% (male 1,139,644/female 1,079,412)
15-64 years: 70.1% (male 3,977,110/female 3,975,818)
65 years and over: 10.4% (male 540,720/female 633,966) (2005 est.)

Cyprus
0-14 years: 20.9% (male 83,256/female 79,701)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 267,446/female 260,846)
65 years and over: 11.4% (male 38,766/female 50,118) (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
0-14 years: 14.7% (male 773,028/female 731,833)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 3,651,018/female 3,627,006)
65 years and over: 14.2% (male 565,374/female 892,879) (2005 est.)

Denmark
0-14 years: 18.8% (male 524,250/female 497,683)
15-64 years: 66.1% (male 1,811,787/female 1,780,907)
65 years and over: 15.1% (male 349,458/female 468,250) (2005 est.)

Djibouti
0-14 years: 43.3% (male 103,516/female 102,860)
15-64 years: 53.5% (male 133,168/female 121,823)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 7,748/female 7,588) (2005 est.)

Dominica
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 9,328/female 9,125)
15-64 years: 65.4% (male 23,225/female 21,900)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 2,193/female 3,258) (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
0-14 years: 32.9% (male 1,505,964/female
1,438,809)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 2,815,544/female 2,703,012)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 226,372/female 260,333) (2005 est.)

East Timor
0-14 years: 37.1% (male 196,108/female 189,753)
15-64 years: 59.9% (male 318,173/female 305,479)
65 years and over: 3% (male 15,353/female 16,014) (2005 est.)

Ecuador
0-14 years: 33.5% (male 2,282,252/female 2,195,942)
15-64 years: 61.5% (male 4,094,146/female 4,130,096)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 310,336/female 350,821) (2005 est.)

Egypt
0-14 years: 33% (male 13,106,043/female 12,483,899)
15-64 years: 62.6% (male 24,531,266/female 23,972,216)
65 years and over: 4.4% (male 1,457,097/female 1,955,235) (2005 est.)

El Salvador
0-14 years: 36.5% (male 1,250,901/female 1,198,589)
15-64 years: 58.3% (male 1,860,084/female 2,051,140)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 153,133/female 191,085) (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
0-14 years: 41.7% (male 112,326/female 111,244)
15-64 years: 54.5% (male 140,568/female 151,500)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 8,900/female 11,343) (2005 est.)

Eritrea
0-14 years: 44.8% (male 1,023,898/female 1,019,389)
15-64 years: 51.9% (male 1,170,823/female 1,194,741)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 74,312/female 78,436) (2005 est.)

Estonia
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 106,300/female 100,446)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 429,843/female 472,034)
65 years and over: 16.8% (male 74,037/female 150,233) (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
0-14 years: 43.9% (male 16,082,504/female 15,999,602)
15-64 years: 53.4% (male 19,452,737/female 19,525,746)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 905,648/female 1,087,049) (2005 est.)

European Union
0-14 years: 16.03% (male 37,608,010/female 35,632,351)
15-64 years: 67.17% (male 154,439,536/female 152,479,619)
65 years and over: 16.81% (male 31,515,921/female 45,277,821) (2005
est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA (2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
0-14 years: 21.3% (male 4,997/female 4,999)
15-64 years: 64.9% (male 16,120/female 14,360)
65 years and over: 13.8% (male 2,923/female 3,563) (2005 est.)

Fiji
0-14 years: 31.4% (male 143,066/female 137,346)
15-64 years: 64.5% (male 288,434/female 287,720)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 16,797/female 19,991) (2005 est.)

Finland
0-14 years: 17.3% (male 460,977/female 443,859)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 1,764,874/female 1,723,385)
65 years and over: 15.9% (male 328,952/female 501,395) (2005 est.)

France
0-14 years: 18.4% (male 5,717,761/female 5,440,060)
15-64 years: 65.2% (male 19,784,749/female 19,752,432)
65 years and over: 16.4% (male 4,084,193/female 5,876,983) (2005
est.)

French Guiana
0-14 years: 29.3% (male 29,262/female 27,947)
15-64 years: 64.7% (male 67,895/female 58,534)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 6,038/female 5,830) (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 36,947/female 35,403)
15-64 years: 67.4% (male 94,710/female 87,546)
65 years and over: 5.9% (male 8,018/female 7,861) (2005 est.)

Gabon
0-14 years: 42.1% (male 293,668/female 291,816)
15-64 years: 53.8% (male 372,134/female 374,850)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 23,551/female 33,182) (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
0-14 years: 44.5% (male 356,079/female 352,894)
15-64 years: 52.8% (male 416,809/female 424,429)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 22,111/female 20,934) (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
0-14 years: 48.5% (male 342,186/female 325,899)
15-64 years: 48.8% (male 342,927/female 329,354)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 15,036/female 20,887) (2005 est.)

Georgia
0-14 years: 18% (male 444,779/female 398,162)
15-64 years: 65.9% (male 1,480,557/female 1,603,743)
65 years and over: 16% (male 300,859/female 449,301) (2005 est.)

Germany
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 6,078,885/female 5,766,065)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 28,006,268/female 27,003,958)
65 years and over: 18.9% (male 6,359,776/female 9,216,438) (2005
est.)

Ghana
0-14 years: 37.1% (male 3,946,326/female 3,862,390)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 6,203,035/female 6,235,107)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 366,472/female 416,523) (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
0-14 years: 17.8% (male 2,529/female 2,426)
15-64 years: 66% (male 9,442/female 8,970)
65 years and over: 16.2% (male 2,008/female 2,509) (2005 est.)

Greece
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 791,227/female 744,178)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 3,561,689/female 3,564,675)
65 years and over: 18.8% (male 884,497/female 1,122,088) (2005 est.)

Greenland
0-14 years: 25% (male 7,216/female 6,888)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 20,897/female 17,823)
65 years and over: 6.3% (male 1,672/female 1,879) (2005 est.)

Grenada
0-14 years: 33.9% (male 15,329/female 14,997)
15-64 years: 62.7% (male 29,711/female 26,436)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 1,431/female 1,598) (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
0-14 years: 24% (male 55,072/female 52,677)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 148,880/female 151,238)
65 years and over: 9.1% (male 17,032/female 23,814) (2005 est.)

Guam
0-14 years: 29.4% (male 25,645/female 23,887)
15-64 years: 64.1% (male 55,115/female 52,935)
65 years and over: 6.5% (male 5,157/female 5,825) (2005 est.)

Guatemala
0-14 years: 42.4% (male 3,185,037/female 3,033,947)
15-64 years: 54.2% (male 4,019,052/female 3,928,984)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 226,745/female 261,424) (2005 est.)

Guernsey
0-14 years: 15.4% (male 5,084/female 4,937)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 21,611/female 22,002)
65 years and over: 17.8% (male 4,882/female 6,712) (2005 est.)

Guinea
0-14 years: 44.4% (male 2,123,207/female 2,079,475)
15-64 years: 52.4% (male 2,478,820/female 2,486,300)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 131,130/female 168,934) (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
0-14 years: 41.5% (male 293,280/female 294,483)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 376,719/female 409,402)
65 years and over: 3% (male 17,865/female 24,278) (2005 est.)

Guyana
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 103,054/female 99,279)
15-64 years: 68.5% (male 263,953/female 260,000)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 16,801/female 22,196) (2005 est.)

Haiti
0-14 years: 42.6% (male 1,741,622/female 1,721,436)
15-64 years: 53.9% (male 2,137,225/female 2,242,639)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 124,383/female 154,317) (2005 est.)

Honduras
0-14 years: 40.8% (male 1,452,646/female 1,393,271)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 1,921,432/female 1,948,656)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 122,146/female 137,053) (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
0-14 years: 13.8% (male 498,771/female 454,252)
15-64 years: 73.5% (male 2,479,656/female 2,591,170)
65 years and over: 12.7% (male 404,308/female 470,529) (2005 est.)

Hungary
0-14 years: 15.8% (male 813,203/female 769,687)
15-64 years: 69.1% (male 3,405,559/female 3,511,141)
65 years and over: 15.1% (male 547,323/female 959,922) (2005 est.)

Iceland
0-14 years: 22.1% (male 33,302/female 32,257)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 99,513/female 96,886)
65 years and over: 11.7% (male 15,723/female 19,056) (2005 est.)

India
0-14 years: 31.2% (male 173,634,432/female 163,932,475)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male 356,932,082/female 333,283,590)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 26,542,025/female 25,939,784) (2005
est.)

Indonesia
0-14 years: 29.1% (male 35,823,456/female 34,590,631)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 79,447,560/female 79,449,399)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 5,526,389/female 7,136,444) (2005 est.)

Iran
0-14 years: 27.1% (male 9,465,475/female 8,973,828)
15-64 years: 68% (male 23,556,970/female 22,701,065)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 1,637,512/female 1,683,010) (2005 est.)

Iraq
0-14 years: 40% (male 5,293,709/female 5,130,826)
15-64 years: 57% (male 7,530,619/female 7,338,109)
65 years and over: 3% (male 367,832/female 413,811) (2005 est.)

Ireland
0-14 years: 20.9% (male 434,225/female 406,730)
15-64 years: 67.5% (male 1,358,086/female 1,354,148)
65 years and over: 11.5% (male 203,614/female 258,873) (2005 est.)

Israel
0-14 years: 26.5% (male 851,415/female 812,095)
15-64 years: 63.7% (male 2,010,888/female 1,986,256)
65 years and over: 9.8% (male 264,708/female 351,521) (2005 est.)

Italy
0-14 years: 13.9% (male 4,166,213/female 3,919,288)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 19,554,416/female 19,174,629)
65 years and over: 19.4% (male 4,698,441/female 6,590,046) (2005
est.)

Jamaica
0-14 years: 27.5% (male 385,099/female 367,398)
15-64 years: 65.6% (male 897,953/female 893,509)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 83,632/female 104,241) (2005 est.)

Japan
0-14 years: 14.3% (male 9,328,584/female 8,866,772)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 42,462,533/female 41,942,835)
65 years and over: 19.5% (male 10,435,284/female 14,381,236) (2005
est.)

Jersey
0-14 years: 17.5% (male 8,222/female 7,658)
15-64 years: 67% (male 30,296/female 30,561)
65 years and over: 15.5% (male 6,176/female 7,899) (2005 est.)

Jordan
0-14 years: 34.5% (male 1,015,084/female 973,220)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 1,897,643/female 1,656,570)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 106,168/female 111,047) (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
0-14 years: 23.7% (male 1,834,535/female 1,758,988)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 5,075,243/female 5,312,536)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 424,341/female 780,201) (2005 est.)

Kenya
0-14 years: 42.5% (male 7,252,075/female 7,124,034)
15-64 years: 55.2% (male 9,378,428/female 9,295,471)
65 years and over: 2.3% (male 356,116/female 423,466) (2005 est.)

Kiribati
0-14 years: 38.9% (male 20,342/female 19,806)
15-64 years: 57.7% (male 29,362/female 30,136)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 1,477/female 1,969) (2005 est.)

Korea, North
0-14 years: 24.2% (male 2,816,844/female 2,735,478)
15-64 years: 67.9% (male 7,668,581/female 7,883,267)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 625,819/female 1,182,188) (2005 est.)

Korea, South
0-14 years: 19.4% (male 4,952,177/female 4,450,821)
15-64 years: 72% (male 17,715,267/female 17,147,808)
65 years and over: 8.6% (male 1,670,971/female 2,485,600) (2005 est.)

Kuwait
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 323,382/female 311,700)
15-64 years: 70.1% (male 1,045,589/female 591,243)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 40,439/female 23,295) (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
0-14 years: 31.6% (male 827,751/female 796,029)
15-64 years: 62.3% (male 1,571,476/female 1,632,506)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 123,992/female 194,527) (2005 est.)

Laos
0-14 years: 41.6% (male 1,300,094/female 1,289,227)
15-64 years: 55.2% (male 1,693,494/female 1,737,196)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 88,744/female 108,386) (2005 est.)

Latvia
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 169,284/female 161,648)
15-64 years: 69.4% (male 770,839/female 819,309)
65 years and over: 16.1% (male 120,306/female 248,851) (2005 est.)

Lebanon
0-14 years: 26.7% (male 520,270/female 499,609)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 1,216,738/female 1,324,031)
65 years and over: 6.9% (male 120,176/female 145,194) (2005 est.)

Lesotho
0-14 years: 36.9% (male 346,930/female 342,459)
15-64 years: 57.6% (male 526,642/female 548,096)
65 years and over: 5.5% (male 42,003/female 60,905) (2005 est.)

Liberia
0-14 years: 43.6% (male 765,662/female 751,134)
15-64 years: 52.8% (male 896,206/female 940,985)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 64,547/female 63,677) (2005 est.)

Libya
0-14 years: 33.9% (male 997,364/female 955,272)
15-64 years: 62% (male 1,842,775/female 1,729,235)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 117,967/female 122,950) (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
0-14 years: 17.6% (male 2,938/female 3,009)
15-64 years: 70.4% (male 11,795/female 11,927)
65 years and over: 12% (male 1,685/female 2,363) (2005 est.)

Lithuania
0-14 years: 16.1% (male 297,271/female 282,269)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 1,206,731/female 1,264,359)
65 years and over: 15.2% (male 186,979/female 359,008) (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
0-14 years: 18.9% (male 45,768/female 42,980)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 157,453/female 153,927)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 27,573/female 40,870) (2005 est.)

Macau
0-14 years: 17% (male 39,564/female 36,947)
15-64 years: 75.1% (male 160,957/female 176,386)
65 years and over: 7.9% (male 14,713/female 20,631) (2005 est.)

Macedonia
0-14 years: 20.5% (male 217,057/female 202,465)
15-64 years: 68.7% (male 707,489/female 697,150)
65 years and over: 10.8% (male 97,117/female 123,984) (2005 est.)

Madagascar
0-14 years: 44.8% (male 4,051,832/female 4,038,837)
15-64 years: 52.1% (male 4,657,346/female 4,745,971)
65 years and over: 3% (male 247,146/female 299,209) (2005 est.)

Malawi
0-14 years: 46.9% (male 2,877,568/female 2,823,296)
15-64 years: 50.4% (male 3,041,352/female 3,081,762)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 132,175/female 202,771) (2005 est.)

Malaysia
0-14 years: 33% (male 4,067,006/female 3,837,758)
15-64 years: 62.4% (male 7,488,367/female 7,447,047)
65 years and over: 4.6% (male 490,334/female 622,624) (2005 est.)

Maldives
0-14 years: 43.9% (male 78,794/female 74,505)
15-64 years: 53% (male 94,488/female 90,624)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 5,339/female 5,356) (2005 est.)

Mali
0-14 years: 47.1% (male 2,910,944/female 2,876,010)
15-64 years: 50% (male 2,955,496/female 3,185,666)
65 years and over: 3% (male 165,867/female 197,546) (2005 est.)

Malta
0-14 years: 17.6% (male 36,056/female 34,097)
15-64 years: 68.8% (male 138,537/female 135,666)
65 years and over: 13.6% (male 23,184/female 30,994) (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
0-14 years: 17.4% (male 6,681/female 6,365)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 24,693/female 24,482)
65 years and over: 17.1% (male 5,163/female 7,665) (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
0-14 years: 38.2% (male 11,488/female 11,071)
15-64 years: 59.1% (male 17,887/female 17,023)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 771/female 831) (2005 est.)

Martinique
0-14 years: 22.4% (male 49,112/female 47,697)
15-64 years: 67.2% (male 145,531/female 145,250)
65 years and over: 10.5% (male 20,423/female 24,887) (2005 est.)

Mauritania
0-14 years: 45.8% (male 707,728/female 704,616)
15-64 years: 52% (male 792,589/female 813,763)
65 years and over: 2.2% (male 27,560/female 40,603) (2005 est.)

Mauritius
0-14 years: 24.4% (male 151,043/female 148,847)
15-64 years: 69.1% (male 424,472/female 425,974)
65 years and over: 6.5% (male 31,506/female 48,760) (2005 est.)

Mayotte
0-14 years: 46.2% (male 44,926/female 44,521)
15-64 years: 52.1% (male 54,713/female 46,156)
65 years and over: 1.7% (male 1,666/female 1,651) (2005 est.)

Mexico
0-14 years: 31.1% (male 16,844,400/female 16,159,511)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 32,521,043/female 34,704,093)
65 years and over: 5.6% (male 2,715,010/female 3,258,846) (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 0-14 years: 37.1% (male 20,439/female 19,674) 15-64 years: 59.8% (male 32,382/female 32,313) 65 years and over: 3% (male 1,461/female 1,836) (2005 est.)

Moldova
0-14 years: 20.2% (male 459,452/female 442,725)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 1,489,813/female 1,606,202)
65 years and over: 10.3% (male 169,038/female 288,191) (2005 est.)

Monaco
0-14 years: 15.5% (male 2,563/female 2,445)
15-64 years: 62.1% (male 9,909/female 10,217)
65 years and over: 22.4% (male 2,972/female 4,303) (2005 est.)

Mongolia
0-14 years: 28.7% (male 407,547/female 392,440)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 943,418/female 945,063)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 44,413/female 58,391) (2005 est.)

Montserrat
0-14 years: 23.3% (male 1,109/female 1,072)
15-64 years: 65.6% (male 2,923/female 3,201)
65 years and over: 11.1% (male 536/female 500) (2005 est.)

Morocco
0-14 years: 32.1% (male 5,349,247/female 5,150,497)
15-64 years: 63% (male 10,259,808/female 10,346,608)
65 years and over: 4.9% (male 708,921/female 910,766) (2005 est.)

Mozambique
0-14 years: 43.1% (male 4,206,654/female 4,157,898)
15-64 years: 54.1% (male 5,088,250/female 5,416,573)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 224,682/female 312,646) (2005 est.)

Namibia
0-14 years: 38.7% (male 396,247/female 389,543)
15-64 years: 57.7% (male 586,900/female 584,779)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 33,524/female 39,699) (2005 est.)

Nauru
0-14 years: 37.5% (male 2,511/female 2,379)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 3,895/female 4,012)
65 years and over: 1.9% (male 132/female 119) (2005 est.)

Nepal
0-14 years: 39% (male 5,575,157/female 5,221,794)
15-64 years: 57.3% (male 8,137,410/female 7,720,691)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 499,039/female 522,456) (2005 est.)

Netherlands
0-14 years: 18.1% (male 1,523,316/female 1,453,232)
15-64 years: 67.8% (male 5,627,007/female 5,491,802)
65 years and over: 14.1% (male 974,037/female 1,338,097) (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
0-14 years: 24.2% (male 27,302/female 26,002)
15-64 years: 67.3% (male 70,838/female 77,148)
65 years and over: 8.5% (male 7,673/female 10,995) (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
0-14 years: 29% (male 32,030/female 30,714)
15-64 years: 64.6% (male 70,294/female 69,506)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 6,513/female 7,437) (2005 est.)

New Zealand
0-14 years: 21.4% (male 441,836/female 421,065)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 1,356,095/female 1,343,728)
65 years and over: 11.7% (male 206,650/female 266,087) (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
0-14 years: 37.2% (male 1,036,487/female 999,226)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 1,623,065/female 1,638,017)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 73,935/female 94,370) (2005 est.)

Niger
0-14 years: 47.3% (male 2,811,539/female 2,704,498)
15-64 years: 50.6% (male 2,890,119/female 3,009,281)
65 years and over: 2.1% (male 130,953/female 119,547) (2005 est.)

Nigeria
0-14 years: 42.3% (male 27,466,766/female 27,045,092)
15-64 years: 54.6% (male 35,770,593/female 34,559,414)
65 years and over: 3.1% (male 1,874,157/female 2,055,966) (2005 est.)

Niue
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Norfolk Island
0-14 years: 20.2%
15-64 years: 63.9%
65 years and over: 15.9% (2005 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
0-14 years: 19.9% (male 8,332/female 7,646)
15-64 years: 78.5% (male 26,121/female 36,982)
65 years and over: 1.6% (male 646/female 635) (2005 est.)

Norway
0-14 years: 19.5% (male 459,418/female 437,734)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 1,531,249/female 1,484,656)
65 years and over: 14.8% (male 286,343/female 393,641) (2005 est.)

Oman
0-14 years: 42.6% (male 652,028/female 626,698)
15-64 years: 54.9% (male 978,183/female 668,814)
65 years and over: 2.5% (male 41,366/female 34,494) (2005 est.)

Pakistan
0-14 years: 39.6% (male 33,104,311/female 31,244,297)
15-64 years: 56.3% (male 46,759,333/female 44,685,828)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 3,189,122/female 3,437,055) (2005 est.)

Palau
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 2,768/female 2,601)
15-64 years: 69% (male 7,565/female 6,436)
65 years and over: 4.6% (male 443/female 490) (2005 est.)

Panama
0-14 years: 29.8% (male 460,840/female 443,359)
15-64 years: 63.9% (male 984,558/female 956,748)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 91,383/female 102,262) (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
0-14 years: 38.1% (male 1,072,910/female 1,037,635)
15-64 years: 58.1% (male 1,662,166/female 1,559,685)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 99,777/female 113,095) (2005 est.)

Paraguay
0-14 years: 37.9% (male 1,223,479/female 1,184,134)
15-64 years: 57.3% (male 1,825,473/female 1,809,810)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 140,935/female 164,053) (2005 est.)

Peru
0-14 years: 31.5% (male 4,479,278/female 4,323,356)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 8,891,785/female 8,776,343)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 685,179/female 769,687) (2005 est.)

Philippines
0-14 years: 35.4% (male 15,869,636/female 15,255,588)
15-64 years: 60.6% (male 26,503,785/female 26,722,511)
65 years and over: 4% (male 1,523,213/female 1,982,740) (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Poland
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 3,319,176/female 3,150,859)
15-64 years: 70.3% (male 13,506,153/female 13,638,265)
65 years and over: 13% (male 1,912,431/female 3,108,260) (2005 est.)

Portugal
0-14 years: 16.6% (male 916,234/female 839,935)
15-64 years: 66.3% (male 3,468,844/female 3,538,779)
65 years and over: 17.1% (male 744,787/female 1,057,633) (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
0-14 years: 22% (male 441,594/female 421,986)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 1,228,583/female 1,337,066)
65 years and over: 12.4% (male 211,283/female 276,120) (2005 est.)

Qatar
0-14 years: 23.7% (male 104,453/female 100,295)
15-64 years: 72.9% (male 437,118/female 191,830)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 21,599/female 7,756) (2005 est.)

Reunion
0-14 years: 30.4% (male 120,698/female 115,108)
15-64 years: 63.6% (male 243,668/female 250,143)
65 years and over: 6.1% (male 19,234/female 28,097) (2005 est.)

Romania
0-14 years: 15.9% (male 1,818,488/female 1,727,598)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 7,726,903/female 7,801,441)
65 years and over: 14.6% (male 1,342,827/female 1,912,720) (2005
est.)

Russia
0-14 years: 14.6% (male 10,704,617/female 10,173,313)
15-64 years: 71.3% (male 49,429,716/female 52,799,740)
65 years and over: 14.2% (male 6,405,027/female 13,907,896) (2005
est.)

Rwanda
0-14 years: 41.9% (male 1,777,178/female 1,762,252)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 2,328,686/female 2,356,572)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 87,155/female 128,977) (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
0-14 years: 18.8% (male 715/female 691)
15-64 years: 71.3% (male 2,745/female 2,575)
65 years and over: 9.8% (male 330/female 404) (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0-14 years: 28% (male 5,586/female 5,330)
15-64 years: 63.7% (male 12,424/female 12,403)
65 years and over: 8.3% (male 1,328/female 1,887) (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
0-14 years: 30.3% (male 25,937/female 24,391)
15-64 years: 64.6% (male 52,813/female 54,544)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 3,172/female 5,455) (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0-14 years: 24% (male 861/female 825)
15-64 years: 65.3% (male 2,330/female 2,251)
65 years and over: 10.6% (male 335/female 410) (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0-14 years: 27.1% (male 16,208/female 15,621) 15-64 years: 66.5% (male 40,287/female 37,883) 65 years and over: 6.4% (male 3,280/female 4,255) (2005 est.)

Samoa
0-14 years: 27.2% (male 24,517/female 23,660)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 73,495/female 44,208)
65 years and over: 6.4% (male 5,204/female 6,203) (2005 est.)

San Marino
0-14 years: 16.7% (male 2,482/female 2,328)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 9,255/female 9,943)
65 years and over: 16.9% (male 2,106/female 2,766) (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
0-14 years: 47.6% (male 45,145/female 44,007)
15-64 years: 48.6% (male 43,996/female 47,011)
65 years and over: 3.9% (male 3,333/female 3,918) (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
0-14 years: 38.2% (male 5,149,960/female 4,952,138)
15-64 years: 59.4% (male 8,992,348/female 6,698,633)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 334,694/female 289,826) (2005 est.)

Senegal
0-14 years: 42.8% (male 2,404,461/female 2,360,167)
15-64 years: 54.1% (male 2,901,689/female 3,122,854)
65 years and over: 3% (male 161,173/female 176,488) (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
0-14 years: 18.1% (male 1,014,443/female
943,702)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 3,610,646/female 3,632,365)
65 years and over: 15% (male 699,446/female 928,573) (2005 est.)

Seychelles
0-14 years: 26.4% (male 10,839/female 10,601)
15-64 years: 67.4% (male 26,709/female 28,025)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 1,622/female 3,392) (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
0-14 years: 44.7% (male 1,318,508/female 1,371,164)
15-64 years: 52% (male 1,494,068/female 1,637,276)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 93,047/female 103,580) (2005 est.)

Singapore
0-14 years: 16% (male 366,971/female 342,295)
15-64 years: 75.9% (male 1,639,842/female 1,719,829)
65 years and over: 8.1% (male 157,636/female 199,147) (2005 est.)

Slovakia
0-14 years: 17.1% (male 475,263/female 453,340)
15-64 years: 71% (male 1,919,222/female 1,939,097)
65 years and over: 11.9% (male 241,610/female 402,831) (2005 est.)

Slovenia
0-14 years: 14% (male 145,016/female 137,012)
15-64 years: 70.6% (male 715,629/female 704,079)
65 years and over: 15.4% (male 118,298/female 191,036) (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
0-14 years: 41.9% (male 114,860/female 110,404)
15-64 years: 54.9% (male 149,400/female 145,970)
65 years and over: 3.2% (male 8,371/female 9,027) (2005 est.)

Somalia
0-14 years: 44.5% (male 1,918,209/female 1,905,974)
15-64 years: 52.9% (male 2,278,406/female 2,263,602)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 96,256/female 129,182) (2005 est.)

South Africa
0-14 years: 30.3% (male 6,760,137/female 6,682,013)
15-64 years: 64.5% (male 13,860,727/female 14,750,496)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 893,360/female 1,397,403) (2005 est.)

Spain
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 2,994,124/female 2,815,456)
15-64 years: 68% (male 13,762,281/female 13,664,762)
65 years and over: 17.6% (male 2,965,859/female 4,138,980) (2005
est.)

Sri Lanka
0-14 years: 24.5% (male 2,508,384/female 2,397,986)
15-64 years: 68.4% (male 6,658,765/female 7,059,468)
65 years and over: 7.2% (male 670,813/female 769,360) (2005 est.)

Sudan
0-14 years: 43.2% (male 8,865,331/female 8,488,982)
15-64 years: 54.5% (male 10,952,566/female 10,930,218)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 513,679/female 436,710) (2005 est.)

Suriname
0-14 years: 29.6% (male 66,537/female 63,182)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 144,285/female 136,942)
65 years and over: 6.2% (male 12,092/female 15,106) (2005 est.)

Svalbard
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

Swaziland
0-14 years: 40.6% (male 240,643/female 235,895)
15-64 years: 55.6% (male 327,661/female 325,400)
65 years and over: 3.8% (male 19,273/female 25,028) (2005 est.)

Sweden
0-14 years: 17.1% (male 791,215/female 747,621)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 2,990,436/female 2,904,873)
65 years and over: 17.4% (male 677,161/female 890,468) (2005 est.)

Switzerland
0-14 years: 16.6% (male 643,497/female 597,565)
15-64 years: 68% (male 2,570,544/female 2,522,365)
65 years and over: 15.4% (male 472,769/female 682,630) (2005 est.)

Syria
0-14 years: 37.4% (male 3,556,795/female 3,350,267)
15-64 years: 59.3% (male 5,601,971/female 5,333,799)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 288,868/female 317,052) (2005 est.)

Taiwan
0-14 years: 19.7% (male 2,349,077/female 2,156,755)
15-64 years: 70.7% (male 8,205,933/female 7,980,056)
65 years and over: 9.6% (male 1,107,708/female 1,094,855) (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
0-14 years: 38.5% (male 1,390,220/female 1,368,268)
15-64 years: 56.7% (male 2,022,764/female 2,040,524)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 150,372/female 191,358) (2005 est.)

Tanzania
0-14 years: 44% (male 8,100,216/female 8,074,171)
15-64 years: 53.4% (male 9,665,957/female 9,963,772)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 418,080/female 544,160) (2005 est.)

Thailand
0-14 years: 23.9% (male 7,988,529/female 7,633,405)
15-64 years: 68.6% (male 22,195,625/female 22,731,767)
65 years and over: 7.5% (male 2,251,112/female 2,643,933) (2005 est.)

Togo
0-14 years: 43.2% (male 1,232,759/female 1,224,060)
15-64 years: 54.2% (male 1,505,737/female 1,571,201)
65 years and over: 2.6% (male 60,799/female 86,963) (2005 est.)

Tokelau
0-14 years: 42%
15-64 years: 53%
65 years and over: 5% (2005 est.)

Tonga
0-14 years: 36.2% (male 20,738/female 19,907)
15-64 years: 59.7% (male 33,226/female 33,853)
65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,031/female 2,667) (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
0-14 years: 20.7% (male 115,594/female 109,665)
15-64 years: 71% (male 403,301/female 369,664)
65 years and over: 8.3% (male 40,638/female 49,782) (2005 est.)

Tunisia
0-14 years: 25.3% (male 1,316,308/female 1,234,309)
15-64 years: 68.1% (male 3,437,880/female 3,418,591)
65 years and over: 6.6% (male 321,287/female 346,576) (2005 est.)

Turkey
0-14 years: 26% (male 9,232,439/female 8,897,135)
15-64 years: 67.3% (male 23,806,367/female 23,053,536)
65 years and over: 6.7% (male 2,140,242/female 2,530,840) (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
0-14 years: 35.7% (male 909,113/female 860,128)
15-64 years: 60.2% (male 1,462,198/female 1,516,836)
65 years and over: 4.1% (male 78,119/female 125,687) (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0-14 years: 32.5% (male 3,396/female 3,277)
15-64 years: 63.8% (male 6,900/female 6,220)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 342/female 421) (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
0-14 years: 30.8% (male 1,823/female 1,756)
15-64 years: 64.2% (male 3,620/female 3,847)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 229/female 361) (2005 est.)

Uganda
0-14 years: 50.1% (male 6,875,663/female 6,784,378)
15-64 years: 47.7% (male 6,511,867/female 6,494,859)
65 years and over: 2.2% (male 263,790/female 338,925) (2005 est.)

Ukraine
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 3,783,725/female 3,619,754)
15-64 years: 68.8% (male 15,619,989/female 16,992,628)
65 years and over: 15.6% (male 2,497,851/female 4,911,389) (2005
est.)

United Arab Emirates
0-14 years: 25.3% (male 331,269; female 317,977)
15-64 years: 71.1% (male 1,115,826; female 707,058)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 66,404; female 24,678) (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
0-14 years: 17.7% (male 5,490,592/female 5,229,691)
15-64 years: 66.5% (male 20,329,272/female 19,855,862)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 4,063,357/female 5,472,683) (2005
est.)

United States
0-14 years: 20.6% (male 31,095,725/female 29,703,997)
15-64 years: 67% (male 98,914,382/female 99,324,126)
65 years and over: 12.4% (male 15,298,676/female 21,397,228) (2005
est.)

Uruguay
0-14 years: 23.2% (male 403,041/female 389,427)
15-64 years: 63.6% (male 1,076,960/female 1,095,833)
65 years and over: 13.2% (male 183,877/female 266,782) (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
0-14 years: 33.5% (male 4,575,443/female 4,408,146)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 8,201,993/female 8,371,933)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 528,334/female 765,346) (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
0-14 years: 33.3% (male 35,039/female 33,553)
15-64 years: 63.1% (male 66,311/female 63,502)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 3,878/female 3,471) (2005 est.)

Venezuela
0-14 years: 29.9% (male 3,909,876/female 3,667,958)
15-64 years: 65% (male 8,287,255/female 8,209,599)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 590,236/female 710,357) (2005 est.)

Vietnam
0-14 years: 27.9% (male 12,065,777/female 11,212,299)
15-64 years: 66.4% (male 27,406,456/female 28,024,250)
65 years and over: 5.8% (male 1,889,585/female 2,937,209) (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
0-14 years: 23.1% (male 12,676/female 12,421)
15-64 years: 66.2% (male 34,069/female 37,918)
65 years and over: 10.7% (male 5,125/female 6,499) (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

West Bank
0-14 years: 43.4% (male 530,197/female 504,794)
15-64 years: 53.2% (male 649,610/female 619,335)
65 years and over: 3.4% (male 34,803/female 46,876) (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA

World
0-14 years: 27.8% (male 919,726,623; female 870,468,158)
15-64 years: 64.9% (male 2,117,230,183; female 2,066,864,970)
65 years and over: 7.3% (male 207,903,775; female 263,627,270)
note: some countries do not maintain age structure information, thus
a slight discrepancy exists between the total world population and
the total for world age structure (2005 est.)

Yemen
0-14 years: 46.5% (male 4,905,831/female 4,727,177)
15-64 years: 50.8% (male 5,364,711/female 5,172,811)
65 years and over: 2.7% (male 274,166/female 282,367) (2005 est.)

Zambia
0-14 years: 46.5% (male 2,626,911/female 2,609,857)
15-64 years: 51.1% (male 2,848,402/female 2,904,376)
65 years and over: 2.4% (male 118,043/female 154,206) (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
0-14 years: 39.2% (male 2,522,609/female 2,474,131)
15-64 years: 57.1% (male 3,686,354/female 3,592,662)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 235,478/female 235,756) (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2011 Geographic coordinates

Afghanistan
33 00 N, 65 00 E

Akrotiri
34 37 N, 32 58 E

Albania
41 00 N, 20 00 E

Algeria
28 00 N, 3 00 E

American Samoa
14 20 S, 170 00 W

Andorra
42 30 N, 1 30 E

Angola
12 30 S, 18 30 E

Anguilla
18 15 N, 63 10 W

Antarctica
90 00 S, 0 00 E

Antigua and Barbuda
17 03 N, 61 48 W

Arctic Ocean
90 00 N, 0 00 E

Argentina
34 00 S, 64 00 W

Armenia
40 00 N, 45 00 E

Aruba
12 30 N, 69 58 W

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
12 14 S, 123 05 E

Atlantic Ocean
0 00 N, 25 00 W

Australia
27 00 S, 133 00 E

Austria
47 20 N, 13 20 E

Azerbaijan
40 30 N, 47 30 E

Bahamas, The
24 15 N, 76 00 W

Bahrain
26 00 N, 50 33 E

Baker Island
0 13 N, 176 31 W

Bangladesh
24 00 N, 90 00 E

Barbados
13 10 N, 59 32 W

Bassas da India
21 30 S, 39 50 E

Belarus
53 00 N, 28 00 E

Belgium
50 50 N, 4 00 E

Belize
17 15 N, 88 45 W

Benin
9 30 N, 2 15 E

Bermuda
32 20 N, 64 45 W

Bhutan
27 30 N, 90 30 E

Bolivia
17 00 S, 65 00 W

Bosnia and Herzegovina
44 00 N, 18 00 E

Botswana
22 00 S, 24 00 E

Bouvet Island
54 26 S, 3 24 E

Brazil
10 00 S, 55 00 W

British Indian Ocean Territory
6 00 S, 71 30 E

British Virgin Islands
18 30 N, 64 30 W

Brunei
4 30 N, 114 40 E

Bulgaria
43 00 N, 25 00 E

Burkina Faso
13 00 N, 2 00 W

Burma
22 00 N, 98 00 E

Burundi
3 30 S, 30 00 E

Cambodia
13 00 N, 105 00 E

Cameroon
6 00 N, 12 00 E

Canada
60 00 N, 95 00 W

Cape Verde
16 00 N, 24 00 W

Cayman Islands
19 30 N, 80 30 W

Central African Republic
7 00 N, 21 00 E

Chad
15 00 N, 19 00 E

Chile
30 00 S, 71 00 W

China
35 00 N, 105 00 E

Christmas Island
10 30 S, 105 40 E

Clipperton Island
10 17 N, 109 13 W

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
12 30 S, 96 50 E

Colombia
4 00 N, 72 00 W

Comoros
12 10 S, 44 15 E

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
0 00 N, 25 00 E

Congo, Republic of the
1 00 S, 15 00 E

Cook Islands
21 14 S, 159 46 W

Coral Sea Islands
18 00 S, 152 00 E

Costa Rica
10 00 N, 84 00 W

Cote d'Ivoire
8 00 N, 5 00 W

Croatia
45 10 N, 15 30 E

Cuba
21 30 N, 80 00 W

Cyprus
35 00 N, 33 00 E

Czech Republic
49 45 N, 15 30 E

Denmark
56 00 N, 10 00 E

Dhekelia
34 59 N, 33 45 E

Djibouti
11 30 N, 43 00 E

Dominica
15 25 N, 61 20 W

Dominican Republic
19 00 N, 70 40 W

East Timor
8 50 S, 125 55 E

Ecuador
2 00 S, 77 30 W

Egypt
27 00 N, 30 00 E

El Salvador
13 50 N, 88 55 W

Equatorial Guinea
2 00 N, 10 00 E

Eritrea
15 00 N, 39 00 E

Estonia
59 00 N, 26 00 E

Ethiopia
8 00 N, 38 00 E

Europa Island
22 20 S, 40 22 E

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
51 45 S, 59 00 W

Faroe Islands
62 00 N, 7 00 W

Fiji
18 00 S, 175 00 E

Finland
64 00 N, 26 00 E

France
46 00 N, 2 00 E

French Guiana
4 00 N, 53 00 W

French Polynesia
15 00 S, 140 00 W

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
43 00 S, 67 00 E

Gabon
1 00 S, 11 45 E

Gambia, The
13 28 N, 16 34 W

Gaza Strip
31 25 N, 34 20 E

Georgia
42 00 N, 43 30 E

Germany
51 00 N, 9 00 E

Ghana
8 00 N, 2 00 W

Gibraltar
36 8 N, 5 21 W

Glorioso Islands
11 30 S, 47 20 E

Greece
39 00 N, 22 00 E

Greenland
72 00 N, 40 00 W

Grenada
12 07 N, 61 40 W

Guadeloupe
16 15 N, 61 35 W

Guam
13 28 N, 144 47 E

Guatemala
15 30 N, 90 15 W

Guernsey
49 28 N, 2 35 W

Guinea
11 00 N, 10 00 W

Guinea-Bissau
12 00 N, 15 00 W

Guyana
5 00 N, 59 00 W

Haiti
19 00 N, 72 25 W

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
53 06 S, 72 31 E

Holy See (Vatican City)
41 54 N, 12 27 E

Honduras
15 00 N, 86 30 W

Hong Kong
22 15 N, 114 10 E

Howland Island
0 48 N, 176 38 W

Hungary
47 00 N, 20 00 E

Iceland
65 00 N, 18 00 W

India
20 00 N, 77 00 E

Indian Ocean
20 00 S, 80 00 E

Indonesia
5 00 S, 120 00 E

Iran
32 00 N, 53 00 E

Iraq
33 00 N, 44 00 E

Ireland
53 00 N, 8 00 W

Israel
31 30 N, 34 45 E

Italy
42 50 N, 12 50 E

Jamaica
18 15 N, 77 30 W

Jan Mayen
71 00 N, 8 00 W

Japan
36 00 N, 138 00 E

Jarvis Island
0 22 S, 160 03 W

Jersey
49 15 N, 2 10 W

Johnston Atoll
16 45 N, 169 31 W

Jordan
31 00 N, 36 00 E

Juan de Nova Island
17 03 S, 42 45 E

Kazakhstan
48 00 N, 68 00 E

Kenya
1 00 N, 38 00 E

Kingman Reef
6 24 N, 162 24 W

Kiribati
1 25 N, 173 00 E

Korea, North
40 00 N, 127 00 E

Korea, South
37 00 N, 127 30 E

Kuwait
29 30 N, 45 45 E

Kyrgyzstan
41 00 N, 75 00 E

Laos
18 00 N, 105 00 E

Latvia
57 00 N, 25 00 E

Lebanon
33 50 N, 35 50 E

Lesotho
29 30 S, 28 30 E

Liberia
6 30 N, 9 30 W

Libya
25 00 N, 17 00 E

Liechtenstein
47 16 N, 9 32 E

Lithuania
56 00 N, 24 00 E

Luxembourg
49 45 N, 6 10 E

Macau
22 10 N, 113 33 E

Macedonia
41 50 N, 22 00 E

Madagascar
20 00 S, 47 00 E

Malawi
13 30 S, 34 00 E

Malaysia
2 30 N, 112 30 E

Maldives
3 15 N, 73 00 E

Mali
17 00 N, 4 00 W

Malta
35 50 N, 14 35 E

Man, Isle of
54 15 N, 4 30 W

Marshall Islands
9 00 N, 168 00 E

Martinique
14 40 N, 61 00 W

Mauritania
20 00 N, 12 00 W

Mauritius
20 17 S, 57 33 E

Mayotte
12 50 S, 45 10 E

Mexico
23 00 N, 102 00 W

Micronesia, Federated States of
6 55 N, 158 15 E

Midway Islands
28 13 N, 177 22 W

Moldova
47 00 N, 29 00 E

Monaco
43 44 N, 7 24 E

Mongolia
46 00 N, 105 00 E

Montserrat
16 45 N, 62 12 W

Morocco
32 00 N, 5 00 W

Mozambique
18 15 S, 35 00 E

Namibia
22 00 S, 17 00 E

Nauru
0 32 S, 166 55 E

Navassa Island
18 25 N, 75 02 W

Nepal
28 00 N, 84 00 E

Netherlands
52 30 N, 5 45 E

Netherlands Antilles
12 15 N, 68 45 W

New Caledonia
21 30 S, 165 30 E

New Zealand
41 00 S, 174 00 E

Nicaragua
13 00 N, 85 00 W

Niger
16 00 N, 8 00 E

Nigeria
10 00 N, 8 00 E

Niue
19 02 S, 169 52 W

Norfolk Island
29 02 S, 167 57 E

Northern Mariana Islands
15 12 N, 145 45 E

Norway
62 00 N, 10 00 E

Oman
21 00 N, 57 00 E

Pacific Ocean
0 00 N, 160 00 W

Pakistan
30 00 N, 70 00 E

Palau
7 30 N, 134 30 E

Palmyra Atoll
5 52 N, 162 06 W

Panama
9 00 N, 80 00 W

Papua New Guinea
6 00 S, 147 00 E

Paracel Islands
16 30 N, 112 00 E

Paraguay
23 00 S, 58 00 W

Peru
10 00 S, 76 00 W

Philippines
13 00 N, 122 00 E

Pitcairn Islands
25 04 S, 130 06 W

Poland
52 00 N, 20 00 E

Portugal
39 30 N, 8 00 W

Puerto Rico
18 15 N, 66 30 W

Qatar
25 30 N, 51 15 E

Reunion
21 06 S, 55 36 E

Romania
46 00 N, 25 00 E

Russia
60 00 N, 100 00 E

Rwanda
2 00 S, 30 00 E

Saint Helena
15 56 S, 5 42 W

Saint Kitts and Nevis
17 20 N, 62 45 W

Saint Lucia
13 53 N, 60 68 W

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
46 50 N, 56 20 W

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
13 15 N, 61 12 W

Samoa
13 35 S, 172 20 W

San Marino
43 46 N, 12 25 E

Sao Tome and Principe
1 00 N, 7 00 E

Saudi Arabia
25 00 N, 45 00 E

Senegal
14 00 N, 14 00 W

Serbia and Montenegro
44 00 N, 21 00 E

Seychelles
4 35 S, 55 40 E

Sierra Leone
8 30 N, 11 30 W

Singapore
1 22 N, 103 48 E

Slovakia
48 40 N, 19 30 E

Slovenia
46 07 N, 14 49 E

Solomon Islands
8 00 S, 159 00 E

Somalia
10 00 N, 49 00 E

South Africa
29 00 S, 24 00 E

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
54 30 S, 37 00 W

Southern Ocean
65 00 S, 0 00 E (nominally), but the Southern Ocean
has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of
water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica; this ring of
water lies between 60 degrees south latitude and the coast of
Antarctica and encompasses 360 degrees of longitude

Spain
40 00 N, 4 00 W

Spratly Islands
8 38 N, 111 55 E

Sri Lanka
7 00 N, 81 00 E

Sudan
15 00 N, 30 00 E

Suriname
4 00 N, 56 00 W

Svalbard
78 00 N, 20 00 E

Swaziland
26 30 S, 31 30 E

Sweden
62 00 N, 15 00 E

Switzerland
47 00 N, 8 00 E

Syria
35 00 N, 38 00 E

Taiwan
23 30 N, 121 00 E

Tajikistan
39 00 N, 71 00 E

Tanzania
6 00 S, 35 00 E

Thailand
15 00 N, 100 00 E

Togo
8 00 N, 1 10 E

Tokelau
9 00 S, 172 00 W

Tonga
20 00 S, 175 00 W

Trinidad and Tobago
11 00 N, 61 00 W

Tromelin Island
15 52 S, 54 25 E

Tunisia
34 00 N, 9 00 E

Turkey
39 00 N, 35 00 E

Turkmenistan
40 00 N, 60 00 E

Turks and Caicos Islands
21 45 N, 71 35 W

Tuvalu
8 00 S, 178 00 E

Uganda
1 00 N, 32 00 E

Ukraine
49 00 N, 32 00 E

United Arab Emirates
24 00 N, 54 00 E

United Kingdom
54 00 N, 2 00 W

United States
38 00 N, 97 00 W

Uruguay
33 00 S, 56 00 W

Uzbekistan
41 00 N, 64 00 E

Vanuatu
16 00 S, 167 00 E

Venezuela
8 00 N, 66 00 W

Vietnam
16 00 N, 106 00 E

Virgin Islands
18 20 N, 64 50 W

Wake Island
19 17 N, 166 36 E

Wallis and Futuna
13 18 S, 176 12 W

West Bank
32 00 N, 35 15 E

Western Sahara
24 30 N, 13 00 W

Yemen
15 00 N, 48 00 E

Zambia
15 00 S, 30 00 E

Zimbabwe
20 00 S, 30 00 E

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2012 GDP - composition by sector (%)

Afghanistan
agriculture: 60%
industry: 20%
services: 20% (1990 est.)

Albania
agriculture: 46.2%
industry: 25.4%
services: 28.4% (2004 est.)

Algeria
agriculture: 10.3%
industry: 57.4%
services: 32.3% (2004 est.)

American Samoa
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Andorra
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Angola
agriculture: 8%
industry: 67%
services: 25% (2001 est.)

Anguilla
agriculture: 4%
industry: 18%
services: 78% (2002 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
agriculture: 3.9%
industry: 19.2%
services: 76.8% (2002)

Argentina
agriculture: 10.6%
industry: 35.9%
services: 53.5% (2004 est.)

Armenia
agriculture: 22.9%
industry: 36.1%
services: 41.1% (2004 est.)

Aruba
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Australia
agriculture: 3.4%
industry: 28.2%
services: 68.4% (2004 est.)

Austria
agriculture: 2.3%
industry: 30.8%
services: 66.9% (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
agriculture: 14.1%
industry: 45.7%
services: 40.2% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The
agriculture: 3%
industry: 7%
services: 90% (2001 est.)

Bahrain
agriculture: 0.7%
industry: 41%
services: 58.4% (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
agriculture: 21.2%
industry: 27.1%
services: 51.7% (2004 est.)

Barbados
agriculture: 6%
industry: 16%
services: 78% (2000 est.)

Belarus
agriculture: 11%
industry: 36.4%
services: 52.6% (2004 est.)

Belgium
agriculture: 1.3%
industry: 25.7%
services: 73% (2004 est.)

Belize
agriculture: 17.7%
industry: 15%
services: 67.3% (2003 est.)

Benin
agriculture: 36.3%
industry: 14.3%
services: 49.4% (2004 est.)

Bermuda
agriculture: 1%
industry: 10%
services: 89% (2002 est.)

Bhutan
agriculture: 45%
industry: 10%
services: 45% (2002 est.)

Bolivia
agriculture: 13%
industry: 28%
services: 59% (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
agriculture: 14.2%
industry: 30.8%
services: 55% (2002)

Botswana
agriculture: 4%
industry: 44% (including 36% mining)
services: 52% (2003 est.)

Brazil
agriculture: 10.1%
industry: 38.6%
services: 51.3% (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
agriculture: 1.8%
industry: 6.2%
services: 92% (1996 est.)

Brunei
agriculture: 5%
industry: 45%
services: 50% (2001 est.)

Bulgaria
agriculture: 11.5%
industry: 30.1%
services: 58.4% (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
agriculture: 39.5%
industry: 19.3%
services: 41.3% (2004 est.)

Burma
agriculture: 56.6%
industry: 8.8%
services: 34.5% (2004 est.)

Burundi
agriculture: 48.1%
industry: 19%
services: 32.9% (2004 est.)

Cambodia
agriculture: 35%
industry: 30%
services: 35% (2004 est.)

Cameroon
agriculture: 43.7%
industry: 20.1%
services: 36.2% (2004 est.)

Canada
agriculture: 2.3%
industry: 26.4%
services: 71.3% (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
agriculture: 12.1%
industry: 21.9%
services: 66% (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
agriculture: 1.4%
industry: 3.2%
services: 95.4% (1994 est.)

Central African Republic
agriculture: 55%
industry: 20%
services: 25% (2001 est.)

Chad
agriculture: 22.6%
industry: 35.6%
services: 41.7% (2004 est.)

Chile
agriculture: 6.3%
industry: 38.2%
services: 55.5% (2004 est.)

China
agriculture: 13.8%
industry and construction: 52.9%
services: 33.3% (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Colombia
agriculture: 13.4%
industry: 32.1%
services: 54.5% (2004 est.)

Comoros
agriculture: 40%
industry: 4%
services: 56% (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
agriculture: 55%
industry: 11%
services: 34% (2000 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
agriculture: 7.4%
industry: 52%
services: 40.6% (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
agriculture: 17%
industry: 7.8%
services: 75.2% (2000 est.)

Costa Rica
agriculture: 8.5%
industry: 29.7%
services: 61.8% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
agriculture: 27.8%
industry: 19.4%
services: 52.8% (2004 est.)

Croatia
agriculture: 8.2%
industry: 30.1%
services: 61.7% (2004 est.)

Cuba
agriculture: 6.6%
industry: 25.5%
services: 67.9% (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: agriculture 4.1%; industry 19.9%;
services 76%
north Cyprus: agriculture 10.6%; industry 20.5%; services 68.9%
(2004)

Czech Republic
agriculture: 3.4%
industry: 39.3%
services: 57.3% (2004 est.)

Denmark
agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 25.5%
services: 72.3% (2004 est.)

Djibouti
agriculture: 3.5%
industry: 15.8%
services: 80.7% (2001 est.)

Dominica
agriculture: 18%
industry: 24%
services: 58% (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic
agriculture: 10.7%
industry: 31.5%
services: 57.8% (2003)

East Timor
agriculture: 25.4%
industry: 17.2%
services: 57.4% (2001)

Ecuador
agriculture: 8.7%
industry: 30.5%
services: 60.9% (2004 est.)

Egypt
agriculture: 17.2%
industry: 33%
services: 49.8% (2004 est.)

El Salvador
agriculture: 9.2%
industry: 31.1%
services: 59.7% (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
agriculture: 3%
industry: 95.7%
services: 1.3% (2004 est.)

Eritrea
agriculture: 12.4%
industry: 25.9%
services: 61.7% (2004 est.)

Estonia
agriculture: 4.1%
industry: 28.9%
services: 67% (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
agriculture: 47%
industry: 12.4%
services: 40.6% (2004 est.)

European Union
agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 28.3%
services: 69.4% (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Faroe Islands
agriculture: 27%
industry: 11%
services: 62% (1999)

Fiji
agriculture: 16.6%
industry: 22.4%
services: 61% (2001 est.)

Finland
agriculture: 3.3%
industry: 30.2%
services: 66.5% (2004 est.)

France
agriculture: 2.7%
industry: 24.3%
services: 73% (2004 est.)

French Guiana
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA% (2001 est.)

French Polynesia
agriculture: 4%
industry: 18%
services: 78% (2002)

Gabon
agriculture: 7.4%
industry: 46.7%
services: 45.9% (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
agriculture: 26.8%
industry: 14.5%
services: 58.7% (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
agriculture: 9%
industry: 28%
services: 63% (includes West Bank) (2002 est.)

Georgia
agriculture: 20.5%
industry: 22.6%
services: 56.9% (2004 est.)

Germany
agriculture: 1%
industry: 31%
services: 68% (2002 est.)

Ghana
agriculture: 34.3%
industry: 24.2%
services: 41.4% (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA% (2002 est.)

Greece
agriculture: 7%
industry: 22%
services: 71% (2004 est.)

Greenland
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Grenada
agriculture: 7.7%
industry: 23.9%
services: 68.4% (2000)

Guadeloupe
agriculture: 15%
industry: 17%
services: 68% (1997 est.)

Guam
agriculture: 7%
industry: 15%
services: 78% (2002 est.)

Guatemala
agriculture: 22.7%
industry: 19.5%
services: 57.9% (2004 est.)

Guernsey
agriculture: 3%
industry: 10%
services: 87% (2000)

Guinea
agriculture: 25%
industry: 38.2%
services: 36.8% (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
agriculture: 62%
industry: 12%
services: 26% (1999 est.)

Guyana
agriculture: 38.3%
industry: 19.9%
services: 41.8% (2004 est.)

Haiti
agriculture: 30%
industry: 20%
services: 50% (2001 est.)

Honduras
agriculture: 12.7%
industry: 32.1%
services: 55.3% (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
agriculture: 0.1%
industry: 11.3%
services: 88.6% (2004 est.)

Hungary
agriculture: 3.3%
industry: 31.4%
services: 65.3% (2004 est.)

Iceland
agriculture: 11.2%
industry: 9.6%
services: 79.2% (2004 est.)

India
agriculture: 23.6%
industry: 28.4%
services: 48% (2002 est.)

Indonesia
agriculture: 14.6%
industry: 45%
services: 40.4% (2004 est.)

Iran
agriculture: 11.2%
industry: 40.9%
services: 48.7% (2004 est.)

Iraq
agriculture: 13.6%
industry: 58.6%
services: 27.8% (2004 est.)

Ireland
agriculture: 5%
industry: 46%
services: 49% (2002 est.)

Israel
agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 37.7%
services: 59.5% (2003 est.)

Italy
agriculture: 2.3%
industry: 28.8%
services: 68.9% (2004 est.)

Jamaica
agriculture: 6.1%
industry: 32.7%
services: 61.3% (2004 est.)

Japan
agriculture: 1.3%
industry: 24.7%
services: 74.1% (2004 est.)

Jersey
agriculture: 5%
industry: 2%
services: 93% (1996)

Jordan
agriculture: 2.4%
industry: 26%
services: 71.5% (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
agriculture: 7.4%
industry: 37.8%
services: 54.8% (2004 est.)

Kenya
agriculture: 19.3%
industry: 18.5%
services: 62.4% (2004 est.)

Kiribati
agriculture: 30%
industry: 7%
services: 63% (1998 est.)

Korea, North
agriculture: 30.2%
industry: 33.8%
services: 36% (2002 est.)

Korea, South
agriculture: 3.2%
industry: 40.4%
services: 56.3% (2004 est.)

Kuwait
agriculture: 0.4%
industry: 60.5%
services: 39.1% (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
agriculture: 38.5%
industry: 22.8%
services: 38.7% (2004 est.)

Laos
agriculture: 49.5%
industry: 27.5%
services: 23% (2004 est.)

Latvia
agriculture: 4.4%
industry: 24.8%
services: 70.8% (2004 est.)

Lebanon
agriculture: 12%
industry: 21%
services: 67% (2000)

Lesotho
agriculture: 15.2%
industry: 43.9%
services: 40.9% (2004 est.)

Liberia
agriculture: 76.9%
industry: 5.4%
services: 17.7% (2002 est.)

Libya
agriculture: 8.7%
industry: 45.7%
services: 45.6% (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
agriculture: NA%
industry: 40%
services: NA% (1999)

Lithuania
agriculture: 6.1%
industry: 33.4%
services: 60.5% (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
agriculture: 0.5%
industry: 16.3%
services: 83.1% (2004 est.)

Macau
agriculture: 0.1%
industry: 7.2%
services: 92.7% (2002 est.)

Macedonia
agriculture: 11.2%
industry: 26%
services: 62.8% (2004 est.)

Madagascar
agriculture: 29.3%
industry: 16.7%
services: 54% (2004 est.)

Malawi
agriculture: 54.8%
industry: 19.2%
services: 26% (2004 est.)

Malaysia
agriculture: 7.2%
industry: 33.6%
services: 59.1% (2004 est.)

Maldives
agriculture: 20%
industry: 18%
services: 62% (2000 est.)

Mali
agriculture: 45%
industry: 17%
services: 38% (2001 est.)

Malta
agriculture: 3%
industry: 23%
services: 74% (2003 est.)

Man, Isle of
agriculture: 1%
industry: 13%
services: 86% (2000 est.)

Marshall Islands
agriculture: 14%
industry: 16%
services: 70% (2000 est.)

Martinique
agriculture: 6%
industry: 11%
services: 83% (1997 est.)

Mauritania
agriculture: 25%
industry: 29%
services: 46% (2001 est.)

Mauritius
agriculture: 7.6%
industry: 30%
services: 62.4% (2004 est.)

Mayotte
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Mexico
agriculture: 4%
industry: 27.2%
services: 68.9% (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
agriculture: 50%
industry: 4%
services: 46% (2000 est.)

Moldova
agriculture: 22.4%
industry: 24.8%
services: 52.8% (2004 est.)

Monaco
agriculture: 17%
industry: NA%
services: NA% (2001 est.)

Mongolia
agriculture: 20.6%
industry: 21.4%
services: 58% (2003 est.)

Montserrat
agriculture: 5.4%
industry: 13.6%
services: 81% (1996 est.)

Morocco
agriculture: 21.2%
industry: 35.8%
services: 43% (2004 est.)

Mozambique
agriculture: 21.1%
industry: 32.1%
services: 46.9% (2004 est.)

Namibia
agriculture: 11.3%
industry: 30.8%
services: 57.9% (2004 est.)

Nauru
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Nepal
agriculture: 40%
industry: 20%
services: 40% (2002 est.)

Netherlands
agriculture: 2.4%
industry: 24.5%
services: 73.1% (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
agriculture: 1%
industry: 15%
services: 84% (2000 est.)

New Caledonia
agriculture: 5%
industry: 30%
services: 65% (1997 est.)

New Zealand
agriculture: 4.6%
industry: 27.4%
services: 68% (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
agriculture: 20.7%
industry: 24.7%
services: 54.6% (2004 est.)

Niger
agriculture: 39%
industry: 17%
services: 44% (2001)

Nigeria
agriculture: 36.3%
industry: 30.5%
services: 33.3% (2004 est.)

Niue
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: 55%

Norfolk Island
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Northern Mariana Islands
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Norway
agriculture: 2.2%
industry: 36.3%
services: 61.6% (2004 est.)

Oman
agriculture: 3.1%
industry: 41.1%
services: 55.8% (2004 est.)

Pakistan
agriculture: 22.6%
industry: 24.1%
services: 53.3% (2004 est.)

Palau
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Panama
agriculture: 7.2%
industry: 13%
services: 79.8% (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
agriculture: 34.5%
industry: 34.7%
services: 30.8% (2004 est.)

Paraguay
agriculture: 25.3%
industry: 24.9%
services: 49.8% (2004 est.)

Peru
agriculture: 8%
industry: 27%
services: 65% (2003 est.)

Philippines
agriculture: 14.8%
industry: 31.9%
services: 53.2% (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Poland
agriculture: 2.9%
industry: 31.3%
services: 65.9% (2004 est.)

Portugal
agriculture: 5.9%
industry: 30.2%
services: 63.9% (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
agriculture: 1%
industry: 45%
services: 54% (2002 est.)

Qatar
agriculture: 0.3%
industry: 58.2%
services: 41.5% (2004 est.)

Reunion
agriculture: 8%
industry: 19%
services: 73% (2000 est.)

Romania
agriculture: 13.1%
industry: 33.7%
services: 53.2% (2004 est.)

Russia
agriculture: 4.9%
industry: 33.9%
services: 61.2% (2004 est.)

Rwanda
agriculture: 41.1%
industry: 21.2%
services: 37.7% (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
agriculture: 3.5%
industry: 25.8%
services: 70.7% (2001)

Saint Lucia
agriculture: 7%
industry: 20%
services: 73% (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
agriculture: 10%
industry: 26%
services: 64% (2001 est.)

Samoa
agriculture: 14%
industry: 23%
services: 63% (2001 est.)

San Marino
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
agriculture: 16.5%
industry: 15.4%
services: 68.1% (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
agriculture: 4.2%
industry: 67.2%
services: 28.6% (2004 est.)

Senegal
agriculture: 15.9%
industry: 21.4%
services: 62.7% (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
agriculture: 15.5%
industry: 27.6%
services: 56.8% (2004 est.)

Seychelles
agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 28.7%
services: 68.9% (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
agriculture: 49%
industry: 30%
services: 21% (2001 est.)

Singapore
agriculture: 0% negligible
industry: 32.6%
services: 67.4% (2004 est.)

Slovakia
agriculture: 3.5%
industry: 30.1%
services: 66.4% (2004 est.)

Slovenia
agriculture: 3%
industry: 36%
services: 60% (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
agriculture: 42%
industry: 11%
services: 47% (2000 est.)

Somalia
agriculture: 65%
industry: 10%
services: 25% (2000 est.)

South Africa
agriculture: 3.6%
industry: 31.2%
services: 65.2% (2004 est.)

Spain
agriculture: 3.5%
industry: 28.5%
services: 68% (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
agriculture: 19.1%
industry: 26.2%
services: 54.7% (2004 est.)

Sudan
agriculture: 38.7%
industry: 20.3%
services: 41% (2003 est.)

Suriname
agriculture: 13%
industry: 22%
services: 65% (2001 est.)

Swaziland
agriculture: 16.1%
industry: 43.4%
services: 40.5% (2004 est.)

Sweden
agriculture: 2%
industry: 29%
services: 69% (2001)

Switzerland
agriculture: 1.5%
industry: 34%
services: 64.5% (2003 est.)

Syria
agriculture: 25%
industry: 31%
services: 44% (2003 est.)

Taiwan
agriculture: 1.7%
industry: 30.9%
services: 67.4% (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
agriculture: 23.7%
industry: 24.3%
services: 52% (2004 est.)

Tanzania
agriculture: 43.2%
industry: 17.2%
services: 39.6% (2004 est.)

Thailand
agriculture: 9%
industry: 44.3%
services: 46.7% (2004 est.)

Togo
agriculture: 39.5%
industry: 20.4%
services: 40.1% (2003 est.)

Tokelau
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Tonga
agriculture: 23%
industry: 13%
services: 64% (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
agriculture: 2.7%
industry: 47%
services: 50.3% (2004 est.)

Tunisia
agriculture: 13.8%
industry: 31.8%
services: 54.4% (2004 est.)

Turkey
agriculture: 11.7%
industry: 29.8%
services: 58.5% (2003 est.)

Turkmenistan
agriculture: 28.5%
industry: 42.7%
services: 28.8% (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Tuvalu
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

Uganda
agriculture: 35.8%
industry: 20.8%
services: 43.6% (2004 est.)

Ukraine
agriculture: 18%
industry: 45.1%
services: 36.9% (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
agriculture: 4%
industry: 58.5%
services: 37.5% (2002 est.)

United Kingdom
agriculture: 1%
industry: 26.3%
services: 72.7% (2004 est.)

United States
agriculture: 0.9%
industry: 19.7%
services: 79.4% (2004 est.)

Uruguay
agriculture: 7.9%
industry: 27.4%
services: 64.8% (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
agriculture: 38%
industry: 26.3%
services: 35.7% (2003 est.)

Vanuatu
agriculture: 26%
industry: 12%
services: 62% (2000 est.)

Venezuela
agriculture: 0.1%
industry: 46.5%
services: 53.4% (2004 est.)

Vietnam
agriculture: 21.8%
industry: 40.1%
services: 38.1% (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
agriculture: 1%
industry: 19%
services: 80% (2003 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%

West Bank agriculture: 9% industry: 28% services: 63% note: includes Gaza Strip (2002 est.)

Western Sahara
agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: 40% (1996 est.)

World
agriculture: 4%
industry: 32%
services: 64% (2004 est.)

Yemen
agriculture: 15.5%
industry: 44.7%
services: 39.7% (2004 est.)

Zambia
agriculture: 14.9%
industry: 28.9%
services: 56.1% (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
agriculture: 18.1%
industry: 24.3%
services: 57.7% (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2013 Radio broadcast stations

Afghanistan
AM 21, FM 23, shortwave 1 (broadcasts in Pashtu, Afghan
Persian (Dari), Urdu, and English) (2003)

Albania
AM 13, FM 4, shortwave 2 (2001)

Algeria
AM 25, FM 1, shortwave 8 (1999)

American Samoa
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)

Andorra
AM 0, FM 15, shortwave 0 (1998)

Angola
AM 21, FM 6, shortwave 7 (2000)

Anguilla
AM 2, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2004)

Antarctica
AM NA, FM 2, shortwave 1
note: information for US bases only (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
AM 4, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Argentina
AM 260 (including 10 inactive stations), FM NA (probably
more than 1,000, mostly unlicensed), shortwave 6 (1998)

Armenia
AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)

Aruba
AM 2, FM 16, shortwave 0 (2004)

Australia
AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998)

Austria
AM 2, FM 65 (plus several hundred repeaters), shortwave 1
(2001)

Azerbaijan
AM 10, FM 17, shortwave 1 (1998)

Bahamas, The
AM 3, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

Bahrain
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Bangladesh
AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2 (1999)

Barbados
AM 2, FM 6, shortwave 0 (2004)

Belarus
AM 28, FM 37, shortwave 11 (1998)

Belgium
FM 79, AM 7, shortwave 1 (1998)

Belize
AM 1, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Benin
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2000)

Bermuda
AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2004)

Bhutan
AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (2004)

Bolivia
AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)

Botswana
AM 8, FM 13, shortwave 4 (2001)

Brazil
AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated
with AM stations) (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

British Virgin Islands
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

Brunei
AM 3, FM 10, shortwave 0 (1998)

Bulgaria
AM 31, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2001)

Burkina Faso
AM 3, FM 17, shortwave 3 (2002)

Burma
AM 1, FM 1 (2004)

Burundi
AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)

Cambodia
AM 2, FM 17, (2003)

Cameroon
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 3 (2002)

Canada
AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)

Cape Verde
AM 0, FM 22 (and 12 low power repeaters), shortwave 0
(2002)

Cayman Islands
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (2004)

Central African Republic
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2002)

Chad
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 5 (2002)

Chile
AM 180 (eight inactive), FM 64, shortwave 17 (one inactive)
(1998)

China
AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998)

Christmas Island
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2004)

Colombia
AM 454, FM 34, shortwave 27 (1999)

Comoros
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 2 (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 3 (2001)

Cook Islands
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Costa Rica
AM 65, FM 51, shortwave 19 (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 3 (1998)

Croatia
AM 16, FM 98, shortwave 5 (1999)

Cuba
AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: AM 7, FM 60, shortwave 1 (1998); north
Cyprus: AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)

Czech Republic
AM 31, FM 304, shortwave 17 (2000)

Denmark
AM 2, FM 355, shortwave 0 (1998)

Djibouti
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)

Dominica
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0 (2004)

Dominican Republic
AM 120, FM 56, shortwave 4 (1998)

East Timor
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Ecuador
AM 392, FM 35, shortwave 29 (2001)

Egypt
AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999)

El Salvador
AM 61 (plus 24 repeaters), FM 30, shortwave 0 (1998)

Equatorial Guinea
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 5 (2002)

Eritrea
AM 2, FM NA, shortwave 2 (2000)

Estonia
AM 0, FM 98, shortwave 0 (2001)

Ethiopia
AM 8, FM 0, shortwave 1 (2001)

European Union
AM 866, FM 13,396, shortwave 73 (1998); note - sum of
individual country radio broadcast stations; there is also a
European-wide station (Euroradio)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
AM 1, FM 7, shortwave 0 (1998)

Faroe Islands
AM 1, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Fiji
AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)

Finland
AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)

France
AM 41, FM about 3,500 (this figure is an approximation and
includes many repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

French Guiana
AM 2, FM 14 (including 6 repeaters), shortwave 6
(including 5 repeaters) (1998)

French Polynesia
AM 2, FM 14, shortwave 2 (1998)

Gabon
AM 6, FM 7 (and 11 repeaters), shortwave 4 (2001)

Gambia, The
AM 3, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)

Gaza Strip
AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Georgia
AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998)

Germany
AM 51, FM 787, shortwave 4 (1998)

Ghana
AM 0, FM 49, shortwave 3 (2001)

Gibraltar
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

Greece
AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998)

Greenland
AM 5, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Grenada
AM 2, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guadeloupe
AM 1, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guam
AM 4, FM 7, shortwave 2 (2003)

Guatemala
AM 130, FM 487, shortwave 15 (2000)

Guernsey
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guinea
AM 4 (one station is inactive), FM 1 (plus 7 repeaters),
shortwave 3 (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
AM 1 (transmitter out of service), FM 4, shortwave 0
(2002)

Guyana
AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Haiti
AM 41, FM 26, shortwave 0 (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City)
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 2 (1998)

Honduras
AM 241, FM 53, shortwave 12 (1998)

Hong Kong
AM 5, FM 9, shortwave 0 (2004)

Hungary
AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3 (1998)

Iceland
AM 3, FM about 70 (including repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

India
AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)

Indonesia
AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Iran
AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)

Iraq
after 17 months of unregulated media growth, there are
approximately 80 radio stations on the air inside Iraq (2004)

Ireland
AM 9, FM 106, shortwave 0 (1998)

Israel
AM 23, FM 15, shortwave 2 (1998)

Italy
AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9 (1998)

Jamaica
AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Jan Mayen
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: there is one radio and meteorological station (1998)

Japan
AM 215 plus 370 repeaters, FM 89 plus 485 repeaters, shortwave
21 (2001)

Jersey
AM NA, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Jordan
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1999)

Kazakhstan
AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)

Kenya
AM 24, FM 18, shortwave 6 (2001)

Kiribati
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1
note: the shortwave station may be inactive (2002)

Korea, North
AM 17 (including 11 stations of Korean Central
Broadcasting Station), FM 14, shortwave 14 (2003)

Korea, South
AM 58, FM 150, shortwave 2 (2004)

Kuwait
AM 6, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)

Kyrgyzstan
AM 12 (plus 10 repeater stations), FM 14, shortwave 2
(1998)

Laos
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 4 (1998)

Latvia
AM 8, FM 56, shortwave 1 (1998)

Lebanon
AM 20, FM 22, shortwave 4 (1998)

Lesotho
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Liberia
AM 0, FM 7, shortwave 2 (2001)

Libya
AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 3 (2002)

Liechtenstein
AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Lithuania
AM 29, FM 142, shortwave 1 (2001)

Luxembourg
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)

Macau
AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Macedonia
AM 29, FM 20, shortwave 0 (1998)

Madagascar
AM 2 (plus a number of repeater stations), FM 9,
shortwave 6 (2001)

Malawi
AM 9, FM 5 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 2 (plus a
third station held in standby status) (2001)

Malaysia
AM 35, FM 391, shortwave 15 (2001)

Maldives
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Mali
AM 1, FM 28, shortwave 1
note: the shortwave station in Bamako has seven frequencies and five
transmitters and relays broadcasts for China Radio International
(2001)

Malta
AM 1, FM 18, shortwave 6 (1999)

Man, Isle of
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Marshall Islands
AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0
note: additionally, the US Armed Forces Radio and Television
Services (Central Pacific Network) operate one FM and one AM station
on Kwajalein (2002)

Martinique
AM 0, FM 14, shortwave 0 (1998)

Mauritania
AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 1 (2001)

Mauritius
AM 4, FM 9, shortwave 0 (2002)

Mayotte
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2001)

Mexico
AM 850, FM 545, shortwave 15 (2003)

Micronesia, Federated States of
AM 5, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Moldova
AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998)

Monaco
AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998)

Mongolia
AM 7, FM 62, shortwave 3 (2004)

Montserrat
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Morocco
AM 27, FM 25, shortwave 6 (1998)

Mozambique
AM 13, FM 17, shortwave 11 (2001)

Namibia
AM 2, FM 39, shortwave 4 (2001)

Nauru
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Nepal
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (January 2000)

Netherlands
AM 4, FM 246, shortwave 3 (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
AM 8, FM 19, shortwave 0 (2004)

New Caledonia
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

New Zealand
AM 124, FM 290, shortwave 4 (1998)

Nicaragua
AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998)

Niger
AM 5, FM 6, shortwave 4 (2001)

Nigeria
AM 83, FM 36, shortwave 11 (2001)

Niue
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Norfolk Island
AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2005)

Northern Mariana Islands
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Norway
AM 5, FM at least 650, shortwave 1 (1998)

Oman
AM 3, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)

Pakistan
AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998)

Palau
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2002)

Panama
AM 101, FM 134, shortwave 0 (1998)

Papua New Guinea
AM 8, FM 19, shortwave 28 (1998)

Paraguay
AM 46, FM 27, shortwave 6 (three inactive) (1998)

Peru
AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)

Philippines
AM 369, FM 583, shortwave 5
note: each shortwave station operates on multiple frequencies in the
language of the target audience (2004)

Pitcairn Islands
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0, note - 15 Ham radio
operators (VP6) (2004)

Poland
AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)

Portugal
AM 47, FM 172 (many are repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

Puerto Rico
AM 72, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998)

Qatar
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1998)

Reunion
AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (2001)

Romania
AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998)

Russia
AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998)

Rwanda
AM 0, FM 8 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a
system of repeaters, three international FM programs include the
BBC, VOA, and Deutchewelle), shortwave 1 (2005)

Saint Helena
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 0 (2004)

Saint Lucia
AM 2, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
AM 1, FM 6, shortwave 0 (2004)

Samoa
AM 2, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2004)

San Marino
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Sao Tome and Principe
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2002)

Saudi Arabia
AM 43, FM 31, shortwave 2 (1998)

Senegal
AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Seychelles
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Sierra Leone
AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999)

Singapore
AM 0, FM 17, shortwave 2 (2003)

Slovakia
AM 15, FM 78, shortwave 2 (1998)

Slovenia
AM 17, FM 160, shortwave 0 (1998)

Solomon Islands
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (2004)

Somalia
AM 0, FM 11, shortwave 1 in Mogadishu; 1 FM in Puntland, 1
FM in Somaliland (2001)

South Africa
AM 14, FM 347 (plus 243 repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
0 (2003)

Spain
AM 208, FM 715, shortwave 1 (1998)

Sri Lanka
AM 26, FM 45, shortwave 1 (1998)

Sudan
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Suriname
AM 4, FM 13, shortwave 1 (1998)

Svalbard
AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)

Swaziland
AM 3, FM 2 plus 4 repeaters, shortwave 3 (2004)

Sweden
AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)

Switzerland
AM 4, FM 113 (plus many low power stations), shortwave 2
(1998)

Syria
AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Taiwan
AM 218, FM 333, shortwave 50 (1999)

Tajikistan
AM 8, FM 10, shortwave 2 (2002)

Tanzania
AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2 (1998)

Thailand
AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999)

Togo
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)

Tokelau
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: 1 radio station provides service to all islands (2002)

Tonga
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
AM 4, FM 18, shortwave 0 (2004)

Tunisia
AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)

Turkey
AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)

Turkmenistan
AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)

Turks and Caicos Islands
AM 2, FM 7, shortwave 0 (2004)

Tuvalu
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004)

Uganda
AM 7, FM 33, shortwave 2 (2001)

Ukraine
AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998)

United Arab Emirates
AM 13, FM 8, shortwave 2 (2004)

United Kingdom
AM 219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998)

United States
AM 4,854, FM 8,950, shortwave 18 (2004)

Uruguay
AM 91, FM 149, shortwave 7 (2001)

Uzbekistan
AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 10 (1998)

Vanuatu
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)

Venezuela
AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)

Vietnam
AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)

Virgin Islands
AM 6, FM 17, shortwave 0 (2004)

Wake Island
AM 0, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio service
provided by satellite (1998)

Wallis and Futuna
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (2000)

West Bank
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0
note: the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an AM
station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local, private stations are
reported to be in operation (2000)

Western Sahara
AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

World
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Yemen
AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Zambia
AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (2001)

Zimbabwe
AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2015 Television broadcast stations

Afghanistan
at least 10 (one government-run central television
station in Kabul and regional stations in nine of the 32 provinces;
the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997,
there was a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern
Afghanistan provinces) (1998)

Albania
3 (plus 58 repeaters) (2001)

Algeria
46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995)

American Samoa
1; note - one cable TV station (2004)

Andorra
0 (1997)

Angola
6 (2000)

Anguilla
1 (1997)

Antarctica
1 (cable system with six channels; American Forces
Antarctic Network-McMurdo)
note: information for US bases only (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
2 (1997)

Argentina
42 (plus 444 repeaters) (1997)

Armenia
3 (plus an unknown number of repeaters); (1998)

Aruba
1 (1997)

Australia
104 (1997)

Austria
10 (plus more than 1,000 repeaters) (2001)

Azerbaijan
2 (1997)

Bahamas, The
2 (2004)

Bahrain
4 (1997)

Bangladesh
15 (1999)

Barbados
1 (plus two cable channels) (2004)

Belarus
47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)

Belgium
25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997)

Belize
2 (1997)

Benin
1 (2001)

Bermuda
4 (2004)

Bhutan
1 (2005)

Bolivia
48 (1997)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995)

Botswana
1 (2001)

Brazil
138 (1997)

British Indian Ocean Territory
1 (1997)

British Virgin Islands
1 (plus one cable company) (1997)

Brunei
2 (1997)

Bulgaria
39 (plus 1,242 repeaters) (2001)

Burkina Faso
1 (2002)

Burma
2 (2004)

Burundi
1 (2001)

Cambodia
7 (2003)

Cameroon
1 (2002)

Canada
80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)

Cape Verde
1 (and 7 repeaters) (2002)

Cayman Islands
4 with cable system (2004)

Central African Republic
1 (2001)

Chad
1 (2002)

Chile
63 (plus 121 repeaters) (1997)

China
3,240 (of which 209 are operated by China Central Television,
31 are provincial TV stations and nearly 3,000 are local city
stations) (1997)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
60 (includes seven low-power stations) (1997)

Comoros
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
4 (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
1 (2002)

Cook Islands
1 (outer islands receive satellite broadcasts) (2004)

Costa Rica
20 (plus 43 repeaters) (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
14 (1999)

Croatia
36 (plus 321 repeaters) (September 1995)

Cuba
58 (1997)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 4 (plus 225 low-power repeaters)
(September 1995); north Cyprus: 4 (plus 5 repeaters) (September 1995)

Czech Republic
150 (plus 1,434 repeaters) (2000)

Denmark
26 (plus 51 repeaters) (1998)

Djibouti
1 (2002)

Dominica
1 (2004)

Dominican Republic
25 (2003)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
7 (plus 14 repeaters) (2001)

Egypt
98 (September 1995)

El Salvador
5 (1997)

Equatorial Guinea
1 (2002)

Eritrea
1 (2000)

Estonia
3 (2001)

Ethiopia
1 plus 24 repeaters (2002)

European Union
2,791 (1995); note - does not include repeaters; sum
of individual country television broadcast stations; there is also a
European-wide station (Eurovision)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
2 (operated by the British Forces
Broadcasting Service)
note: cable television is available in Stanley (2002)

Faroe Islands
3 (plus 43 low-power repeaters) (September 1995)

Fiji
NA

Finland
120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999)

France
584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)

French Guiana
3 (plus eight low-power repeaters) (1997)

French Polynesia
7 (plus 17 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Gabon
4 (plus four low-power repeaters) (2001)

Gambia, The
1 (government-owned) (1997)

Gaza Strip
2 (operated by the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation)
(1997)

Georgia
12 (plus repeaters) (1998)

Germany
373 (plus 8,042 repeaters) (1995)

Ghana
10 (2001)

Gibraltar
1 (plus three low-power repeaters) (1997)

Greece
36 (plus 1,341 low-power repeaters); also two stations in the
US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995)

Greenland
1 publicly-owned station, some local low-power stations,
and three AFRTS (US Air Force) stations (1997)

Grenada
2 (1997)

Guadeloupe
5 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)

Guam
5 (1997)

Guatemala
26 (plus 27 repeaters) (1997)

Guernsey
1 (1997)

Guinea
6 low-power stations (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
NA (1997)

Guyana
3 (one public station; two private stations which relay US
satellite services) (1997)

Haiti
2 (plus a cable TV service) (1997)

Holy See (Vatican City)
1 (1996)

Honduras
11 (plus 17 repeaters) (1997)

Hong Kong
4 (2004)

Hungary
35 (plus 161 low-power repeaters) (1995)

Iceland
14 (plus 156 low-power repeaters) (1997)

India
562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480
stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)

Indonesia
41 (1999)

Iran
28 (plus 450 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Iraq
21 (2004)

Ireland
4 (many low-power repeaters) (2001)

Israel
17 (plus 36 low-power repeaters) (1995)

Italy
358 (plus 4,728 repeaters) (1995)

Jamaica
7 (1997)

Japan
211 plus 7,341 repeaters
note: in addition, US Forces are served by 3 TV stations and 2 TV
cable services (1999)

Jersey
2 (1997)

Jordan
20 (plus 96 repeaters) (1995)

Kazakhstan
12 (plus nine repeaters) (1998)

Kenya
8 (2002)

Kiribati
1 (not reported to be active) (2002)

Korea, North
4 (includes Korean Central Television, Mansudae
Television, Korean Educational and Cultural Network, and Kaesong
Television targeting South Korea) (2003)

Korea, South
64 (additionally 119 Cable Operators; 239 Relay Cable
Operators) (2004)

Kuwait
13 (plus several satellite channels) (1997)

Kyrgyzstan
NA (repeater stations throughout the country relay
programs from Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkey) (1997)

Laos
4 (1999)

Latvia
44 (plus 31 repeaters) (1995)

Lebanon
15 (plus 5 repeaters) (1995)

Lesotho
1 (2000)

Liberia
1 (plus four low-power repeaters) (2001)

Libya
12 (plus one low-power repeater) (1999)

Liechtenstein
NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997)

Lithuania
27
note: Lithuania has approximately 27 broadcasting stations, but may
have as many as 100 transmitters, including repeater stations (2001)

Luxembourg
5 (1999)

Macau
1 (2003)

Macedonia
31 (plus 166 repeaters) (1995)

Madagascar
1 (plus 36 repeaters) (2001)

Malawi
1 (2001)

Malaysia
1 (plus 15 high-power repeaters) (2001)

Maldives
1 (1997)

Mali
1 (plus repeaters) (2001)

Malta
6 (2000)

Man, Isle of
0 (receives broadcasts from the UK and satellite) (1999)

Marshall Islands
2 (both are US military stations) (2002)

Martinique
11 (plus nine repeaters) (1997)

Mauritania
1 (2002)

Mauritius
2 (plus several repeaters) (1997)

Mayotte
3 (2001)

Mexico
236 (plus repeaters) (1997)

Micronesia, Federated States of 3; note - cable TV also available (2004)

Moldova
1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995)

Monaco
5 (1998)

Mongolia
52 (plus 21 provincial repeaters and many low power
repeaters) (2004)

Montserrat
1 (1997)

Morocco
35 (plus 66 repeaters) (1995)

Mozambique
1 (2001)

Namibia
8 (plus about 20 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Nauru
1 (1997)

Nepal
1 (plus 9 repeaters) (1998)

Netherlands
21 (plus 26 repeaters) (1995)

Netherlands Antilles
3 (there is also a cable service, which
supplies programs received from various US satellite networks and
two Venezuelan channels) (2004)

New Caledonia
6 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1997)

New Zealand
41 (plus 52 medium-power repeaters and over 650
low-power repeaters) (1997)

Nicaragua
3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)

Niger
3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (2002)

Nigeria
3 (the government controls 2 of the broadcasting stations
and 15 repeater stations) (2002)

Niue
1 (1997)

Norfolk Island
1 (local programming station plus two repeaters that
bring in Australian programs by satellite) (2005)

Northern Mariana Islands 1 (on Saipan and one station planned for Rota; in addition, two cable services on Saipan provide varied programming from satellite networks) (1997)

Norway
360 (plus 2,729 repeaters) (1995)

Oman
13 (plus 25 low-power repeaters) (1999)

Pakistan
22 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)

Palau
1 (cable) (2005)

Panama
38 (including repeaters) (1998)

Papua New Guinea
3 (all in the Port Moresby area)
note: additional stations at Mt. Hagen, Goroka, Lae, and Rabaul are
planned (2004)

Paraguay
5 (2003)

Peru
13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)

Philippines
225; note - 1373 CATV networks (2004)

Poland
179 (plus 256 repeaters) (September 1995)

Portugal
62 (plus 166 repeaters)
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands (1995)

Puerto Rico
6 (19 relay stations) (2004)

Qatar
1 (plus three repeaters) (2001)

Reunion
35 (plus 18 low-power repeaters) (2001)

Romania
48 (plus 392 repeaters) (1995)

Russia
7,306 (1998)

Rwanda
2 (2004)

Saint Helena
0
note: television programs are received in Saint Helena via satellite
and distributed by cable (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
1 (plus three repeaters) (2004)

Saint Lucia
2 (of which one is a commercial broadcast station and
one is a community antenna television or CATV channel) (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 (there are, however, two repeaters which
rebroadcast programs from France, Canada, and the US) (1997)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1 (plus three repeaters) (2004)

Samoa
2 (2002)

San Marino
1 (San Marino residents also receive broadcasts from
Italy) (1997)

Sao Tome and Principe
2 (2002)

Saudi Arabia
117 (1997)

Senegal
1 (1997)

Serbia and Montenegro
more than 771 (including 86 strong stations
and 685 low-power stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal
networks; also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and
Vojvodina) (1997)

Seychelles
2 (plus 9 repeaters) (1997)

Sierra Leone
2 (1999)

Singapore
7 (2003)

Slovakia
6 national broadcasting, 7 regional, 67 local (2004)

Slovenia
48 (2001)

Somalia 4 note: two in Mogadishu; two in Hargeisa (2001)

South Africa
556 (plus 144 network repeaters) (1997)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
0 (2003)

Spain
224 (plus 2,105 repeaters)
note: these figures include 11 television broadcast stations and 88
repeaters in the Canary Islands (1995)

Sri Lanka
21 (1997)

Sudan
3 (1997)

Suriname
3 (plus seven repeaters) (2000)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
5 plus 7 relay stations (2004)

Sweden
169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)

Switzerland
115 (plus 1,919 repeaters) (1995)

Syria
44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995)

Taiwan
29 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Tajikistan
13 (2001)

Tanzania
3 (1999)

Thailand
5 (all in Bangkok; plus 131 repeaters) (1997)

Togo
3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Tonga
3 (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
4 (2004)

Tunisia
26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)

Turkey
635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)

Turkmenistan
4 (government owned and programmed) (2004)

Turks and Caicos Islands 0 (broadcasts from The Bahamas are received; 2 cable television networks) (2004)

Tuvalu
0 (2004)

Uganda
8 (plus one low-power repeater) (2001)

Ukraine
at least 33 (plus 21 repeaters that relay broadcasts from
Russia) (1997)

United Arab Emirates
15 (2004)

United Kingdom
228 (plus 3,523 repeaters) (1995)

United States
more than 1,500 (including nearly 1,000 stations
affiliated with the five major networks - NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, and
PBS; in addition, there are about 9,000 cable TV systems) (1997)

Uruguay
23 (2002)

Uzbekistan
4 (plus two repeaters that relay Russian programs), 1
cable rebroadcaster in Tashkent; approximately 20 stations in
regional capitals (2003)

Vanuatu
1 (2004)

Venezuela
66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)

Vietnam
at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters) (1998)

Virgin Islands
16 (2004)

Wake Island
0 (1997)

Wallis and Futuna
2 (2000)

West Bank
NA

Western Sahara
NA

World
NA

Yemen
7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)

Zambia
9 (2002)

Zimbabwe
16 (1997)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2018 Sex ratio (male(s)/female)

Afghanistan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Albania
at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Algeria
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

American Samoa
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Andorra
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Angola
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Anguilla
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Argentina
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Armenia
at birth: 1.17 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.9 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Aruba
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Australia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Austria
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bahrain
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.4 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female
total population: 1.27 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.16 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Barbados
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Belarus
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.5 male(s)/female
total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Belgium
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Belize
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Benin
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bermuda
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bhutan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bolivia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Botswana
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Brazil
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Brunei
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.09 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Burma
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Burundi
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cambodia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cameroon
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Canada
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Chad
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Chile
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

China
at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Colombia
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Comoros
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Croatia
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cuba
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Cyprus
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Denmark
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Djibouti
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Dominica
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

East Timor
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Ecuador
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Egypt
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

El Salvador
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Eritrea
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Estonia
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female
total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

European Union
at birth: NA
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and older: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (July 2004 est.)

Faroe Islands
at birth: 1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Fiji
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Finland
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

France
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

French Guiana
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.16 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.04 male(s)/female
total population: 1.12 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Gabon
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.06 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Georgia
at birth: 1.16 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Germany
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Ghana
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Greece
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Greenland
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.17 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.12 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Grenada
at birth: 1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guam
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guatemala
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guernsey
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guinea
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Guyana
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Haiti
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Honduras
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Hungary
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Iceland
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

India
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Indonesia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Iran
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Iraq
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Ireland
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Israel
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Italy
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Jamaica
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Japan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Jersey
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Jordan
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.15 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.54 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Kenya
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Kiribati
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Korea, North
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.53 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Korea, South
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Kuwait
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.77 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.52 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Laos
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Latvia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Lebanon
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Lesotho
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Liberia
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Libya
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Lithuania
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Macau
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Macedonia
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Madagascar
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Malawi
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Malaysia
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Maldives
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mali
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Malta
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Martinique
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mauritania
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mauritius
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mayotte
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.18 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mexico
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Moldova
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Monaco
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mongolia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Montserrat
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.07 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Morocco
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Mozambique
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Namibia
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Nauru
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.11 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Nepal
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Netherlands
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

New Zealand
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Niger
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Nigeria
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.71 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
total population: 0.78 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Norway
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Oman
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.46 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.2 male(s)/female
total population: 1.26 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Pakistan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Palau
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.18 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.13 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Panama
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Paraguay
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Peru
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Philippines
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Portugal
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Qatar
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 2.28 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 2.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1.88 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Reunion
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Romania
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Russia
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Rwanda
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Samoa
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.66 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
total population: 1.39 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

San Marino
at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.34 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.16 male(s)/female
total population: 1.21 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Senegal
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Seychelles
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Singapore
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Slovakia
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Slovenia
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Somalia
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

South Africa
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Spain
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Sudan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.18 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Suriname
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Svalbard
NA%

Swaziland
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Sweden
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Switzerland
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Syria
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Taiwan
at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Tanzania
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Thailand
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Togo
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Tunisia
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.93 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Turkey
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Uganda
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Ukraine
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.58 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 2.691 male(s)/female
total population: 1.442 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

United States
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Uruguay
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Venezuela
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Vietnam
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

West Bank
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Yemen
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Zambia
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2019 Heliports

Afghanistan
5 (2004 est.)

Albania
1 (2004 est.)

Algeria
1 (2004 est.)

Antarctica
27 stations have restricted helicopter landing facilities
(helipads) (2004 est.)

Austria
1 (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
2 (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
1 (2004 est.)

Bahrain
1 (2004 est.)

Belarus
1 (2004 est.)

Belgium
1 (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
5 (2004 est.)

Brazil
417 (2004 est.)

Brunei
3 (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
1 (2004 est.)

Burma
1 (2004 est.)

Cambodia
2 (2004 est.)

Canada
319 (2004)

China
15 (2004 est.)

Colombia
1 (2004 est.)

Croatia
1 (2004 est.)

Cyprus
10 (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
2 (2004 est.)

East Timor
1 (2004 est.)

Ecuador
1 (2004 est.)

Egypt
2 (2004 est.)

El Salvador
1 (2004 est.)

European Union
94 (2004)

France
3 (2004 est.)

French Polynesia
1 (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
1 (2004 est.)

Georgia
2 (2004 est.)

Germany
34 (2004 est.)

Greece
7 (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
2 (2004 est.)

Hungary
5 (2004 est.)

India
20 (2004 est.)

Indonesia
22 (2004 est.)

Iran
13 (2004 est.)

Iraq
6 (2004 est.)

Israel
3 (2004 est.)

Italy
4 (2004 est.)

Japan
15 (2004 est.)

Jordan
1 (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
1 (2004 est.)

Korea, North
19 (2004 est.)

Korea, South
206 (2004 est.)

Kuwait
3 (2004 est.)

Libya
1 (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
1 (2004 est.)

Malaysia
1 (2004 est.)

Mexico
2 (2004 est.)

Monaco
1 (shuttle service between the international airport at Nice,
France, and Monaco's heliport at Fontvieille) (2004 est.)

Mongolia
2 (2004 est.)

Morocco
1 (2004 est.)

Netherlands
1 (2004 est.)

New Caledonia
6 (2004 est.)

Nigeria
1 (2004 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
1 (2004 est.)

Norway
1 (2004 est.)

Oman
1 (2004 est.)

Pakistan
15 (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
2 (2004 est.)

Peru
1 (2004 est.)

Philippines
2 (2004 est.)

Poland
3 (2004 est.)

Qatar
1 (2004 est.)

Romania
1 (2004 est.)

Russia
36 (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
5 (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
4 (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
2 (2004 est.)

Slovakia
1 (2004 est.)

Spain
8 (2004 est.)

Sudan
2 (2004 est.)

Sweden
2 (2004 est.)

Switzerland
2 (2004 est.)

Syria
7 (2004 est.)

Taiwan
3 (2004 est.)

Thailand
3 (2004 est.)

Turkey
14 (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
1 (2004 est.)

Ukraine
8 (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2 (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
11 (2004 est.)

United States
155 (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2020 Elevation extremes (m)

Afghanistan
lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Albania
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m

Algeria
lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m
highest point: Tahat 3,003 m

American Samoa
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Lata 966 m

Andorra
lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m
highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Angola
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m

Anguilla
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m

Antarctica
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,555 m
highest point: Vinson Massif 4,897 m
note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the
Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet
discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under seawater

Antigua and Barbuda
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

Arctic Ocean
lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Argentina
lowest point: Laguna del Carbon -105 m (located between
Puerto San Julian and Comandante Luis Piedra Buena in the province
of Santa Cruz)
highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m (located in the northwestern
corner of the province of Mendoza)

Armenia
lowest point: Debed River 400 m
highest point: Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m

Aruba
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Jamanota 188 m

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Atlantic Ocean
lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico
Trench -8,605 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Australia
lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

Austria
lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m
highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m

Azerbaijan
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m

Bahamas, The
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Alvernia, on Cat Island 63 m

Bahrain
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Baker Island
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 8 m

Bangladesh
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m

Barbados
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Hillaby 336 m

Bassas da India
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 2.4 m

Belarus
lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m
highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

Belgium
lowest point: North Sea 0 m
highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m

Belize
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Victoria Peak 1,160 m

Benin
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Sokbaro 658 m

Bermuda
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Town Hill 76 m

Bhutan
lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m
highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m

Bolivia
lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m
highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Bosnia and Herzegovina
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Botswana
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513
m
highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

Bouvet Island
lowest point: South Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Olav Peak 935 m

Brazil
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

British Indian Ocean Territory
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m

British Virgin Islands
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Sage 521 m

Brunei
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Bulgaria
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Burkina Faso
lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m
highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m

Burma
lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m
highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

Burundi
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m
highest point: Heha 2,670 m

Cambodia
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Cameroon
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Fako (on Mount Cameroon) 4,095 m

Canada
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Cape Verde
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)

Cayman Islands
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: The Bluff 43 m

Central African Republic
lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m
highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m

Chad
lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m
highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Chile
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m

China
lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Christmas Island
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Murray Hill 361 m

Clipperton Island
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Colombia
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m
note: nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation

Comoros
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Le Kartala 2,360 m

Congo, Democratic Republic of the lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley) 5,110 m

Congo, Republic of the
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m

Cook Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Te Manga 652 m

Coral Sea Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Cato Island 6 m

Costa Rica
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m

Cote d'Ivoire
lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m
highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Croatia
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Dinara 1,830 m

Cuba
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

Cyprus
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 1,951 m

Czech Republic
lowest point: Elbe River 115 m
highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

Denmark
lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m
highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m

Djibouti
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m
highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m

Dominica
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Morne Diablatins 1,447 m

Dominican Republic
lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m
highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m

East Timor
lowest point: Timor Sea, Savu Sea, and Banda Sea 0 m
highest point: Foho Tatamailau 2,963 m

Ecuador
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m

Egypt
lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

El Salvador
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro El Pital 2,730 m

Equatorial Guinea
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m

Eritrea
lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75 m
highest point: Soira 3,018 m

Estonia
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

Ethiopia
lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m
highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m

Europa Island
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 24 m

European Union
lowest point: Lammefjord, Denmark -7 m;
Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands -7 m
highest point: Mount Blanc, France/Italy 4,807 m

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m

Faroe Islands
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m

Fiji
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

Finland
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m

France
lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m
highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m

French Guiana
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Bellevue de l'Inini 851 m

French Polynesia
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Orohena 2,241 m

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Ross on Iles Kerguelen 1,850 m

Gabon
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m

Gambia, The
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 53 m

Gaza Strip
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda) 105 m

Georgia
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Mt'a Shkhara 5,201 m

Germany
lowest point: Neuendorf bei Wilster -3.54 m
highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

Ghana
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m

Gibraltar
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

Glorioso Islands
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 12 m

Greece
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m

Greenland
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m

Grenada
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Saint Catherine 840 m

Guadeloupe
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Soufriere 1,484 m

Guam
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Lamlam 406 m

Guatemala
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan Tajumulco 4,211 m

Guernsey
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Sark 114 m

Guinea
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Guinea-Bissau
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the
country 300 m

Guyana
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Roraima 2,835 m

Haiti
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mawson Peak, on Big Ben 2,745 m

Holy See (Vatican City)
lowest point: unnamed location 19 m
highest point: unnamed location 75 m

Honduras
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m

Hong Kong
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Tai Mo Shan 958 m

Howland Island
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Hungary
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m
highest point: Kekes 1,014 m

Iceland
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m (at Vatnajokull glacier)

India
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

Indian Ocean
lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Indonesia
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Iran
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Kuh-e Damavand 5,671 m

Iraq
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: unnamed peak; 3,611 m; note - this peak is not Gundah
Zhur 3,607 m or Kuh-e Hajji-Ebrahim 3,595 m

Ireland
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Carrauntoohil 1,041 m

Israel
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Har Meron 1,208 m

Italy
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) de Courmayeur 4,748 m (a
secondary peak of Mont Blanc)

Jamaica
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Jan Mayen
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg 2,277 m

Japan
lowest point: Hachiro-gata -4 m
highest point: Mount Fuji 3,776 m

Jarvis Island
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Jersey
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 143 m

Johnston Atoll
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Summit Peak 5 m

Jordan
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Jabal Ram 1,734 m

Juan de Nova Island
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 10 m

Kazakhstan
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m
highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m

Kenya
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m

Kingman Reef
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 1 m

Kiribati
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Banaba 81 m

Korea, North
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m

Korea, South
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m
highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m

Kuwait
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 306 m

Kyrgyzstan
lowest point: Kara-Daryya (Karadar'ya) 132 m
highest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m

Laos
lowest point: Mekong River 70 m
highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m

Latvia
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Gaizinkalns 312 m

Lebanon
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m

Lesotho
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers
1,400 m
highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m

Liberia
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Wuteve 1,380 m

Libya
lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

Liechtenstein
lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m
highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m

Lithuania
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
highest point: Juozapines/Kalnas 292 m

Luxembourg
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

Macau
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Coloane Alto 172.4 m

Macedonia
lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,764 m

Madagascar
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m

Malawi
lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international
boundary with Mozambique 37 m
highest point: Sapitwa (Mount Mlanje) 3,002 m

Malaysia
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m

Maldives
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili island in the Addu
Atoll 2.4 m

Mali
lowest point: Senegal River 23 m
highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Malta
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)

Man, Isle of
lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m
highest point: Snaefell 621 m

Marshall Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Likiep 10 m

Martinique
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Montagne Pelee 1,397 m

Mauritania
lowest point: Sebkhet Te-n-Dghamcha -5 m
highest point: Kediet Ijill 915 m

Mauritius
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Piton 828 m

Mayotte
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Benara 660 m

Mexico
lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m
highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

Micronesia, Federated States of
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Dolohmwar (Totolom) 791 m

Midway Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 13 m

Moldova
lowest point: Dniester River 2 m
highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m

Monaco
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mont Agel 140 m

Mongolia
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Montserrat
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills volcanic
complex) 914 m

Morocco
lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m
highest point: Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m

Mozambique
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m

Namibia
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Nauru
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location along plateau rim 61 m

Navassa Island
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on southwest side 77 m

Nepal
lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Netherlands
lowest point: Zuidplaspolder -7 m
highest point: Vaalserberg 322 m

Netherlands Antilles
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Scenery 862 m

New Caledonia
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m

New Zealand
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Aoraki-Mount Cook 3,754 m

Nicaragua
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m

Niger
lowest point: Niger River 200 m
highest point: Mont Bagzane 2,022 m

Nigeria
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m

Niue
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location near Mutalau settlement 68 m

Norfolk Island
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Bates 319 m

Northern Mariana Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Agrihan 965 m

Norway
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

Oman
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m

Pacific Ocean
lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench
-10,924 m
highest point: sea level 0 m

Pakistan
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

Palau
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Ngerchelchuus 242 m

Palmyra Atoll
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 2 m

Panama
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m

Papua New Guinea
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m

Paracel Islands
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m

Paraguay
lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m
highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m

Peru
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

Philippines
lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m

Pitcairn Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m

Poland
lowest point: near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m
highest point: Rysy 2,499 m

Portugal
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in
the Azores 2,351 m

Puerto Rico
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m

Qatar
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m

Reunion
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m

Romania
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Russia
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m

Rwanda
lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m
highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Saint Helena
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 2,060 m

Saint Kitts and Nevis
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m

Saint Lucia
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Gimie 950 m

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Soufriere 1,234 m

Samoa
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mauga Silisili (Savaii) 1,857 m

San Marino
lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
highest point: Monte Titano 755 m

Sao Tome and Principe
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

Saudi Arabia
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m

Senegal
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m

Serbia and Montenegro
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Seychelles
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m

Sierra Leone
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m

Singapore
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m
highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m

Slovakia
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m

Slovenia
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Triglav 2,864 m

Solomon Islands
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Makarakomburu 2,447 m

Somalia
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

South Africa
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
lowest point: Atlantic
Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m

Southern Ocean
lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the
South Sandwich Trench
highest point: sea level 0 m

Spain
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Spratly Islands
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m

Sri Lanka
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

Sudan
lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m

Suriname
lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m
highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m

Svalbard
lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m

Swaziland
lowest point: Great Usutu River 21 m
highest point: Emlembe 1,862 m

Sweden
lowest point: reclaimed bay of Lake Hammarsjon, near
Kristianstad -2.41 m
highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m

Switzerland
lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m
highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m

Syria
lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m
highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m

Taiwan
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Yu Shan 3,952 m

Tajikistan
lowest point: Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m
highest point: Qullai Ismoili Somoni 7,495 m

Tanzania
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m

Thailand
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m

Togo
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Agou 986 m

Tokelau
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Tonga
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m

Trinidad and Tobago
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Tromelin Island
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Tunisia
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m
highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m

Turkey
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Turkmenistan
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note -
Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water
level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina
Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m

Turks and Caicos Islands
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Blue Hills 49 m

Tuvalu
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Uganda
lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m
highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m

Ukraine
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

United Arab Emirates
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m

United Kingdom
lowest point: The Fens -4 m
highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m

United States
lowest point: Death Valley -86 m
highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m

Uruguay
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m

Uzbekistan
lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m

Vanuatu
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Tabwemasana 1,877 m

Venezuela
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m

Vietnam
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Fan Si Pan 3,144 m

Virgin Islands
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Crown Mountain 474 m

Wake Island
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 6 m

Wallis and Futuna
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mont Singavi 765 m

West Bank
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m
highest point: Tall Asur 1,022 m

Western Sahara
lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m
highest point: unnamed location 463 m

World
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m
note: in the oceanic realm, Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is
the lowest point, lying -10,924 m below the surface of the Pacific
Ocean
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m

Yemen
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Zambia
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m
highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Zimbabwe
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2021 Natural hazards

Afghanistan
damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains;
flooding; droughts

Albania
destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern
coast; floods; drought

Algeria
mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides
and floods in rainy season

American Samoa
typhoons common from December to March

Andorra
avalanches

Angola
locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau

Anguilla
frequent hurricanes and other tropical storms (July to
October)

Antarctica
katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from the
high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau;
cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise along the
coast; volcanism on Deception Island and isolated areas of West
Antarctica; other seismic activity rare and weak; large icebergs may
calve from ice shelf

Antigua and Barbuda
hurricanes and tropical storms (July to
October); periodic droughts

Arctic Ocean
ice islands occasionally break away from northern
Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland
and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually
ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure
icing from October to May

Argentina
San Miguel de Tucuman and Mendoza areas in the Andes
subject to earthquakes; pamperos are violent windstorms that can
strike the pampas and northeast; heavy flooding

Armenia
occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Aruba
lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
surrounded by shoals and reefs that can
pose maritime hazards

Atlantic Ocean
icebergs common in Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and
the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from February to August and have
been spotted as far south as Bermuda and the Madeira Islands; ships
subject to superstructure icing in extreme northern Atlantic from
October to May; persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to
September; hurricanes (May to December)

Australia
cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires

Austria
landslides; avalanches; earthquakes

Azerbaijan
droughts

Bahamas, The
hurricanes and other tropical storms cause extensive
flood and wind damage

Bahrain
periodic droughts; dust storms

Baker Island
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can be
a maritime hazard

Bangladesh
droughts, cyclones; much of the country routinely
inundated during the summer monsoon season

Barbados
infrequent hurricanes; periodic landslides

Bassas da India
maritime hazard since it is usually under water
during high tide and surrounded by reefs; subject to periodic
cyclones

Belarus
NA

Belgium
flooding is a threat along rivers and in areas of reclaimed
coastal land, protected from the sea by concrete dikes

Belize
frequent, devastating hurricanes (June to November) and
coastal flooding (especially in south)

Benin
hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December
to March

Bermuda
hurricanes (June to November)

Bhutan
violent storms from the Himalayas are the source of the
country's name which translates as Land of the Thunder Dragon;
frequent landslides during the rainy season

Bolivia
flooding in the northeast (March-April)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
destructive earthquakes

Botswana
periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the
west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure
visibility

Bouvet Island
NA

Brazil
recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost
in south

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA

British Virgin Islands
hurricanes and tropical storms (July to
October)

Brunei
typhoons, earthquakes, and severe flooding are rare

Bulgaria
earthquakes, landslides

Burkina Faso
recurring droughts

Burma
destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides
common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts

Burundi
flooding, landslides, drought

Cambodia
monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional
droughts

Cameroon
volcanic activity with periodic releases of poisonous gases
from Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun volcanoes

Canada
continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to
development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a
result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and
North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and
snow east of the mountains

Cape Verde
prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces
obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active

Cayman Islands
hurricanes (July to November)

Central African Republic
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect
northern areas; floods are common

Chad
hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic
droughts; locust plagues

Chile
severe earthquakes; active volcanism; tsunamis

China
frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and
eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts;
land subsidence

Christmas Island
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can
be a maritime hazard

Clipperton Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
cyclone season is October to April

Colombia
highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; occasional
earthquakes; periodic droughts

Comoros
cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April);
Le Kartala on Grand Comore is an active volcano

Congo, Democratic Republic of the periodic droughts in south; Congo River floods (seasonal); in the east, in the Great Rift Valley, there are active volcanoes

Congo, Republic of the
seasonal flooding

Cook Islands
typhoons (November to March)

Coral Sea Islands
occasional tropical cyclones

Costa Rica
occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast;
frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and
landslides; active volcanoes

Cote d'Ivoire
coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; during
the rainy season torrential flooding is possible

Croatia
destructive earthquakes

Cuba
the east coast is subject to hurricanes from August to November
(in general, the country averages about one hurricane every other
year); droughts are common

Cyprus
moderate earthquake activity; droughts

Czech Republic
flooding

Denmark
flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g.,
parts of Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland)
that are protected from the sea by a system of dikes

Djibouti
earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances
from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods

Dominica
flash floods are a constant threat; destructive hurricanes
can be expected during the late summer months

Dominican Republic
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and
subject to severe storms from June to October; occasional flooding;
periodic droughts

East Timor
floods and landslides are common; earthquakes, tsunamis,
tropical cyclones

Ecuador
frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity; floods;
periodic droughts

Egypt
periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods,
landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring;
dust storms, sandstorms

El Salvador
known as the Land of Volcanoes; frequent and sometimes
very destructive earthquakes and volcanic activity; extremely
susceptible to hurricanes

Equatorial Guinea
violent windstorms, flash floods

Eritrea
frequent droughts; locust swarms

Estonia
sometimes flooding occurs in the spring

Ethiopia
geologically active Great Rift Valley susceptible to
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions; frequent droughts

Europa Island
NA

European Union
flooding along coasts; avalanches in mountainous
area; earthquakes in the south; volcanic eruptions in Italy;
periodic droughts in Spain; ice floes in the Baltic

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
strong winds persist throughout
the year

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
cyclonic storms can occur from November to January

Finland
NA

France
flooding; avalanches; midwinter windstorms; drought; forest
fires in south near the Mediterranean

French Guiana
high frequency of heavy showers and severe
thunderstorms; flooding

French Polynesia
occasional cyclonic storms in January

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul
are extinct volcanoes

Gabon
NA

Gambia, The
drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30
years)

Gaza Strip
droughts

Georgia
earthquakes

Germany
flooding

Ghana
dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to
March; droughts

Gibraltar
NA

Glorioso Islands
periodic cyclones

Greece
severe earthquakes

Greenland
continuous permafrost over northern two-thirds of the
island

Grenada
lies on edge of hurricane belt; hurricane season lasts from
June to November

Guadeloupe
hurricanes (June to October); Soufriere de Guadeloupe is
an active volcano

Guam
frequent squalls during rainy season; relatively rare, but
potentially very destructive typhoons (June - December)

Guatemala
numerous volcanoes in mountains, with occasional violent
earthquakes; Caribbean coast extremely susceptible to hurricanes and
other tropical storms

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during
dry season

Guinea-Bissau
hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility
during dry season; brush fires

Guyana
flash floods are a constant threat during rainy seasons

Haiti
lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and subject to severe
storms from June to October; occasional flooding and earthquakes;
periodic droughts

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Mawson Peak, an active volcano, is
on Heard Island

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely
susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean
coast

Hong Kong
occasional typhoons

Howland Island
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island can
be a maritime hazard

Iceland
earthquakes and volcanic activity

India
droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive
flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes

Indian Ocean
occasional icebergs pose navigational hazard in
southern reaches

Indonesia
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,
volcanoes, forest fires

Iran
periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes

Iraq
dust storms, sandstorms, floods

Ireland
NA

Israel
sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; droughts;
periodic earthquakes

Italy
regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches,
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice

Jamaica
hurricanes (especially July to November)

Jan Mayen
dominated by the volcano Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg;
volcanic activity resumed in 1970

Japan
many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic
occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; tsunamis; typhoons

Jarvis Island
the narrow fringing reef surrounding the island poses
a maritime hazard

Jersey
NA

Johnston Atoll
NA

Jordan
droughts; periodic earthquakes

Juan de Nova Island
periodic cyclones

Kazakhstan
earthquakes in the south, mudslides around Almaty

Kenya
recurring drought; flooding during rainy seasons

Kingman Reef
wet or awash most of the time, maximum elevation of
about 1 meter makes Kingman Reef a maritime hazard

Kiribati
typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March;
occasional tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them
very sensitive to changes in sea level

Korea, North
late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding;
occasional typhoons during the early fall

Korea, South
occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods;
low-level seismic activity common in southwest

Kuwait
sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring
heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust
storms occur throughout the year, but are most common between March
and August

Kyrgyzstan
NA

Laos
floods, droughts

Latvia
NA

Lebanon
dust storms, sandstorms

Lesotho
periodic droughts

Liberia
dust-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara (December to
March)

Libya
hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to
four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms

Liechtenstein
NA

Lithuania
NA

Luxembourg
NA

Macau
typhoons

Macedonia
high seismic risks

Madagascar
periodic cyclones, drought, and locust infestation

Malawi
NA

Malaysia
flooding, landslides, forest fires

Maldives
low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level
rise

Mali
hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons;
recurring droughts; occasional Niger River flooding

Malta
NA

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
infrequent typhoons

Martinique
hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average
of one major natural disaster every five years)

Mauritania
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind blows primarily in
March and April; periodic droughts

Mauritius
cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded
by reefs that may pose maritime hazards

Mayotte
cyclones during rainy season

Mexico
tsunamis along the Pacific coast, volcanoes and destructive
earthquakes in the center and south, and hurricanes on the Pacific,
Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean coasts

Micronesia, Federated States of
typhoons (June to December)

Midway Islands
NA

Moldova
landslides (57 cases in 1998)

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and
"zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Montserrat
severe hurricanes (June to November); volcanic eruptions
(Soufriere Hills volcano has erupted continuously since 1995)

Morocco
northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to
earthquakes; periodic droughts

Mozambique
severe droughts; devastating cyclones and floods in
central and southern provinces

Namibia
prolonged periods of drought

Nauru
periodic droughts

Navassa Island
NA

Nepal
severe thunderstorms, flooding, landslides, drought, and
famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the
summer monsoons

Netherlands
flooding

Netherlands Antilles
Curacao and Bonaire are south of Caribbean
hurricane belt and are rarely threatened; Sint Maarten, Saba, and
Sint Eustatius are subject to hurricanes from July to October

New Caledonia
cyclones, most frequent from November to March

New Zealand
earthquakes are common, though usually not severe;
volcanic activity

Nicaragua
destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides; extremely
susceptible to hurricanes

Niger
recurring droughts

Nigeria
periodic droughts; flooding

Niue
typhoons

Norfolk Island
typhoons (especially May to July)

Northern Mariana Islands active volcanoes on Pagan and Agrihan; typhoons (especially August to November)

Norway
rockslides, avalanches

Oman
summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in
interior; periodic droughts

Pacific Ocean
surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and
earthquake activity sometimes referred to as the "Pacific Ring of
Fire"; subject to tropical cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east
Asia from May to December (most frequent from July to October);
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico and strike
Central America and Mexico from June to October (most common in
August and September); cyclical El Nino/La Nina phenomenon occurs in
the equatorial Pacific, influencing weather in the Western
Hemisphere and the western Pacific; ships subject to superstructure
icing in extreme north from October to May; persistent fog in the
northern Pacific can be a maritime hazard from June to December

Pakistan
frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in
north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and
August)

Palau
typhoons (June to December)

Palmyra Atoll
NA

Panama
occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area

Papua New Guinea
active volcanism; situated along the Pacific "Ring
of Fire"; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe
earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis

Paracel Islands
typhoons

Paraguay
local flooding in southeast (early September to June);
poorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)

Peru
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic
activity

Philippines
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck
by five to six cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active
volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis

Pitcairn Islands
typhoons (especially November to March)

Poland
flooding

Portugal
Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Puerto Rico
periodic droughts; hurricanes

Qatar
haze, dust storms, sandstorms common

Reunion
periodic, devastating cyclones (December to April); Piton de
la Fournaise on the southeastern coast is an active volcano

Romania
earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic
structure and climate promote landslides

Russia
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to
development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and
earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and
summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European
Russia

Rwanda
periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the
northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo

Saint Helena
active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha

Saint Kitts and Nevis
hurricanes (July to October)

Saint Lucia
hurricanes and volcanic activity

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
persistent fog throughout the year can be
a maritime hazard

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
hurricanes; Soufriere volcano on
the island of Saint Vincent is a constant threat

Samoa
occasional typhoons; active volcanism

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
frequent sand and dust storms

Senegal
lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts

Serbia and Montenegro
destructive earthquakes

Seychelles
lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare;
short droughts possible

Sierra Leone
dry, sand-laden harmattan winds blow from the Sahara
(December to February); sandstorms, dust storms

Singapore
NA

Slovakia
NA

Slovenia
flooding and earthquakes

Solomon Islands
typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically
active region with frequent earth tremors; volcanic activity

Somalia
recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains
in summer; floods during rainy season

South Africa
prolonged droughts

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
the South Sandwich
Islands have prevailing weather conditions that generally make them
difficult to approach by ship; they are also subject to active
volcanism

Southern Ocean
huge icebergs with drafts up to several hundred
meters; smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5
to 1 meter thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term variations and
with large annual and interannual variations; deep continental shelf
floored by glacial deposits varying widely over short distances;
high winds and large waves much of the year; ship icing, especially
May-October; most of region is remote from sources of search and
rescue

Spain
periodic droughts

Spratly Islands
typhoons; serious maritime hazard because of
numerous reefs and shoals

Sri Lanka
occasional cyclones and tornadoes

Sudan
dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Suriname
NA

Svalbard
ice floes often block the entrance to Bellsund (a transit
point for coal export) on the west coast and occasionally make parts
of the northeastern coast inaccessible to maritime traffic

Swaziland
drought

Sweden
ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf
of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic

Switzerland
avalanches, landslides, flash floods

Syria
dust storms, sandstorms

Taiwan
earthquakes and typhoons

Tajikistan
earthquakes and floods

Tanzania
flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season;
drought

Thailand
land subsidence in Bangkok area resulting from the
depletion of the water table; droughts

Togo
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during
winter; periodic droughts

Tokelau
lies in Pacific typhoon belt

Tonga
cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity
on Fonuafo'ou

Trinidad and Tobago
outside usual path of hurricanes and other
tropical storms

Tromelin Island
NA

Tunisia
NA

Turkey
very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along
an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van

Turkmenistan
NA

Turks and Caicos Islands
frequent hurricanes

Tuvalu
severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there
were three cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive
to changes in sea level

Uganda
NA

Ukraine
NA

United Arab Emirates
frequent sand and dust storms

United Kingdom
winter windstorms; floods

United States
tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around
Pacific Basin; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico
coasts; tornadoes in the midwest and southeast; mud slides in
California; forest fires in the west; flooding; permafrost in
northern Alaska, a major impediment to development

Uruguay
seasonally high winds (the pampero is a chilly and
occasional violent wind which blows north from the Argentine
pampas), droughts, floods; because of the absence of mountains,
which act as weather barriers, all locations are particularly
vulnerable to rapid changes from weather fronts

Uzbekistan
NA

Vanuatu
tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism
causes minor earthquakes; tsunamis

Venezuela
subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts

Vietnam
occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive
flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta

Virgin Islands
several hurricanes in recent years; frequent and
severe droughts and floods; occasional earthquakes

Wake Island
occasional typhoons

Wallis and Futuna
NA

West Bank
droughts

Western Sahara
hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur
during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of
time, often severely restricting visibility

World
large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones),
natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic
eruptions)

Yemen
sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Zambia
periodic drought, tropical storms (November to April)

Zimbabwe
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2022 People - note

Afghanistan
of the estimated 4 million refugees in October 2001, 2.3
million have returned

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the landing of illegal immigrants from
Indonesia's Rote Island has become an ongoing problem

Christmas Island
the Australian Bureau of Statistics reports a
population of 1,508 as of the 2001 Census

Cuba
illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to
depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien
smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; Cubans also use
non-maritime routes to enter the US including direct flights to
Miami and overland via the southwest border

Greece
women, men, and children are trafficked to and within Greece
for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor

Rwanda
Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa

Turks and Caicos Islands
destination and transit point for illegal
Haitian immigrants bound for the Turks and Caicos Islands, Bahamas,
and US

Ukraine
the sex trafficking of Ukrainian women is a serious problem
that has only recently been addressed

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2023 Area - comparative

Afghanistan
slightly smaller than Texas

Akrotiri
about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Albania
slightly smaller than Maryland

Algeria
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas

American Samoa
slightly larger than Washington, DC

Andorra
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Angola
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Anguilla
about half the size of Washington, DC

Antarctica
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US

Antigua and Barbuda
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Arctic Ocean
slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US

Argentina
slightly less than three-tenths the size of the US

Armenia
slightly smaller than Maryland

Aruba
slightly larger than Washington, DC

Ashmore and Cartier Islands about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Atlantic Ocean
slightly less than 6.5 times the size of the US

Australia
slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states

Austria
slightly smaller than Maine

Azerbaijan
slightly smaller than Maine

Bahamas, The
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Bahrain
3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Baker Island
about 2.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Bangladesh
slightly smaller than Iowa

Barbados
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Bassas da India
about one-third the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Belarus
slightly smaller than Kansas

Belgium
about the size of Maryland

Belize
slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Benin
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Bermuda
about one-third the size of Washington, DC

Bhutan
about half the size of Indiana

Bolivia
slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Bosnia and Herzegovina
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Botswana
slightly smaller than Texas

Bouvet Island
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Brazil
slightly smaller than the US

British Indian Ocean Territory
about 0.3 times the size of
Washington, DC

British Virgin Islands
about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Brunei
slightly smaller than Delaware

Bulgaria
slightly larger than Tennessee

Burkina Faso
slightly larger than Colorado

Burma
slightly smaller than Texas

Burundi
slightly smaller than Maryland

Cambodia
slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Cameroon
slightly larger than California

Canada
somewhat larger than the US

Cape Verde
slightly larger than Rhode Island

Cayman Islands
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Central African Republic
slightly smaller than Texas

Chad
slightly more than three times the size of California

Chile
slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana

China
slightly smaller than the US

Christmas Island
about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC

Clipperton Island
about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
about 24 times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Colombia
slightly less than three times the size of Montana

Comoros
slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC

Congo, Democratic Republic of the slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US

Congo, Republic of the
slightly smaller than Montana

Cook Islands
1.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Coral Sea Islands
NA

Costa Rica
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Cote d'Ivoire
slightly larger than New Mexico

Croatia
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Cuba
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Cyprus
about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut

Czech Republic
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Denmark
slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts

Dhekelia
about three-quarters the size of Washington, DC

Djibouti
slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Dominica
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

Dominican Republic
slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire

East Timor
slightly larger than Connecticut

Ecuador
slightly smaller than Nevada

Egypt
slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico

El Salvador
slightly smaller than Massachusetts

Equatorial Guinea
slightly smaller than Maryland

Eritrea
slightly larger than Pennsylvania

Estonia
slightly smaller than New Hampshire and Vermont combined

Ethiopia
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Europa Island
about 0.16 times the size of Washington, DC

European Union
less than one-half the size of the US

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Faroe Islands
eight times the size of Washington, DC

Fiji
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Finland
slightly smaller than Montana

France
slightly less than twice the size of Colorado

French Guiana
slightly smaller than Indiana

French Polynesia
slightly less than one-third the size of Connecticut

French Southern and Antarctic Lands slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Delaware

Gabon
slightly smaller than Colorado

Gambia, The
slightly less than twice the size of Delaware

Gaza Strip
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Georgia
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Germany
slightly smaller than Montana

Ghana
slightly smaller than Oregon

Gibraltar
about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Glorioso Islands
about eight times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Greece
slightly smaller than Alabama

Greenland
slightly more than three times the size of Texas

Grenada
twice the size of Washington, DC

Guadeloupe
10 times the size of Washington, DC

Guam
three times the size of Washington, DC

Guatemala
slightly smaller than Tennessee

Guernsey
about one-half the size of Washington, DC

Guinea
slightly smaller than Oregon

Guinea-Bissau
slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut

Guyana
slightly smaller than Idaho

Haiti
slightly smaller than Maryland

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
slightly more than two times the
size of Washington, DC

Holy See (Vatican City)
about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Honduras
slightly larger than Tennessee

Hong Kong
six times the size of Washington, DC

Howland Island
about three times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Hungary
slightly smaller than Indiana

Iceland
slightly smaller than Kentucky

India
slightly more than one-third the size of the US

Indian Ocean
about 5.5 times the size of the US

Indonesia
slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Iran
slightly larger than Alaska

Iraq
slightly more than twice the size of Idaho

Ireland
slightly larger than West Virginia

Israel
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Italy
slightly larger than Arizona

Jamaica
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Jan Mayen
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Japan
slightly smaller than California

Jarvis Island
about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Jersey
about two-thirds the size of Washington, DC

Johnston Atoll
about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Jordan
slightly smaller than Indiana

Juan de Nova Island
about seven times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC

Kazakhstan
slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Kenya
slightly more than twice the size of Nevada

Kingman Reef
about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Kiribati
four times the size of Washington, DC

Korea, North
slightly smaller than Mississippi

Korea, South
slightly larger than Indiana

Kuwait
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Kyrgyzstan
slightly smaller than South Dakota

Laos
slightly larger than Utah

Latvia
slightly larger than West Virginia

Lebanon
about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

Lesotho
slightly smaller than Maryland

Liberia
slightly larger than Tennessee

Libya
slightly larger than Alaska

Liechtenstein
about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC

Lithuania
slightly larger than West Virginia

Luxembourg
slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Macau
about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Macedonia
slightly larger than Vermont

Madagascar
slightly less than twice the size of Arizona

Malawi
slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Malaysia
slightly larger than New Mexico

Maldives
about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Mali
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Malta
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC

Man, Isle of
slightly more than three times the size of Washington,
DC

Marshall Islands
about the size of Washington, DC

Martinique
slightly more than six times the size of Washington, DC

Mauritania
slightly larger than three times the size of New Mexico

Mauritius
almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC

Mayotte
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Mexico
slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Micronesia, Federated States of
four times the size of Washington,
DC (land area only)

Midway Islands
about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Moldova
slightly larger than Maryland

Monaco
about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Mongolia
slightly smaller than Alaska

Montserrat
about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC

Morocco
slightly larger than California

Mozambique
slightly less than twice the size of California

Namibia
slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Nauru
about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Navassa Island
about nine times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Nepal
slightly larger than Arkansas

Netherlands
slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

Netherlands Antilles
more than five times the size of Washington, DC

New Caledonia
slightly smaller than New Jersey

New Zealand
about the size of Colorado

Nicaragua
slightly smaller than the state of New York

Niger
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Nigeria
slightly more than twice the size of California

Niue
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Norfolk Island
about 0.2 times the size of Washington, DC

Northern Mariana Islands
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Norway
slightly larger than New Mexico

Oman
slightly smaller than Kansas

Pacific Ocean
about 15 times the size of the US; covers about 28% of
the global surface; larger than the total land area of the world

Pakistan
slightly less than twice the size of California

Palau
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Palmyra Atoll
about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Panama
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Papua New Guinea
slightly larger than California

Paracel Islands
NA

Paraguay
slightly smaller than California

Peru
slightly smaller than Alaska

Philippines
slightly larger than Arizona

Pitcairn Islands
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Poland
slightly smaller than New Mexico

Portugal
slightly smaller than Indiana

Puerto Rico
slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island

Qatar
slightly smaller than Connecticut

Reunion
slightly smaller than Rhode Island

Romania
slightly smaller than Oregon

Russia
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US

Rwanda
slightly smaller than Maryland

Saint Helena
slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Saint Kitts and Nevis
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Saint Lucia
3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
twice the size of Washington, DC

Samoa
slightly smaller than Rhode Island

San Marino
about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC

Sao Tome and Principe
more than five times the size of Washington, DC

Saudi Arabia
slightly more than one-fifth the size of the US

Senegal
slightly smaller than South Dakota

Serbia and Montenegro
slightly smaller than Kentucky

Seychelles
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Sierra Leone
slightly smaller than South Carolina

Singapore
slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Slovakia
about twice the size of New Hampshire

Slovenia
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Solomon Islands
slightly smaller than Maryland

Somalia
slightly smaller than Texas

South Africa
slightly less than twice the size of Texas

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
slightly larger than
Rhode Island

Southern Ocean
slightly more than twice the size of the US

Spain
slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Spratly Islands
NA

Sri Lanka
slightly larger than West Virginia

Sudan
slightly more than one-quarter the size of the US

Suriname
slightly larger than Georgia

Svalbard
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Swaziland
slightly smaller than New Jersey

Sweden
slightly larger than California

Switzerland
slightly less than twice the size of New Jersey

Syria
slightly larger than North Dakota

Taiwan
slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined

Tajikistan
slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Tanzania
slightly larger than twice the size of California

Thailand
slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming

Togo
slightly smaller than West Virginia

Tokelau
about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Tonga
four times the size of Washington, DC

Trinidad and Tobago
slightly smaller than Delaware

Tromelin Island
about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC

Tunisia
slightly larger than Georgia

Turkey
slightly larger than Texas

Turkmenistan
slightly larger than California

Turks and Caicos Islands
2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Tuvalu
0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Uganda
slightly smaller than Oregon

Ukraine
slightly smaller than Texas

United Arab Emirates
slightly smaller than Maine

United Kingdom
slightly smaller than Oregon

United States
about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the
size of Africa; about half the size of South America (or slightly
larger than Brazil); slightly larger than China; almost two and a
half times the size of the European Union

Uruguay
slightly smaller than the state of Washington

Uzbekistan
slightly larger than California

Vanuatu
slightly larger than Connecticut

Venezuela
slightly more than twice the size of California

Vietnam
slightly larger than New Mexico

Virgin Islands
twice the size of Washington, DC

Wake Island
about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

Wallis and Futuna
1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

West Bank
slightly smaller than Delaware

Western Sahara
about the size of Colorado

World
land area about 16 times the size of the US

Yemen
slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

Zambia
slightly larger than Texas

Zimbabwe
slightly larger than Montana

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2024 Military service age and obligation (years of age)

Afghanistan
22 years of age; inductees are contracted into service
for a 4-year term (2005)

Albania
19 years of age (2004)

Algeria
19-30 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 18 months (October 2003)

Angola
17 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 2 years plus time for training (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
18 years of age (est.); no conscript military
service (2001)

Argentina
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Armenia
18-27 years of age for compulsory military service,
conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for
voluntary military service (May 2004)

Australia
16 years of age for voluntary service (2001)

Austria
18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of
age for voluntary service; from 2007, at the earliest, compulsory
military service obligation will be reduced from 8 months to 6 (June
2004)

Azerbaijan
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; law passed December 2001 raises maximum conscription age
from 28 to 35 (December 2001)

Bahamas, The
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Bahrain
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Bangladesh
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2005)

Barbados
18 years of age for voluntary military service; volunteers
at earlier age with parental consent; no conscription (2001)

Belarus
18-27 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 18 months (May 2004)

Belgium
16 years of age for voluntary military service; women
comprise some 7% of the Belgian armed forces (2001)

Belize
18 years of age for voluntary military service; laws allow
for conscription only if volunteers are insufficient; conscription
has never been implemented; volunteers typically outnumber available
positions by 3:1 (2001)

Benin
21 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
in practice, volunteers may be taken at the age of 18; both sexes
are eligible for military service; conscript tour of duty - 18
months (2004)

Bhutan
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Bolivia
18 years of age for voluntary military service; when annual
number of volunteers falls short of goal, compulsory recruitment is
effected, including conscription of boys as young as 14; one
estimate holds that 40% of the armed forces are under the age of 18,
with 50% of those under the age of 16; conscript tour of duty - 12
months (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
18 years of age for compulsory military
service in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; 16 years of age
in times of war; 18 years of age for Republika Srpska; 17 years of
age for voluntary military service in the Federation and in the
Republika Srpska; by law, military obligations cover all healthy men
between the ages of 18 and 60, and all women between the ages of 18
and 55; service obligation is 4 months (July 2004)

Botswana
18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service; the
official qualifications for determining minimum age are unknown
(2001)

Brazil
19 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript
service obligation - 12 months; 17 years of age for voluntary
service (2001)

Brunei
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Bulgaria
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 9 months (2004)

Burkina Faso
18 years of age for compulsory military service; 20
years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Burma
18 years of age for voluntary military service for both sexes
(May 2002)

Burundi
16 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service (2001)

Cambodia
18-30 years of age for compulsory military service for all
males; conscription law passed September 2004; service obligation is
18 months (September 2004)

Cameroon
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (1999)

Canada
16 years of age for voluntary military service; women
comprise some 11% of Canada's armed forces (2001)

Central African Republic
18 years of age for voluntary and
compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is two
years (2005)

Chad
20 years of age for conscripts, with 3-year service obligation;
18 years of age for volunteers; no minimum age restriction for
volunteers with consent from a guardian (2004)

Chile
18 years of age for compulsory military service; all citizens
18-45 are obligated to perform military service; conscript service
obligation - 12 months for Army, 24 months for Navy and Air Force
(2004)

China
18-22 years of age for compulsory military service, with
24-month service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service;
17 years of age for women who meet requirements for specific
military jobs (2004)

Colombia
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 24 months (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
18 years of age for voluntary military
service (2001)

Costa Rica
18 years of age (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Croatia
18 years of age for compulsory military service, with
6-month service obligation; 16 years of age with consent for
voluntary service; Croatian Military Police planning to end
conscription in 2005 (December 2004)

Cuba
17 years of age; both sexes are eligible for military service
(2004)

Cyprus
18 years of age (2004)

Czech Republic
18-50 years of age for voluntary military service;
military service transformed into a fully professional,
all-volunteer force no longer dependent on conscription beginning in
January 2004 (2005)

Denmark
18 years of age for compulsory and volunteer military
service; conscripts serve an initial training period that varies
from 4 to 12 months according to specialization; reservists are
assigned to mobilization units following completion of their
conscript service (2004)

Djibouti
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Dominican Republic 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

East Timor
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Ecuador
20 years of age for conscript military service; 12-month
service obligation (2004)

Egypt
18 years of age for conscript military service; 3-year service
obligation (2001)

El Salvador
18 years of age for compulsory military service, with
12-month service obligation; 16 years of age for volunteers (2002)

Equatorial Guinea
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Eritrea
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military
service; conscript service obligation - 16 months (2004)

Estonia
18 years of age for compulsory military service, with
11-month service obligation; Estonia has committed to retaining
conscription for men and women up to 2010; 17 years of age for
volunteers (2004)

Ethiopia
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service (2001)

Fiji
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Finland
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military
service (October 2004)

France
17 years of age with consent for voluntary military service
(2001)

Gabon
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service
(2001)

Gambia, The
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Georgia
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Germany
18 years of age (conscripts serve a nine-month tour of
compulsory military service) (2004)

Ghana
18 years of age for compulsory and volunteer military service
(2001)

Greece
18 years of age for compulsory military service; during
wartime the law allows for recruitment after reaching January of the
year of inductee's 18th birthday, thus including 17 year olds; 17
years of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation - 12
months for the Army and Air Force, 15 months for Navy (2005)

Guatemala
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (2004)

Guinea
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
18 years of age for compulsory military service (2001)

Haiti
18 years of age for voluntary recruitment into the police
force (2001)

Honduras
18 years of age for voluntary 2-3 year military service
(2004)

Hong Kong
18 years of age (2004)

Hungary
18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription
abolished in June 2004 (June 2004)

India
16 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Indonesia
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002)

Iran
18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of
age for volunteers; soldiers as young as 9 were recruited
extensively during the Iran-Iraq War; conscript service obligation -
18 months (2004)

Iraq
18 years of age; the Iraqi Interim Government is creating a new
professional Iraqi military force of men aged 18 to 40 to defend
Iraq from external threats and the current insurgency (2004)

Ireland
17 years of age for voluntary military service; enlistees
under the age of 17 can be recruited for specialist positions (2001)

Israel
17 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druzes) and voluntary
(Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service; both sexes are
eligible for military service; conscript service obligation - 36
months for men, 21 months for women (2004)

Italy
18 years of age (2004)

Jamaica
18 years of age for voluntary military service; younger
recruits may be conscripted with parental consent (2001)

Japan
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Jordan
17 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription
at age 18 was suspended in 1999, although all males under age 37 are
required to register (2004)

Kazakhstan
18 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years; minimum age for volunteers
NA (2004)

Kenya
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Korea, North
17 years of age (2004)

Korea, South
20-30 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 24-28 months, depending on the
military branch involved; 18 years of age for voluntary military
service; some 4,000 women serve as commissioned and noncommissioned
officers, approx. 2.3% of all officers; women, in service since
1950, are admitted to seven service branches, including infantry;
excluded from artillery, armor, anti-air, and chaplaincy corps (2005)

Kuwait
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service
(2001)

Kyrgyzstan
18 years of age for compulsory military service (2001)

Laos
15 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - minimum 18 months (2004)

Latvia
19 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript
service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for volunteers;
Latvia plans to phase out conscription, tentatively moving to an
all-professional force by 2007 (August 2004)

Lebanon
18-30 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Lesotho
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Liberia
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Libya
17 years of age (2004)

Lithuania
19-45 years of age for compulsory military service,
conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for
volunteers (2004)

Luxembourg
a 1967 law made the Army an all-volunteer force; 17 years
of age for voluntary military service; soldiers under 18 are not
deployed into combat or with peacekeeping missions (2004)

Macedonia
conscription to be phased out by 2007; current tour of
conscript duty is 6 months; 18 years of age for voluntary military
service (January 2005)

Madagascar
18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 18
months (2004)

Malawi
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Malaysia
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2005)

Maldives
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Mali
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Malta
18 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Mauritania
18 years of age (est.); conscript service obligation - 2
years; majority of servicemen believed to be volunteers; service in
Air Force and Navy is voluntary (April 2005)

Mexico
18 years of age for compulsory military service, conscript
service obligation - 12 months; 16 years of age with consent for
voluntary enlistment (2004)

Moldova
18 years of age for compulsory military service; national
service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Mongolia
18-25 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Morocco
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 18 months (2004)

Namibia
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Nepal
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Netherlands
20 years of age for an all-volunteer force (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
16 years of age for military recruitment; no
conscription (July 2002)

New Zealand
17 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers
cannot be deployed until the age of 18 (2001)

Nicaragua
17 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Niger
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Nigeria
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Norway
18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of
age in wartime; 17 years of age for male volunteers; 18 years of age
for women; 16 years of age for volunteers to the Home Guard;
conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Oman
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Pakistan
16 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers
cannot be deployed for combat until age of 18 (2001)

Papua New Guinea
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Paraguay
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 12 months for Army, 24
months for Navy (2004)

Peru
18 years of age for compulsory military service (1999)

Philippines
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service (2001)

Poland
17 years of age for compulsory military service after January
1st of the year of 18th birthday; 17 years of age for voluntary
military service; in 2005 Poland plans to shorten the length of
conscript service obligation from 12 to 9 months; by 2008, plans
call for at least 60% of military personnel to be volunteers; only
soldiers who have completed their conscript service are allowed to
volunteer for professional service; as of April 2004 women are only
allowed to serve as officers and non-commissioned officers (April
2004)

Portugal
18 years of age for voluntary military service; compulsory
military service was ended in 2004 (January 2005)

Qatar
18 years of age for voluntary military service; Land Force's
enlisted personnel are largely nonprofessional foreign nationals
(2005)

Reunion
18 years of age (2004)

Romania
20 years of age for compulsory military service, 18 in
wartime; conscript service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age
for voluntary military service (2004)

Russia
18-27 years of age; males are registered for the draft at 17
years of age; 200,000 conscripts were inducted into the armed forces
in 2003; length of compulsory military service is 2 years; plans as
of August 2004 call for reduction in mandatory service to 1 year by
2008; 2003 planning calls for volunteer servicemen to compose 70% of
armed forces by 2010, with the remaining servicemen consisting of
conscripts (August 2004)

Rwanda
16 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Saudi Arabia
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2004)

Senegal
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
19 years of age (nine months compulsory
service) (2004)

Seychelles
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Sierra Leone
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

Singapore
18 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years
of age for volunteers; conscript service obligation reduced to 24
months beginning December 2004 (December 2004)

Slovakia
complete transition to an all-volunteer professional force
is planned for 1 January 2007; 82% of Slovak armed forces were
volunteers as of January 2005; volunteers include women, with
minimum age of 17 years; 18 years of age for compulsory military
service (January 2005)

Slovenia
17 years of age for voluntary military service;
conscription abolished in 2003 (2004)

Somalia
18 years of age (est.) (2001)

South Africa
18 years of age for voluntary military service; women
have a long history of military service in non-combat roles - dating
back to World War I (2004)

Spain
20 years of age (2004)

Sri Lanka
18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Sudan
18-30 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 3 years (August 2004)

Suriname
18 years of age (est.); no conscription

Swaziland
18 years of age for voluntary military service; both sexes
are eligible for military service (2005)

Sweden
19 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 7-17 months depending on conscript role; after
completing initial service soldiers have a reserve commitment until
the age of 47 (2004)

Switzerland
the Swiss Confederation states that "every Swiss male is
obligated to do military service"; every Swiss male has to serve for
at least 260 days in the armed forces; 19 years of age for
compulsory military service; 17 years of age for voluntary military
service; conscripts receive 15 weeks of compulsory training,
followed by 10 intermittent recalls for training over the next 22
years; women are accepted on a voluntary basis, but are not drafted
(2005)

Syria
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 30 months (2004)

Taiwan
19-40 years of age for military service (being lowered to 35
years of age in July 2005); service obligation 22 months (being
shortened to 18 months in July 2005 and 12 months in 2008) (2005)

Tajikistan
18 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Tanzania
15 years of age for voluntary military service; 18 years of
age for compulsory military service upon graduation from secondary
school; conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Thailand
21 years of age for compulsory military service; males are
registered at 18 years of age; conscript service obliation - 2
years; 18 years of age for voluntary military service (2004)

Togo
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service
(2001)

Tonga
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
18 years of age for voluntary military service;
no conscription (2001)

Tunisia
20 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 12 months; 18 years of age for voluntary
military service (2004)

Turkey
20 years of age (2004)

Turkmenistan
18 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Uganda
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military duty;
the government has stated that recruitment below that age could
occur with proper consent and that "no person under the apparent age
of 13 years shall be enrolled in the armed forces"

Ukraine
18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 18 months for Army and Air
Force, 24 months for Navy (2004)

United Arab Emirates
18 years of age (est.); no conscription (2001)

United Kingdom
16 years of age for voluntary military service
(January 2004)

United States
18 years of age (2004)

Uruguay
18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military
service (2001)

Uzbekistan
18 years of age for compulsory military service;
conscript service obligation - 12 months (2004)

Venezuela
18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military
service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (2004)

Vietnam
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Yemen
18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 2 years (2004)

Zambia
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Zimbabwe
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2025 Manpower fit for military service

Afghanistan
males age 22-49: 2,662,946 (2005 est.)

Albania
males age 19-49: 668,526 (2005 est.)

Algeria
males age 19-49: 6,590,079 (2005 est.)

Angola
males age 17-49: 1,174,548 (2005 est.)

Argentina
males age 18-49: 7,316,038 (2005 est.)

Armenia
males age 18-49: 551,938 (2005 est.)

Australia
males age 16-49: 4,092,717 (2005 est.)

Austria
males age 18-49: 1,550,441 (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
males age 18-49: 1,314,955 (2005 est.)

Bahrain
males age 18-49: 161,372 (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
males age 18-49: 26,841,255 (2005 est.)

Barbados
males age 18-49: 51,298 (2005 est.)

Belarus
males age 18-49: 1,657,984 (2005 est.)

Belgium
males age 16-49: 1,998,003 (2005 est.)

Belize
males age 18-49: 41,368 (2005 est.)

Benin
males age 21-49: 670,170
females age 21-49: 630,078 (2005 est.)

Bhutan
males age 18-49: 314,975 (2005 est.)

Bolivia
males age 18-49: 1,311,414 (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
males age 18-49: 829,530 (2005 est.)

Botswana
males age 18-49: 136,322 (2005 est.)

Brazil
males age 19-49: 33,119,098 (2005 est.)

Brunei
males age 18-49: approx. 85,045 (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
males age 18-49: 1,302,037 (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
males age 18-49: 1,323,548 (2005 est.)

Burma
males age 18-49: 6,512,923
females age 18-49: 6,789,720 (2005 est.)

Burundi
males age 16-49: 693,956 (2005 est.)

Cambodia
males age 18-49: 1,844,144 (2005 est.)

Cameroon
males age 18-49: 1,720,385 (2005 est.)

Canada
males age 16-49: 6,740,490 (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
males age 18-49: 65,614 (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
males age 18-49: 330,255 (2005 est.)

Chad
males age 20-49: 834,695 (2005 est.)

Chile
males age 18-49: 3,123,281 (2005 est.)

China
males age 18-49: 281,240,272 (2005 est.)

Colombia
males age 18-49: 6,986,228 (2005 est.)

Comoros
males age 18-49: 98,792 (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the males age 18-49: 5,851,292 (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
males age 18-49: 360,492 (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
males age 18-49: 829,874 (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
males age 18-49: 1,973,265 (2005 est.)

Croatia
males age 18-49: 725,914 (2005 est.)

Cuba
males age 17-49: 2,441,927
females age 17-49: 2,396,741 (2005 est.)

Cyprus
males age 18-49: 150,750 (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
males age 18-49: 1,996,631 (2005 est.)

Denmark
males age 18-49: 955,168 (2005 est.)

Djibouti
males age 18-49: 46,020 (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
males age 18-49: 1,420,693 (2005 est.)

East Timor
males age 18-49: NA

Ecuador
males age 20-49: 2,338,428 (2005 est.)

Egypt
males age 18-49: 15,540,234 (2005 est.)

El Salvador
males age 18-49: 960,315 (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
males age 18-49: 66,379 (2005 est.)

Eritrea
males age 18-49: NA (2005)

Estonia
males age 18-49: 200,382 (2005 est.)
note - in 2004, 51% of the young men called up for service were
determined to be unfit; main obstacles to conscription were
psychiatric and behavioral

Ethiopia
males age 18-49: 8,072,755 (2005 est.)

Fiji
males age 18-49: 163,960 (2005 est.)

Finland
males age 18-49: 913,617 (2005 est.)

France
males age 17-49: 11,262,661 (2005 est.)

French Guiana
males age 18-49: 38,676 (2005 est.)

Gabon
males age 18-49: 156,632 (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
males age 18-49: 188,117 (2005 est.)

Georgia
males age 18-49: 827,281 (2005 est.)

Germany
males age 18-49: 15,258,931 (2005 est.)

Ghana
males age 18-49: 2,721,239 (2005 est.)

Greece
males age 18-49: 2,018,557 (2005 est.)

Guatemala
males age 18-49: 2,106,847 (2005 est.)

Guinea
males age 18-49: 1,038,036 (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
males age 18-49: 152,760 (2005 est.)

Guyana
males age 18-49: 137,964 (2005 est.)

Haiti
males age 18-49: 948,320 (2005 est.)

Honduras
males age 18-49: 955,019 (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
males age 18-49: 1,403,088 (2005 est.)

Hungary
males age 18-49: 1,780,513 (2005 est.)

Iceland
males age 18-49: 56,777 (2005 est.)

India
males age 16-49: 219,471,999 (2005 est.)

Indonesia
males age 18-49: 48,687,234 (2005 est.)

Iran
males age 18-49: 15,665,725 (2005 est.)

Iraq
males age 18-49: 4,930,074 (2005 est.)

Ireland
males age 17-49: 814,768 (2005 est.)

Israel
males age 17-49: 1,255,902
females age 17-49: 1,212,394 (2005 est.)

Italy
males age 18-49: 10,963,513 (2005 est.)

Jamaica
males age 18-49: 587,006 (2005 est.)

Japan
males age 18-49: 22,234,663 (2005 est.)

Jordan
males age 17-49: 1,348,076 (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
males age 18-49: 2,473,529 (2005 est.)

Kenya
males age 18-49: 3,963,532 (2005 est.)

Korea, North
males age 17-49: 4,810,831 (2005 est.)

Korea, South
males age 20-49: 9,932,026 (2005 est.)

Kuwait
males age 18-49: 737,292 (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
males age 18-49: 871,493 (2005 est.)

Laos
males age 15-49: 954,816 (2005 est.)

Latvia
males age 19-49: 361,098 (2005 est.)

Lebanon
males age 18-49: 821,762 (2005 est.)

Lesotho
males age 18-49: 162,857 (2005 est.)

Liberia
males age 18-49: 360,373 (2005 est.)

Libya
males age 17-49: 1,291,624 (2005 est.)

Lithuania
males age 19-49: 590,606 (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
males age 17-49: 90,279 (2005 est.)

Macau
males age 18-49: 91,299 (2005 est.)

Macedonia
males age 18-49: 411,156 (2005 est.)

Madagascar
males age 18-49: 2,218,662 (2005 est.)

Malawi
males age 18-49: 995,084 (2005 est.)

Malaysia
males age 18-49: 4,574,854 (2005 est.)

Maldives
males age 18-49: 56,687 (2005 est.)

Mali
males age 18-49: 1,231,930 (2005 est.)

Malta
males age 18-49: 74,525 (2005 est.)

Mauritania
males age 18-49: 370,513 (2005 est.)

Mauritius
males age 18-49: 248,659 (2005 est.)

Mexico
males age 18-49: 19,058,337 (2005 est.)

Moldova
males age 18-49: 693,913 (2005 est.)

Mongolia
males age 18-49: 570,435 (2005 est.)

Morocco
males age 18-49: 6,484,787 (2005 est.)

Mozambique
males age 18-49: 1,751,223 (2005 est.)

Namibia
males age 18-49: 217,118 (2005 est.)

Nauru
males age 18-49: 1,963 (2005 est.)

Nepal
males age 18-49: 4.193 million (2005 est.)

Netherlands
males age 20-49: 2,856,691 (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
males age 16-49: 45,273 (2005 est.)

New Zealand
males age 17-49: 809,519 (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
males age 17-49: 1,051,425 (2005 est.)

Niger
males age 18-49: 1,180,027 (2005 est.)

Nigeria
males age 18-49: 15,053,936 (2005 est.)

Norway
males age 18-49: 827,016 (2005 est.)

Oman
males age 18-49: 581,444 (2005 est.)

Pakistan
males age 16-49: 29,428,747 (2005 est.)

Panama
males age 18-49: 511,905 (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
males age 18-49: 902,432 (2005 est.)

Paraguay
males age 18-49: 1,109,166 (2005 est.)

Peru
males age 18-49: 4,938,417 (2005 est.)

Philippines
males age 18-49: 15,170,096 (2005 est.)

Poland
males age 17-49: 7,740,164 (2005 est.)

Portugal
males age 18-49: 1,952,819 (2005 est.)

Qatar
males age 18-49: 238,566 (2005 est.)

Reunion
males age 18-49: 142,578 (2005 est.)

Romania
males age 20-49: 3,932,579 (2005 est.)

Russia
males age 18-49: 21,049,651 (2005 est.)

Rwanda
males age 16-49: 1,103,823 (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
males age 18-49: 25,950 (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
males age 18-49: 6,592,709 (2005 est.)

Senegal
males age 18-49: 1,300,502 (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
males age 19-49: 1,959,166 (2005 est.)

Seychelles
males age 18-49: 16,122 (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
males age 18-49: 552,785 (2005 est.)

Singapore
males age 18-49: 982,368 (2005 est.)

Slovakia
males age 18-49: 1,089,645 (2005 est.)

Slovenia
males age 17-49: 405,593 (2005 est.)

Somalia
males age 18-49: 1,022,360 (2005 est.)

South Africa
males age 18-49: 4,927,757 (2005 est.)

Spain
males age 20-49: 7,623,356 (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
males age 18-49: 3,789,627 (2005 est.)

Sudan
males age 18-49: 5,427,474 (2005 est.)

Suriname
males age 18-49: 77,793 (2005 est.)

Swaziland
males age 18-49: 98,530 (2005 est.)

Sweden
males age 19-49: 1,493,668 (2005 est.)

Switzerland
males age 19-49: 1,375,889 (2005 est.)

Syria
males age 18-49: 3,453,888 (2005 est.)

Taiwan
males age 19-49: 4,749,537 (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
males age 18-49: 1,244,941 (2005 est.)

Tanzania
males age 18-49: 3,879,630 (2005 est.)

Thailand
males age 21-49: 10,342,337 (2005 est.)

Togo
males age 18-49: 629,933 (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
males age 18-49: 203,531 (2005 est.)

Tunisia
males age 20-49: 2,035,431 (2005 est.)

Turkey
males age 20-49: 13,905,901 (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
males age 18-49: 759,978 (2005 est.)

Uganda
males age 18-49: 2,889,808 (2005 est.)

Ukraine
males age 18-49: 7,114,337 (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
males age 18-49: 526,671 (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
males age 16-49: 12,046,268 (2005 est.)

United States males age 18-49: 54,609,050 females age 18-49: 54,696,706 (2005 est.)

Uruguay
males age 18-49: 637,445 (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
males age 18-49: 4,609,621 (2005 est.)

Venezuela
males age 18-49: 4,907,947 (2005 est.)

Vietnam
males age 18-49: 16,032,358 (2005 est.)

Yemen
males age 18-49: 2,790,705 (2005 est.)

Zambia
males age 18-49: 1,043,702 (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
males age 18-49: 1,148,590 (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2026 Manpower reaching military service age annually

Afghanistan
males: 275,362 (2005 est.)

Albania
males: 37,407 (2005 est.)

Algeria
males: 374,639 (2005 est.)

Angola
males: 121,254 (2005 est.)

Argentina
males: 344,575 (2005 est.)

Armenia
males: 31,774 (2005 est.)

Australia
males: 142,158 (2005 est.)

Austria
males: 48,967 (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
males: 82,358 (2005 est.)

Bahrain
males: 6,013 (2005 est.)

Belarus
males: 85,202 (2005 est.)

Belgium
males: 64,263 (2005 est.)

Belize
males: 3,209 (2005 est.)

Benin males: 72,841 females: 71,428 (2005 est.)

Bhutan
males: 23,939 (2005 est.)

Bolivia
males: 101,101 (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
males: 31,264 (2005 est.)

Botswana
males: 21,103 (2005 est.)

Brazil
males: 1,785,930 (2005 est.)

Brunei
males: 3,478 (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
males: 51,023 (2005 est.)

Burma
males: 440,914
females: 427,382 (2005 est.)

Burundi
males: 84,597 (2005 est.)

Cambodia
males: 175,305 (2005 est.)

Cameroon
males: 188,662 (2005 est.)

Canada
males: 223,821 (2005 est.)

Chad
males: 95,228 (2005 est.)

Chile
males: 140,084 (2005 est.)

China
males: 13,186,433 (2005 est.)

Colombia
males: 389,735 (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
males: 34,281 (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
males: 41,097 (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
males: 189,354 (2005 est.)

Croatia
males: 29,020 (2005 est.)

Cuba
males: 91,901
females: 87,500 (2005 est.)

Cyprus
males: 6,578 (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
males: 66,583 (2005 est.)

Denmark
males: 31,317 (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
males: 91,597 (2005 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
males: 133,922 (2005 est.)

Egypt
males: 802,920 (2005 est.)

El Salvador
males: 70,286 (2005 est.)

Estonia
males: 11,146 (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
males: 803,777 (2005 est.)

Fiji
males: 9,266 (2005 est.)

Finland
males: 32,040 (2005 est.)

France
males: 389,204 (2005 est.)

Gabon
males: 15,150 (2005 est.)

Georgia
males: 38,857 (2005 est.)

Germany
males: 497,048 (2005 est.)

Ghana
males: 250,782 (2005 est.)

Greece
males: 58,399 (2005 est.)

Guatemala
males: 161,964 (2005 est.)

Haiti
males: 98,554 (2005 est.)

Honduras
males: 77,399 (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
males: 40,343 (2005 est.)

Hungary
males: 63,847 (2005 est.)

India
males: 11,446,452 (2005 est.)

Indonesia
males: 2,201,047 (2005 est.)

Iran
males: 862,056 (2005 est.)

Iraq
males: 298,518 (2005 est.)

Ireland
males: 29,327 (2005 est.)

Israel males: 53,760 females: 51,293 (2005 est.)

Italy
males: 286,344 (2005 est.)

Jamaica
males: 26,080 (2005 est.)

Japan
males: 683,147 (2005 est.)

Jordan
males: 60,625 (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
males: 173,129 (2005 est.)

Korea, North
males: 194,605 (2005 est.)

Korea, South
males: 344,723 (2005 est.)

Kuwait
males: 18,743 (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
males: 61,091 (2005 est.)

Laos
males: 73,167 (2005 est.)

Latvia
males: 19,137 (2005 est.)

Libya
males: 62,034 (2005 est.)

Lithuania
males: 29,689 (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
males: 2,775 (2005 est.)

Macedonia
males: 16,686 (2005 est.)

Madagascar
males: 187,000 (2005 est.)

Malaysia
males: 244,418 (2005 est.)

Mexico
males: 1,063,233 (2005 est.)

Moldova
males: 43,729 (2005 est.)

Mongolia
males: 34,674 (2005 est.)

Morocco
males: 353,377 (2005 est.)

Nepal
males: 308,031 (2005 est.)

Netherlands
males: 99,934 (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
males: 1,720 (2005 est.)

New Zealand
males: 29,738 (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
males: 65,170 (2005 est.)

Niger
males: 126,719 (2005 est.)

Nigeria
males: 1,353,161 (2005 est.)

Norway
males: 29,179 (2005 est.)

Oman
males: 26,391 (2005 est.)

Pakistan
males: 1,969,055 (2005 est.)

Paraguay
males: 63,058 (2005 est.)

Peru
males: 277,105 (2005 est.)

Philippines
males: 907,542 (2005 est.)

Poland
males: 275,521 (2005 est.)

Portugal
males: 67,189 (2005 est.)

Qatar
males: 7,851 (2005 est.)

Reunion
males: 7,339 (2005 est.)

Romania
males: 172,093 (2005 est.)

Russia
males: 1,286,069 (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
males: 247,334 (2005 est.)

Senegal
males: 124,096 (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
males: 81,033 (2005 est.)

Slovakia
males: 41,544 (2005 est.)

Slovenia
males: 12,816 (2005 est.)

South Africa
males: 512,407 (2005 est.)

Spain
males: 233,384 (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
males: 174,049 (2005 est.)

Sudan
males: 442,915 (2005 est.)

Sweden
males: 58,724 (2005 est.)

Switzerland
males: 46,319 (2005 est.)

Syria
males: 225,113 (2005 est.)

Taiwan
males: 174,173 (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
males: 87,846 (2005 est.)

Thailand
males: 530,493 (2005 est.)

Tunisia
males: 108,817 (2005 est.)

Turkey
males: 679,734 (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
males: 56,532 (2005 est.)

Ukraine
males: 378,176 (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
males: 30,706 (2005 est.)

United States males: 2,143,873 females: 2,036,201 (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
males: 324,722 (2005 est.)

Venezuela
males: 252,396 (2005 est.)

Vietnam
males: 915,572 (2005 est.)

Yemen
males: 236,517 (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@2028 Background

Afghanistan
Afghanistan's recent history is a story of war and civil
unrest. The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw
10 years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces. The Communist
regime in Kabul collapsed in 1992. Fighting that subsequently
erupted among the various mujahidin factions eventually helped to
spawn the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement that
fought to end the warlordism and civil war that gripped the country.
The Taliban seized Kabul in 1996 and were able to capture most of
the country outside of Northern Alliance strongholds primarily in
the northeast. Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a
US, Allied, and Northern Alliance military action toppled the
Taliban for sheltering Osama BIN LADIN. In late 2001, a conference
in Bonn, Germany, established a process for political reconstruction
that ultimately resulted in the adoption of a new constitution and
presidential election in 2004. On 9 October 2004, Hamid KARZAI
became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan.
The new Afghan government's next task is to hold National Assembly
elections, tentatively scheduled for April 2005.

Akrotiri
By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created
the independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovereignty
and jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers in
total: Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The southernmost and smallest of these
is the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as
the Western Sovereign Base Area.

Albania
Between 1990 and 1992 Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic
Communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The
transition has proven difficult as successive governments have tried
to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated
infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks with links to
government officials, and disruptive political opponents. Albania
has made incremental progress in its democratic development since
first holding multiiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain
- particularly in regard to the rule of law. Despite some lingering
problems, international observers have judged elections to be
largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability
following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. In the 2005
general elections, the Democratic Party and its allies won a
decisive victory on pledges of reducing crime and corruption,
promoting economic growth, and decreasing the size of government.
Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still
one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy,
large public debt, and an inadequate energy and tranportation
infrastructure. Albania has played a largely helpful role in
managing inter-ethnic tensions in southeastern Europe, and is
continuing to work toward joining NATO and the EU.

Algeria
After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians
fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in 1962.
Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front
(FLN), has dominated politics ever since. Many Algerians in the
subsequent generation were not satisfied, however, and moved to
counter the FLN's centrality in Algerian politics. The surprising
first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the
December 1991 balloting spurred the Algerian army to intervene and
postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular
elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming
power. The army began a crack down on the FIS that spurred FIS
supporters to begin attacking government targets. The government
later allowed elections featuring pro-government and moderate
religious-based parties, but did not appease the activists who
progressively widened their attacks. The fighting escalated into an
insurgency, which saw intense fighting between 1992-98 and which
resulted in over 100,000 deaths - many attributed to indiscriminate
massacres of villagers by extremists. The government gained the
upper hand by the late-1990s and FIS's armed wing, the Islamic
Salvation Army, disbanded in January 2000. However, small numbers of
armed militants persist in confronting government forces and
conducting ambushes and occasional attacks on villages. The army
placed Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA in the presidency in 1999 in a
fraudulent election but claimed neutrality in his 2004 landslide
reelection victory. Longstanding problems continue to face
BOUTEFLIKA in his second term, including the ethnic minority
Berbers' ongoing autonomy campaign, large-scale unemployment, a
shortage of housing, unreliable electrical and water supplies,
government inefficiencies and corruption, and the continuing -
although significantly degraded - activities of extremist militants.
Algeria must also diversify its petroleum-based economy, which has
yielded a large cash reserve but which has not been used to redress
Algeria's many social and infrastructure problems. Algeria assumed a
two-year seat on the UN Security Council in January 2004.

American Samoa
Settled as early as 1000 B.C., Samoa was "discovered"
by European explorers in the 18th century. International rivalries
in the latter half of the 19th century were settled by an 1899
treaty in which Germany and the US divided the Samoan archipelago.
The US formally occupied its portion - a smaller group of eastern
islands with the excellent harbor of Pago Pago - the following year.

Andorra
For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a
unique co-principality, ruled by French and Spanish leaders (from
1607 onward, the French chief of state and the Spanish bishop of
Urgel). In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the titular
heads of state retained, but the government transformed into a
parliamentary democracy. Long isolated and impoverished, mountainous
Andorra achieved considerable prosperity since World War II through
its tourist industry. Many immigrants (legal and illegal) are
attracted to the thriving economy with its lack of income taxes.

Angola
Angola has begun to enjoy the fruits of peace since the end
of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo
DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from
Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held
national elections, but UNITA renewed fighting after being beaten by
the MPLA at the polls. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost -
and 4 million people displaced - in the quarter century of fighting.
SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and strengthened
the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS has pledged to hold national
elections in 2006.

Anguilla
Colonized by English settlers from Saint Kitts in 1650,
Anguilla was administered by Great Britain until the early 19th
century, when the island - against the wishes of the inhabitants -
was incorporated into a single British dependency, along with Saint
Kitts and Nevis. Several attempts at separation failed. In 1971, two
years after a revolt, Anguilla was finally allowed to secede; this
arrangement was formally recognized in 1980, with Anguilla becoming
a separate British dependency.

Antarctica
Speculation over the existence of a "southern land" was
not confirmed until the early 1820s when British and American
commercial operators and British and Russian national expeditions
began exploring the Antarctic Peninsula region and other areas south
of the Antarctic Circle. Not until 1840 was it established that
Antarctica was indeed a continent and not just a group of islands.
Several exploration "firsts" were achieved in the early 20th
century. Following World War II, there was an upsurge in scientific
research on the continent. A number of countries have set up
year-round research stations on Antarctica. Seven have made
territorial claims, but not all countries recognize these claims. In
order to form a legal framework for the activities of nations on the
continent, an Antarctic Treaty was negotiated that neither denies
nor gives recognition to existing territorial claims; signed in
1959, it entered into force in 1961.

Antigua and Barbuda
The Siboney were the first to inhabit the
islands of Antigua and Barbuda in 2400 B.C., but Arawak and Carib
Indians populated the islands when Columbus landed on his second
voyage in 1493. Early settlements by the Spanish and French were
succeeded by the English who formed a colony in 1667. Slavery,
established to run the sugar plantations on Antigua, was abolished
in 1834. The islands became an independent state within the British
Commonwealth of Nations in 1981.

Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the world's five
oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and
the recently delimited Southern Ocean). The Northwest Passage (US
and Canada) and Northern Sea Route (Norway and Russia) are two
important seasonal waterways. A sparse network of air, ocean, river,
and land routes circumscribes the Arctic Ocean.

Argentina
Following independence from Spain in 1816, Argentina
experienced periods of internal political conflict between
conservatives and liberals and between civilian and military
factions. After World War II, a long period of Peronist
authoritarian rule and interference in subsequent governments was
followed by a military junta that took power in 1976. Democracy
returned in 1983, and numerous elections since then have underscored
Argentina's progress in democratic consolidation.

Armenia
Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally
adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy,
over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires
including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. It was
incorporated into Russia in 1828 and the USSR in 1920. Armenian
leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Muslim
Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated
region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow.
Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the
struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from
the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold,
Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also a
significant portion of Azerbaijan proper. The economies of both
sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress
toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey imposed an economic blockade on
Armenia and closed the common border because of the Armenian
occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas.

Aruba
Discovered and claimed for Spain in 1499, Aruba was acquired
by the Dutch in 1636. The island's economy has been dominated by
three main industries. A 19th century gold rush was followed by
prosperity brought on by the opening in 1924 of an oil refinery. The
last decades of the 20th century saw a boom in the tourism industry.
Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 and became a
separate, autonomous member of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Movement toward full independence was halted at Aruba's request in
1990.

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
These uninhabited islands came under
Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years
later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine
habitat; in 1983, it became a National Nature Reserve. Cartier
Island, a former bombing range, is now a marine reserve.

Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the
world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean, but larger than the
Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). The Kiel Canal
(Germany), Oresund (Denmark-Sweden), Bosporus (Turkey), Strait of
Gibraltar (Morocco-Spain), and the Saint Lawrence Seaway (Canada-US)
are important strategic access waterways. The decision by the
International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to
delimit a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion
of the Atlantic Ocean south of 60 degrees south.

Australia
Aboriginal settlers arrived on the continent from
Southeast Asia about 40,000 years before the first Europeans began
exploration in the 17th century. No formal territorial claims were
made until 1770, when Capt. James COOK took possession in the name
of Great Britain. Six colonies were created in the late 18th and
19th centuries; they federated and became the Commonwealth of
Australia in 1901. The new country took advantage of its natural
resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing
industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in
World Wars I and II. In recent decades, Australia has transformed
itself into an internationally competitive, advanced market economy.
It boasted one of the OECD's fastest growing economies during the
1990's, a performance due in large part to economic reforms adopted
in the 1980's. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly
depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of
coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef.

Austria
Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian
Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in
World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and
subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's
status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955
ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade
unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year
declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for
Soviet military withdrawal. Following the Soviet Union's collapse in
1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995, some
Austrians have called into question this neutrality. A prosperous,
democratic country, Austria entered the Economic and Monetary Union
in 1999.

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan - a nation with a Turkic and majority-Muslim
population - regained its independence after the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991. Despite a 1994 cease-fire, Azerbaijan has yet
to resolve its conflict with Armenia over the Azerbaijani
Nagorno-Karabakh enclave (largely Armenian populated). Azerbaijan
has lost 16% of its territory and must support some 571,000
internally displaced persons as a result of the conflict. Corruption
is ubiquitous and the promise of widespread wealth from Azerbaijan's
undeveloped petroleum resources remains largely unfulfilled.

Bahamas, The
Arawak Indians inhabited the islands when Christopher
Columbus first set foot in the New World on San Salvador in 1492.
British settlement of the islands began in 1647; the islands became
a colony in 1783. Since attaining independence from the UK in 1973,
The Bahamas have prospered through tourism and international banking
and investment management. Because of its geography, the country is
a major transshipment point for illegal drugs, particularly
shipments to the US, and its territory is used for smuggling illegal
migrants into the US.

Bahrain
Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf
countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign
affairs among its larger neighbors. Facing declining oil reserves,
Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining and has
transformed itself into an international banking center. The new
amir, installed in 1999, has pushed economic and political reforms
and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In
February 2001, Bahraini voters approved a referendum on the National
Action Charter - the centerpiece of the amir's political
liberalization program. In February 2002, Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al
Khalifa proclaimed himself king. In October 2002, Bahrainis elected
members of the lower house of Bahrain's reconstituted bicameral
legislature, the National Assembly.

Baker Island
The US took possession of the island in 1857, and its
guano deposits were mined by US and British companies during the
second half of the 19th century. In 1935, a short-lived attempt at
colonization was begun on this island - as well as on nearby Howland
Island - but was disrupted by World War II and thereafter abandoned.
Presently the island is a National Wildlife Refuge run by the US
Department of the Interior; a day beacon is situated near the middle
of the west coast.

Bangladesh
Bangladesh came into existence in 1971 when Bengali East
Pakistan seceded from its union with West Pakistan. About a third of
this extremely poor country floods annually during the monsoon rainy
season, hampering economic development.

Barbados
The island was uninhabited when first settled by the
British in 1627. Slaves worked the sugar plantations established on
the island until 1834 when slavery was abolished. The economy
remained heavily dependent on sugar, rum, and molasses production
through most of the 20th century. The gradual introduction of social
and political reforms in the 1940s and 1950s led to complete
independence from the UK in 1966. In the 1990s, tourism and
manufacturing surpassed the sugar industry in economic importance.

Bassas da India
This atoll is a volcanic rock surrounded by reefs
and is awash at high tide. A French possession since 1897, it was
placed under the administration of a commissioner residing in
Reunion in 1968.

Belarus
After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR,
Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer
political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former
Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state
union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic
integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the
accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his
election in July 1995 as the country's first president, Alexander
LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian
means. Government restrictions on freedom of speech and the press,
peaceful assembly, and religion continue.

Belgium
Belgium became independent from the Netherlands in 1830 and
was occupied by Germany during World Wars I and II. It has prospered
in the past half century as a modern, technologically advanced
European state and member of NATO and the EU. Tensions between the
Dutch-speaking Flemings of the north and the French-speaking
Walloons of the south have led in recent years to constitutional
amendments granting these regions formal recognition and autonomy.

Belize
Territorial disputes between the UK and Guatemala delayed the
independence of Belize (formerly British Honduras) until 1981.
Guatemala refused to recognize the new nation until 1992. Tourism
has become the mainstay of the economy. The country remains plagued
by high unemployment, growing involvement in the South American drug
trade, and increasing urban crime.

Benin
Present day Benin was the site of Dahomey, a prominent West
African kingdom that rose in the 15th century. The territory became
a French Colony in 1872 and achieved independence on 1 August 1960,
as the Republic of Benin. A succession of military governments ended
in 1972 with the rise to power of Mathieu KEREKOU and the
establishment of a government based on Marxist-Leninist principles.
A move to representative government began in 1989. Two years later,
free elections ushered in former Prime Minister Nicephore SOGLO as
president, marking the first successful transfer of power in Africa
from a dictatorship to a democracy. KEREKOU was returned to power by
elections held in 1996 and 2001, though some irregularities were
alleged.

Bermuda
Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English
colonists headed for Virginia. Tourism to the island to escape North
American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism
continues to be important to the island's economy, although
international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has
developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A
referendum on independence was soundly defeated in 1995.

Bhutan
In 1865, Britain and Bhutan signed the Treaty of Sinchulu,
under which Bhutan would receive an annual subsidy in exchange for
ceding some border land. Under British influence, a monarchy was set
up in 1907; three years later, a treaty was signed whereby the
British agreed not to interfere in Bhutanese internal affairs and
Bhutan allowed Britain to direct its foreign affairs. This role was
assumed by independent India after 1947. Two years later, a formal
Indo-Bhutanese accord returned the areas of Bhutan annexed by the
British, formalized the annual subsidies the country received, and
defined India's responsibilities in defense and foreign relations. A
refugee issue of some 100,000 Bhutanese in Nepal remains unresolved;
90% of the refugees are housed in seven United Nations Office of the
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) camps.

Bolivia
Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR,
broke away from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history
has consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups.
Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but
leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty, social
unrest, and illegal drug production. Current goals include
attracting foreign investment, strengthening the educational system,
resolving disputes with coca growers over Bolivia's counterdrug
efforts, and waging an anticorruption campaign.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of
sovereignty in October 1991, was followed by a declaration of
independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a
referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported
by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed
resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and
joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994,
Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from
three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in
Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that
brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final
agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton
Agreement retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries
and created a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government. This
national government was charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic,
and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government
comprised of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led
Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments were
charged with overseeing most government functions. The Office of the
High Representative (OHR) was established to oversee the
implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. In 1995-96,
a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops
served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of
the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed
hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced
SFOR in December 2004; their mission was to maintain peace and
stability throughout the country.

Botswana
Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana
adopted its new name upon independence in 1966. Four decades of
uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and
significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic
economies in Africa. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining,
dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due
to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature
preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of
HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and
comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Bouvet Island
This uninhabited volcanic island is almost entirely
covered by glaciers and is difficult to approach. It was discovered
in 1739 by a French naval officer after whom the island was named.
No claim was made until 1825, when the British flag was raised. In
1928, the UK waived its claim in favor of Norway, which had occupied
the island the previous year. In 1971, Bouvet Island and the
adjacent territorial waters were designated a nature reserve. Since
1977, Norway has run an automated meteorological station on the
island.

Brazil
Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil
became an independent nation in 1822. By far the largest and most
populous country in South America, Brazil overcame more than half a
century of military intervention in the governance of the country
when in 1985 the military regime peacefully ceded power to civilian
rulers. Brazil continues to pursue industrial and agricultural
growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vast natural
resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's
leading economic power and a regional leader. Highly unequal income
distribution remains a pressing problem.

British Indian Ocean Territory
Established as a territory of the UK
in 1965, a number of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT)
islands were transferred to the Seychelles when it attained
independence in 1976. Subsequently, BIOT has consisted only of the
six main island groups comprising the Chagos Archipelago. The
largest and most southerly of the islands, Diego Garcia, contains a
joint UK-US naval support facility. All of the remaining islands are
uninhabited. Former agricultural workers, earlier residents in the
islands, were relocated primarily to Mauritius but also to the
Seychelles, between 1967 and 1973. In 2000, a British High Court
ruling invalidated the local immigration order that had excluded
them from the archipelago, but upheld the special military status of
Diego Garcia.

British Virgin Islands
First settled by the Dutch in 1648, the
islands were annexed in 1672 by the English. The economy is closely
tied to the larger and more populous US Virgin Islands to the west;
the US dollar is the legal currency.

Brunei
The Sultanate of Brunei's influence peaked between the 15th
and 17th centuries when its control extended over coastal areas of
northwest Borneo and the southern Philippines. Brunei subsequently
entered a period of decline brought on by internal strife over royal
succession, colonial expansion of European powers, and piracy. In
1888, Brunei became a British protectorate; independence was
achieved in 1984. The same family has ruled Brunei for over six
centuries. Brunei benefits from extensive petroleum and natural gas
fields, the source of one of the highest per capita GDPs in the
developing world.

Bulgaria
The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the
local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first
Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with
the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the
end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman
Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of
Bulgaria became independent in 1908. Having fought on the losing
side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of
influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist
domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty
election since World War II and began the contentious process of
moving toward political democracy and a market economy while
combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. Today,
reforms and democratization keep Bulgaria on a path toward eventual
integration into the EU. The country joined NATO in 2004.

Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) achieved
independence from France in 1960. Repeated military coups during the
1970s and 1980s were followed by multiparty elections in the early
1990s. Burkina Faso's high population density and limited natural
resources result in poor economic prospects for the majority of its
citizens. Recent unrest in Cote d'Ivoire and northern Ghana has
hindered the ability of several hundred thousand seasonal Burkinabe
farm workers to find employment in neighboring countries.

Burma
Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years (1824-1886)
and incorporated it into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered
as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate,
self-governing colony; independence from the Commonwealth was
attained in 1948. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to
1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and
later as political kingpin. Despite multiparty legislative elections
in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National
League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the ruling
junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize
recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who was under house arrest from 1989 to
1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and is currently
under house arrest. In December 2004, the junta announced it was
extending her detention for at least an additional year. Her
supporters, as well as all those who promote democracy and improved
human rights, are routinely harassed or jailed.

Burundi
Burundi's first democratically elected president was
assassinated in October 1993 after only one hundred days in office.
Since then, some 200,000 Burundians have perished in widespread,
often intense ethnic violence between Hutu and Tutsi factions.
Hundreds of thousands have been internally displaced or have become
refugees in neighboring countries. Burundi troops, seeking to secure
their borders, briefly intervened in the conflict in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo in 1998. A new transitional government,
inaugurated on 1 November 2001, signed a power-sharing agreement
with the largest rebel faction in December 2003 and set in place a
provisional constitution in October 2004. Implementation of the
agreement has been problematic, however, as one remaining rebel
group refuses to sign on and elections have been repeatedly delayed,
clouding prospects for a sustainable peace.

Cambodia
Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, whose
Angkor Empire extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its
zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Subsequently, attacks by
the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire
ushering in a long period of decline. In 1863, the king of Cambodia
placed the country under French protection; it became part of French
Indochina in 1887. Following Japanese occupation in World War II,
Cambodia became independent within the French Union in 1949 and
fully independent in 1953. After a five-year struggle, Communist
Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in April 1975 and ordered the
evacuation of all cities and towns; at least 1.5 million Cambodians
died from execution, enforced hardships, or starvation during the
Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese
invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, led to a
10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off almost 13 years of
civil war. The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic
elections and a ceasefire, which was not fully respected by the
Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some
semblance of normalcy and the final elements of the Khmer Rouge
surrendered in early 1999. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the
first coalition government, but a second round of national elections
in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and
renewed political stability. The July 2003 elections were relatively
peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending
political parties before a coalition government was formed.
Nation-wide local elections are scheduled for 2007 and national
elections for 2008.

Cameroon
The former French Cameroon and part of British Cameroon
merged in 1961 to form the present country. Cameroon has generally
enjoyed stability, which has permitted the development of
agriculture, roads, and railways, as well as a petroleum industry.
Despite movement toward democratic reform, political power remains
firmly in the hands of an ethnic oligarchy.

Canada
A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada
became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the
British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has
developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across
an unfortified border. Canada's paramount political problem is
meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care and
education services after a decade of budget cuts. The issue of
reconciling Quebec's francophone heritage with the majority
anglophone Canadian population has moved to the back burner in
recent years; support for separatism abated after the Quebec
government's referendum on independence failed to pass in October of
1995.

Cape Verde
The uninhabited islands were discovered and colonized by
the Portuguese in the 15th century; Cape Verde subsequently became a
trading center for African slaves and later an important coaling and
resupply stop for whaling and transatlantic shipping. Following
independence in 1975, and a tentative interest in unification with
Guinea-Bissau, a one-party system was established and maintained
until multi-party elections were held in 1990. Cape Verde continues
to exhibit one of Africa's most stable democratic governments.
Repeated droughts during the second half of the 20th century caused
significant hardship and prompted heavy emigration. As a result,
Cape Verde's expatriate population is greater than its domestic one.
Most Cape Verdeans have both African and Portuguese antecedents.

Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands were colonized from Jamaica by the
British during the 18th and 19th centuries. Administered by Jamaica
since 1863, they remained a British dependency after 1962 when the
former became independent.

Central African Republic
The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari
became the Central African Republic upon independence in 1960. After
three tumultuous decades of misrule - mostly by military governments
- civilian rule was established in 1993 and lasted for one decade.
President Ange-Felix PATASSE's civilian government was plagued by
unrest, and in March 2003 he was deposed in a military coup led by
General Francois BOZIZE, who has since established a transitional
government. Though the government has the tacit support of civil
society groups and the main parties, a wide field of affiliated and
independent candidates will contest the municipal, legislative, and
presidential elections scheduled for February 2005. The government
still does not fully control the countryside, where pockets of
lawlessness persist.

Chad
Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured
three decades of civil warfare as well as invasions by Libya before
a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government
eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military
groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable
to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty
presidential elections in 1996 and 1997. In 1998, a new rebellion
broke out in northern Chad, which sporadically flares up despite two
peace agreements signed in 2002 and 2003 between the government and
the rebels. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains
in the hands of an ethnic minority.

Chile
Prior to the coming of the Spanish in the 16th century,
northern Chile was under Inca rule while Araucanian Indians
inhabited central and southern Chile; the latter were not completely
subjugated until the early 1880s. Although Chile declared its
independence in 1810, decisive victory over the Spanish was not
achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-84), Chile
defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern lands. A
three-year-old Marxist government of Salvador ALLENDE was overthrown
in 1973 by a dictatorial military regime led by Augusto PINOCHET,
who ruled until a freely elected president was installed in 1990.
Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s,
have contributed to steady growth and have helped secure the
country's commitment to democratic and representative government.
Chile has increasingly assumed regional and international leadership
roles befitting its status as a stable, democratic nation.

China
For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing
the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and
early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major
famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War
II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic
socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed
strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of
millions of people. After 1978, his successor DENG Xiaoping and
other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by
2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living
standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal
choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight.

Christmas Island
Named in 1643 for the day of its discovery, the
island was annexed and settlement was begun by the UK in 1888.
Phosphate mining began in the 1890s. The UK transferred sovereignty
to Australia in 1958. Almost two-thirds of the island has been
declared a national park.

Clipperton Island
This isolated island was named for John
CLIPPERTON, a pirate who made it his hideout early in the 18th
century. Annexed by France in 1855, it was seized by Mexico in 1897.
Arbitration eventually awarded the island to France, which took
possession in 1935.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
There are 27 coral islands in the group.
Captain William KEELING discovered the islands in 1609, but they
remained uninhabited until the 19th century. Annexed by the UK in
1857, they were transferred to the Australian Government in 1955.
The population on the two inhabited islands generally is split
between the ethnic Europeans on West Island and the ethnic Malays on
Home Island.

Colombia
Colombia was one of the three countries that emerged from
the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others are Ecuador and
Venezuela). A 40-year insurgent campaign to overthrow the Colombian
Government escalated during the 1990s, undergirded in part by funds
from the drug trade. Although the violence is deadly and large
swaths of the countryside are under guerrilla influence, the
movement lacks the military strength or popular support necessary to
overthrow the government. An anti-insurgent army of paramilitaries
has grown to several thousand strong in recent years, challenging
the insurgents for control of territory and the drug trade, and also
the government's ability to exert its dominion over rural areas.
While Bogota steps up efforts to reassert government control
throughout the country, neighboring countries worry about the
violence spilling over their borders.

Comoros
Unstable Comoros has endured 19 coups or attempted coups
since gaining independence from France in 1975. In 1997, the islands
of Anjouan and Moheli declared their independence from Comoros. In
1999, military chief Col. AZALI seized power. He pledged to resolve
the secessionist crisis through a confederal arrangement named the
2000 Fomboni Accord. In December 2001, voters approved a new
constitution and presidential elections took place in the spring of
2002. Each island in the archipelago elected its own president and a
new union president took office in May of 2002.

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Established as a Belgian colony in 1908, the Republic of the Congo gained its independence in 1960, but its early years were marred by political and social instability. Col. Joseph MOBUTU seized power and declared himself president in a November 1965 coup. He subsequently changed his name - to MOBUTU Sese Seko - as well as that of the country - to Zaire. MOBUTU retained his position for 32 years through several subsequent sham elections as well as through the use of brutal force. Ethnic strife and civil war, touched off by a massive inflow of refugees in 1994 from fighting in Rwanda and Burundi, led in May 1997 to the toppling of the MOBUTU regime by a rebellion led by Laurent KABILA. He renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC), but in August 1998 his regime was itself challenged by an insurrection backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia, Chad, and Sudan intervened to support the Kinshasa regime. A cease-fire was signed in July 1999 by the DROC, Zimbabwe, Angola, Uganda, Namibia, Rwanda, and Congolese armed rebel groups, but sporadic fighting continued. Laurent KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and his son Joseph KABILA was named head of state. In October 2002, the new president was successful in negotiating the withdrawal of Rwandan forces occupying eastern Congo; two months later, the Pretoria Accord was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. A transitional government was set up in July 2003; Joseph KABILA remains as president and is joined by four vice presidents representing the former government, former rebel groups, and the political opposition.

Congo, Republic of the
Upon independence in 1960, the former French
region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. A quarter
century of experimentation with Marxism was abandoned in 1990 and a
democratically elected government installed in 1992. A brief civil
war in 1997 restored former Marxist President SASSOU-NGUESSO, but
ushered in a period of ethnic unrest. Southern-based rebel groups
agreed to a final peace accord in March 2003, but the calm is
tenuous and refugees continue to present a humanitarian crisis. The
Republic of Congo is one of Africa's largest petroleum producers
with significant potential for offshore development.

Cook Islands
Named after Captain COOK, who sighted them in 1770, the
islands became a British protectorate in 1888. By 1900,
administrative control was transferred to New Zealand; in 1965
residents chose self-government in free association with New
Zealand. The emigration of skilled workers to New Zealand and
government deficits are continuing problems.

Coral Sea Islands
Scattered over some 1 million square kilometers of
ocean, the Coral Sea Islands were declared a territory of Australia
in 1969. They are uninhabited except for a small meteorological
staff on the Willis Islets. Automated weather stations, beacons, and
a lighthouse occupy many other islands and reefs.

Costa Rica
Costa Rica is a Central American success story: since the
late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred
its democratic development. Although still a largely agricultural
country, it has expanded its economy to include strong technology
and tourism sectors. The standard of living is relatively high. Land
ownership is widespread.

Cote d'Ivoire
Close ties to France since independence in 1960, the
development of cocoa production for export, and foreign investment
made Cote d'Ivoire one of the most prosperous of the tropical
African states, but did not protect it from political turmoil. On 25
December 1999, a military coup - the first ever in Cote d'Ivoire's
history - overthrew the government led by President Henri Konan
BEDIE. Junta leader Robert GUEI held elections in late 2000, but
excluded prominent opposition leader Alassane OUATTARA, blatantly
rigged the polling results, and declared himself winner. Popular
protest forced GUEI to step aside and brought runner-up Laurent
GBAGBO into power. Ivorian dissidents and disaffected members of the
military launched a failed coup attempt in September 2002. Rebel
forces claimed the northern half of the country and in January 2003
were granted ministerial positions in a unity government under the
auspices of the Linas-Marcoussis Peace Accord. President GBAGBO and
rebel forces resumed implementation of the peace accord in December
2003 after a three-month stalemate, but issues that sparked the
civil war, such as land reform and grounds for nationality remain
unresolved. The central government has yet to exert control over the
northern regions and tensions remain high between GBAGBO and rebel
leaders. Several thousand French and West African troops remain in
Cote d'Ivoire to maintain peace and facilitate the disarmament,
demobilization, and rehabilitation process.

Croatia
The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the
Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as
Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal
independent Communist state under the strong hand of Marshal TITO.
Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991,
it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before
occupying Serb armies were mostly cleared from Croatian lands. Under
UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was
returned to Croatia in 1998.

Cuba
The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after
the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492
and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next
several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to
work the coffee and sugar plantations and Havana became the
launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from
Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule was severe and exploitative and
occasional rebellions were harshly suppressed. It was US
intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 that finally
overthrew Spanish rule. The subsequent Treaty of Paris established
Cuban independence, which was granted in 1902 after a three-year
transition period. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959;
his iron rule has held the regime together since then. Cuba's
Communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout
Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The
country is now slowly recovering from a severe economic recession in
1990, following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies, worth $4
billion to $6 billion annually. Cuba portrays its difficulties as
the result of the US embargo in place since 1961. Illicit migration
to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, air flights, or
via the southwest border - is a continuing problem. The US Coast
Guard intercepted 1,498 individuals attempting to cross the Straits
of Florida in 2004.

Cyprus
A former British colony, Cyprus received independence in 1960
following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the
Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head
in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia.
Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic
intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into
enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek-sponsored attempt
to seize the government was met by military intervention from
Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In
1983, the Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of
Northern Cyprus," but it is recognized only by Turkey. The latest
two-year round of UN-brokered direct talks - between the leaders of
the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities to reach an
agreement to reunite the divided island - ended when the Greek
Cypriots rejected the UN settlement plan in an April 2004
referendum. Although only the internationally recognized Greek
Cypriot-controlled Republic of Cyprus joined the EU on 1 May 2004,
every Cypriot carrying a Cyprus passport will have the status of a
European citizen. EU laws, however, will not apply to north Cyprus.
Nicosia continues to oppose EU efforts to establish direct trade and
economic links to north Cyprus as a way of encouraging the Turkish
Cypriot community to continue to support reunification.

Czech Republic
Following the First World War, the closely related
Czechs and Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to
form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, the new country's
leaders were frequently preoccupied with meeting the demands of
other ethnic minorities within the republic, most notably the
Sudeten Germans and the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). After World War II,
a truncated Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of
influence. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the
efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize Communist party rule
and create "socialism with a human face." Anti-Soviet demonstrations
the following year ushered in a period of harsh repression. With the
collapse of Soviet authority in 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its
freedom through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution." On 1 January 1993,
the country underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national
components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic
joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

Denmark
Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north
European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation
that is participating in the general political and economic
integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the
EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements
of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and
issues concerning certain justice and home affairs.

Dhekelia
By terms of the 1960 Treaty of Establishment that created
the independent Republic of Cyprus, the UK retained full sovereignty
and jurisdiction over two areas of almost 254 square kilometers in
total: Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The larger of these is the Dhekelia
Sovereign Base Area, which is also referred to as the Eastern
Sovereign Base Area.

Djibouti
The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became
Djibouti in 1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian
one-party state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999.
Unrest among the Afars minority during the 1990s led to a civil war
that ended in 2001 following the conclusion of a peace accord
between Afar rebels and the Issa-dominated government. Djibouti's
first multi-party presidential elections in 1999 resulted in the
election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH. Djibouti occupies a very strategic
geographic location at the mouth of the Red Sea and serves as an
important transshipment location for goods entering and leaving the
east African highlands. The present leadership favors close ties to
France, which maintains a significant military presence in the
country, but has also developed increasingly stronger ties with the
United States in recent years. Djibouti currently hosts the only
United States military base in sub-Saharan Africa and is a
front-line state in the global war on terrorism.

Dominica
Dominica was the last of the Caribbean islands to be
colonized by Europeans, due chiefly to the fierce resistance of the
native Caribs. France ceded possession to Great Britain in 1763,
which made the island a colony in 1805. In 1980, two years after
independence, Dominica's fortunes improved when a corrupt and
tyrannical administration was replaced by that of Mary Eugenia
CHARLES, the first female prime minister in the Caribbean, who
remained in office for 15 years. Some 3,000 Carib Indians still
living on Dominica are the only pre-Columbian population remaining
in the eastern Caribbean.

Dominican Republic
Explored and claimed by Columbus on his first
voyage in 1492, the island of Hispaniola became a springboard for
Spanish conquest of the Caribbean and the American mainland. In
1697, Spain recognized French dominion over the western third of the
island, which in 1804 became Haiti. The remainder of the island, by
then known as Santo Domingo, sought to gain its own independence in
1821, but was conquered and ruled by the Haitians for 22 years; it
finally attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. In
1861, the Dominicans voluntarily returned to the Spanish Empire, but
two years later they launched a war that restored independence in
1865. A legacy of unsettled, mostly non-representative, rule for
much of its subsequent history was brought to an end in 1966 when
Joaquin BALAGUER became president. He maintained a tight grip on
power for most of the next 30 years when international reaction to
flawed elections forced him to curtail his term in 1996. Since then,
regular competitive elections have been held in which opposition
candidates have won the presidency. The Dominican economy has had
one of the fastest growth rates in the hemisphere over the past
decade.

East Timor
The Portuguese began to trade with the island of Timor in
the early 16th century and colonized it in mid-century. Skirmishing
with the Dutch in the region eventually resulted in an 1859 treaty
in which Portugal ceded the western portion of the island. Imperial
Japan occupied East Timor from 1942 to 1945, but Portugal resumed
colonial authority after the Japanese defeat in World War II. East
Timor declared itself independent from Portugal on 28 November 1975
and was invaded and occupied by Indonesian forces nine days later.
It was incorporated into Indonesia in July 1976 as the province of
East Timor. An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over
the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000
individuals lost their lives. On 30 August 1999, in a UN-supervised
popular referendum, an overwhelming majority of the people of East
Timor voted for independence from Indonesia. Between the referendum
and the arrival of a multinational peacekeeping force in late
September 1999, anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and
supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale,
scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed
approximately 1,300 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into
West Timor as refugees. The majority of the country's
infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply
systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical
grid were destroyed. On 20 September 1999 the Australian-led
peacekeeping troops of the International Force for East Timor
(INTERFET) deployed to the country and brought the violence to an
end. On 20 May 2002, East Timor was internationally recognized as an
independent state.

Ecuador
The "Republic of the Equator" was one of three countries
that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others
are Colombia and Venezuela). Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost
territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border
war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although
Ecuador marked 25 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period
has been marred by political instability. Seven presidents have
governed Ecuador since 1996.

Egypt
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood,
coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and
west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great
civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C. and a series
of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last
native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were
replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who
introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who
ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the
Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the
conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the
completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important
world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt.
Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of
Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman
Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in
1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty following World War II. The
completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake
Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the
agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the
largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on
the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The
government has struggled to ready the economy for the new millennium
through economic reform and massive investment in communications and
physical infrastructure.

El Salvador
El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and
from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war,
which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when
the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for
military and political reforms.

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea gained independence in 1968
after 190 years of Spanish rule. This tiny country, composed of a
mainland portion plus five inhabited islands, is one of the smallest
on the African continent. President OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO has ruled
the country for over two decades since seizing power from his uncle,
then President MACIAS, in a 1979 coup. Although nominally a
constitutional democracy since 1991, the 1996 and 2002 presidential
elections - as well as the 1999 legislative elections - were widely
seen as being flawed. The president controls most opposition parties
through the judicious use of patronage. Despite the country's
economic windfall from oil production resulting in a massive
increase in government revenue in recent years, there have been few
improvements in the country's living standards.

Eritrea
Eritrea was awarded to Ethiopia in 1952 as part of a
federation. Ethiopia's annexation of Eritrea as a province 10 years
later sparked a 30-year struggle for independence that ended in 1991
with Eritrean rebels defeating governmental forces; independence was
overwhelmingly approved in a 1993 referendum. A two-and-a-half-year
border war with Ethiopia that erupted in 1998 ended under UN
auspices on 12 December 2000. Eritrea currently hosts a UN
peacekeeping operation that is monitoring a 25 km-wide Temporary
Security Zone on the border with Ethiopia. An international
commission, organized to resolve the border dispute, posted its
findings in 2002 but final demarcation is on hold due to Ethiopian
objections.

Estonia
After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian
rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated
into the USSR in 1940, it regained its freedom in 1991, with the
collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in
1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties
with Western Europe. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of
2004.

Ethiopia
Unique among African countries, the ancient Ethiopian
monarchy maintained its freedom from colonial rule, with the
exception of the 1936-41 Italian occupation during World War II. In
1974 a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who
had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by
bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee
problems, the regime was finally toppled in 1991 by a coalition of
rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
(EPRDF). A constitution was adopted in 1994 and Ethiopia's first
multiparty elections were held in 1995. A two and a half year border
war with Eritrea ended with a peace treaty on 12 December 2000.
Final demarcation of the boundary is currently on hold due to
Ethiopian objections to an international commission's finding
requiring it to surrender sensitive territory.

Europa Island
A French possession since 1897, the island is heavily
wooded; it is the site of a small military garrison that staffs a
weather station.

European Union Following the two devastating World Wars of the first half of the 20th century, a number of European leaders in the late 1940s became convinced that the only way to establish a lasting peace was to unite the two chief belligerent nations - France and Germany - both economically and politically. In 1950, the French Foreign Minister Robert SCHUMAN proposed an eventual union of all Europe, the first step of which would be the integration of the coal and steel industries of Western Europe. The following year the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up when six members, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, signed the Treaty of Paris. The ECSC was so successful that within a few years the decision was made to integrate other parts of the countries' economies. In 1957, the Treaties of Rome created the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the six member states undertook to eliminate trade barriers among themselves by forming a common market. In 1967, the institutions of all three communities were formally merged into the European Community (EC), creating a single Commission, a single Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Members of the European Parliament were initially selected by national parliaments, but in 1979 the first direct elections were undertaken and they have been held every five years since. In 1973, the first enlargement of the EC took place with the addition of Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The 1980s saw further membership expansion with Greece joining in 1981 and Spain and Portugal in 1986. The 1992 Treaty of Maastricht laid the basis for further forms of cooperation in foreign and defense policy, in judicial and internal affairs, and in the creation of an economic and monetary union - including a common currency. This further integration created the European Union (EU). In 1995, Austria, Finland, and Sweden joined the EU, raising the membership total to 15. A new currency, the euro, was launched in world money markets on 1 January 1999; it become the unit of exchange for all of the EU states except the United Kingdom, Sweden, and Denmark. In 2002, citizens of the 12 euro-area countries began using the euro banknotes and coins. Ten new countries joined the EU in 2004 - Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia - bringing the current membership to 25. In order to ensure that the EU can continue to function efficiently with an expanded membership, the 2003 Treaty of Nice set forth rules streamlining the size and procedures of EU institutions. An EU Constitutional Treaty, signed in Rome on 29 October 2004, gave member states two years to ratify the document before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006. Referenda held in France and the Netherlands in May-June 2005 that rejected the constitution suspended the ratification effort. Despite the expansion of membership and functions, "Eurosceptics" in various countries have raised questions about the erosion of national cultures and the imposition of a flood of regulations from the EU capital in Brussels. Failure by all member states to ratify the constitution or the inability of newcomer countries to meet euro currency standards might force a loosening of some EU agreements and perhaps lead to several levels of EU participation. These "tiers" might eventually range from an "inner" core of politically integrated countries to a looser "outer" economic association of members.

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Although first sighted by an
English navigator in 1592, the first landing (English) did not occur
until almost a century later in 1690, and the first settlement
(French) was not established until 1764. The colony was turned over
to Spain two years later and the islands have since been the subject
of a territorial dispute, first between Britain and Spain, then
between Britain and Argentina. The UK asserted its claim to the
islands by establishing a naval garrison there in 1833. Argentina
invaded the islands on 2 April 1982. The British responded with an
expeditionary force that landed seven weeks later and after fierce
fighting forced Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982.

Faroe Islands
The population of the Faroe Islands is largely
descended from Viking settlers who arrived in the 9th century. The
islands have been connected politically to Denmark since the 14th
century. A high degree of self-government was attained in 1948.

Fiji
Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly a century as a
British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military
coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as
dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers
brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). A 1990
constitution favored native Melanesian control of Fiji, but led to
heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic
difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority.
Amendments enacted in 1997 made the constitution more equitable.
Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by
an Indo-Fijian, but a coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period
of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001
provided Fiji with a democratically elected government and gave a
mandate to the government of Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE.

Finland
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden
from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of
Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During
World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and
resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of
territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a
remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a
diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on
par with Western Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland
was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation
in January 1999.

France
Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France
suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank
as a dominant nation-state. Nevertheless, France today is one of the
most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European
nations. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy
resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier parliamentary
democracies. In recent years, its reconciliation and cooperation
with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of
Europe, including the introduction of a common exchange currency,
the euro, in January 1999. At present, France is at the forefront of
efforts to develop the EU's military capabilities to supplement
progress toward an EU foreign policy.

French Guiana
First settled by the French in 1604, French Guiana was
the site of notorious penal settlements until 1951. The European
Space Agency launches its communication satellites from Kourou.

French Polynesia
The French annexed various Polynesian island groups
during the 19th century. In September 1995, France stirred up
widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing on the Mururoa atoll
after a three-year moratorium. The tests were suspended in January
1996.

French Southern and Antarctic Lands The Southern Lands consist of two archipelagos, Iles Crozet and Iles Kerguelen, and two volcanic islands, Ile Amsterdam and Ile Saint-Paul. They contain no permanent inhabitants and are visited only by researchers studying the native fauna. The Antarctic portion consists of "Adelie Land," a thin slice of the Antarctic continent discovered and claimed by the French in 1840.

Gabon
Only two autocratic presidents have ruled Gabon since
independence from France in 1960. Gabon's current President, El Hadj
Omar BONGO Ondimba - one of the longest-serving heads of state in
the world - has dominated Gabon's political scene for almost four
decades. President BONGO introduced a nominal multiparty system and
a new constitution in the early 1990s. However, the low turnout and
allegations of electoral fraud during the most recent local
elections in 2002-03 have exposed the weaknesses of formal political
structures in Gabon. Presidential elections scheduled for 2005 are
unlikely to bring change since the opposition remains weak, divided,
and financially dependent on the current regime. Despite political
conditions, a small population, abundant natural resources, and
considerable foreign support have helped make Gabon one of the more
prosperous and stable African countries.

Gambia, The
The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965;
it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia with Senegal
between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship
and cooperation treaty. A military coup in 1994 overthrew the
president and banned political activity, but a 1996 constitution and
presidential elections, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997,
completed a nominal return to civilian rule. The country undertook
another round of presidential and legislative elections in late 2001
and early 2002. Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH, the leader of the coup, has
been elected president in all subsequent elections.

Gaza Strip
The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim
Self-Government Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13
September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding
five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip
and the West Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain
powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which
includes the Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January
1996, as part of the interim self-governing arrangements in the West
Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for
the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4
May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and
in additional areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28
September 1995 Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997
Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23
October 1998 Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm
el-Sheikh Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain
responsibility during the transitional period for external and
internal security and for public order of settlements and Israeli
citizens. Direct negotiations to determine the permanent status of
Gaza and West Bank began in September 1999 after a three-year
hiatus, but were derailed by a second intifadah that broke out in
September 2000. The resulting widespread violence in the West Bank
and Gaza Strip, Israel's military response, and instability within
the Palestinian Authority continued to undermine progress toward a
permanent agreement. Following the death of longtime Palestinian
leader Yasir ARAFAT in November 2004, the election of his successor
Mahmud ABBAS in January 2005 brought about a turning point in the
conflict. In February 2005 the Israeli Government voted to disengage
from the Gaza Strip by dismantling all Israeli settlements and
removing all Israeli settlers. This process was completed in
September 2005. Nonetheless, Israel maintains offshore maritime
control as well as airspace control. The future political status of
the Gaza Strip has yet to be determined.

Georgia
The region of present-day Georgia contained the ancient
kingdoms of Colchis and Kartli-Iberia. The area came under Roman
influence in the first centuries AD and Christianity became the
state religion in the 330s. Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks
was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th to the 13th centuries)
that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236. Subsequently, the
Ottoman and Persian empires competed for influence in the region.
Georgia was absorbed into the Russian Empire in the 19th century.
Independent for three years (1918-1921) following the Russian
revolution, it was forcibly incorporated into the USSR until the
Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. Despite myriad problems, some
progress on market reforms and democratization has been made since
then. An attempt by the government to manipulate legislative
elections in November 2003 touched off widespread protests that led
to the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, president since 1995. New
elections in early 2004 swept Mikheil SAAKASHVILI into power along
with his National Movement Party.

Germany
As Europe's largest economy and most populous nation,
Germany remains a key member of the continent's economic, political,
and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany
in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century
and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the
US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the
Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal
Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic
(GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic
and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO,
while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led
Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War
allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has
expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages
up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU
countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Ghana
Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast
and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first
sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. A
long series of coups resulted in the suspension of the constitution
in 1981 and a ban on political parties. A new constitution,
restoring multiparty politics, was approved in 1992. Lt. Jerry
RAWLINGS, head of state since 1981, won presidential elections in
1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a
third term in 2000. John KUFUOR, who defeated former Vice President
Atta MILLS in a free and fair election, succeeded him.

Gibraltar
Strategically important, Gibraltar was ceded to Great
Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht; the British garrison
was formally declared a colony in 1830. In referendums held in 1967
and 2002, Gibraltarians ignored Spanish pressure and voted
overwhelmingly to remain a British dependency.

Glorioso Islands
A French possession since 1892, the Glorioso
Islands are composed of two lushly vegetated coral islands (Ile
Glorieuse and Ile du Lys) and three rock islets. A military garrison
operates a weather and radio station on Ile Glorieuse.

Greece
Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in
1829. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half
of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and
territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II,
Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied
by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war
between royalist supporters of the king and communist rebels.
Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece was able to join NATO
in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many
political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted
seven years. The 1974 democratic elections and a referendum created
a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. Greece joined
the European Community or EC in 1981 (which became the EU in 1992);
it became the 12th member of the euro zone in 2001.

Greenland
The world's largest island, Greenland is about 81%
ice-capped. Vikings reached the island in the 10th century from
Iceland; Danish colonization began in the 18th century and Greenland
was made an integral part of Denmark in 1953. It joined the European
Community (now the European Union) with Denmark in 1973 but withdrew
in 1985 over a dispute over stringent fishing quotas. Greenland was
granted self-government in 1979 by the Danish parliament. The law
went into effect the following year. Denmark continues to exercise
control of Greenland's foreign affairs.

Grenada
One of the smallest independent countries in the western
hemisphere, Grenada was seized by a Marxist military council on 19
October 1983. Six days later the island was invaded by US forces and
those of six other Caribbean nations, which quickly captured the
ringleaders and their hundreds of Cuban advisers. Free elections
were reinstituted the following year.

Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe has been a French possession since 1635. The
island of Saint Martin is shared with the Netherlands; its southern
portion is named Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands
Antilles and its northern portion is named Saint-Martin and is part
of Guadeloupe

Guam
Guam was ceded to the US by Spain in 1898. Captured by the
Japanese in 1941, it was retaken by the US three years later. The
military installation on the island is one of the most strategically
important US bases in the Pacific.

Guatemala
The Maya civilization flourished in Guatemala and
surrounding regions during the first millennium A.D. After almost
three centuries as a Spanish colony, Guatemala won its independence
in 1821. During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced
a variety of military and civilian governments as well as a 36-year
guerrilla war. In 1996, the government signed a peace agreement
formally ending the conflict, which had left more than 100,000
people dead and had created some 1 million refugees.

Guernsey
The island of Guernsey and the other Channel Islands
represent the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy,
which held sway in both France and England. The islands were the
only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II.

Guinea
Guinea has had only two presidents since gaining its
independence from France in 1958. Lansana CONTE came to power in
1984, when the military seized the government after the death of the
first president, Sekou TOURE. Guinea did not hold democratic
elections until 1993 when Gen. CONTE (head of the military
government) was elected president of the civilian government. He was
reelected in 1998 and again in 2003. Unrest in Sierra Leone and
Liberia has spilled over into Guinea on several occasions over the
past decade, threatening stability and creating humanitarian
emergencies.

Guinea-Bissau
Since independence from Portugal in 1974,
Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable upheaval. The founding
government consisted of a single party system and command economy.
In 1980, a military coup established Joao VIEIRA as president and a
path to a market economy and multiparty system was implemented. A
number of coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to
unseat him and in 1994 he was elected president in the country's
first free elections. A military coup attempt and civil war in 1998
eventually led to VIEIRA's ouster in 1999. In February 2000, an
interim government turned over power when opposition leader Kumba
YALA took office following two rounds of transparent presidential
elections. YALA was ousted in a bloodless coup in September 2003,
and Henrique ROSA was sworn in as President. Guinea-Bissau's
transition back to democracy will be complicated by its crippled
economy, devastated in the civil war.

Guyana
Originally a Dutch colony in the 17th century, by 1815 Guyana
had become a British possession. The abolition of slavery led to
black settlement of urban areas and the importation of indentured
servants from India to work the sugar plantations. This
ethnocultural divide has persisted and has led to turbulent
politics. Guyana achieved independence from the UK in 1966, but
until the early 1990s it was ruled mostly by socialist-oriented
governments. In 1992, Cheddi JAGAN was elected president, in what is
considered the country's first free and fair election since
independence. Upon his death five years later, he was succeeded by
his wife Janet, who resigned in 1999 due to poor health. Her
successor, Bharrat JAGDEO, was reelected in 2001.

Haiti
The native Arawak Amerindians - who inhabited the island of
Hispaniola when it was discovered by Columbus in 1492 - were
virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the
early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola,
and in 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the
island - Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and
sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the
Caribbean, but only through the heavy importation of African slaves
and considerable environmental degradation. In the late 18th
century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint
L'OUVERTURE and after a prolonged struggle, became the first black
republic to declare its independence in 1804. Haiti has been plagued
by political violence for most of its history. It is the poorest
country in the Western Hemisphere.

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
These uninhabited, barren,
sub-Antarctic islands were transferred from the UK to Australia in
1947. Populated by large numbers of seal and bird species, the
islands have been designated a nature preserve.

Holy See (Vatican City)
Popes in their secular role ruled portions
of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the
mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the
newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were
further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between
a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by
three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of
Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy.
In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain
of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman
Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the
Holy See include religious freedom, international development, the
Middle East, terrorism, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation,
and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and
globalization. About 1 billion people worldwide profess the Catholic
faith.

Honduras
Once part of Spain's vast empire in the New World, Honduras
became an independent nation in 1821. After two and a half decades
of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came
to power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras proved a haven for
anti-Sandinista contras fighting the Marxist Nicaraguan Government
and an ally to Salvadoran Government forces fighting leftist
guerrillas. The country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998,
which killed about 5,600 people and caused approximately $2 billion
in damage.

Hong Kong
Occupied by the UK in 1841, Hong Kong was formally ceded
by China the following year; various adjacent lands were added later
in the 19th century. Pursuant to an agreement signed by China and
the UK on 19 December 1984, Hong Kong became the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 1 July 1997. In this
agreement, China has promised that, under its "one country, two
systems" formula, China's socialist economic system will not be
imposed on Hong Kong and that Hong Kong will enjoy a high degree of
autonomy in all matters except foreign and defense affairs for the
next 50 years.

Howland Island
Discovered by the US early in the 19th century, the
island was officially claimed by the US in 1857. Both US and British
companies mined for guano until about 1890. Earhart Light is a day
beacon near the middle of the west coast that was partially
destroyed during World War II, but has since been rebuilt; it is
named in memory of the famed aviatrix Amelia EARHART. The island is
administered by the US Department of the Interior as a National
Wildlife Refuge.

Hungary
Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire,
which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under Communist
rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced
withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military
intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968,
Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called
"Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in
1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and
the EU in 2004.

Iceland
Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish)
immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland
boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the
Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland
was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja
volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused
widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the
island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Limited
home rule from Denmark was granted in 1874 and complete independence
attained in 1944. Literacy, longevity, income, and social cohesion
are first-rate by world standards.

India
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world,
dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest
invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian
inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions
starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by
those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By
the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually
all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army played a
vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British
colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought
independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular
state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war
between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming
the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in
economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such
as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive
overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and
ethnic and religious strife.

Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's
five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger
than the Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean). Four critically important
access waterways are the Suez Canal (Egypt), Bab el Mandeb
(Djibouti-Yemen), Strait of Hormuz (Iran-Oman), and Strait of
Malacca (Indonesia-Malaysia). The decision by the International
Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth
ocean, the Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Indian Ocean
south of 60 degrees south.

Indonesia
The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th
century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.
Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it
required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring
hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to
relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic
state. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty,
preventing terrorism, continuing the transition to popularly-elected
governments after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing
reforms of the banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and
corruption, and holding the military and police accountable for
human rights violations. Indonesia has been dealing with armed
separatist movements in Aceh and in Papua.

Iran
Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in
1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and the shah was
forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a
theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority
nominally vested in a learned religious scholar. Iranian-US
relations have been strained since a group of Iranian students
seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until
20 January 1981. During 1980-88, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive
war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led
to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces between
1987-1988. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for
its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains
subject to US economic sanctions and export controls because of its
continued involvement. Following the elections of a reformist
president and Majlis in the late 1990s, attempts to foster political
reform in response to popular dissatisfaction have floundered as
conservative politicians have prevented reform measures from being
enacted, increased repressive measures, and consolidated their
control over the government.

Iraq
Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by
Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a
League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over
the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in
1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series
of military strongmen ruled the country, the latest was SADDAM
Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and
costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait,
but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War
of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN
Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass
destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification
inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions
over a period of 12 years resulted in the US-led invasion of Iraq in
March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. Coalition
forces remain in Iraq, helping to restore degraded infrastructure
and facilitating the establishment of a freely elected government,
while simultaneously dealing with a robust insurgency. The Coalition
Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim
Government (IG) in June 2004. Iraqis voted on 30 January 2005 to
elect a 275-member Transitional National Assembly that will draft a
permanent constitution and pave the way for new national elections
at the end of 2005.

Ireland
Celtic tribes arrived on the island between 600-150 B.C.
Invasions by Norsemen that began in the late 8th century were
finally ended when King Brian BORU defeated the Danes in 1014.
English invasions began in the 12th century and set off more than
seven centuries of Anglo-Irish struggle marked by fierce rebellions
and harsh repressions. A failed 1916 Easter Monday Rebellion touched
off several years of guerrilla warfare that in 1921 resulted in
independence from the UK for 26 southern counties; six northern
(Ulster) counties remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1948
Ireland withdrew from the British Commonwealth; it joined the
European Community in 1973. Irish governments have sought the
peaceful unification of Ireland and have cooperated with Britain
against terrorist groups. A peace settlement for Northern Ireland,
known as the Good Friday Agreement and approved in 1998, is being
implemented with some difficulties.

Israel
Following World War II, the British withdrew from their
mandate of Palestine, and the UN partitioned the area into Arab and
Jewish states, an arrangement rejected by the Arabs. Subsequently,
the Israelis defeated the Arabs in a series of wars without ending
the deep tensions between the two sides. The territories occupied by
Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the Israel country
profile, unless otherwise noted. On 25 April 1982, Israel withdrew
from the Sinai pursuant to the 1979 Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
Israel and Palestinian officials signed on 13 September 1993 a
Declaration of Principles (also known as the "Oslo accords") guiding
an interim period of Palestinian self-rule. Outstanding territorial
and other disputes with Jordan were resolved in the 26 October 1994
Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. In addition, on 25 May 2000, Israel
withdrew unilaterally from southern Lebanon, which it had occupied
since 1982. In keeping with the framework established at the Madrid
Conference in October 1991, bilateral negotiations were conducted
between Israel and Palestinian representatives and Syria to achieve
a permanent settlement. On 24 June 2002, US President BUSH laid out
a "road map" for resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which
envisions a two-state solution. However, progress toward a permanent
status agreement has been undermined by Palestinian-Israeli violence
ongoing since September 2000. The conflict may have reached a
turning point with the election in January 2005 of Mahmud ABBAS as
the new Palestinian leader following the November 2004 death of
Yasir ARAFAT.

Italy
Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the city-states of
the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under
King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to
a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a
Fascist dictatorship. His disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany led
to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced
the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy was a
charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It
has been at the forefront of European economic and political
unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.
Persistent problems include illegal immigration, organized crime,
corruption, high unemployment, sluggish economic growth, and the low
incomes and technical standards of southern Italy compared with the
prosperous north.

Jamaica
Jamaica gained full independence within the British
Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the
1970s led to recurrent violence and a drop off in tourism. Elections
in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Political
violence marred elections during the 1990s.

Jan Mayen
This desolate, mountainous island was named after a Dutch
whaling captain who indisputably discovered it in 1614 (earlier
claims are inconclusive). Visited only occasionally by seal hunters
and trappers over the following centuries, the island came under
Norwegian sovereignty in 1929. The long dormant Haakon VII
Toppen/Beerenberg volcano resumed activity in 1970; it is the
northernmost active volcano on earth.

Japan
In 1603, a Tokugawa shogunate (military dictatorship) ushered
in a long period of isolation from foreign influence in order to
secure its power. For 250 years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy
stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Following the
Treaty of Kanagawa with the United States in 1854, Japan opened its
ports and began to intensively modernize and industrialize. During
the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan became a regional
power that was able to defeat the forces of both China and Russia.
It occupied Korea, Formosa (Taiwan), and southern Sakhalin Island.
In 1933 Japan occupied Manchuria and in 1937 it launched a
full-scale invasion of China. Japan attacked US forces in 1941 -
triggering America's entry into World War II - and soon occupied
much of East and Southeast Asia. After its defeat in World War II,
Japan recovered to become an economic power and a staunch ally of
the US. While the emperor retains his throne as a symbol of national
unity, actual power rests in networks of powerful politicians,
bureaucrats, and business executives. The economy experienced a
major slowdown starting in the 1990s following three decades of
unprecedented growth, but Japan still remains a major economic
power, both in Asia and globally. In 2005, Japan began a two-year
term as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Jarvis Island
First discovered by the British in 1821, the
uninhabited island was annexed by the US in 1858, but abandoned in
1879 after tons of guano had been removed. The UK annexed the island
in 1889, but never carried out plans for further exploitation. The
US occupied and reclaimed the island in 1935. Abandoned after World
War II, the island is currently a National Wildlife Refuge
administered by the US Department of the Interior; a day beacon is
situated near the middle of the west coast.

Jersey
The island of Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent
the last remnants of the medieval Dukedom of Normandy that held sway
in both France and England. These islands were the only British soil
occupied by German troops in World War II.

Johnston Atoll
Both the US and the Kingdom of Hawaii annexed
Johnston Atoll in 1858, but it was the US that mined the guano
deposits until the late 1880s. Johnston and Sand Islands were
designated wildlife refuges in 1926. The US Navy took over the atoll
in 1934, and subsequently the US Air Force assumed control in 1948.
The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and
1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage
and disposal site for chemical weapons. Munitions destruction is now
complete. Cleanup and closure of the facility was completed in 2004.

Jordan
For most of its history since independence from British
administration in 1946, Jordan was ruled by King HUSSEIN (1953-99).
A pragmatic ruler, he successfully navigated competing pressures
from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states,
Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population, despite several
wars and coup attempts. In 1989 he reinstituted parliamentary
elections and gradual political liberalization; in 1994 he signed a
formal peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II - the eldest son
of King HUSSEIN and Princess MUNA - assumed the throne following his
father's death in February 1999. Since then, he has consolidated his
power and undertaken an aggressive economic reform program. Jordan
acceded to the World Trade Organization in 2000, and began to
participate in the European Free Trade Association in 2001. After a
two-year delay, parliamentary and municipal elections took place in
the summer of 2003. The Prime Minister and government appointed in
April 2005 declared they would build upon the previous government's
achievements to respect political and human rights and improve
living standards.

Juan de Nova Island
Named after a famous 15th century Spanish
navigator and explorer, the island has been a French possession
since 1897. It has been exploited for its guano and phosphate.
Presently a small military garrison oversees a meteorological
station.

Kazakhstan
Native Kazakhs, a mix of Turkic and Mongol nomadic tribes
who migrated into the region in the 13th century, were rarely united
as a single nation. The area was conquered by Russia in the 18th
century and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1936. During the
1950s and 1960s agricultural "Virgin Lands" program, Soviet citizens
were encouraged to help cultivate Kazakhstan's northern pastures.
This influx of immigrants (mostly Russians, but also some other
deported nationalities) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled
non-Kazakhs to outnumber natives. Independence in 1991 caused many
of these newcomers to emigrate. Current issues include: developing a
cohesive national identity; expanding the development of the
country's vast energy resources and exporting them to world markets;
achieving a sustainable economic growth outside the oil, gas, and
mining sectors; and strengthening relations with neighboring states
and other foreign powers.

Kenya
Founding president and liberation struggle icon Jomo KENYATTA
led Kenya from independence until his death in 1978, when President
Daniel Toroitich arap MOI took power in a constitutional succession.
The country was a de facto one-party state from 1969 until 1982 when
the ruling Kenya African National Union (KANU) made itself the sole
legal party in Kenya. MOI acceded to internal and external pressure
for political liberalization in late 1991. The ethnically fractured
opposition failed to dislodge KANU from power in elections in 1992
and 1997, which were marred by violence and fraud, but are viewed as
having generally reflected the will of the Kenyan people. President
MOI stepped down in December of 2002 following fair and peaceful
elections. Mwai KIBAKI, running as the candidate of the multiethnic,
united opposition group, the National Rainbow Coalition, defeated
KANU candidate Uhuru KENYATTA and assumed the presidency following a
campaign centered on an anticorruption platform.

Kingman Reef
The US annexed the reef in 1922. Its sheltered lagoon
served as a way station for flying boats on Hawaii-to-American Samoa
flights during the late 1930s. There are no terrestrial plants on
the reef, which is frequently awash, but it does support abundant
and diverse marine fauna and flora. In 2001, the waters surrounding
the reef out to 12 nm were designated a US National Wildlife Refuge.

Kiribati
The Gilbert Islands were granted self-rule by the UK in
1971 and complete independence in 1979 under the new name of
Kiribati. The US relinquished all claims to the sparsely inhabited
Phoenix and Line Island groups in a 1979 treaty of friendship with
Kiribati.

Korea, North
An independent kingdom under Chinese suzerainty for
most of the past millennium, Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905
following the Russo-Japanese War; five years later, Japan formally
annexed the entire peninsula. Following World War II, Korea was
split with the northern half coming under Soviet-sponsored Communist
domination. After failing in the Korean War (1950-53) to conquer the
US-backed republic in the southern portion by force, North Korea,
under its founder President KIM Il Sung, adopted a policy of
ostensible diplomatic and economic "self-reliance" as a check
against excessive Soviet or Communist Chinese influence. It molded
political, economic, and military policies around the core
ideological objective of eventual unification of Korea under
Pyongyang's control. KIM's son, the current ruler KIM Jong Il, was
officially designated as KIM's successor in 1980 and assumed a
growing political and managerial role until his father's death in
1994. He assumed full power without opposition. After decades of
economic mismanagement and resource misallocation, the North since
the mid-1990s has relied heavily on international aid to feed its
population while continuing to expend resources to maintain an army
of about 1 million. North Korea's long-range missile development and
research into nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and massive
conventional armed forces are of major concern to the international
community. In December 2002, following revelations it was pursuing a
nuclear weapons program based on enriched uranium in violation of a
1994 agreement with the United States to freeze and ultimately
dismantle its existing plutonium-based program, North Korea expelled
monitors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In
January 2003, it declared its withdrawal from the international
Non-Proliferation Treaty. In mid-2003 Pyongyang announced it had
completed the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel rods (to extract
weapons-grade plutonium) and was developing a "nuclear deterrent."
From August 2003, North Korea has participated on and off in
six-party talks with the China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the
United States to resolve the stalemate over its nuclear programs.

Korea, South
Korea was an independent kingdom under Chinese
suzerainty for most of the past millennium. Following its victory in
the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan occupied Korea; five years
later it formally annexed the entire peninsula. After World War II,
a republic was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula
while a Communist-style government was installed in the north.
During the Korean War (1950-53), US and other UN forces intervened
to defend South Korea from North Korean attacks supported by the
Chinese. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula
along a demilitarized zone at about the 38th parallel. Thereafter,
South Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income
rising to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. In 1987, South
Korean voters elected ROH Tae-woo to the presidency, ending 26 years
of military dictatorships. South Korea today is a fully functioning
modern democracy. In June 2000, a historic first North-South summit
took place between the South's President KIM Tae-chung and the
North's leader KIM Jong Il.

Kuwait
Britain oversaw foreign relations and defense for the ruling
Kuwaiti AL-SABAH dynasty from 1899 until independence in 1961.
Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraq on 2 August 1990. Following
several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led, UN coalition began a
ground assault on 23 February 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four
days. Kuwait spent more than $5 billion to repair oil infrastructure
damaged during 1990-91.

Kyrgyzstan
A Central Asian country of incredible natural beauty and
proud nomadic traditions, Kyrgyzstan was annexed by Russia in 1864;
it achieved independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Nation-wide
demonstrations in the spring of 2005 resulted in the ouster of
President Askar AKAYEV, who had run the country since 1990.
Subsequent presidential elections in July of 2005 were won
overwhelmingly by former prime minister Kurmanbek BAKIYEV. Current
concerns include: privatization of state-owned enterprises,
expansion of democracy and political freedoms, interethnic
relations, and combating terrorism.

Laos
Laos was under the control of Siam (Thailand) from the late
18th century until the late 19th century when it became part of
French Indochina. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the
current Lao border with Thailand. In 1975, the Communist Pathet Lao
took control of the government, ending a six-century-old monarchy.
Initial closer ties to Vietnam and socialization were replaced with
a gradual return to private enterprise, a liberalization of foreign
investment laws, and the admission into ASEAN in 1997.

Latvia
After a brief period of independence between the two World
Wars, Latvia was annexed by the USSR in 1940. It reestablished its
independence in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union.
Although the last Russian troops left in 1994, the status of the
Russian minority (some 30% of the population) remains of concern to
Moscow. Latvia joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.

Lebanon
Lebanon has made progress toward rebuilding its political
institutions since 1991 and the end of the devastating 15-year civil
war. Under the Ta'if Accord - the blueprint for national
reconciliation - the Lebanese have established a more equitable
political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater say in
the political process while institutionalizing sectarian divisions
in the government. Since the end of the war, the Lebanese have
conducted several successful elections, most of the militias have
been weakened or disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have
extended central government authority over about two-thirds of the
country. Hizballah, a radical Shia organization, retains its
weapons. During Lebanon's civil war, the Arab League legitimized in
the Ta'if Accord Syria's troop deployment, numbering about 16,000
based mainly east of Beirut and in the Bekaa Valley. Damascus
justified its continued military presence in Lebanon by citing
Beirut's requests and the failure of the Lebanese Government to
implement all of the constitutional reforms in the Ta'if Accord.
Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000, however,
encouraged some Lebanese groups to demand that Syria withdraw its
forces as well. The passage of UNSCR 1559 in early October 2004 - a
resolution calling for Syria to withdraw from Lebanon and end its
interference in Lebanese affairs - further emboldened Lebanese
groups opposed to Syria's presence in Lebanon. Syria finally
withdrew the remainder of its forces from Lebanon in April of 2005.

Lesotho
Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon
independence from the UK in 1966. King MOSHOESHOE was exiled in
1990, but returned to Lesotho in 1992 and reinstated in 1995.
Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after 23 years of
military rule. In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny
following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody
intervention by South African and Botswanan military forces under
the aegis of the Southern African Development Community.
Constitutional reforms have since restored political stability;
peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002.

Liberia
In August 2003, a comprehensive peace agreement ended 14
years of civil war and prompted the resignation of former president
Charles TAYLOR, who was exiled to Nigeria. The National Transitional
Government of Liberia (NTGL) - composed of rebel, government, and
civil society groups - assumed control in October 2003. Chairman
Gyude BRYANT, who was given a two-year mandate to oversee efforts to
rebuild Liberia, heads the new government. The United Nations
Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), which maintains a strong presence
throughout the country, completed a disarmament program for former
combatants in late 2004, but the security situation is still
volatile and the process of rebuilding the social and economic
structure of this war-torn country remains sluggish.

Libya
From the earliest days of his rule following his 1969 military
coup, Col. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI has espoused his own
political system, the Third Universal Theory. The system is a
combination of socialism and Islam derived in part from tribal
practices and is supposed to be implemented by the Libyan people
themselves in a unique form of "direct democracy." QADHAFI has
always seen himself as a revolutionary and visionary leader. He used
oil funds during the 1970s and 1980s to promote his ideology outside
Libya, supporting subversives and terrorists abroad to hasten the
end of Marxism and capitalism. In addition, beginning in 1973, he
engaged in military operations in northern Chad's Aozou Strip - to
gain access to minerals and to use as a base of influence in Chadian
politics - but was forced to retreat in 1987. UN sanctions in 1992
isolated QADHAFI politically following the downing of Pan AM Flight
103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Libyan support for terrorism appeared
to have decreased after the imposition of sanctions. During the
1990s, QADHAFI also began to rebuild his relationships with Europe.
UN sanctions were suspended in April 1999 and finally lifted in
September 2003 after Libya resolved the Lockerbie case. In December
2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to reveal and end its
programs to develop weapons of mass destruction, and QADHAFI has
made significant strides in normalizing relations with western
nations since then. He has received various Western European leaders
as well as many working-level and commercial delegations, and made
his first trip to Western Europe in 15 years when he traveled to
Brussels in April 2004. QADHAFI also finally resolved in 2004
several outstanding cases against his government for terrorist
activities in the 1980s by paying compensation to the families of
victims of the UTA and La Belle disco bombings.

Liechtenstein
The Principality of Liechtenstein was established
within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719; it became a sovereign state in
1806. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria,
but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced
Liechtenstein to enter into a customs and monetary union with
Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained
neutral), the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic
growth. Shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight have resulted
in concerns about the use of the financial institutions for money
laundering. Liechtenstein has, however, implemented new
anti-money-laundering legislation and recently concluded a Mutual
Legal Assistance Treaty with the US.

Lithuania
Independent between the two World Wars, Lithuania was
annexed by the USSR in 1940. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the
first of the Soviet republics to declare its independence, but
Moscow did not recognize this proclamation until September of 1991
(following the abortive coup in Moscow). The last Russian troops
withdrew in 1993. Lithuania subsequently restructured its economy
for integration into Western European institutions; it joined both
NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004.

Luxembourg
Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815
and an independent state under the Netherlands. It lost more than
half of its territory to Belgium in 1839, but gained a larger
measure of autonomy. Full independence was attained in 1867. Overrun
by Germany in both World Wars, it ended its neutrality in 1948 when
it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and when it joined NATO
the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six
founding countries of the European Economic Community (later the
European Union), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency area.

Macau
Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the
first European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement
signed by China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the
Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December
1999. China has promised that, under its "one country, two systems"
formula, China's socialist economic system will not be practiced in
Macau, and that Macau will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all
matters except foreign and defense affairs for the next 50 years.

Macedonia
International recognition of Macedonia's independence from
Yugoslavia in 1991 was delayed by Greece's objection to the new
state's use of what it considered a Hellenic name and symbols.
Greece finally lifted its trade blockade in 1995 and the two
countries agreed to normalize relations, although differences over
Macedonia's name remain. The undetermined status of neighboring
Kosovo, implementation of the Framework Agreement - which ended the
2001 ethnic Albanian armed insurgency - and a weak economy continue
to be challenges for Macedonia.

Madagascar
Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a
French colony in 1896, but regained its independence in 1960. During
1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were
held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second
presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and
1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential
election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and
Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country.
In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA
the winner.

Malawi
Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland
became the independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades
of one-party rule under President Hastings Kamuzu BANDA the country
held multiparty elections in 1994, under a provisional constitution,
which came into full effect the following year. Current President
Bingu wa MUTHARIKA, elected in May 2004 after the previous president
failed to amend the constitution to permit another term, has
struggled to assert his authority against his predecessor, who still
leads their shared political party. MATHARIKA's anti-corruption
efforts have led to several high-level arrests but no convictions.
Increasing corruption, population growth, increasing pressure on
agricultural lands, and HIV/AIDS pose major problems for the country.

Malaysia
During the late 18th and 19th centuries, Great Britain
established colonies and protectorates in the area of current
Malaysia; these were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. In 1948,
the British-ruled territories on the Malay Peninsula formed the
Federation of Malaya, which became independent in 1957. Malaysia was
formed in 1963 when the former British colonies of Singapore and the
East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of
Borneo joined the Federation. The first several years of the
country's history were marred by Indonesian efforts to control
Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah, and Singapore's secession from
the Federation in 1965.

Maldives
The Maldives was long a sultanate, first under Dutch and
then under British protection. It became a republic in 1968, three
years after independence. Since 1978, President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM
- currently in his sixth term in office - has dominated the islands'
political scene. Following riots in the capital Male in August 2004,
the president and his government have pledged to embark upon
democratic reforms, including a more representative political system
and expanded political freedoms. Tourism and fishing are being
developed on the archipelago.

Mali
The Sudanese Republic and Senegal became independent of France
in 1960 as the Mali Federation. When Senegal withdrew after only a
few months, what formerly made up the Sudanese Republic was renamed
Mali. Rule by dictatorship was brought to a close in 1991 with a
transitional government and in 1992 when Mali's first democratic
presidential election was held. After his reelection in 1997,
President Alpha KONARE continued to push through political and
economic reforms and to fight corruption. In keeping with Mali's
two-term constitutional limit, he stepped down in 2002 and was
succeeded by Amadou TOURE.

Malta
Great Britain formally acquired possession of Malta in 1814.
The island staunchly supported the UK through both World Wars and
remained in the Commonwealth when it became independent in 1964. A
decade later Malta became a republic. Since about the mid-1980s, the
island has transformed itself into a freight transshipment point, a
financial center, and a tourist destination. Malta became an EU
member in May of 2004.

Man, Isle of
Part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the
13th century when it was ceded to Scotland, the isle came under the
British crown in 1765. Current concerns include reviving the almost
extinct Manx Gaelic language.

Marshall Islands
After almost four decades under US administration
as the easternmost part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands, the Marshall Islands attained independence in 1986 under a
Compact of Free Association. Compensation claims continue as a
result of US nuclear testing on some of the atolls between 1947 and
1962. The Marshall Islands hosts the US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA)
Reagan Missile Test Site, a key installation in the US missile
defense network.

Martinique
Colonized by France in 1635, the island has subsequently
remained a French possession except for three brief periods of
foreign occupation.

Mauritania
Independent from France in 1960, Mauritania annexed the
southern third of the former Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara) in
1976, but relinquished it after three years of raids by the
Polisario guerrilla front seeking independence for the territory.
Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA siezed power in a coup in 1984.
Opposition parties were legalized and a new constitution approved in
1991. Two multiparty presidential elections since then were widely
seen as flawed, but October 2001 legislative and municipal elections
were generally free and open. A bloodless coup in August 2005
deposed President TAYA and ushered in a military council headed by
Col. Ely Ould Mohamed VALL, which declared it would remain in power
for up to two years while it created conditions for genuine
democratic institutions. For now, however, Mauritania remains, a
one-party state. The country continues to experience ethnic tensions
between its black population and the Maur (Arab-Berber) populace.

Mauritius
Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, Mauritius was
subsequently held by the Dutch, French, and British before
independence was attained in 1968. A stable democracy with regular
free elections and a positive human rights record, the country has
attracted considerable foreign investment and has earned one of
Africa's highest per capita incomes. Recent poor weather and
declining sugar prices have slowed economic growth, leading to some
protests over standards of living in the Creole community.

Mayotte
Mayotte was ceded to France along with the other islands of
the Comoros group in 1843. It was the only island in the archipelago
that voted in 1974 to retain its link with France and forego
independence.

Mexico
The site of advanced Amerindian civilizations, Mexico came
under Spanish rule for three centuries before achieving independence
early in the 19th century. A devaluation of the peso in late 1994
threw Mexico into economic turmoil, triggering the worst recession
in over half a century. The nation continues to make an impressive
recovery. Ongoing economic and social concerns include low real
wages, underemployment for a large segment of the population,
inequitable income distribution, and few advancement opportunities
for the largely Amerindian population in the impoverished southern
states. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time since the
1910 Mexican Revolution that the opposition defeated the party in
government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Vicente FOX
of the National Action Party (PAN) was sworn in on 1 December 2000
as the first chief executive elected in free and fair elections.

Micronesia, Federated States of
In 1979 the Federated States of
Micronesia, a UN Trust Territory under US administration, adopted a
constitution. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of
Free Association with the US, which was amended and renewed in 2004.
Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and
overdependence on US aid.

Midway Islands
The US took formal possession of the islands in 1867.
The laying of the trans-Pacific cable, which passed through the
islands, brought the first residents in 1903. Between 1935 and 1947,
Midway was used as a refueling stop for trans-Pacific flights. The
US naval victory over a Japanese fleet off Midway in 1942 was one of
the turning points of World War II. The islands continued to serve
as a naval station until closed in 1993. Today the islands are a
national wildlife refuge. From 1996 to 2001 the refuge was open to
the public; it is now temporarily closed.

Moldova
Formerly part of Romania, Moldova was incorporated into the
Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from
the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan
territory east of the Dniester River supporting the Slavic majority
population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a
"Transnistria" republic. The poorest nation in Europe, Moldova
became the first former Soviet state to elect a Communist as its
president in 2001.

Monaco
Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century
with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since
then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and
gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and
recreation center.

Mongolia
The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under
Chinggis KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death
the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but
these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually
retired to their original steppe homelands and later came under
Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet
backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early
1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
(MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic
Union Coalition (DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national
election in 1996. Since then, parliamentary elections returned the
MPRP overwhelmingly to power in 2000 and produced a coalition
government in 2004.

Montserrat
Much of this island was devastated and two-thirds of the
population fled abroad because of the eruption of the Soufriere
Hills Volcano that began on 18 July 1995. Montserrat has endured
volcanic activity since, with the last eruption occurring in July
2003.

Morocco
In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North
Africa, successive Moorish dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In
the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad
AL-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a
golden age. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in
a half century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw
Morocco's sovereignty steadily eroded; in 1912, the French imposed a
protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle
with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city
of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new
country that same year. Morocco virtually annexed Western Sahara
during the late 1970s, but final resolution on the status of the
territory remains unresolved. Gradual political reforms in the 1990s
resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997.
Parliamentary elections were held for the second time in September
2002 and municipal elections were held in September 2003.

Mozambique
Almost five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a
close with independence in 1975. Large-scale emigration by whites,
economic dependence on South Africa, a severe drought, and a
prolonged civil war hindered the country's development. The ruling
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) party formally
abandoned Marxism in 1989, and a new constitution the following year
provided for multiparty elections and a free market economy. A
UN-negotiated peace agreement between FRELIMO and rebel Mozambique
National Resistance (RENAMO) forces ended the fighting in 1992. In
December 2004, Mozambique underwent a delicate transition as Joaquim
CHISSANO stepped down after 18 years in office. His newly elected
successor, Armando Emilio GUEBUZA, has promised to continue the
sound economic policies that have encouraged foreign investment.

Namibia
South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa
during World War I and administered it as a mandate until after
World War II, when it annexed the territory. In 1966 the Marxist
South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrilla group
launched a war of independence for the area that was soon named
Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end
its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire
region. Namibia won its independence in 1990 and has been governed
by SWAPO since. Hifikepunye POHAMBA was elected president in
November 2004 in a landslide victory replacing Sam NUJOMA who led
the country during its first 14 years of self rule.

Nauru
Nauru's phosphate deposits began to be mined early in the 20th
century by a German-British consortium; the island was occupied by
Australian forces in World War I. Nauru achieved independence in
1968 and joined the UN in 1999. Nauru is the world's smallest
independent republic.

Navassa Island
This uninhabited island was claimed by the US in 1857
for its guano. Mining took place between 1865 and 1898. The
lighthouse, built in 1917, was shut down in 1996 and administration
of Navassa Island transferred from the Coast Guard to the Department
of the Interior. A 1998 scientific expedition to the island
described it as a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity; the
following year it became a National Wildlife Refuge and annual
scientific expeditions have continued.

Nepal
In 1951, the Nepalese monarch ended the century-old system of
rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of
government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy
within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. A Maoist
insurgency, launched in 1996, has gained traction and is threatening
to bring down the regime, especially after a negotiated cease-fire
between the Maoists and government forces broke down in August 2003.
In 2001, the crown prince massacred ten members of the royal family,
including the king and queen, and then took his own life. In October
2002, the new king dismissed the prime minister and his cabinet for
"incompetence" after they dissolved the parliament and were
subsequently unable to hold elections because of the ongoing
insurgency. While stopping short of reestablishing parliament, the
king in June 2004 reinstated the most recently elected prime
minister who formed a four-party coalition government, which the
king subsequently tasked with paving the way for elections to be
held in spring of 2005. Citing dissatisfaction with the government's
lack of progress in addressing the Maoist insurgency, the king in
February 2005 dissolved the government and assumed power.

Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed in 1815. In
1830 Belgium seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The Netherlands
remained neutral in World War I, but suffered invasion and
occupation by Germany in World War II. A modern, industrialized
nation, the Netherlands is also a large exporter of agricultural
products. The country was a founding member of NATO and the EEC (now
the EU), and participated in the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Netherlands Antilles
Once the center of the Caribbean slave trade,
the island of Curacao was hard hit by the abolition of slavery in
1863. Its prosperity (and that of neighboring Aruba) was restored in
the early 20th century with the construction of oil refineries to
service the newly discovered Venezuelan oil fields. The island of
Saint Martin is shared with France; its southern portion is named
Sint Maarten and is part of the Netherlands Antilles; its northern
portion is called Saint-Martin and is part of Guadeloupe (France).

New Caledonia
Settled by both Britain and France during the first
half of the 19th century, the island was made a French possession in
1853. It served as a penal colony for four decades after 1864.
Agitation for independence during the 1980s and early 1990s has
dissipated.

New Zealand
The Polynesian Maori reached New Zealand in about A.D.
800. In 1840, their chieftains entered into a compact with Britain,
the Treaty of Waitangi, in which they ceded sovereignty to Queen
Victoria while retaining territorial rights. In that same year, the
British began the first organized colonial settlement. A series of
land wars between 1843 and 1872 ended with the defeat of the native
peoples. The British colony of New Zealand became an independent
dominion in 1907 and supported the UK militarily in both World Wars.
New Zealand's full participation in a number of defense alliances
lapsed by the 1980s. In recent years, the government has sought to
address longstanding Maori grievances.

Nicaragua
The Pacific Coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish
colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from
Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent
republic in 1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first
half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region
in subsequent decades. Violent opposition to governmental
manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and
resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist
Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist
rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista
contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. Free elections in 1990,
1996, and again in 2001 saw the Sandinistas defeated. The country
has slowly rebuilt its economy during the 1990s, but was hard hit by
Hurricane Mitch in 1998.

Niger
Not until 1993, 33 years after independence from France, did
Niger hold its first free and open elections. A 1995 peace accord
ended a five-year Tuareg insurgency in the north. Coups in 1996 and
1999 were followed by the creation of a National Reconciliation
Council that effected a transition to civilian rule by December
1999. Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world with
minimal government services and insufficient funds to develop its
resource base. The largely agrarian and subsistence-based economy is
frequently disrupted by extended droughts common to the Sahel region
of Africa.

Nigeria
Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new
constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to
civilian government was completed. The president faces the daunting
task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have
been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and
institutionalizing democracy. In addition, the OBASANJO
administration must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious
tensions, if it is to build a sound foundation for economic growth
and political stability. Despite some irregularities, the April 2003
elections marked the first civilian transfer of power in Nigeria's
history.

Niue
Niue's remoteness, as well as cultural and linguistic
differences between its Polynesian inhabitants and those of the rest
of the Cook Islands, have caused it to be separately administered.
The population of the island continues to drop (from a peak of 5,200
in 1966 to about 2,150 in 2005), with substantial emigration to New
Zealand, 2,400 km to the southwest.

Norfolk Island
Two British attempts at establishing the island as a
penal colony (1788-1814 and 1825-55) were ultimately abandoned. In
1856, the island was resettled by Pitcairn Islanders, descendants of
the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian companions.

Northern Mariana Islands
Under US administration as part of the UN
Trust Territory of the Pacific, the people of the Northern Mariana
Islands decided in the 1970s not to seek independence but instead to
forge closer links with the US. Negotiations for territorial status
began in 1972. A covenant to establish a commonwealth in political
union with the US was approved in 1975. A new government and
constitution went into effect in 1978.

Norway
Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off
following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in
994. Conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next
several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with
Denmark that was to last for more than four centuries. In 1814,
Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and
adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to
let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union
under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century
led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although
Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to
its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of
World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi
Germany (1940-45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway
became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters
in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. The current
focus is on containing spending on the extensive welfare system and
planning for the time when petroleum reserves are depleted. In
referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU.

Oman
In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said ousted his father and has
ruled as sultan ever since. His extensive modernization program has
opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a
long-standing political and military relationship with the UK.
Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain
good relations with all Middle Eastern countries.

Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's five
oceans (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern
Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). Strategically important access waterways
include the La Perouse, Tsugaru, Tsushima, Taiwan, Singapore, and
Torres Straits. The decision by the International Hydrographic
Organization in the spring of 2000 to delimit a fifth ocean, the
Southern Ocean, removed the portion of the Pacific Ocean south of 60
degrees south.

Pakistan
The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim
state of Pakistan (with two sections West and East) and largely
Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and
Pakistan have fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the
disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in
1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of
Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming
the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear
weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. The
dispute over the state of Kashmir is ongoing, but recent discussions
and confidence-building measures may be a start toward lessened
tensions.

Palau
After three decades as part of the UN Trust Territory of the
Pacific under US administration, this westernmost cluster of the
Caroline Islands opted for independence in 1978 rather than join the
Federated States of Micronesia. A Compact of Free Association with
the US was approved in 1986, but not ratified until 1993. It entered
into force the following year, when the islands gained independence.

Palmyra Atoll
The Kingdom of Hawaii claimed the atoll in 1862, and
the US included it among the Hawaiian Islands when it annexed the
archipelago in 1898. The Hawaii Statehood Act of 1959 did not
include Palmyra Atoll, which is now privately owned by the Nature
Conservancy. This organization is managing the atoll as a nature
preserve. The lagoons and surrounding waters within the 12 nautical
mile US territorial seas were transferred to the US Fish and
Wildlife Service and were designated a National Wildlife Refuge in
January 2001.

Panama
With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and
promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction
of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of
the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by
the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. On 7 September
1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal
from the US to Panama by the end of 1999. Certain portions of the
Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over
in the intervening years. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was
deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the
Canal, and remaining US military bases were turned over to Panama by
or on 31 December 1999.

Papua New Guinea
The eastern half of the island of New Guinea -
second largest in the world - was divided between Germany (north)
and the UK (south) in 1885. The latter area was transferred to
Australia in 1902, which occupied the northern portion during World
War I and continued to administer the combined areas until
independence in 1975. A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island
of Bougainville ended in 1997 after claiming some 20,000 lives.

Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands are surrounded by productive
fishing grounds and by potential oil and gas reserves. In 1932,
French Indochina annexed the islands and set up a weather station on
Pattle Island; maintenance was continued by its successor, Vietnam.
China has occupied the Paracel Islands since 1974, when its troops
seized a South Vietnamese garrison occupying the western islands.
The islands are claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.

Paraguay
In the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance (1865-70),
Paraguay lost two-thirds of all adult males and much of its
territory. It stagnated economically for the next half century. In
the Chaco War of 1932-35, large, economically important areas were
won from Bolivia. The 35-year military dictatorship of Alfredo
STROESSNER was overthrown in 1989, and, despite a marked increase in
political infighting in recent years, relatively free and regular
presidential elections have been held since then.

Peru
Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean
civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was
captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence
was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824.
After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic
leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth
of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in
1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the
economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity.
Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian
measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting
dissatisfaction with his regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third
term in the spring of 2000, but international pressure and
corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in November of
that year. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the
spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of
government; his presidency has been hampered by allegations of
corruption.

Philippines
The Philippine Islands became a Spanish colony during
the 16th century; they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the
Spanish-American War. In 1935 the Philippines became a
self-governing commonwealth. Manuel QUEZON was elected President and
was tasked with preparing the country for independence after a
10-year transition. In 1942 the islands fell under Japanese
occupation during WWII, and US forces and Filipinos fought together
during 1944-45 to regain control. On 4 July 1946 the Philippines
attained their independence. The 21-year rule of Ferdinand MARCOS
ended in 1986, when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into
exile and installed Corazon AQUINO as president. Her presidency was
hampered by several coup attempts, which prevented a return to full
political stability and economic development. Fidel RAMOS was
elected president in 1992 and his administration was marked by
greater stability and progress on economic reforms. In 1992, the US
closed its last military bases on the islands. Joseph ESTRADA was
elected president in 1998, but was succeeded by his vice-president,
Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, in January 2001 after ESTRADA's stormy
impeachment trial on corruption charges broke down and widespread
demonstrations led to his ouster. MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was elected to a
six-year term in May 2004. The Philippine Government faces threats
from armed communist insurgencies and from Muslim separatists in the
south.

Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn Island was discovered in 1767 by the
British and settled in 1790 by the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian companions. Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become
a British colony (in 1838) and today remains the last vestige of
that empire in the South Pacific. Outmigration, primarily to New
Zealand, has thinned the population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to
less than 50 today.

Poland
Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived near the
middle of the 10th century. Its golden age occurred in the 16th
century. During the following century, the strengthening of the
gentry and internal disorders weakened the nation. In a series of
agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria
partitioned Poland amongst themselves. Poland regained its
independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet
Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following
the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and
progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the
independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a
political force and by 1990 had swept parliamentary elections and
the presidency. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s
enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most
robust in Central Europe, but Poland currently suffers low GDP
growth and high unemployment. Solidarity suffered a major defeat in
the 2001 parliamentary elections when it failed to elect a single
deputy to the lower house of Parliament, and the new leaders of the
Solidarity Trade Union subsequently pledged to reduce the Trade
Union's political role. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European
Union in 2004.

Portugal
Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and
16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the
destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the
Napoleonic Wars, and the independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony.
A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of the next six
decades, repressive governments ran the country. In 1974, a
left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms. The
following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its African
colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered the EC
(now the EU) in 1986.

Puerto Rico
Populated for centuries by aboriginal peoples, the
island was claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1493 following Columbus'
second voyage to the Americas. In 1898, after 400 years of colonial
rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and
African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the US as a
result of the Spanish-American War. Puerto Ricans were granted US
citizenship in 1917. Popularly-elected governors have served since
1948. In 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal
self government. In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters
chose to retain commonwealth status.

Qatar
Ruled by the Al Thani family since the mid-1800s, Qatar
transformed itself from a poor British protectorate noted mainly for
pearling into an independent state with significant oil and natural
gas revenues. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Qatari
economy was crippled by a continuous siphoning off of petroleum
revenues by the amir, who had ruled the country since 1972. His son,
the current Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, overthrew him in a
bloodless coup in 1995. In 2001, Qatar resolved its longstanding
border disputes with both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Oil and natural
gas revenues enable Qatar to have one of the highest per capita
incomes in the world.

Reunion
The Portuguese discovered the uninhabited island in 1513.
From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration,
supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Malabar
Indians, gave the island its ethnic mix. The opening of the Suez
Canal in 1869 cost the island its importance as a stopover on the
East Indies trade route.

Romania
The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries
under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their
autonomy in 1856; they united in 1859 and a few years later adopted
the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its
independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and
acquired new territories following the conflict. In 1940, it allied
with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of
the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed
an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of
a Communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the
king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took
power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly
oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown
and executed in late 1989. Former Communists dominated the
government until 1996, when they were swept from power by a
fractious coalition of centrist parties. In 2000, the center-left
Social Democratic Party (PSD) became Romania's leading party,
governing with the support of the Democratic Union of Hungarians in
Romania (UDMR). The opposition center-right alliance formed by the
National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Democratic Party (PD) scored a
surprise victory over the ruling PSD in December 2004 presidential
elections. The PNL-PD alliance maintains a parliamentary majority
with the support of the UDMR, the Humanist Party (PUR), and various
ethnic minority groups. Although Romania completed accession talks
with the European Union (EU) in December 2004, it must continue to
address rampant corruption - while invigorating lagging economic and
democratic reforms - before it can achieve its hope of joining the
EU, tentatively set for 2007. Romania joined NATO in March of 2004.

Russia
Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was
able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th
centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding
principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty
continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific.
Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic
Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th
century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia.
Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led
to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and
to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists
under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR.
The brutal rule of Josef STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Russian
dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of
lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following
decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91)
introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an
attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently
released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15
independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its
efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to
replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the
Communist period. While some progress has been made on the economic
front, recent years have seen a recentralization of power under
Vladimir PUTIN and an erosion in nascent democratic institutions. A
determined guerrilla conflict still plagues Russia in Chechnya.

Rwanda
In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the
majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king.
Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and
some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The
children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan
Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along
with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic
tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly
800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the
Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2
million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to
neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and the former Zaire. Since
then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but about 10,000
that remain in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo have
formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the
RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and
political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in
March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative
elections in August and September 2003, respectively - the country
continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output,
and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived
Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and
intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across
the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in
the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder
Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.

Saint Helena
Uninhabited when first discovered by the Portuguese in
1502, Saint Helena was garrisoned by the British during the 17th
century. It acquired fame as the place of Napoleon BONAPARTE's
exile, from 1815 until his death in 1821, but its importance as a
port of call declined after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.
Ascension Island is the site of a US Air Force auxiliary airfield;
Gough Island has a meteorological station.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
First settled by the British in 1623, the
islands became an associated state with full internal autonomy in
1967. The island of Anguilla rebelled and was allowed to secede in
1971. Saint Kitts and Nevis achieved independence in 1983. In 1998,
a vote in Nevis on a referendum to separate from Saint Kitts fell
short of the two-thirds majority needed. Nevis is once more trying
to separate from the Saint Kitts.

Saint Lucia
The island, with its fine natural harbor at Castries,
was contested between England and France throughout the 17th and
early 18th centuries (changing possession 14 times); it was finally
ceded to the UK in 1814. Self-government was granted in 1967 and
independence in 1979.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
First settled by the French in the early
17th century, the islands represent the sole remaining vestige of
France's once vast North American possessions.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Disputed between France and the
United Kingdom in the 18th century, Saint Vincent was ceded to the
latter in 1783. Autonomy was granted in 1969 and independence in
1979.

Samoa
New Zealand occupied the German protectorate of Western Samoa
at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It continued to administer
the islands as a mandate and then as a trust territory until 1962,
when the islands became the first Polynesian nation to reestablish
independence in the 20th century. The country dropped the "Western"
from its name in 1997.

San Marino
The third smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See
and Monaco) also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According
to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named Marino
in 301 A.D. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of
Italy. Social and political trends in the republic also track
closely with those of its larger neighbor.

Sao Tome and Principe
Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late
15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee
and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with plantation slave
labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. Although
independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not
instituted until the late 1980s. Though the first free elections
were held in 1991, the political environment has been one of
continued instability with frequent changes in leadership and coup
attempts in 1995 and 2003. The recent discovery of oil in the Gulf
of Guinea is likely to have a significant impact on the country's
economy.

Saudi Arabia
In 1902, ABD AL-AZIZ bin Abd al-Rahman Al Saud captured
Riyadh and set out on a 30-year campaign to unify the Arabian
Peninsula. A son of ABD AL-AZIZ rules the country today, and the
country's Basic Law stipulates that the throne shall remain in the
hands of the aging sons and grandsons of the kingdom's founder.
Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted
the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western
and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait
the following year. The continuing presence of foreign troops on
Saudi soil after Operation Desert Storm remained a source of tension
between the royal family and the public until the US military's
near-complete withdrawal to neighboring Qatar in 2003. The first
major terrorist attacks in Saudi Arabia in several years, which
occurred in May and November 2003, prompted renewed efforts on the
part of the Saudi government to counter domestic terrorism and
extremism, which also coincided with a slight upsurge in media
freedom and announcement of government plans to phase in partial
political representation. A burgeoning population, aquifer
depletion, and an economy largely dependent on petroleum output and
prices are all ongoing governmental concerns.

Senegal
Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The
Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982.
However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never
carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace
talks, a southern separatist group sporadically has clashed with
government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of
participating in international peacekeeping.

Serbia and Montenegro
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was
formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929.
Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by various
paramilitary bands that fought each other as well as the invaders.
The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German
expulsion in 1945. Although Communist, his new government and its
successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between
the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half
decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel
along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and
Herzegovina were recognized as independent states in 1992. The
remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in April 1992 and, under President
Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military intervention efforts
to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater
Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful and led
to Yugoslavia being ousted from the UN in 1992. In 1998-99, massive
expulsions by FRY forces and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians
living in Kosovo provoked an international response, including the
NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of a NATO-led force
(KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall of 2000, brought
about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as
president. The arrest of MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his
subsequent transfer to the International Criminal Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against
humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN was lifted,
and it was once more accepted into UN organizations under the name
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by
the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June
1999, under the authority of UN Security Council Resolution 1244,
pending a determination by the international community of its future
status. In 2002, the Serbian and Montenegrin components of
Yugoslavia began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These
talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers restructured
the country into a loose federation of two republics called Serbia
and Montenegro. The Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro
includes a provision that allows either republic to hold a
referendum after three years that would allow for their independence
from the state union.

Seychelles
A lengthy struggle between France and Great Britain for
the islands ended in 1814, when they were ceded to the latter.
Independence came in 1976. Socialist rule was brought to a close
with a new constitution and free elections in 1993. The most recent
presidential elections were held in 2001; President RENE, who had
served since 1977, was re-elected. In April 2004 RENE stepped down
and Vice President James MICHEL was sworn in as president.

Sierra Leone
The 1991 to 2002 civil war between the government and
the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) resulted in tens of thousands
of deaths and the displacement of more than 2 million people (about
one-third of the population), many of whom are now refugees in
neighboring countries. With the support of the UN peacekeeping force
and contributions from the World Bank and international community,
demobilization and disarmament of the RUF and Civil Defense Forces
(CDF) combatants has been completed. National elections were held in
May 2002 and the government continues to slowly reestablish its
authority. However, the gradual withdrawal of most UN Mission in
Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) peacekeepers in 2004 and early 2005,
deteriorating political and economic conditions in Guinea, and the
tenuous security situation in neighboring Liberia may present
challenges to the continuation of Sierra Leone's stability.

Singapore
Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819.
It joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963 but separated two years
later and became independent. It subsequently became one of the
world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading
links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage
handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading
nations of Western Europe.

Slovakia
In 1918 the Slovaks joined the closely related Czechs to
form Czechoslovakia. Following the chaos of World War II,
Czechoslovakia became a Communist nation within Soviet-ruled Eastern
Europe. Soviet influence collapsed in 1989 and Czechoslovakia once
more became free. The Slovaks and the Czechs agreed to separate
peacefully on 1 January 1993. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU
in the spring of 2004.

Slovenia
The Slovene lands were part of the Holy Roman Empire and
Austria until 1918 when the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in
forming a new multinational state, renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After
World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed Yugoslavia,
which though Communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule.
Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the
Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after
a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong
economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's
transformation to a modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and
the EU in the spring of 2004.

Solomon Islands
The UK established a protectorate over the Solomon
Islands in the 1890s. Some of the bitterest fighting of World War II
occurred on these islands. Self-government was achieved in 1976 and
independence two years later. Ethnic violence, government
malfeasance, and endemic crime have undermined stability and civil
society. In June 2003, Prime Minister Sir Allen KEMAKEZA sought the
assistance of Australia in reestablishing law and order; the
following month, an Australian-led multinational force arrived to
restore peace and disarm ethnic militias. The Regional Assistance
Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) has been very effective in
restoring law and order and rebuilding government institutions.

Somalia
The regime of Mohamed SIAD Barre was ousted in January 1991;
turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy have followed in the years
since. In May of 1991, northern clans declared an independent
Republic of Somaliland that now includes the administrative regions
of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not
recognized by any government, this entity has maintained a stable
existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of a ruling clan and
economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and
American military assistance programs. The regions of Bari and
Nugaal and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring self-declared
autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since
1998, but does not aim at independence; it has also made strides
towards reconstructing a legitimate, representative government, but
has suffered some civil strife. Puntland disputes its border with
Somaliland as it also claims portions of eastern Sool and Sanaag.
Beginning in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in
the south) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN
withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order
still had not been restored. The mandate of the Transitional
National Government (TNG), created in August 2000 in Arta, Djibouti,
expired in August 2003. New Somali President Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed
has formed a new Transitional Federal Government (TFG) consisting of
a 275-member parliament. It was established in October 2004 to
replace the TNG but has not yet moved to Mogadishu. Discussions
regarding the establishment of a new government in Mogadishu are
ongoing in Kenya. Numerous warlords and factions are still fighting
for control of the capital city as well as for other southern
regions. Suspicion of Somali links with global terrorism further
complicates the picture.

South Africa
After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in
1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found
their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold
(1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the
subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British
encroachments, but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). The
resulting Union of South Africa operated under a policy of apartheid
- the separate development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to
apartheid politically and ushered in black majority rule.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
The islands lie
approximately 1,000 km east of the Falkland Islands and have been
under British administration since 1908, except for a brief period
in 1982 when Argentina occupied them. Grytviken, on South Georgia,
was a 19th and early 20th century whaling station. Famed explorer
Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated
attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. He returned some 20 months
later with a few companions in a small boat and arranged a
successful rescue for the rest of his crew, stranded off the
Antarctic Peninsula. He died in 1922 on a subsequent expedition and
is buried in Grytviken. Today, the station houses scientists from
the British Antarctic Survey. The islands have large bird and seal
populations, and, recognizing the importance of preserving the
marine stocks in adjacent waters, the UK, in 1993, extended the
exclusive fishing zone from 12 nm to 200 nm around each island.

Southern Ocean
A decision by the International Hydrographic
Organization in the spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean -
the Southern Ocean - from the southern portions of the Atlantic
Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The Southern Ocean extends
from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude,
which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Southern Ocean
is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans (after the
Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean, but larger than the
Arctic Ocean).

Spain
Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries
ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent
failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused
the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic
and political power. Spain remained neutral in World Wars I and II,
but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). In the
second half of the 20th century, Spain has played a catch-up role in
the western international community; it joined the EU in 1986.
Continuing challenges include Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA)
terrorism and further reductions in unemployment.

Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small
islands or reefs. They are surrounded by rich fishing grounds and
potentially by gas and oil deposits. They are claimed in their
entirety by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam, while portions are claimed
by Malaysia and the Philippines. About 45 islands are occupied by
relatively small numbers of military forces from China, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Brunei has established a
fishing zone that overlaps a southern reef, but has not made any
formal claim.

Sri Lanka
The Sinhalese arrived in Sri Lanka late in the 6th century
B.C., probably from northern India. Buddhism was introduced
beginning in about the mid-third century B.C., and a great
civilization developed at the cities of Anuradhapura (kingdom from
circa 200 B.C. to circa A.D. 1000) and Polonnaruwa (from about 1070
to 1200). In the 14th century, a south Indian dynasty seized power
in the north and established a Tamil kingdom. Occupied by the
Portuguese in the 16th century and by the Dutch in the 17th century,
the island was ceded to the British in 1796, became a crown colony
in 1802, and was united under British rule by 1815. As Ceylon, it
became independent in 1948; its name was changed to Sri Lanka in
1972. Tensions between the Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists
erupted into war in 1983. Tens of thousands have died in an ethnic
conflict that continues to fester. After two decades of fighting,
the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam formalized a
cease-fire in February 2002, with Norway brokering peace
negotiations.

Sudan
Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have
dominated national politics since independence from the UK in 1956.
Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the
remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in
northern economic, political, and social domination of non-Muslim,
non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972, but
broke out again in 1983. The second war and famine-related effects
resulted in more than 2 million deaths and over 4 million people
displaced over a period of two decades. Peace talks gained momentum
in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords; a final Naivasha
peace treaty of January 2005 granted the southern rebels autonomy
for six years, after which a referendum for independence is
scheduled to be held. A separate conflict that broke out in the
western region of Darfur in 2003 resulted in tens of thousands of
deaths and over 1 million displaced, but by early 2005, peackeeping
troops had stabilized the situation.

Suriname
Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five
years later the civilian government was replaced by a military
regime that soon declared a socialist republic. It continued to rule
through a succession of nominally civilian administrations until
1987, when international pressure finally forced a democratic
election. In 1989, the military overthrew the civilian government,
but a democratically-elected government returned to power in 1991.

Svalbard
First discovered by the Norwegians in the 12th century, the
islands served as an international whaling base during the 17th and
18th centuries. Norway's sovereignty was recognized in 1920; five
years later it officially took over the territory.

Swaziland
Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed
by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted in
1968. Student and labor unrest during the 1990s pressured the
monarchy (one of the oldest on the continent) to grudgingly allow
political reform and greater democracy. Swaziland recently surpassed
Botswana as the country with the world's highest known rates of
HIV/AIDS infection

Sweden
A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not
participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality
was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic
formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare
elements was challenged in the 1990s by high unemployment and in
2000-02 by the global economic downturn, but fiscal discipline over
the past several years has allowed the country to weather economic
vagaries. Indecision over the country's role in the political and
economic integration of Europe delayed Sweden's entry into the EU
until 1995, and waived the introduction of the euro in 1999.

Switzerland
The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 as a
defensive alliance among three cantons. In succeeding years, other
localities joined the original three. The Swiss Confederation
secured its independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499.
Switzerland's sovreignty and neutrality have long been honored by
the major European powers, and the country was not involved in
either of the two World Wars. The political and economic integration
of Europe over the past half century, as well as Switzerland's role
in many UN and international organizations, has strengthened
Switzerland's ties with its neighbors. However, the country did not
officially become a UN member until 2002. Switzerland remains active
in many UN and international organizations, but retains a strong
commitment to neutrality.

Syria
Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War
I, Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946.
In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to
Israel. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an
ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April of 2005. Over
the past decade, Syria and Israel have held occasional peace talks
over the return of the Golan Heights.

Taiwan
In 1895, military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to
Japan. Taiwan reverted to Chinese control after World War II.
Following the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million
Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the
1946 constitution drawn up for all of China. Over the next five
decades, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and
incorporated the native population within the governing structure.
In 2000, Taiwan underwent its first peaceful transfer of power from
the Nationalist to the Democratic Progressive Party. Throughout this
period, the island prospered and became one of East Asia's economic
"Tigers." The dominant political issues continue to be the
relationship between Taiwan and China - specifically the question of
eventual unification - as well as domestic political and economic
reform.

Tajikistan
The Tajik people came under Russian rule in the 1860s and
1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the
Revolution of 1917. Bolshevik control of the area was fiercely
contested and not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan became
independent in 1991 following the breakup of the Soviet Union and
has now completed its transition from the civil war that plagued the
country from 1992 to 1997. There have been no major security
incidents in recent years, although the country remains the poorest
in the region. Attention by the international community in the wake
of the war in Afghanistan has brought increased economic development
assistance, which could create jobs and increase stability in the
long term. Tajikistan is in the early stages of seeking World Trade
Organization membership and has joined NATO's Partnership for Peace.

Tanzania
Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged
to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an
end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country
since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and popular
opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995, which
the ruling party won despite international observers' claims of
voting irregularities.

Thailand
A unified Thai kingdom was established in the mid-14th
century. Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast
Asian country never to have been taken over by a European power. A
bloodless revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy. In
alliance with Japan during World War II, Thailand became a US ally
following the conflict. Thailand is currently facing armed violence
in its three Muslim-majority southernmost provinces.

Togo
French Togoland became Togo in 1960. Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA,
installed as military ruler in 1967, continued to rule well into the
21st century. Despite the facade of multiparty elections instituted
in the early 1990s, the government continued to be dominated by
President EYADEMA, whose Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) party
maintained power almost continually since 1967. Togo has come under
fire from international organizations for human rights abuses and is
plagued by political unrest. While most bilateral and multilateral
aid to Togo remains frozen, the European Union initiated a partial
resumption of cooperation and development aid to Togo in late 2004.
Upon his death in February 2005, President EYADEMA was succeeded by
his son Faure GNASSINGBE. The succession, supported by the military
and in contravention of the nation's constitution, was challenged by
popular protest and a threat of sanctions from regional leaders.
GNASSINGBE succumbed to pressure and agreed to hold elections in
late April 2005.

Tokelau
Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding
island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate
in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925.

Tonga
The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a
Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in
1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its
independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of
Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.

Trinidad and Tobago
The islands came under British control in the
19th century; independence was granted in 1962. The country is one
of the most prosperous in the Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum
and natural gas production and processing. Tourism, mostly in
Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is growing.

Tromelin Island
First explored by the French in 1776, the island
came under the jurisdiction of Reunion in 1814. At present, it
serves as a sea turtle sanctuary and is the site of an important
meteorological station.

Tunisia
Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib
BOURGUIBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the
country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and
establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In
recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in
its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising
pressure for a more open political society.

Turkey
Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants
of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who
was later honored with the title Ataturk, or "Father of the Turks."
Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging
social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party
rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950
election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful
transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have
multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of
instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980),
which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political
power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the
ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then
Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus
in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since
acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus,"
which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984
by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's
Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the
Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives, but
after the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents
largely withdrew from Turkey, mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK
announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK
increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a
member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the
European Community; over the past decade, it has undertaken many
reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy, enabling it to
begin accession membership talks with the European Union.

Turkmenistan
Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan
became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved its independence upon
the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains
absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated.
Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to
this underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were
to be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to
develop alternative petroleum transportation routes in order to
break Russia's pipeline monopoly.

Turks and Caicos Islands
The islands were part of the UK's Jamaican
colony until 1962, when they assumed the status of a separate crown
colony upon Jamaica's independence. The governor of The Bahamas
oversaw affairs from 1965 to 1973. With Bahamian independence, the
islands received a separate governor in 1973. Although independence
was agreed upon for 1982, the policy was reversed and the islands
remain a British overseas territory.

Tuvalu
In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the
Gilbert and Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice
Islands to vote for separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert
Islands. The following year, the Ellice Islands became the separate
British colony of Tuvalu. Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000,
Tuvalu negotiated a contract leasing its Internet domain name ".tv"
for $50 million in royalties over the next dozen years.

Uganda
Uganda achieved independence from the UK in 1962. The
dictatorial regime of Idi AMIN (1971-79) was responsible for the
deaths of some 300,000 opponents; guerrilla war and human rights
abuses under Milton OBOTE (1980-85) claimed at least another 100,000
lives. During the 1990s, the government promulgated non-party
presidential and legislative elections.

Ukraine
Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan
Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and
most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and
Mongol invasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The cultural and religious legacy of Kievan Rus laid the foundation
for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new
Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the
mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite
continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain
autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the
18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by
the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in
1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period of
independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and forced to endure a
brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22
and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German
and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more
deaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991
with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy remained elusive as the
legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at
economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A peaceful mass
protest "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced the
authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow
a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a
reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. The new government presents
its citizens with hope that the country may at last attain true
freedom and prosperity.

United Arab Emirates
The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf coast
granted the UK control of their defense and foreign affairs in 19th
century treaties. In 1971, six of these states - Abu Zaby, 'Ajman,
Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, and Umm al Qaywayn - merged to
form the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They were joined in 1972 by
Ra's al Khaymah. The UAE's per capita GDP is on par with those of
leading West European nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and
its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed the UAE to play a
vital role in the affairs of the region.

United Kingdom
Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime
power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing
parliamentary democracy and in advancing literature and science. At
its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one-fourth of the
earth's surface. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's
strength seriously depleted in two World Wars. The second half
witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself
into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of five
permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of
NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to
foreign policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its
integration with continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to
remain outside the Economic and Monetary Union for the time being.
Constitutional reform is also a significant issue in the UK. The
Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the
Northern Ireland Assembly were established in 1999, but the latter
is suspended due to bickering over the peace process.

United States
Britain's American colonies broke with the mother
country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United
States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the
19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13
as the nation expanded across the North American continent and
acquired a number of overseas possessions. The two most traumatic
experiences in the nation's history were the Civil War (1861-65) and
the Great Depression of the 1930s. Buoyed by victories in World Wars
I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the US remains the
world's most powerful nation state. The economy is marked by steady
growth, low unemployment and inflation, and rapid advances in
technology.

Uruguay
Montevideo, founded by the Spanish in 1726 as a military
stronghold, soon took advantage of its natural harbor to became an
important commercial center. Annexed by Brazil as a separate
province in 1821, Uruguay declared its independence four years later
and secured its freedom in 1828 after a three-year struggle. The
administrations of President BATLLE in the early 20th century
established widespread political, social, and economic reforms. A
violent Marxist urban guerrilla movement, the Tupamaros, launched in
the late 1960s, led Uruguay's president to agree to military control
of his administration in 1973. By yearend, the rebels had been
crushed, but the military continued to expand its hold throughout
the government. Civilian rule was not restored until 1985. Uruguay's
political and labor conditions are among the freest on the continent.

Uzbekistan
Russia conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century.
Stiff resistance to the Red Army after World War I was eventually
suppressed and a socialist republic set up in 1924. During the
Soviet era, intensive production of "white gold" (cotton) and grain
led to overuse of agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies,
which have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain
rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country seeks to
gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture while developing its
mineral and petroleum reserves. Current concerns include terrorism
by Islamic militants, economic stagnation, and the curtailment of
human rights and democratization.

Vanuatu
The British and French, who settled the New Hebrides in the
19th century, agreed in 1906 to an Anglo-French Condominium, which
administered the islands until independence in 1980.

Venezuela
Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the
collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Colombia and
Ecuador). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela
was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted
the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically
elected governments have held sway since 1959. Current concerns
include: a polarized political environment, a politicized military,
drug-related violence along the Colombian border, increasing
internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry
with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations
that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.

Vietnam
The conquest of Vietnam by France began in 1858 and was
completed by 1884. It became part of French Indochina in 1887.
Independence was declared after World War II, but the French
continued to rule until 1954 when they were defeated by Communist
forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took control of the North. US economic
and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an
attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were
withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later,
North Vietnamese forces overran the South. Despite the return of
peace, for over two decades the country experienced little economic
growth because of conservative leadership policies. Since 2001,
Vietnamese authorities have committed to economic liberalization and
enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to
produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The country
continues to experience protests from the Montagnard ethnic minority
population of the Central Highlands over loss of land to Vietnamese
settlers and religious persecution.

Virgin Islands During the 17th century, the archipelago was divided into two territorial units, one English and the other Danish. Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1917, the US purchased the Danish portion, which had been in economic decline since the abolition of slavery in 1848.

Wake Island
The US annexed Wake Island in 1899 for a cable station.
An important air and naval base was constructed in 1940-41. In
December 1941, the island was captured by the Japanese and held
until the end of World War II. In subsequent years, Wake was
developed as a stopover and refueling site for military and
commercial aircraft transiting the Pacific. Since 1974, the island's
airstrip has been used by the US military and some commercial cargo
planes, as well as for emergency landings. There are over 700
landings a year on the island.

Wallis and Futuna
Although discovered by the Dutch and the British
in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was the French who declared a
protectorate over the islands in 1842. In 1959, the inhabitants of
the islands voted to become a French overseas territory.

West Bank
The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim
Self-Government Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13
September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding
five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip
and the West Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain
powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which
includes the Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January
1996, as part of the interim self-governing arrangements in the West
Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for
the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4
May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and
in additional areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28
September 1995 Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997
Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23
October 1998 Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm
el-Sheikh Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain
responsibility during the transitional period for external and
internal security and for public order of settlements and Israeli
citizens. Direct negotiations to determine the permanent status of
Gaza and West Bank that began in September 1999 after a three-year
hiatus, were derailed by a second intifadah that broke out in
September 2000. The resulting widespread violence in the West Bank
and Gaza Strip, Israel's military response, and instability within
the Palestinian Authority continue to undermine progress toward a
permanent agreement. Following the death of longtime Palestinian
leader Yasir ARAFAT in November 2004, the election of his successor
Mahmud ABBAS in January 2005 could bring a turning point in the
conflict.

Western Sahara
Morocco virtually annexed the northern two-thirds of
Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and the rest of
the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal. A
guerrilla war with the Polisario Front contesting Rabat's
sovereignty ended in a 1991 UN-brokered cease-fire; a UN-organized
referendum on final status has been repeatedly postponed.

World
Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating
world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of
vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology,
from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to
the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western
alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living
standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased
concerns about the environment, including loss of forests, shortages
of energy and water, the decline in biological diversity, and air
pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate
emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's
population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820, to 2
billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in
1988, and 6 billion in 2000. For the 21st century, the continued
exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes
(e.g., advances in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even
more lethal weapons of war).

Yemen
North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918.
The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern
port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became
South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a
Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of
Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of
hostility between the states. The two countries were formally
unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist
movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and
Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.

Zambia
The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the
South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in
1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred
development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon
independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper
prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991
brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996
saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001
was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a
legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate
Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched a far-reaching
anti-corruption campaign in 2002, which resulted in the prosecution
of former President Frederick CHILUBA and many of his supporters in
late 2003. Opposition parties currently hold a majority of seats in
the National Assembly.

Zimbabwe
The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa
Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored
whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its
independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more
complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country
(then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising
finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe)
in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been
the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated
the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land
redistribution campaign begun in 2000 caused an exodus of white
farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages
of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation, MUGABE
rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his reelection.
Opposition and labor groups launched general strikes in 2003 to
pressure MUGABE to retire early; security forces continued their
brutal repression of regime opponents.

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2030 Airports - with paved runways

Afghanistan total: 10 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Albania total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Algeria
total: 52
over 3,047 m: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 27
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

American Samoa
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Angola
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Anguilla total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Argentina total: 144 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 26 1,524 to 2,437 m: 62 914 to 1,523 m: 44 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Armenia
total: 11
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Aruba total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Australia
total: 305
over 3,047 m: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 131
914 to 1,523 m: 139
under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Austria
total: 24
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
total: 27
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
total: 29
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bahrain total: 3 over 3,047 m: 2 1524 to 2437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bangladesh total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Barbados total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Belarus
total: 50
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 22
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Belgium
total: 25
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Belize
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Benin
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bermuda
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bhutan
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bolivia
total: 16
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Botswana
total: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Brazil
total: 698
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 23
1,524 to 2,437 m: 158
914 to 1,523 m: 461
under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Brunei total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
total: 128
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 19
1,524 to 2,437 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 92 (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Burma
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Burundi total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Cambodia total: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Cameroon
total: 11
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Canada
total: 503
over 3,047 m: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
1,524 to 2,437 m: 150
914 to 1,523 m: 245
under 914 m: 75 (2004 est.)

Cape Verde total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Central African Republic total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Chad
total: 7
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Chile
total: 71
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 21
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 15 (2004 est.)

China
total: 383
over 3,047 m: 53
2,438 to 3,047 m: 116
1,524 to 2,437 m: 141
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 50 (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Colombia
total: 101
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 39
under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Comoros total: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the total: 24 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 16 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Cook Islands total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Costa Rica total: 30 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire total: 7 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Croatia
total: 23
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Cuba
total: 79
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 37 (2004 est.)

Cyprus
total: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
total: 44
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Denmark
total: 28
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Djibouti total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1524 to 2437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Dominica total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic total: 13 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

East Timor total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Ecuador
total: 62
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 19
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Egypt
total: 72
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 38
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

El Salvador
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
less than 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Eritrea
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Estonia
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Ethiopia total: 14 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

European Union
total: 1,834

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Faroe Islands
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Fiji
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Finland
total: 75
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 27
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

France
total: 283
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 95
914 to 1,523 m: 82
under 914 m: 65 (2004 est.)

French Guiana total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

French Polynesia
total: 37
over 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Gabon
total: 11
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Georgia
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Germany
total: 331
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 51
1,524 to 2,437 m: 62
914 to 1,523 m: 71
under 914 m: 134 (2004 est.)

Ghana
total: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Greece
total: 66
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Greenland
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Grenada
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guadeloupe
total: 8
over 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Guam
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guatemala total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Guernsey total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guinea
total: 5
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guyana
total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Haiti
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Honduras
total: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Hungary
total: 18
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Iceland total: 5 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

India
total: 234
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 47
1,524 to 2,437 m: 78
914 to 1,523 m: 74
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Indonesia
total: 154
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 44
914 to 1,523 m: 49
under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)

Iran
total: 127
over 3,047 m: 39
2,438 to 3,047 m: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 32
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Iraq
total: 79
over 3,047 m: 21
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Ireland
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Israel
total: 28
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Italy
total: 96
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 32
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Jamaica
total: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Japan
total: 143
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 37
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 28
under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Jersey
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Johnston Atoll
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Jordan
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
total: 67
over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 26
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Kenya
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Kiribati total: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Korea, North
total: 35
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 23
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Korea, South
total: 88
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 21
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 38 (2004 est.)

Kuwait
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan total: 16 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Laos
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Latvia
total: 26
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 16 (2004 est.)

Lebanon
total: 5
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Lesotho total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Liberia total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Libya
total: 59
over 3,047 m: 23
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Lithuania
total: 28
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Macau
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Macedonia total: 10 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Madagascar total: 29 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 20 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Malawi
total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Malaysia
total: 38
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Maldives
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mali
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Malta
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Marshall Islands total: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Martinique total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mauritania
total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Mauritius
total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mayotte
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mexico
total: 233
over 3,047 m: 12
2,438 to 3,047 m: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 84
914 to 1,523 m: 80
under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Midway Islands
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Moldova
total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mongolia total: 15 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Montserrat total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Morocco
total: 25
over 3,047 m: 11
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mozambique
total: 22
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Namibia
total: 21
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Nauru
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Nepal
total: 9
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Netherlands
total: 20
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 5
over 3,047 m: 1
2038 to 3047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

New Caledonia total: 11 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 8 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

New Zealand total: 46 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Nicaragua total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Niger
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Nigeria
total: 36
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Niue
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Norfolk Island
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Norway
total: 65
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 14
under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Oman
total: 6
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Pakistan
total: 92
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 22
1,524 to 2,437 m: 32
914 to 1,523 m: 18
under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Palau
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Panama
total: 44
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea total: 21 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Paracel Islands total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Paraguay total: 12 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Peru
total: 52
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Philippines
total: 82
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 35
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Poland
total: 84
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 40
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Portugal
total: 42
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico total: 17 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Qatar total: 2 over 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Reunion total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Romania total: 25 over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Russia
total: 577
over 3,047 m: 55
2,438 to 3,047 m: 197
1,524 to 2,437 m: 128
914 to 1,523 m: 98
under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)

Rwanda
total: 4
over 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saint Helena total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saint Lucia
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Samoa
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia total: 72 over 3,047 m: 32 2,438 to 3,047 m: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Senegal total: 9 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro total: 19 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Seychelles total: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Singapore
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Slovakia
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Slovenia
total: 6
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Somalia total: 6 over 3,047 m: 4 2438 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

South Africa
total: 144
over 3,047 m: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 51
914 to 1,523 m: 67
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Spain
total: 95
over 3,047 m: 15
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.)

Spratly Islands total: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 1 less than 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
total: 13
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Sudan
total: 12
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Suriname
total: 5
over 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Svalbard
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Swaziland
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Sweden
total: 154
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 82
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Switzerland
total: 42
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 16 (2004 est.)

Syria
total: 26
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Taiwan
total: 37
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Tanzania
total: 11
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Thailand
total: 65
over 3,047 m: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 23
914 to 1,523 m: 19
under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Togo
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tonga
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Tunisia
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Turkey
total: 87
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
total: 23
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands total: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Uganda total: 4 over 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Ukraine
total: 174
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 57
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 70 (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
total: 22
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
total: 334
over 3,047 m: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 33
1,524 to 2,437 m: 150
914 to 1,523 m: 86
under 914 m: 57 (2004 est.)

United States
total: 5,128
over 3,047 m: 188
2,438 to 3,047 m: 221
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1,375
914 to 1,523 m: 2,383
under 914 m: 961 (2004 est.)

Uruguay
total: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan total: 33 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1524 to 2437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Venezuela total: 127 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 31 914 to 1,523 m: 61 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Vietnam
total: 21
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Wake Island
total: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

West Bank total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Western Sahara total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Yemen
total: 16
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Zambia
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
total: 17
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 8 (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@2031 Airports - with unpaved runways

Afghanistan total: 37 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Albania
total: 8
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Algeria
total: 85
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 38
under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

American Samoa
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Angola
total: 211
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 95
under 914 m: 80 (2004 est.)

Anguilla total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Antarctica total: 20 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Argentina total: 1,190 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 50 914 to 1,523 m: 569 under 914 m: 567 (2004 est.)

Armenia
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Australia
total: 143
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 112
under 914 m: 14 (2004 est.)

Austria
total: 31
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 27 (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan total: 23 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 15 (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The total: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Bahrain
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Belarus
total: 83
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 64 (2004 est.)

Belgium
total: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 16 (2004 est.)

Belize
total: 38
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Benin
total: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Bhutan
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bolivia
total: 1,049
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 60
914 to 1,523 m: 207
under 914 m: 778 (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 19
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Botswana
total: 75
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 54
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Brazil
total: 3,438
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 78
914 to 1,523 m: 1,579
under 914 m: 1,780 (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Brunei
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
total: 85
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 72 (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
total: 31
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Burma
total: 69
over 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Burundi total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Cambodia
total: 14
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Cameroon
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Canada
total: 823
1,524 to 2,437 m: 67
914 to 1,523 m: 347
under 914 m: 409 (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Central African Republic total: 47 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Chad
total: 44
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Chile
total: 293
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 11
914 to 1,523 m: 60
under 914 m: 217 (2004 est.)

China
total: 89
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 32
under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Colombia
total: 879
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 34
914 to 1,523 m: 272
under 914 m: 572 (2004 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 206
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 92
under 914 m: 97 (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 28
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
total: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Costa Rica total: 119 914 to 1,523 m: 24 under 914 m: 95 (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Croatia
total: 45
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 37 (2004 est.)

Cuba
total: 91
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 62 (2004 est.)

Cyprus
total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Czech Republic total: 76 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 48 (2004 est.)

Denmark total: 69 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 63 (2004 est.)

Djibouti
total: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic
total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

East Timor
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Ecuador
total: 143
914 to 1,523 m: 30
under 914 m: 113 (2004 est.)

Egypt
total: 15
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

El Salvador total: 69 914 to 1,523 m: 15 under 914 m: 54 (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Eritrea
total: 13
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Estonia
total: 15
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
total: 69
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Europa Island total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

European Union
total: 1,296

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 3
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Fiji
total: 25
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Finland
total: 73
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 69 (2004 est.)

France
total: 195
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 72
under 914 m: 120 (2004 est.)

French Guiana
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

French Polynesia
total: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Gabon
total: 45
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Georgia total: 13 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Germany
total: 219
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 31
under 914 m: 185 (2004 est.)

Ghana
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Glorioso Islands total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Greece total: 14 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Greenland total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Guadeloupe
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guam
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Guatemala total: 441 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 109 under 914 m: 323 (2004 est.)

Guinea
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Guyana
total: 41
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Haiti
total: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

Honduras total: 104 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 18 under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)

Hungary
total: 26
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Iceland
total: 93
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 61 (2004 est.)

India
total: 99
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 42
under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.)

Indonesia
total: 513
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.)

Iran
total: 178
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 129
under 914 m: 39 (2004 est.)

Iraq
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 9 (2004 est.)

Ireland
total: 21
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Israel
total: 23
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Italy
total: 38
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 18
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Jamaica total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Jan Mayen total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Japan
total: 31
over 3047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Jordan
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Juan de Nova Island
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan total: 247 over 3,047 m: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 197 (2004 est.)

Kenya
total: 206
1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
914 to 1,523 m: 110
under 914 m: 84 (2004 est.)

Kiribati
total: 17
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Korea, North total: 43 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 20 914 to 1,523 m: 14 under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Korea, South
total: 91
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 88 (2004 est.)

Kuwait
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Laos
total: 35
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Latvia
total: 24
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Lebanon
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Lesotho
total: 25
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Liberia
total: 51
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 38 (2004 est.)

Libya
total: 80
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 41
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Lithuania total: 74 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 68 (2004 est.)

Luxembourg total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Macedonia total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Madagascar
total: 87
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 42
under 914 m: 43 (2004 est.)

Malawi
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Malaysia
total: 79
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 72 (2004 est.)

Maldives
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Mali
total: 19
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Marshall Islands total: 11 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Martinique total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mauritania total: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Mauritius total: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Mexico
total: 1,600
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 69
914 to 1,523 m: 454
under 914 m: 1,075 (2004 est.)

Midway Islands
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Moldova
total: 17
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Mongolia
total: 31
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Morocco
total: 38
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Mozambique
total: 136
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 34
under 914 m: 87 (2004 est.)

Namibia
total: 115
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 22
914 to 1,523 m: 71
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Nepal
total: 37
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Netherlands
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)

New Caledonia
total: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 6 (2004 est.)

New Zealand
total: 70
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 39 (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
total: 165
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 23
under 914 m: 141 (2004 est.)

Niger
total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 14
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Nigeria
total: 34
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 18 (2004 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Norway
total: 36
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 29 (2004 est.)

Oman
total: 130
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 52
914 to 1,523 m: 34
under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Pakistan total: 39 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8 914 to 1,523 m: 9 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Palau
total: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Palmyra Atoll
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Panama
total: 61
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 49 (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
total: 550
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 62
under 914 m: 478 (2004 est.)

Paraguay
total: 866
1,524 to 2,437 m: 26
914 to 1,523 m: 323
under 914 m: 517 (2004 est.)

Peru
total: 182
1,524 to 2,437 m: 21
914 to 1,523 m: 62
under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.)

Philippines
total: 173
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 68
under 914 m: 100 (2004 est.)

Poland
total: 39
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 13
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Portugal total: 23 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico total: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Qatar
total: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Romania
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 24 (2004 est.)

Russia
total: 2,009
over 3,047 m: 14
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 111
914 to 1,523 m: 257
under 914 m: 1,597 (2004 est.)

Rwanda
total: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Samoa
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia total: 129 over 3047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 72 914 to 1,523 m: 39 under 914 m: 12 (2004 est.)

Senegal
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Seychelles
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
total: 9
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Slovakia
total: 17
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Slovenia
total: 8
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
total: 31
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.)

Somalia
total: 54
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

South Africa
total: 584
1,524 to 2,437 m: 34
914 to 1,523 m: 300
under 914 m: 250 (2004 est.)

Spain
total: 61
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.)

Spratly Islands
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Sudan
total: 63
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 33
under 914 m: 11 (2004 est.)

Suriname total: 41 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 5 under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Svalbard total: 2 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Swaziland
total: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 10 (2004 est.)

Sweden
total: 100
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 90 (2004 est.)

Switzerland
total: 23
under 914 m: 23 (2004 est.)

Syria
total: 66
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 54 (2004 est.)

Taiwan
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
total: 38
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 35 (2004 est.)

Tanzania
total: 112
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 60
under 914 m: 33 (2004 est.)

Thailand
total: 44
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 28 (2004 est.)

Togo
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tonga
total: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tromelin Island total: 1 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Tunisia
total: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Turkey
total: 32
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan total: 30 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 26 (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Tuvalu
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Uganda
total: 25
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 7 (2004 est.)

Ukraine
total: 482
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 34
under 914 m: 428 (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
total: 13
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

United Kingdom total: 137 2438 to 3047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 112 (2004 est.)

United States total: 9,729 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7 1,524 to 2,437 m: 160 914 to 1,523 m: 1,718 under 914 m: 7,843 (2004 est.)

Uruguay
total: 50
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 31 (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan total: 193 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 187 (2004 est.)

Vanuatu total: 27 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.)

Venezuela
total: 242
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 88
under 914 m: 144 (2004 est.)

Vietnam
total: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Wallis and Futuna total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Western Sahara total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.)

Yemen
total: 28
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.)

Zambia
total: 99
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 62
under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe total: 387 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 186 under 914 m: 196 (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@2032 Environment - current issues

Afghanistan
limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate
supplies of potable water; soil degradation; overgrazing;
deforestation (much of the remaining forests are being cut down for
fuel and building materials); desertification; air and water
pollution

Akrotiri
shooting around the salt lake; note - breeding place for
loggerhead and green turtles; only remaining colony of griffon
vultures is on the base

Albania
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial
and domestic effluents

Algeria
soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming
practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum
refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the
pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in
particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and
fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water

American Samoa
limited natural fresh water resources; the water
division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past
few years to improve water catchments and pipelines

Andorra
deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes
to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste
disposal

Angola
overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable
to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical
rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical
timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of
biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and
siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water

Anguilla
supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing
demand largely because of poor distribution system

Antarctica
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic
ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square
kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet
light passing through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an
antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown
to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants; in 2002, significant
areas of ice shelves disintegrated in response to regional warming

Antigua and Barbuda
water management - a major concern because of
limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the
clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to
run off quickly

Arctic Ocean
endangered marine species include walruses and whales;
fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from
disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack

Argentina
environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an
industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation,
desertification, air pollution, and water pollution
note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse
gas targets

Armenia
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy
crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for
firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the
draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a
source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of
Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a
seismically active zone

Aruba
NA

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
NA

Atlantic Ocean
endangered marine species include the manatee, seals,
sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is hastening the
decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes;
municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and
eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico,
Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste
and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and
Mediterranean Sea

Australia
soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due
to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for
agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique
animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural fresh water resources

Austria
some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air
pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power
stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria
between northern and southern Europe

Azerbaijan
local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron
Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be
the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe
air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil
spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic
defoliants used in the production of cotton

Bahamas, The
coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

Bahrain
desertification resulting from the degradation of limited
arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal
degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)
resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,
oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater
resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all
water needs

Baker Island
no natural fresh water resources

Bangladesh
many people are landless and forced to live on and
cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in
surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results
from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by
naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of
falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the
country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe
overpopulation

Barbados
pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships;
soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination
of aquifers

Bassas da India
NA

Belarus
soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the
country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident
at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Belgium
the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human
activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,
extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water
pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;
uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now
resolved) have slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges

Belize
deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial
effluents, agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal

Benin
inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens
wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification

Bermuda
asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open
space; sustainable development

Bhutan
soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Bolivia
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the
international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation

Bosnia and Herzegovina
air pollution from metallurgical plants;
sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and
destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife;
deforestation

Botswana
overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Bouvet Island
NA

Brazil
deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and
endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the
area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water
pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large
cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper
mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA

British Virgin Islands
limited natural fresh water resources (except
for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the
islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)

Brunei
seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Bulgaria
air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted
from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest
damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil
contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and
industrial wastes

Burkina Faso
recent droughts and desertification severely affecting
agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy;
overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation

Burma
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;
inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Burundi
soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of
agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land
remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat
loss threatens wildlife populations

Cambodia
illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip
mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand
have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in
particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural
fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, most of the population
does not have access to potable water; declining fish stocks because
of illegal fishing and overfishing

Cameroon
waterborne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;
overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing

Canada
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting
lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities,
and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest
productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to
agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Cape Verde
soil erosion; deforestation due to demand for wood used
as fuel; desertification; environmental damage has threatened
several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand
extraction; overfishing

Cayman Islands
no natural fresh water resources; drinking water
supplies must be met by rainwater catchments

Central African Republic
tap water is not potable; poaching has
diminished the country's reputation as one of the last great
wildlife refuges; desertification; deforestation

Chad
inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal
in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;
desertification

Chile
widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural
resources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions;
water pollution from raw sewage

China
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)
from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages,
particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;
deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land
since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;
desertification; trade in endangered species

Christmas Island
NA

Clipperton Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
fresh water resources are limited to
rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs

Colombia
deforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuse
of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle
emissions

Comoros
soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation
on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching; mining of minerals (coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors, diamonds, and gold) causing environmental damage

Congo, Republic of the
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water
pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable;
deforestation

Cook Islands
NA

Coral Sea Islands
no permanent fresh water resources

Costa Rica
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of
the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil
erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste
management; air pollution

Cote d'Ivoire
deforestation (most of the country's forests - once
the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water
pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents

Croatia
air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid
rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and
domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of
infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife

Cuba
air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation

Cyprus
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments,
seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's
largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution
from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of
wildlife habitats from urbanization

Czech Republic
air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia
and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid
rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code
should improve domestic pollution

Denmark
air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant
emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;
drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and
pesticides

Dhekelia
netting and trapping of small migrant songbirds in the
spring and autumn

Djibouti
inadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land;
desertification; endangered species

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
water shortages; soil eroding into the sea
damages coral reefs; deforestation

East Timor
widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to
deforestation and soil erosion

Ecuador
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water
pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically
sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands

Egypt
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown
sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and
marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,
raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh
water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water
source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and
natural resources

El Salvador
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution;
contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes

Equatorial Guinea
tap water is not potable; deforestation

Eritrea
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing;
loss of infrastructure from civil warfare

Estonia
air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning
power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted
to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less
than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to
water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in
connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the
pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400
natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural
areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain
locations

Ethiopia
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor
management

Europa Island
NA

European Union
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the Chornobyl disaster

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
deforestation; soil erosion

Finland
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants
contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes,
agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

France
some forest damage from acid rain; air pollution from
industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes,
agricultural runoff

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
NA

Gabon
deforestation; poaching

Gambia, The
deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases
prevalent

Gaza Strip
desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage
treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion and
contamination of underground water resources

Georgia
air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of
Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable
water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals

Germany
emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries
contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur
dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea
from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern
Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a
mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15
years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature
preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat
directive

Ghana
recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural
activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and
habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Gibraltar
limited natural freshwater resources: large concrete or
natural rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used for
drinking water) and adequate desalination plant

Glorioso Islands
NA

Greece
air pollution; water pollution

Greenland
protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the
Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
extirpation of native bird population by the rapid
proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species

Guatemala
deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water
pollution

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;
desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,
overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices have led to
environmental damage

Guinea-Bissau
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing

Guyana
water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial
chemicals; deforestation

Haiti
extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land
is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
NA

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
urban population expanding; deforestation results from
logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further
land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled
development and improper land use practices such as farming of
marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the
country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers
and streams, with heavy metals

Hong Kong
air and water pollution from rapid urbanization

Howland Island
no natural fresh water resources

Hungary
the upgrading of Hungary's standards in waste management,
energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution to meet EU
requirements will require large investments

Iceland
water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate
wastewater treatment

India
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air
pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap
water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing
population is overstraining natural resources

Indian Ocean
endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
and Red Sea

Indonesia
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest
fires

Iran
air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle
emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the
Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation
(salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution
from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Iraq
government water control projects have drained most of the
inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting
the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh
Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been
displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses
serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate
supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian
Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and
erosion; desertification

Ireland
water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural
runoff

Israel
limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose
serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial
and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and
domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Italy
air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur
dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and
agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate
industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Jamaica
heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by
industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air
pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Jan Mayen
NA

Japan
air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain;
acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and
threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of
fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these
resources in Asia and elsewhere

Jarvis Island
no natural fresh water resources

Jersey
NA

Johnston Atoll
no natural fresh water resources

Jordan
limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Juan de Nova Island
NA

Kazakhstan
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with
former defense industries and test ranges scattered throughout the
country pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial
pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers
which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it
is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical
pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by
the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the
Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals
and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation
practices

Kenya
water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation
of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers;
water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil
erosion; desertification; poaching

Kingman Reef
none

Kiribati
heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to
heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon
latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Korea, North
water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water;
waterborne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Korea, South
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water
pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents;
drift net fishing

Kuwait
limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's
largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much
of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Kyrgyzstan
water pollution; many people get their water directly
from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne
diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty
irrigation practices

Laos
unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; most of the
population does not have access to potable water

Latvia
Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service
industries after the country regained independence; the main
environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality
and sewage system, household, and hazardous waste management, as
well as reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU
accession negotiation chapter on environment committing to full
enforcement of EU environmental directives by 2010

Lebanon
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution
in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial
wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Lesotho
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas
results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;
desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and
redirects water to South Africa

Liberia
tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of
biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw
sewage

Libya
desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources;
the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development
scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large
aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities

Liechtenstein
NA

Lithuania
contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum
products and chemicals at military bases

Luxembourg
air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of
farmland

Macau
NA

Macedonia
air pollution from metallurgical plants

Madagascar
soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing;
desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and
other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to
the island are endangered

Malawi
deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from
agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of
spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Malaysia
air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions;
water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from
Indonesian forest fires

Maldives
depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies;
global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Mali
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate
supplies of potable water; poaching

Malta
very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing
reliance on desalination

Man, Isle of
waste disposal (both household and industrial);
transboundary air pollution

Marshall Islands
inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of
Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing
vessels

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated
by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural
fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only
perennial river; locust infestation

Mauritius
water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to
urban migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted
in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme
southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in
urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification;
deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in
the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land
subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
note: the government considers the lack of clean water and
deforestation national security issues

Micronesia, Federated States of
overfishing, climate change,
pollution

Midway Islands
NA

Moldova
heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned
pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;
extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the
policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and
industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the
burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of
environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar;
deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to
agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain;
desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on
the environment

Montserrat
land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for
cultivation

Morocco
land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting
from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of
vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of
reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Mozambique
a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands
have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and
coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant
poaching for ivory is a problem

Namibia
very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification;
wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Nauru
limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks
collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging
desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90
years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the
central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining
land resources

Navassa Island
NA

Nepal
deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of
alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes,
agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife
conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands
water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic
compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air
pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand
deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna
hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Niger
overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification;
wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and
lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria
soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water
pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil;
has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land;
rapid urbanization

Niue
increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter
loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
contamination of groundwater on Saipan may
contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of
endangered species conflicts with development

Norway
water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely
affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle
emissions

Oman
rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very
limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean
endangered marine species include the dugong, sea
lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in
Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan
water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and
agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a
majority of the population does not have access to potable water;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau
inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to
the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing
practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll
NA

Panama
water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery
resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation
and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution
in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Papua New Guinea
rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of
growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining
projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands
NA

Paraguay
deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste
disposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands

Peru
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing
of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and
coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines
uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed
areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers;
coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove
swamps that are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands
deforestation (only a small portion of the original
forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)

Poland
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy
industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist
governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of
sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the
resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from
industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal
of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as
industrial establishments bring their facilities up to European
Union code, but at substantial cost to business and the government

Portugal
soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and
vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico
erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar
limited natural fresh water resources are increasing
dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion
NA

Romania
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution
in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta
wetlands

Russia
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired
electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,
municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and
seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from
improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of
sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater
contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management;
abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

Rwanda
deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for
fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the
northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive

Samoa
soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia
desertification; depletion of underground water
resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies
has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination
facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal
wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Serbia and Montenegro
pollution of coastal waters from sewage
outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air
pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water
pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows
into the Danube

Seychelles
water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone
rapid population growth pressuring the environment;
overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and
slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil
exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore
industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water
resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal
problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in
Indonesia

Slovakia
air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human
health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia
Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;
pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;
forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at
metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands
deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding
coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia
famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human
health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification

South Africa
lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires
extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water
usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff
and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil
erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA

Southern Ocean
increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from
the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary
productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA
of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent
years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more
Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to
affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental
mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish
note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong
comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and
effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality
and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation;
desertification

Spratly Islands
NA

Sri Lanka
deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations
threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from
mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources
being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste
disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan
inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification;
periodic drought

Suriname
deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of
inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil
degradation; soil erosion

Sweden
acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North
Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland
air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air
burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of
agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes;
inadequate potable water

Taiwan
air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw
sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in
endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Tajikistan
inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of
soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Tanzania
soil degradation; deforestation; desertification;
destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent
droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by
illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Thailand
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from
organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife
populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and
the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards
and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban
areas

Tokelau
very limited natural resources and overcrowding are
contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga
deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared
for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from
starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting
threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago
water pollution from agricultural chemicals,
industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;
deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island
NA

Tunisia
toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses
health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh
water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification

Turkey
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air
pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for
oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural
chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor
irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large
share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to
that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands
limited natural fresh water resources,
private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu
since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not
potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with
storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one
desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion
because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive
clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral
reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is
very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions
and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's
underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to
Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels
should make evacuation necessary

Uganda
draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake
Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine
inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water
pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast
from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates
lack of natural freshwater resources
compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution
from oil spills

United Kingdom
continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met
Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and
intends to meet the legally binding target and move towards a
domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the
government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial
waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to
recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to
33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling
increased from 8.8% to 10.3%

United States
air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US
and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide
from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of
pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in
much of the western part of the country require careful management;
desertification

Uruguay
water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry;
inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan
shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing
concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and
contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial
wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause
of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil
contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural
chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu
a majority of the population does not have access to a
reliable supply of potable water; deforestation

Venezuela
sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban
pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation;
urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean
coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining
operations

Vietnam
logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute
to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and
overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater
contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban
industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading
environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands
lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island
NA

Wallis and Futuna
deforestation (only small portions of the original
forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as
the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests,
the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion;
there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of
natural fresh water resources

West Bank
adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara
sparse water and lack of arable land

World
large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters,
pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of
vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen
very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate
supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Zambia
air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral
extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds;
poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and
large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification;
lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe
deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and
water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest
concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly
reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste
and heavy metal pollution

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@2033 Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Life Conservation

Albania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Andorra
party to: Hazardous Wastes
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Armenia
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Australia
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Azerbaijan
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Barbados
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Belarus
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Belize
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brunei
party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Burkina Faso
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burma
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cambodia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cameroon
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Canada
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

China
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Colombia
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Comoros
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Costa Rica
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Czech Republic
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Denmark
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Djibouti
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

El Salvador
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ethiopia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

European Union
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical Timber 94
signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Fiji
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

France
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gabon
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ghana
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Grenada
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes

Holy See (Vatican City)
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong
party to: Marine Dumping (associate member)

Hungary
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Iceland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation

India
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Iran
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq
party to: Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

Israel
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Italy
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Jamaica
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Jordan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Korea, South
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kuwait
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Kyrgyzstan
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Lebanon
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life
Conservation

Lesotho
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liberia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Libya
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liechtenstein
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Lithuania
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Luxembourg
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur
85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Macedonia
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malawi
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands

Maldives
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malta
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Marshall Islands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Monaco
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur
85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

New Zealand
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Nigeria
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Oman
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Palau
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Paraguay
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Peru
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Philippines
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Poland
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Portugal
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental
Modification

Qatar
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Romania
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Russia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Rwanda
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Samoa
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Serbia and Montenegro
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Seychelles
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sierra Leone
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Singapore
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovenia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Solomon Islands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Somalia
party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection

South Africa
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean
the Southern Ocean is subject to all international
agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject
to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International
Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees
south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees
west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits
sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (regulates fishing)
note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource
exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front
(Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very
cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the
north

Spain
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Sri Lanka
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sweden
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Switzerland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur
85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Syria
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Taiwan
party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's
international status
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of
Taiwan's international status

Tajikistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Thailand
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Togo
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Uganda
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds

United Arab Emirates
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

United States
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Uzbekistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

Vietnam
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Western Sahara
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Zambia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2034 Military expenditures - percent of GDP (%)

Afghanistan
2.6% (2004)

Albania
1.49% (FY02)

Algeria
3.2% (2004)

Angola
10.6% (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
1.3% (FY00)

Armenia
6.5% (FY01)

Australia
2.7% (2004)

Austria
0.9% (2004)

Azerbaijan
2.6% (FY99)

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
6.3% (2004)

Bangladesh
1.8% (2004)

Barbados
NA

Belarus
1.4% (FY02)

Belgium
1.3% (2003)

Belize
2% (2003)

Benin
2.4% (2004)

Bermuda
0.11% (FY00/01)

Bhutan
1.8% (2004)

Bolivia
1.6% (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.5% (FY02)

Botswana
3.9% (2004)

Brazil
1.8% (2004)

Brunei
5.1% (2004)

Bulgaria
2.6% (2003)

Burkina Faso
1.3% (2004)

Burma
2.1% (FY97)

Burundi
6% (2004)

Cambodia
3% (FY01 est.)

Cameroon
1.6% (2004)

Canada
1.1% (2003)

Cape Verde
1.5% (2004)

Central African Republic
1% (2004)

Chad
2.1% (2004)

Chile
3.8% (2004)

China
4.3% (2004)

Colombia
3.4% (FY01)

Comoros
3% (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1.5% (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
2.8% (2004)

Costa Rica
0.4% (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.2% (2004)

Croatia
2.39% (2002 est.)

Cuba
1.8% (2003)

Cyprus
3.8% (FY02)

Czech Republic
2.02% (2004)

Denmark
1.5% (2004)

Djibouti
4.4% (2004)

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
1.1% (1998)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
2.2% (2004)

Egypt
3.4% (2004)

El Salvador
1.1% (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
2.5% (2004)

Eritrea
13.4% (2004)

Estonia
2% (2002 est.)

Ethiopia
4.6% (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
2.2% (FY02)

Finland
2% (FY98/99)

France
2.6% (2003)

French Guiana
NA

Gabon
2% (2004)

Gambia, The
0.3% (2004)

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
0.59% (FY00)

Germany
1.5% (2003)

Ghana
0.6% (2004)

Greece
4.3% (2003)

Grenada
NA

Guatemala
0.8% (2003)

Guinea
1.7% (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
3.1% (2004)

Guyana
0.9% (2004)

Haiti
0.9% (2003)

Honduras
1.4% (2004)

Hong Kong
NA

Hungary
1.75% (2002 est.)

India
2.93% (2005/06)

Indonesia
3% (2004)

Iran
3.3% (2003 est.)

Iraq
NA

Ireland
0.9% (FY00/01)

Israel
8.7% (FY02)

Italy
1.8% (2004)

Jamaica
0.4% (2003)

Japan
1% (2004)

Jordan
14.6% (2004)

Kazakhstan
0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya
1.3% (2004)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
2.8% (2004)

Kuwait
5.3% (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
1.4% (FY01)

Laos
0.5% (2004)

Latvia
1.2% (FY01)

Lebanon
3.1% (FY99) (2004)

Lesotho
2.3% (2004)

Liberia
0.2% (2004)

Libya
3.9% (FY99)

Lithuania
1.9% (FY01)

Luxembourg
0.9% (2003)

Macedonia
6% (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar
1.2% (2004)

Malawi
0.7% (2004)

Malaysia
2.03% (FY00)

Maldives
5.5% (2004)

Mali
0.4% (2004)

Malta
0.7% (2004)

Marshall Islands
NA

Mauritania
1.7% (2004)

Mauritius
0.2% (2004)

Mexico
0.9% (2004)

Moldova
0.4% (FY02)

Mongolia
2.2% (FY02)

Morocco
5% (2004)

Mozambique
2.2% (2004)

Namibia
3.1% (2004)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
1.5% (2004)

Netherlands
1.6% (2004)

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
1% (FY02)

Nicaragua
0.7% (2004)

Niger
1.1% (2004)

Nigeria
0.8% (2004)

Norway
1.9% (2003)

Oman
11.4% (2003)

Pakistan
4.9% (2004)

Palau
NA

Panama
1.1% (2004)

Papua New Guinea
1.4% (FY02)

Paraguay
0.9% (2003)

Peru
1.4% (2004)

Philippines
1% (2004)

Poland
1.71% (2002)

Portugal
2.3% (2003)

Qatar
10% (FY00)

Romania
2.47% (2002)

Russia
NA

Rwanda
3.2% (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
0.8% (2004)

Saudi Arabia
10% (2002)

Senegal
1.5% (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
NA

Seychelles
1.8% (2004)

Sierra Leone
1.7% (2004)

Singapore
4.9% (FY01)

Slovakia
1.89% (2002)

Slovenia
1.7% (FY00)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
0.9% (2003)

South Africa
1.5% (2004)

Spain
1.2% (2003)

Sri Lanka
2.6% (2004)

Sudan
3% (1999) (2004)

Suriname
0.7% (2003)

Swaziland
1.4% (2004)

Sweden
1.7% (2004)

Switzerland
1% (FY01)

Syria
5.9% (FY00)

Taiwan
2.6% (2004)

Tajikistan
3.9% (FY01)

Tanzania
0.2% (2004)

Thailand
1.8% (2003)

Togo
1.9% (2004)

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
0.6% (2003)

Tunisia
1.5% (FY99)

Turkey
5.3% (2003)

Turkmenistan
3.4% (FY99)

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
2.2% (2004)

Ukraine
1.4% (FY02)

United Arab Emirates
3.1% (FY00)

United Kingdom
2.4% (2003)

United States
3.3% (FY03 est.) (February 2004)

Uruguay
2% (2004)

Uzbekistan
2% (FY97)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
1.5% (2004)

Vietnam
2.5% (FY98)

West Bank
NA

World
roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Yemen
7.8% (2003)

Zambia
1.8% (2004)

Zimbabwe
4.3% (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2038 Electricity - production (kWh)

Afghanistan
540 million kWh (2002)

Albania
5.68 billion kWh (2004)

Algeria
25.76 billion kWh (2002)

American Samoa
130 million kWh (2002)

Andorra
NA kWh

Angola
1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Anguilla
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
110.8 million kWh (2002)

Argentina
81.39 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia
6.492 billion kWh (2002)

Aruba
807.7 million kWh (2002)

Australia
210.3 billion kWh (2002)

Austria
58.49 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan
17.55 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The
1.716 billion kWh (2002)

Bahrain
6.86 billion kWh (2002)

Bangladesh
16.45 billion kWh (2002)

Barbados
800 million kWh (2002)

Belarus
30 billion kWh (2004)

Belgium
76.58 billion kWh (2002)

Belize
117 million kWh (2002)

Benin
285.2 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda
643 million kWh (2002)

Bhutan
2.001 billion kWh (2002)

Bolivia
4.132 billion kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
10.04 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana
930 million kWh (2002)

Brazil
339 billion kWh (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied
by the US military

British Virgin Islands
36.28 million kWh (2002)

Brunei
2.458 billion kWh (2002)

Bulgaria
43.07 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso
361 million kWh (2002)

Burma
5.068 billion kWh (2003)

Burundi
132 million kWh (2002)

Cambodia
122 million kWh (2003)

Cameroon
3.571 billion kWh (2002)

Canada
548.9 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde
43.08 million kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands
410.8 million kWh (2002)

Central African Republic
106 million kWh (2002)

Chad
96.13 million kWh (2002)

Chile
48.6 billion kWh (2004)

China
1.91 trillion kWh (2003)

Colombia
44.87 billion kWh (2002)

Comoros
23.84 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
6.086 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
348 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands
27 million kWh (2002)

Costa Rica
6.614 billion kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
4.759 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia
12.51 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba
14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Cyprus
4 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2003)

Czech Republic
71.75 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark
36.38 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti
180 million kWh (2002)

Dominica
68.41 million kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic
9.583 billion kWh (2002)

East Timor
NA kWh (2002)

Ecuador
11.54 billion kWh (2002)

Egypt
81.27 billion kWh (2002)

El Salvador
4.158 billion kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
26.69 million kWh (2002)

Eritrea
246.6 million kWh (2002)

Estonia
8.301 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia
2.149 billion kWh (2002)

European Union
2.888 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
19.06 million kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands
220 million kWh (2002)

Fiji
750 million kWh (2002)

Finland
71.59 billion kWh (2002)

France
528.6 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana
460.1 million kWh (2002)

French Polynesia
380 million kWh (2002)

Gabon
1.161 billion kWh (2002)

Gambia, The
90.31 million kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia
6.732 billion kWh (2002)

Germany
560 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana
6.922 billion kWh (2002)

Gibraltar
104 million kWh (2002)

Greece
47.22 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland
245 million kWh (2002)

Grenada
149 million kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe
1.16 billion kWh (2002)

Guam
835 million kWh (2002)

Guatemala
6.608 billion kWh (2002)

Guernsey
NA kWh

Guinea
855 million kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau
55 million kWh (2002)

Guyana
808 million kWh (2002)

Haiti
618 million kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA kWh

Honduras
3.626 billion kWh (2002)

Hong Kong
35.51 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary
34.07 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland
8.271 billion kWh (2002)

India
547.2 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia
110.2 billion kWh (2003)

Iran
129 billion kWh (2002)

Iraq
32.6 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland
22.88 billion kWh (2002)

Israel
42.67 billion kWh (2002)

Italy
261.6 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica
6.289 billion kWh (2002)

Japan
1.044 trillion kWh (2002)

Jordan
7.307 billion kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan
66.82 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya
4.475 billion kWh (2002)

Kiribati
7 million kWh (2002)

Korea, North
33.62 billion kWh (2002)

Korea, South
322.5 billion kWh (2003)

Kuwait
32.43 billion kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
11.72 billion kWh (2002)

Laos
3.56 billion kWh (2002)

Latvia
4.547 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon
8.066 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho
314 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa
(2002)

Liberia
488.8 million kWh (2002)

Libya
20.89 billion kWh (2002)

Lithuania
17.93 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg
2.511 billion kWh (2002)

Macau
1.719 billion kWh (2003)

Macedonia
6.273 billion kWh (2003)

Madagascar
840.2 million kWh (2002)

Malawi
1.088 billion kWh (2002)

Malaysia
75.33 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives
124.4 million kWh (2002)

Mali
700 million kWh (2002)

Malta
2.15 billion kWh (2002)

Martinique
1.178 billion kWh (2002)

Mauritania
190.2 million kWh (2002)

Mauritius
1.836 billion kWh (2002)

Mayotte
NA kWh

Mexico
203.6 billion kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
192 million kWh (2002)

Moldova
3.876 billion kWh (2002)

Mongolia
2.692 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat
1.8 million kWh (2002)

Morocco
13.91 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique
8.859 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia
1.167 billion kWh (2002)

Nauru
30 million kWh (2002)

Nepal
2.054 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands
90.61 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
1.005 billion kWh (2002)

New Caledonia
1.581 billion kWh (2002)

New Zealand
38.39 billion kWh (2002)

Nicaragua
2.553 billion kWh (2002)

Niger
266.2 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria
19.85 billion kWh (2002)

Niue
3 million kWh (2002)

Norfolk Island
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands
NA kWh

Norway
125.9 billion kWh (2002)

Oman
9.896 billion kWh (2003)

Pakistan
75.27 billion kWh (2003)

Panama
4.873 billion kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea
1.679 billion kWh (2002)

Paraguay
48.36 billion kWh (2002)

Peru
22.88 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Philippines
52.86 billion kWh (2003)

Pitcairn Islands
NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a
small diesel-powered generator

Poland
133.8 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal
43.28 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico
22.09 billion kWh (2002)

Qatar
9.727 billion kWh (2002)

Reunion
1.166 billion kWh (2002)

Romania
56.53 billion kWh (2003)

Russia
915 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda
166.7 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena
5 million kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
105.8 million kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia
270.3 million kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
43.08 million kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
91.2 million kWh (2002)

Samoa
122 million kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
17 million kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia
138.2 billion kWh (2002)

Senegal
1.737 billion kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro
31.64 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles
218 million kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone
255.3 million kWh (2002)

Singapore
35.33 billion kWh (2003)

Slovakia
31.15 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia
12.49 billion kWh (2003)

Solomon Islands
32 million kWh (2002)

Somalia
240.3 million kWh (2002)

South Africa
202.6 billion kWh (2002)

Spain
229 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka
6.697 billion kWh (2002)

Sudan
2.581 billion kWh (2002)

Suriname
1.984 billion kWh (2002)

Swaziland
402 million kWh (2002)

Sweden
142.8 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland
63.47 billion kWh (2002)

Syria
26.15 billion kWh (2002)

Taiwan
158.5 billion kWh (2002)

Tajikistan
15.08 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania
2.727 billion kWh (2002)

Thailand
118.9 billion kWh (2003)

Togo
108.8 million kWh (2002)

Tokelau
NA kWh

Tonga
24.79 million kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
5.743 billion kWh (2002)

Tunisia
10.72 billion kWh (2002)

Turkey
139.7 billion kWh (2003)

Turkmenistan
11.41 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
5 million kWh (2002)

Uganda
1.775 billion kWh (2002)

Ukraine
180 billion kWh (2003)

United Arab Emirates
45.12 billion kWh (2004)

United Kingdom
395.9 billion kWh (2003)

United States
3.839 trillion kWh (2002)

Uruguay
8.536 billion kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan
47.7 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu
48.42 million kWh (2002)

Venezuela
89.7 billion kWh (2003)

Vietnam
34.48 billion kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands
1.035 billion kWh (2002)

Wake Island
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA kWh

West Bank
NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East
Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to
Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;
the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most
Jewish residents and military facilities; some Palestinian
municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own
electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara
90 million kWh (2002)

World
15.29 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen
3.04 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Zambia
8.167 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe
8.839 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2042 Electricity - consumption (kWh)

Afghanistan
652.2 million kWh (2002)

Albania
6.76 billion kWh (2004)

Algeria
23.61 billion kWh (2002)

American Samoa
120.9 million kWh (2002)

Andorra
NA kWh

Angola
1.587 billion kWh (2002)

Anguilla
42.6 million kWh

Antigua and Barbuda
103 million kWh (2002)

Argentina
81.65 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia
5.797 billion kWh (2002)

Aruba
751.2 million kWh (2002)

Australia
195.6 billion kWh (2002)

Austria
55.09 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan
17.37 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The
1.596 billion kWh (2002)

Bahrain
6.379 billion kWh (2002)

Bangladesh
15.3 billion kWh (2002)

Barbados
744 million kWh (2002)

Belarus
34.3 billion kWh (2004)

Belgium
78.82 billion kWh (2002)

Belize
108.8 million kWh (2002)

Benin
565.2 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda
598 million kWh (2002)

Bhutan
312.9 million kWh (2002)

Bolivia
3.848 billion kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.318 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana
1.89 billion kWh (2002)

Brazil
351.9 billion kWh (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA kWh

British Virgin Islands
33.74 million kWh (2002)

Brunei
2.286 billion kWh (2002)

Bulgaria
32.71 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso
335.7 million kWh (2002)

Burma
3.484 billion kWh (2003)

Burundi
137.8 million kWh (2002)

Cambodia
100.6 million kWh (2002)

Cameroon
3.321 billion kWh (2002)

Canada
487.3 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde
40.06 million kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands
382.1 million kWh (2002)

Central African Republic
98.58 million kWh (2002)

Chad
89.4 million kWh (2002)

Chile
41.8 billion kWh (2002)

China
1.63 trillion kWh (2003)

Colombia
41.14 billion kWh (2002)

Comoros
22.17 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
4.168 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
573.6 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands
25.11 million kWh (2002)

Costa Rica
5.733 billion kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
2.976 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia
15.2 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba
13.4 billion kWh (2002)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 3.663 billion kWh (2003); north Cyprus:
602 million kWh (2003)

Czech Republic
55.33 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark
31.63 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti
167.4 million kWh (2002)

Dominica
63.62 million kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic
8.912 billion kWh (2002)

East Timor
NA kWh (2002)

Ecuador
10.79 billion kWh (2002)

Egypt
75.58 billion kWh (2002)

El Salvador
4.45 billion kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
24.82 million kWh (2002)

Eritrea
229.4 million kWh (2002)

Estonia
6.358 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia
1.998 billion kWh (2002)

European Union
2.661 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
17.72 million kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands
204.6 million kWh (2002)

Fiji
697.5 million kWh (2002)

Finland
78.58 billion kWh (2002)

France
414.7 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana
427.9 million kWh (2002)

French Polynesia
353.4 million kWh (2002)

Gabon
1.08 billion kWh (2002)

Gambia, The
83.99 million kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip
NA kWh

Georgia
6.811 billion kWh (2002)

Germany
519.5 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana
6.137 billion kWh (2002)

Gibraltar
96.76 million kWh (2002)

Greece
47.42 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland
227.9 million kWh (2002)

Grenada
138.6 million kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe
1.079 billion kWh (2002)

Guam
776.6 million kWh (2002)

Guatemala
5.76 billion kWh (2002)

Guernsey
NA kWh

Guinea
795.2 million kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau
51.15 million kWh (2002)

Guyana
751.4 million kWh (2002)

Haiti
574.7 million kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA kWh

Honduras
3.771 billion kWh (2002)

Hong Kong
38.45 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary
35.99 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland
7.692 billion kWh (2002)

India
510.1 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia
92.35 billion kWh (2003)

Iran
119.9 billion kWh (2002)

Iraq
33.7 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland
21.78 billion kWh (2002)

Israel
38.3 billion kWh (2002)

Italy
293.9 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica
5.849 billion kWh (2002)

Japan
971 billion kWh (2002)

Jersey
630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)

Jordan
7.094 billion kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan
62.21 billion kWh (203)

Kenya
4.337 billion kWh (2002)

Kiribati
6.51 million kWh (2002)

Korea, North
31.26 billion kWh (2002)

Korea, South
293.6 billion kWh (2003)

Kuwait
30.16 billion kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
10.21 billion kWh (2002)

Laos
3.036 billion kWh (2002)

Latvia
5.829 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon
8.591 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho
308 million kWh (2002)

Liberia
454.6 million kWh (2002)

Libya
19.43 billion kWh (2002)

Lithuania
10.17 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg
5.735 billion kWh (2002)

Macau
1.772 billion kWh (2003)

Macedonia
7.216 billion kWh (2003)

Madagascar
781.4 million kWh (2002)

Malawi
1.012 billion kWh (2002)

Malaysia
68.4 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives
115.7 million kWh (2002)

Mali
651 million kWh (2002)

Malta
2 billion kWh (2002)

Martinique
1.095 billion kWh (2002)

Mauritania
176.9 million kWh (2002)

Mauritius
1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Mayotte
NA kWh

Mexico
189.7 billion kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
178.6 million kWh (2002)

Moldova
4.605 billion kWh (2002)

Monaco
NA kWh

Mongolia
2.209 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat
1.674 million kWh (2002)

Morocco
14.24 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique
5.046 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia
1.92 billion kWh (2002)

Nauru
27.9 million kWh (2002)

Nepal
2.005 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands
100.7 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
934.3 million kWh (2002)

New Caledonia
1.471 billion kWh (2002)

New Zealand
35.71 billion kWh (2002)

Nicaragua
2.318 billion kWh (2002)

Niger
327.6 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria
18.43 billion kWh (2002)

Niue
2.79 million kWh (2002)

Norfolk Island
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands
NA kWh

Norway
107.4 billion kWh (2002)

Oman
9.792 billion kWh (2003)

Pakistan
52.66 billion kWh (2003)

Panama
4.473 billion kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea
1.561 billion kWh (2002)

Paraguay
2.469 billion kWh (2002)

Peru
20.22 billion kWh (2002)

Philippines
46.05 billion kWh (2003)

Pitcairn Islands
NA kWh

Poland
117.4 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal
42.15 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico
20.54 billion kWh (2002)

Qatar
9.046 billion kWh (2002)

Reunion
1.084 billion kWh (2002)

Romania
57.5 billion kWh (2003)

Russia
894.3 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda
195 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena
4.65 million kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
98.44 million kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia
251.3 million kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
40.06 million kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84.82 million kWh (2002)

Samoa
113.5 million kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
15.81 million kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia
128.5 billion kWh (2002)

Senegal
1.615 billion kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro
32.33 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles
202.8 million kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone
237.4 million kWh (2002)

Singapore
32 billion kWh (2003)

Slovakia
28.89 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia
11.8 billion kWh (2003)

Solomon Islands
29.76 million kWh (2002)

Somalia
223.5 million kWh (2002)

South Africa
189.4 billion kWh (2002)

Spain
218.4 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka
6.228 billion kWh (2002)

Sudan
2.4 billion kWh (2002)

Suriname
1.845 billion kWh (2002)

Swaziland
1.173 billion kWh (2002)

Sweden
138.1 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland
54.53 billion kWh (2002)

Syria
24.32 billion kWh (2002)

Taiwan
147.4 billion kWh (2002)

Tajikistan
14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania
2.566 billion kWh (2002)

Thailand
106.1 billion kWh (2003)

Togo
451.2 million kWh (2002)

Tokelau
NA kWh

Tonga
23.06 million kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
5.341 billion kWh (2002)

Tunisia
10.05 billion kWh (2002)

Turkey
117.9 billion kWh (2002)

Turkmenistan
8.908 billion kWh (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4.65 million kWh (2002)

Uganda
1.401 billion kWh (2002)

Ukraine
132 billion kWh (2003)

United Arab Emirates
36.51 billion kWh (2002)

United Kingdom
337.4 billion kWh (2003)

United States
3.66 trillion kWh (2002)

Uruguay
5.878 billion kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan
46.66 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu
45.03 million kWh (2002)

Venezuela
89.3 billion kWh (2003)

Vietnam
32.06 billion kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands
962.6 million kWh (2002)

Wallis and Futuna
NA kWh

West Bank
NA kWh

Western Sahara
83.7 million kWh (2002)

World
14.28 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen
2.827 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Zambia
5.345 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe
11.22 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2043 Electricity - imports (kWh)

Afghanistan
150 million kWh (2002)

Albania
1.08 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Algeria
150 million kWh (2002)

American Samoa
0 kWh (2002)

Andorra
NA kWh; note - most electricity supplied by Spain and
France; Andorra generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola
0 kWh (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
0 kWh (2002)

Argentina
8.775 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia
463 million kWh; note - imports an unknown quantity from
Iran (2002)

Aruba
0 kWh (2002)

Australia
0 kWh (2002)

Austria
15.4 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan
1.558 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The
0 kWh (2002)

Bahrain
0 kWh (2002)

Bangladesh
0 kWh (2002)

Barbados
0 kWh (2002)

Belarus
3.2 billion kWh (2003)

Belgium
16.7 billion kWh (2002)

Belize
0 kWh (2002)

Benin
300 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda
0 kWh (2002)

Bhutan
12 million kWh (2002)

Bolivia
9 million kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
2.271 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana
1.025 billion kWh (2002)

Brazil
36.58 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2002)

British Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Brunei
0 kWh (2002)

Bulgaria
960 million kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso
0 kWh (2002)

Burma
0 kWh (2004)

Burundi
15 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (2002)

Cambodia
0 kWh (2002)

Cameroon
0 kWh (2002)

Canada
13 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde
0 kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Central African Republic
0 kWh (2002)

Chad
0 kWh (2002)

Chile
1.813 billion kWh (2002)

China
2.3 billion kWh (2002)

Colombia
23 million kWh (2002)

Comoros
0 kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
8 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
250 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Costa Rica
59 million kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
0 kWh (2002)

Croatia
3.966 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba
0 kWh (2002)

Cyprus
0 kWh (2002)

Czech Republic
9.5 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark
8.9 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti
0 kWh (2002)

Dominica
0 kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic
0 kWh (2002)

East Timor
0 kWh (2002)

Ecuador
57 million kWh (2002)

Egypt
0 kWh (2002)

El Salvador
473 million kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
0 kWh (2002)

Eritrea
0 kWh (2002)

Estonia
200 million kWh (2002)

Ethiopia
0 kWh (2002)

European Union
268.5 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Fiji
0 kWh (2002)

Finland
13.5 billion kWh (2002)

France
3 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana
0 kWh (2002)

French Polynesia
0 kWh (2002)

Gabon
0 kWh (2002)

Gambia, The
0 kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel (2001)

Georgia
850 million kWh (2002)

Germany
45.8 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana
200 million kWh (2002)

Gibraltar
0 kWh (2002)

Greece
4.6 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland
0 kWh (2002)

Grenada
0 kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe
0 kWh (2002)

Guam
0 kWh (2002)

Guatemala
55 million kWh (2002)

Guernsey
0 kWh (2002)

Guinea
0 kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau
0 kWh (2002)

Guyana
0 kWh (2002)

Haiti
0 kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras
415 million kWh (2002)

Hong Kong
10.4 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary
12.6 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland
0 kWh (2002)

India
1.54 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia
0 kWh (2002)

Iran
0 kWh (2002)

Iraq
1.1 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland
600 million kWh (2002)

Israel
0 kWh (2002)

Italy
51.5 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica
0 kWh (2002)

Japan
0 kWh (2002)

Jersey
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by France

Jordan
300 million kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan
2.506 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya
175 million kWh (2002)

Kiribati
0 kWh (2002)

Korea, North
0 kWh (2002)

Korea, South
0 kWh (2003)

Kuwait
0 kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
375 million kWh (2002)

Laos
125 million kWh (2002)

Latvia
2.7 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon
1.09 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho
16 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa
(2002)

Liberia
0 kWh (2002)

Libya
0 kWh (2002)

Lithuania
300 million kWh (2002)

Luxembourg
6.3 billion kWh (2002)

Macau
179.7 million kWh (2003)

Macedonia
953 million kWh (2003)

Madagascar
0 kWh (2002)

Malawi
0 kWh (2002)

Malaysia
0 kWh (2002)

Maldives
0 kWh (2002)

Mali
0 kWh (2002)

Malta
0 kWh (2002)

Martinique
0 kWh (2002)

Mauritania
0 kWh (2002)

Mauritius
0 kWh (2002)

Mexico
367.7 million kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
0 kWh (2002)

Moldova
1 billion kWh (2002)

Monaco
NA kWh
note: electricity supplied by France

Mongolia
130.5 million kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat
0 kWh (2002)

Morocco
1.3 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique
3.907 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia
900 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa
(2002)

Nauru
0 kWh (2002)

Nepal
237 million kWh (2002)

Netherlands
20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
0 kWh (2002)

New Caledonia
0 kWh (2002)

New Zealand
0 kWh (2002)

Nicaragua
15.3 million kWh (2002)

Niger
80 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria
0 kWh (2002)

Niue
0 kWh (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands
0 kWh

Norway
5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oman
0 kWh (2002)

Pakistan
0 kWh (2003)

Panama
61 million kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea
0 kWh (2002)

Paraguay
0 kWh (2002)

Peru
0 kWh (2003)

Philippines
0 kWh (2003)

Poland
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal
5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico
0 kWh (2002)

Qatar
0 kWh (2002)

Reunion
0 kWh (2002)

Romania
962 million kWh (2003)

Russia
12.65 billion kWh (2002)

Rwanda
40 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 kWh (2002)

Samoa
0 kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
0 kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia
0 kWh (2002)

Senegal
0 kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro
3.3 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles
0 kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone
0 kWh (2002)

Singapore
0 kWh (2003)

Slovakia
6 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia
5.194 billion kWh (2002)

Solomon Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Somalia
0 kWh (2002)

South Africa
7.873 billion kWh (2002)

Spain
9.8 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka
0 kWh (2002)

Sudan
0 kWh (2002)

Suriname
0 kWh (2002)

Swaziland
799 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South
Africa (2002)

Sweden
20.1 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland
27.8 billion kWh (2002)

Syria
0 kWh (2002)

Taiwan
0 kWh (2002)

Tajikistan
4.359 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania
30 million kWh (2002)

Thailand
600 million kWh (2002)

Togo
350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2002)

Tonga
0 kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
0 kWh (2002)

Tunisia
90 million kWh (2002)

Turkey
3.6 billion kWh (2002)

Turkmenistan
0 kWh (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Uganda
0 kWh (2002)

Ukraine
0 kWh (2002)

United Arab Emirates
0 kWh (2004)

United Kingdom
5.119 billion kWh (2003)

United States
36.23 billion kWh (2002)

Uruguay
434.2 million kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan
6.8 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu
0 kWh (2002)

Venezuela
30 million kWh (2003)

Vietnam
0 kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Wallis and Futuna
0 kWh (2002)

West Bank
NA kWh

Western Sahara
0 kWh (2002)

World
497.6 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen
0 kWh (2002)

Zambia
0 kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe
3 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2044 Electricity - exports (kWh)

Afghanistan
0 kWh (2002)

Albania
100 million kWh (2002)

Algeria
500 million kWh (2002)

American Samoa
0 kWh (2002)

Andorra
0 kWh (2002)

Angola
0 kWh (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
0 kWh (2002)

Argentina
2.818 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia
704 million kWh; note - exports an unknown quantity to
Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan
(2002)

Aruba
0 kWh (2002)

Australia
0 kWh (2002)

Austria
14.7 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan
505 million kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The
0 kWh (2002)

Bahrain
0 kWh (2002)

Bangladesh
0 kWh (2002)

Barbados
0 kWh (2002)

Belarus
800 million kWh (2004)

Belgium
9.1 billion kWh (2002)

Belize
0 kWh (2002)

Benin
0 kWh (2002)

Bermuda
0 kWh (2002)

Bhutan
1.56 billion kWh (2002)

Bolivia
3 million kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
3.288 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana
0 kWh (2002)

Brazil
7 million kWh (2002)

British Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Brunei
0 kWh (2002)

Bulgaria
8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso
0 kWh (2002)

Burma
0 kWh (2002)

Burundi
0 kWh (2002)

Cambodia
0 kWh (2002)

Cameroon
0 kWh (2002)

Canada
36.13 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde
0 kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Central African Republic
0 kWh (2002)

Chad
0 kWh (2002)

Chile
0 kWh (2002)

China
10.38 billion kWh (2002)

Colombia
618 million kWh (2002)

Comoros
0 kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1.5 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
0 kWh (2002)

Cook Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Costa Rica
477 million kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.45 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia
406 million kWh (2002)

Cuba
0 kWh (2002)

Cyprus
0 kWh (2002)

Czech Republic
20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark
11.1 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti
0 kWh (2002)

Dominica
0 kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic
0 kWh (2002)

East Timor
0 kWh (2002)

Ecuador
0 kWh (2002)

Egypt
0 kWh (2002)

El Salvador
91 million kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
0 kWh (2002)

Eritrea
0 kWh (2002)

Estonia
1.562 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia
0 kWh (2002)

European Union
270.8 billion kWh (2002)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Fiji
0 kWh (2002)

Finland
1.5 billion kWh (2002)

France
79.9 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana
0 kWh (2002)

French Polynesia
0 kWh (2002)

Gabon
0 kWh (2002)

Gambia, The
0 kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip
0 kWh (2001)

Georgia
300 million kWh (2002)

Germany
53.8 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana
500 million kWh (2002)

Gibraltar
0 kWh (2002)

Greece
1.1 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland
0 kWh (2002)

Grenada
0 kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe
0 kWh (2002)

Guam
0 kWh (2002)

Guatemala
440 million kWh (2002)

Guernsey
0 kWh (2002)

Guinea
0 kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau
0 kWh (2002)

Guyana
0 kWh (2002)

Haiti
0 kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
0 kWh

Honduras
16 million kWh (2002)

Hong Kong
3 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary
8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland
0 kWh (2002)

India
350 million kWh (2002)

Indonesia
0 kWh (2002)

Iran
0 kWh (2002)

Iraq
0 kWh (2004)

Ireland
100 million kWh (2002)

Israel
1.387 billion kWh (2002)

Italy
900 million kWh (2002)

Jamaica
0 kWh (2002)

Japan
0 kWh (2002)

Jordan
2 million kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan
4.975 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya
0 kWh (2002)

Kiribati
0 kWh (2002)

Korea, North
0 kWh (2002)

Korea, South
0 kWh (2003)

Kuwait
0 kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
1.062 billion kWh (2002)

Laos
400 million kWh (2002)

Latvia
1.1 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon
0 kWh (2002)

Lesotho
0 kWh (2002)

Liberia
0 kWh (2002)

Libya
0 kWh (2002)

Lithuania
6.8 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg
2.9 billion kWh (2002)

Macau
1 million kWh (2003)

Macedonia
0 kWh (2003)

Madagascar
0 kWh (2002)

Malawi
0 kWh (2002)

Malaysia
70 million kWh (2002)

Maldives
0 kWh (2002)

Mali
0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing
electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2002)

Malta
0 kWh (2002)

Martinique
0 kWh (2002)

Mauritania
0 kWh (2002)

Mauritius
0 kWh (2002)

Mexico
98.65 million kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
0 kWh (2002)

Moldova
0 kWh (2002)

Mongolia
8.2 million kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat
0 kWh (2002)

Morocco
0 kWh (2002)

Mozambique
7.1 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia
65 million kWh (2002)

Nauru
0 kWh (2002)

Nepal
142 million kWh (2002)

Netherlands
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
0 kWh (2002)

New Caledonia
0 kWh (2002)

New Zealand
0 kWh (2002)

Nicaragua
6.8 million kWh (2002)

Niger
0 kWh (2002)

Nigeria
30 million kWh (2002)

Niue
0 kWh (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands
0 kWh

Norway
15 billion kWh (2002)

Oman
0 kWh (2002)

Pakistan
0 kWh (2003)

Panama
120 million kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea
0 kWh (2002)

Paraguay
42.51 billion kWh (2002)

Peru
0 kWh (2003)

Philippines
0 kWh (2003)

Poland
11.5 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal
3.4 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico
0 kWh (2002)

Qatar
0 kWh (2002)

Reunion
0 kWh (2002)

Romania
3.046 billion kWh (2003)

Russia
20.7 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Helena
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 kWh (2002)

Samoa
0 kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
0 kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia
0 kWh (2002)

Senegal
0 kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro
400 million kWh (2002)

Seychelles
0 kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone
0 kWh (2002)

Singapore
0 kWh (2003)

Slovakia
8 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia
7.448 billion kWh (2002)

Solomon Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Somalia
0 kWh (2002)

South Africa
6.95 billion kWh (2002)

Spain
4.4 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka
0 kWh (2002)

Sudan
0 kWh (2002)

Suriname
0 kWh (2002)

Swaziland
0 kWh (2002)

Sweden
14.8 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland
32.3 billion kWh (2002)

Syria
0 kWh (2002)

Taiwan
0 kWh (2002)

Tajikistan
3.974 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania
0 kWh (2002)

Thailand
188 million kWh (2002)

Togo
0 kWh (2002)

Tonga
0 kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
0 kWh (2002)

Tunisia
10 million kWh (2002)

Turkey
433 million kWh (2002)

Turkmenistan
1.136 billion kWh (2004)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Uganda
250 million kWh (2002)

Ukraine
1.2 billion kWh (2002)

United Arab Emirates
0 kWh (2004)

United Kingdom
2.959 billion kWh (2003)

United States
13.36 billion kWh (2002)

Uruguay
954 million kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan
4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu
0 kWh (2002)

Venezuela
450 million kWh (2003)

Vietnam
0 kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2002)

Wallis and Futuna
0 kWh (2002)

Western Sahara
0 kWh (2002)

World
500.8 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen
0 kWh (2002)

Zambia
2.25 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe
0 kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2046 Population below poverty line (%)

Afghanistan
53% (2003)

Albania
25% (2004 est.)

Algeria
23% (1999 est.)

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
NA%

Angola
70% (2003 est.)

Anguilla
23% (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
44.3% (June 2004)

Armenia
50% (2002 est.)

Aruba
NA

Australia
NA

Austria
3.9% (1999)

Azerbaijan
49% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
NA

Bangladesh
45% (2004 est.)

Barbados
NA

Belarus
27.1% (2003 est.)

Belgium
4% (1989 est.)

Belize
33% (1999 est.)

Benin
33% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
19% (2000)

Bhutan
NA

Bolivia
64% (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
25% (2004 est.)

Botswana
47% (2002 est.)

Brazil
22% (1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
NA

Bulgaria
13.4% (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso
45% (2003 est.)

Burma
25% (2000 est.)

Burundi
68% (2002 est.)

Cambodia
40% (2004 est.)

Cameroon
48% (2000 est.)

Canada
NA

Cape Verde
30% (2000)

Cayman Islands
NA (2002 est.)

Central African Republic
NA (1993)

Chad
80% (2001 est.)

Chile
20.6% (2000)

China
10% (2001 est.)

Colombia
55% (2001)

Comoros
60% (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Congo, Republic of the
NA

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
18% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
37% (1995)

Croatia
11% (2003)

Cuba
NA

Cyprus
NA%

Czech Republic
NA

Denmark
NA

Djibouti
50% (2001 est.)

Dominica
30% (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic
25%

East Timor
42% (2003 est.)

Ecuador
45% (2001 est.)

Egypt
16.7% (2000 est.)

El Salvador
36.1% (2003 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
NA

Eritrea
50% (2004 est.)

Estonia
NA (2000)

Ethiopia
50% (2004 est.)

European Union
See individual country listings

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA%

Fiji
25.5% (1990-91)

Finland
NA

France
6.5% (2000)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA%

Gabon
NA

Gambia, The
NA

Gaza Strip
81% (2004 est.)

Georgia
54% (2001 est.)

Germany
NA

Ghana
31.4% (1992 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
NA

Greenland
NA%

Grenada
32% (2000)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
23% (2001 est.)

Guatemala
75% (2004 est.)

Guernsey
NA%

Guinea
40% (2003 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
NA

Guyana
NA

Haiti
80% (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA%

Honduras
53% (1993 est.)

Hong Kong
NA

Hungary
8.6% (1993 est.)

Iceland
NA%

India
25% (2002 est.)

Indonesia
27% (1999)

Iran
40% (2002 est.)

Iraq
NA

Ireland
10% (1997 est.)

Israel
18% (2001 est.)

Italy
NA

Jamaica
19.7% (2002 est.)

Japan
NA

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
30% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
19% (2004 est.)

Kenya
50% (2000 est.)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
4% (2001 est.)

Kuwait
NA

Kyrgyzstan
40% (2004 est.)

Laos
40% (2002 est.)

Latvia
NA

Lebanon
28% (1999 est.)

Lesotho
49% (1999)

Liberia
80%

Libya
NA

Liechtenstein
NA%

Lithuania
NA

Luxembourg
NA%

Macau
NA

Macedonia
30.2% (2003 est.)

Madagascar
50% (2004 est.)

Malawi
55% (2004 est.)

Malaysia
8% (1998 est.)

Maldives
NA

Mali
64% average; 30% of the total population living in urban areas;
70% of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)

Malta
NA%

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
NA

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
40% (2004 est.)

Mauritius
10% (2001 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
40% (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
26.7%

Moldova
80% (2001 est.)

Monaco
NA%

Mongolia
36.1% (2004 est.)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
19% (1999 est.)

Mozambique
70% (2001 est.)

Namibia
50% (2002 est.)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
42% (1995-96)

Netherlands
NA

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA%

New Zealand
NA

Nicaragua
50% (2001 est.)

Niger
63% (1993 est.)

Nigeria
60% (2000 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
NA

Oman
NA

Pakistan
32% (FY00/01 est.)

Palau
NA

Panama
37% (1999 est.)

Papua New Guinea
37% (2002 est.)

Paraguay
36% (2001 est.)

Peru
54% (2003 est.)

Philippines
40% (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
18.4% (2000 est.)

Portugal
NA

Puerto Rico
NA

Qatar
NA

Reunion
NA%

Romania
28.9% (2002)

Russia
25% (January 2003 est.)

Rwanda
60% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA%

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

San Marino
NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
54% (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
NA

Senegal
54% (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
30% (1999 est.)

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
68% (1989 est.)

Singapore
NA

Slovakia
NA

Slovenia
NA

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
NA

South Africa
50% (2000 est.)

Spain
NA

Sri Lanka
22% (1997 est.)

Sudan
40% (2004 est.)

Suriname
70% (2002 est.)

Swaziland
40% (1995)

Sweden
NA

Switzerland
NA

Syria
20% (2004 est.)

Taiwan
1% (2000 est.)

Tajikistan
60% (2004 est.)

Tanzania
36% (2002 est.)

Thailand
10% (2004 est.)

Togo
32% (1989 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
21% (1992 est.)

Tunisia
7.6% (2001 est.)

Turkey
20% (2002)

Turkmenistan
58% (2003 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA%

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
35% (2001 est.)

Ukraine
29% (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
NA

United Kingdom
17% (2002 est.)

United States
12% (2004 est.)

Uruguay
21% of households (2003)

Uzbekistan
28% (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
47% (1998 est.)

Vietnam
28.9% (2002 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA%

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
59% (2004 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

Yemen
45.2% (2003)

Zambia
86% (1993)

Zimbabwe
70% (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2047 Household income or consumption by percentage share (%)

Afghanistan
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Albania
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Algeria
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)

American Samoa
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Andorra
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Angola
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Anguilla
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Antigua and Barbuda
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Argentina
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Armenia
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 46.2% (1999)

Aruba
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Australia
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)

Austria
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 22.5% (1995)

Azerbaijan
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 27.8% (1995)

Bahamas, The
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: 27% (2000)

Bahrain
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Bangladesh
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)

Barbados
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Belarus
lowest 10%: 5.1%
highest 10%: 20% (1998)

Belgium
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 23% (1996)

Belize
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Benin
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Bermuda
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Bhutan
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Bolivia
lowest 10%: 1.3%
highest 10%: 32% (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Botswana
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Brazil
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 48% (1998)

British Virgin Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Brunei
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Bulgaria
lowest 10%: 4.5%
highest 10%: 22.8% (1997)

Burkina Faso
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 46.8% (1994)

Burma
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Burundi
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 32.9% (1998)

Cambodia
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)

Cameroon
lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 36.6% (1996)

Canada
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)

Cape Verde
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Cayman Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Central African Republic
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 47.7% (1993)

Chad
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Chile
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 47% (2000)

China
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 30.4% (1998)

Colombia
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 44% (1999)

Comoros
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Congo, Republic of the
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Cook Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Costa Rica
lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 36.8% (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)

Croatia
lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 24.5% (2003 est.)

Cuba
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Cyprus
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Czech Republic
lowest 10%: 4.3%
highest 10%: 22.4% (1996)

Denmark
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 24% (2000 est.)

Djibouti
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Dominica
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Dominican Republic
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 37.9% (1998)

East Timor
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Ecuador
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 32%
note: data for urban households only (October 2003)

Egypt
lowest 10%: 4.4%
highest 10%: 25% (1995)

El Salvador
lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 39.3% (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Eritrea
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Estonia
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1998)

Ethiopia
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 33.7% (1995)

European Union
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1995 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Faroe Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Fiji
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Finland
lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

France
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1995)

French Guiana
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

French Polynesia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Gabon
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Gambia, The
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Gaza Strip
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Georgia
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 27.9% (1996)

Germany
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1997)

Ghana
lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 30.1% (1999)

Gibraltar
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Greece
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 28.3% (1998 est.)

Greenland
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Grenada
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Guadeloupe
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Guam
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Guatemala
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 46% (1998)

Guernsey
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Guinea
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 32% (1994)

Guinea-Bissau
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 42.4% (1991)

Guyana
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Haiti
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Holy See (Vatican City)
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Honduras
lowest 10%: 0.6%
highest 10%: 42.7% (1998)

Hong Kong
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Hungary
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 20.5% (1998)

Iceland
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

India
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)

Indonesia
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)

Iran
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Iraq
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Ireland
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 27.3% (1997)

Israel
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 28.3% (1997)

Italy
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 26.6% (2000)

Jamaica
lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)

Japan
lowest 10%: 4.8%
highest 10%: 21.7% (1993)

Jersey
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Jordan
lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1997)

Kazakhstan
lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%: 26.5% (2004 est.)

Kenya
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Kiribati
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Korea, North
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Korea, South
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 22.5% (1999 est.)

Kuwait
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Kyrgyzstan
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 23.3% (2001)

Laos
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 30.6% (1997)

Latvia
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 25.9% (1998)

Lebanon
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Lesotho
lowest 10%: 0.9%
highest 10%: 43.4%

Liberia
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Libya
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Liechtenstein
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Lithuania
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 25.6% (1996)

Luxembourg
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Macau
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Macedonia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Madagascar
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29% (1999)

Malawi
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Malaysia
lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 39.2% (2003 est.)

Maldives
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Mali
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)

Malta
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Man, Isle of
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Marshall Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Martinique
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mauritania
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 30.2% (2000)

Mauritius
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Mayotte
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mexico
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 35.6% (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Moldova
lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 30.7% (1997)

Monaco
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mongolia
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 37% (1995)

Montserrat
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Morocco
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 30.9% (1998-99)

Mozambique
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1997)

Namibia
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Nauru
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Nepal
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1995-96)

Netherlands
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)

Netherlands Antilles
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

New Caledonia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

New Zealand
lowest 10%: 0.3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1991 est.)

Nicaragua
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 45% (2001)

Niger
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 35.4% (1995)

Nigeria
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 40.8% (1996-97)

Niue
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Norfolk Island
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Northern Mariana Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Norway
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)

Oman
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Pakistan
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 27.6% (FY96/97)

Palau
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Panama
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 35.7% (1997)

Papua New Guinea
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)

Paraguay
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.8% (1998)

Peru
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Philippines
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 31.9% (2003)

Pitcairn Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Poland
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 24.7% (1998)

Portugal
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)

Puerto Rico
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Qatar
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Reunion
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Romania
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 27.6% (2003)

Russia
lowest 10%: 5.9%
highest 10%: 47% (2001)

Rwanda
lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)

Saint Helena
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Saint Lucia
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Samoa
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

San Marino
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Saudi Arabia
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Senegal
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)

Serbia and Montenegro
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Seychelles
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Sierra Leone
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)

Singapore
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Slovakia
lowest 10%: 5.1%
highest 10%: 18.2% (1992)

Slovenia
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 23% (1998)

Solomon Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Somalia
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

South Africa
lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 45.9% (1994)

Spain
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1990)

Sri Lanka
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 28% (1995)

Sudan
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Suriname
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Swaziland
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 50.2% (1995)

Sweden
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)

Switzerland
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1992)

Syria
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Taiwan
lowest 10%: 6.7%
highest 10%: 41.1% (2002 est.)

Tajikistan
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1998)

Tanzania
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 30.1% (1993)

Thailand
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Togo
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Tokelau
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Tonga
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Trinidad and Tobago
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Tunisia
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 31.8% (1995)

Turkey
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 30.7% (2000)

Turkmenistan
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)

Turks and Caicos Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Tuvalu
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Uganda
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 21% (2000)

Ukraine
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 23.2% (1999)

United Arab Emirates
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

United Kingdom
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 28.5% (1999)

United States
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 30.5% (1997)

Uruguay
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 25.8% (1997)

Uzbekistan
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 22% (2000)

Vanuatu
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Venezuela
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 36.5% (1998)

Vietnam
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 29.9% (1998)

Virgin Islands
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Wallis and Futuna
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

West Bank
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

Western Sahara
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA

World
lowest 10%: NA %
highest 10%: NA %

Yemen
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.9% (2003)

Zambia
lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 41% (1998)

Zimbabwe
lowest 10%: 1.97%
highest 10%: 40.42% (1995)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2048 Labor force - by occupation (%)

Afghanistan
agriculture 80%, industry 10%, services 10% (2004 est.)

Albania
agriculture 57%, non-agricultural private sector 20%, public
sector 23% (2004 est.)

Algeria
agriculture 14%, industry 13.4%, construction and public
works 10%, trade 14.6%, government 32%, other 16% (2003 est.)

American Samoa
tuna canneries 34%, government 33%, other 33% (1990)

Andorra
agriculture 1%, industry 21%, services 78% (2000 est.)

Angola
agriculture 85%, industry and services 15% (2003 est.)

Anguilla
agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining 4%, manufacturing 3%,
construction 18%, transportation and utilities 10%, commerce 36%,
services 29% (2000 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
agriculture 7%, industry 11%, services 82% (1983)

Argentina
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Armenia
agriculture 45%, industry 25%, services 30% (2002 est.)

Aruba
most employment is in wholesale and retail trade and repair,
followed by hotels and restaurants; oil refining

Australia
agriculture 3.6%, industry 26.4%, services 70% (2004 est.)

Austria
agriculture and forestry 4%, industry and crafts 29%,
services 67% (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
agriculture and forestry 41%, industry 7%, services 52%
(2001)

Bahamas, The
agriculture 5%, industry 5%, tourism 50%, other
services 40% (1999 est.)

Bahrain
agriculture 1%, industry, commerce, and services 79%,
government 20% (1997 est.)

Bangladesh
agriculture 63%, industry 11%, services 26% (FY95/96)

Barbados
agriculture 10%, industry 15%, services 75% (1996 est.)

Belarus
agriculture 14%, industry 34.7%, services 51.3% (2003 est.)

Belgium
agriculture 1.3%, industry 24.5%, services 74.2% (2003 est.)

Belize
agriculture 27%, industry 18%, services 55% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
agriculture and fishing 3%, laborers 17%, clerical 22%,
professional and technical 17%, administrative and managerial 13%,
sales 8%, services 20% (2000 est.)

Bhutan
agriculture 93%, industry and commerce 2%, services 5%

Bolivia
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Botswana
NA

Brazil
agriculture 20%, industry 14%, services 66% (2003 est.)

British Virgin Islands
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Brunei
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 10%, production of oil,
natural gas, services, and construction 42%, government 48% (1999
est.)

Bulgaria
agriculture 11%, industry 32.7%, services 56.3% (3rd
quarter 2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
agriculture 90% (2000 est.)

Burma
agriculture 70%, industry 7%, services 23% (2001 est.)

Burundi
agriculture 93.6%, industry 2.3%, services 4.1% (2002 est.)

Cambodia
agriculture 75% (2004 est.)

Cameroon
agriculture 70%, industry and commerce 13%, other 17%

Canada
agriculture 3%, manufacturing 15%, construction 5%, services
74%, other 3% (2000)

Cayman Islands
agriculture 1.4%, industry 12.6%, services 86% (1995)

Chad
agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)

Chile
agriculture 13.6%, industry 23.4%, services 63% (2003)

China
agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29% (2003 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands the Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage workers; tourism employs others

Colombia
agriculture 30%, industry 24%, services 46% (1990)

Comoros
agriculture 80%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Cook Islands
agriculture 29%, industry 15%, services 56%
note: shortage of skilled labor (1995)

Costa Rica
agriculture 20%, industry 22%, services 58% (1999 est.)

Croatia
agriculture 2.7%, industry 32.8%, services 64.5% (2004)

Cuba
agriculture 24%, industry 25%, services 51% (1999)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: agriculture 4.9%, industry 19.4%,
services 75.6%
north Cyprus: agriculture 15.1%, industry 27%, services 57.9% (2003
est.)

Czech Republic
agriculture 4%, industry 38%, services 58% (2002 est.)

Denmark
agriculture 4%, industry 17%, services 79% (2002 est.)

Djibouti
NA

Dominica
agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28%

Dominican Republic
agriculture 17%, industry 24.3%, services and
government 58.7% (1998 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
agriculture 8%, industry 24%, services 68% (2001)

Egypt
agriculture 32%, industry 17%, services 51% (2001 est.)

El Salvador
agriculture 17.1%, industry 17.1%, services 65.8% (2003
est.)

Eritrea
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20%

Estonia
agriculture 11%, industry 20%, services 69% (1999 est.)

Ethiopia
agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, industry and
construction 8%, government and services 12% (1985)

European Union
agriculture 4.5%, industry 27.4%, services 66.9%
note: the remainder is in miscellaneous public and private sector
industries and services (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
agriculture 95% (mostly
sheepherding and fishing)

Faroe Islands
fishing, fish processing, and manufacturing 33%,
construction and private services 33%, public services 34%

Fiji
agriculture, including subsistence agriculture 70% (2001 est.)

Finland
agriculture and forestry 8%, industry 22%, construction 6%,
commerce 14%, finance, insurance, and business services 10%,
transport and communications 8%, public services 32%

France
agriculture 4.1%, industry 24.4%, services 71.5% (1999)

French Guiana
agriculture 18.2%, industry 21.2%, services,
government, and commerce 60.6% (1980)

French Polynesia
agriculture 13%, industry 19%, services 68% (2002)

Gabon
agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25%

Gambia, The
agriculture 75%, industry, commerce, and services 19%,
government 6%

Gaza Strip
agriculture 14%, industry 19%, services 66% (2004)

Georgia
agriculture 40%, industry 20%, services 40% (1999 est.)

Germany
agriculture 2.8%, industry 33.4%, services 63.8% (1999)

Ghana
agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25% (1999 est.)

Gibraltar
agriculture negligible, industry 40%, services 60%

Greece
agriculture 12%, industry 20%, services 68% (2004 est.)

Grenada
agriculture 24%, industry 14%, services 62% (1999 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
private 74% (industry 10%, trade 24%, other services 40%),
federal and territorial government 26% (2000 est.)

Guatemala
agriculture 50%, industry 15%, services 35% (1999 est.)

Guinea
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2000 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
agriculture 82% (2000 est.)

Guyana
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Haiti
agriculture 66%, industry 9%, services 25%

Holy See (Vatican City) essentially services with a small amount of industry; note - dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers live outside the Vatican

Honduras
agriculture 34%, industry 21%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
manufacturing 7.5%, construction 2.9%, wholesale and
retail trade, restaurants, and hotels 43.7%, financing, insurance,
and real estate 19.2%, transport and communications 7.9%, community
and social services 18.5%
note: above data exclude public sector (2004 est.)

Hungary
agriculture 6.2%, industry 27.1%, services 66.7% (2002)

Iceland
agriculture, fishing and fish processing 10.3%, industry
18.3%, services 71.4% (2003)

India
agriculture 60%, industry 17%, services 23% (1999)

Indonesia
agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Iran
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Iraq
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Ireland
agriculture 8%, industry 29%, services 63% (2002 est.)

Israel
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.6%, manufacturing 20.2%,
construction 7.5%, commerce 12.8%, transport, storage, and
communications 6.2%, finance and business 13.1%, personal and other
services 6.4%, public services 31.2% (1996)

Italy
agriculture 5%, industry 32%, services 63% (2001)

Jamaica
agriculture 20.1%, industry 16.6%, services 63.4% (2003)

Japan
agriculture 5%, industry 25%, services 70% (2002 est.)

Jordan
agriculture 5%, industry 12.5%, services 82.5% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (2002 est.)

Kenya
agriculture 75% (2003 est.)

Korea, North
agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%

Korea, South
agriculture 8%, industry 19%, services 73% (2004 est.)

Kuwait
agriculture NA, industries NA, services NA

Kyrgyzstan
agriculture 55%, industry 15%, services 30% (2000 est.)

Laos
agriculture 80% (1997 est.)

Latvia
agriculture 15%, industry 25%, services 60% (2000 est.)

Lebanon
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Lesotho
86% of resident population engaged in subsistence
agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in
South Africa

Liberia
agriculture 70%, industry 8%, services 22% (2000 est.)

Libya
agriculture 17%, industry 29%, services 54% (1997 est.)

Liechtenstein
agriculture 1.3%, industry 47.4%, services 51.3% (31
December 2001 est.)

Lithuania
agriculture 20%, industry 30%, services 50% (1997 est.)

Luxembourg
agriculture 1%, industry 13%, services 86% (2004 est.)

Macau
manufacturing 18.3%, construction 8%, transport and
communications 7%, wholesale and retail trade 16.2%, restaurants and
hotels 10.9%, gambling 11.6%, public sector 8.8%, other services and
agriculture 19.2% (2003 est.)

Macedonia
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Malawi
agriculture 90% (2003 est.)

Malaysia
agriculture 14.5%, industry 36%, services 49.5% (2000 est.)

Maldives
agriculture 22%, industry 18%, services 60% (1995)

Mali
agriculture and fishing 80% (2001 est.)

Malta
agriculture 5%, industry 24%, services 71% (1999 est.)

Man, Isle of
agriculture, forestry and fishing 3%, manufacturing
11%, construction 10%, transport and communication 8%, wholesale and
retail distribution 11%, professional and scientific services 18%,
public administration 6%, banking and finance 18%, tourism 2%,
entertainment and catering 3%, miscellaneous services 10%

Marshall Islands
agriculture 21.4%, industry 20.9%, services 57.7%

Martinique
agriculture 10%, industry 17%, services 73% (1997)

Mauritania
agriculture 50%, industry 10%, services 40% (2001 est.)

Mauritius
agriculture and fishing 14%, construction and industry
36%, transportation and communication 7%, trade, restaurants, hotels
16%, finance 3%, other services 24% (1995)

Mexico
agriculture 18%, industry 24%, services 58% (2003)

Micronesia, Federated States of
two-thirds are government employees

Moldova
agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46% (1998)

Mongolia
herding/agriculture 42%, mining 4%, manufacturing 6%, trade
14%, services 29%, public sector 5%, other 3.7% (2003)

Montserrat
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Morocco
agriculture 40%, industry 15%, services 45% (2003 est.)

Mozambique
agriculture 81%, industry 6%, services 13% (1997 est.)

Namibia
agriculture 47%, industry 20%, services 33% (1999 est.)

Nauru
employed in mining phosphates, public administration,
education, and transportation

Nepal
agriculture 81%, industry 3%, services 16%

Netherlands
agriculture 4%, industry 23%, services 73% (1998 est.)

Netherlands Antilles agriculture 1%, industry 13%, services 86% (2000 est.)

New Caledonia
agriculture 7%, industry 23%, services 70% (1999 est.)

New Zealand
agriculture 10%, industry 25%, services 65% (1995)

Nicaragua
agriculture 30.5%, industry 17.3%, services 52.2% (2003
est.)

Niger
agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4%

Nigeria
agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.)

Niue
most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in
government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board

Norfolk Island
tourism 90%, subsistence agriculture 10%

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 4%, industry 22%, services
74% (1995)

Oman
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Pakistan
agriculture 42%, industry 20%, services 38% (2004 est.)

Palau
agriculture 20%, industry NA, services NA (1990)

Panama
agriculture 20.8%, industry 18%, services 61.2% (1995 est.)

Papua New Guinea
agriculture 85%, industry NA, services NA

Paraguay
agriculture 45%

Peru
agriculture 9%, industry 18%, services 73% (2001)

Philippines
agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48% (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing

Poland
agriculture 16.1%, industry 29%, services 54.9% (2002)

Portugal
agriculture 10%, industry 30%, services 60% (1999 est.)

Puerto Rico
agriculture 3%, industry 20%, services 77% (2000 est.)

Reunion
agriculture 13%, industry 12%, services 75% (2000)

Romania
agriculture 31.6%, industry 30.7%, services 37.7% (2004)

Russia
agriculture 12.3%, industry 22.7%, services 65% (2002 est.)

Rwanda
agriculture 90%

Saint Helena
agriculture and fishing 6%, industry (mainly
construction) 48%, services 46% (1987 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
agriculture 21.7%, industry, commerce, and manufacturing
24.7%, services 53.6% (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fishing 18%, industry (mainly
fish-processing) 41%, services 41% (1996 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
agriculture 26%, industry 17%,
services 57% (1980 est.)

Samoa
NA

San Marino
agriculture 1%, industry 42%, services 57% (2000 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing note: shortages of skilled workers

Saudi Arabia
agriculture 12%, industry 25%, services 63% (1999 est.)

Senegal
agriculture 70%

Serbia and Montenegro
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Seychelles
agriculture 10%, industry 19%, services 71% (1989)

Sierra Leone
agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA

Singapore
manufacturing 18%, construction 6%, transportation and
communication 11%, financial, business, and other services 49%,
other 16% (2003)

Slovakia
agriculture 5.8%, industry 29.3%, construction 9%, services
55.9% (2003)

Slovenia
agriculture 6%, industry 40%, services 55% (2002)

Solomon Islands
agriculture 75%, industry 5%, services 20% (2000
est.)

Somalia
agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and
services 29%

South Africa
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (1999 est.)

Spain
agriculture 5.3%, manufacturing, mining, and construction
30.1%, services 64.6% (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
agriculture 38%, industry 17%, services 45% (1998 est.)

Sudan
agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 7%, government 13%
(1998 est.)

Suriname
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Swaziland
NA

Sweden
agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74% (2000 est.)

Switzerland
agriculture 4.6%, industry 26.3%, services 69.1% (1998)

Syria
agriculture 30%, industry 27%, services 43% (2002 est.)

Taiwan
agriculture 8%, industry 35%, services 57% (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
agriculture 67.2%, industry 7.5%, services 25.3% (2000
est.)

Tanzania
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2002 est.)

Thailand
agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37% (2000 est.)

Togo
agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)

Tonga
agriculture 65% (1997 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
agriculture 9.5%, manufacturing, mining, and
quarrying 14%, construction and utilities 12.4%, services 64.1%
(1997 est.)

Tunisia
services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.)

Turkey
agriculture 35.9%, industry 22.8%, services 41.2% (3rd
quarter, 2004)

Turkmenistan
agriculture 48.2%, industry 13.8%, services 37% (2003
est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
about 33% in government and 20% in
agriculture and fishing; significant numbers in tourism, financial,
and other services

Tuvalu
people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea,
reefs, and atolls and from wages sent home by those abroad (mostly
workers in the phosphate industry and sailors)

Uganda
agriculture 82%, industry 5%, services 13% (1999 est.)

Ukraine
agriculture 24%, industry 32%, services 44% (1996)

United Arab Emirates
agriculture 7%, industry 15%, services 78%
(2000 est.)

United Kingdom
agriculture 1.5%, industry 19.1%, services 79.5%
(2004)

United States
farming, forestry, and fishing 0.7%, manufacturing,
extraction, transportation, and crafts 22.7%, managerial,
professional, and technical 34.9%, sales and office 25.5%, other
services 16.3%
note: figures exclude the unemployed (2004)

Uruguay
agriculture 14%, industry 16%, services 70%

Uzbekistan
agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995)

Vanuatu
agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (2000 est.)

Venezuela
agriculture 13%, industry 23%, services 64% (1997 est.)

Vietnam
agriculture 63%, industry and services 37% (2000 est.)

Virgin Islands
agriculture 1%, industry 19%, services 80% (2003 est.)

Wallis and Futuna agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (2001 est.)

West Bank
agriculture 15%, industry 25%, services 60% (2004 est.)

Western Sahara
animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%

World
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Yemen
most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services,
construction, industry, and commerce account for less than
one-fourth of the labor force

Zambia
agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%

Zimbabwe
agriculture 66%, industry 10%, services 24% (1996)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2049 Exports - commodities

Afghanistan
opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton,
hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems

Albania
textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores,
crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Algeria
petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97%

American Samoa
canned tuna 93%

Andorra
tobacco products, furniture

Angola
crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee,
sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton

Anguilla
lobster, fish, livestock, salt, concrete blocks, rum

Antigua and Barbuda
petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%,
machinery and transport equipment 17%, food and live animals 4%,
other 8%

Argentina
edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor
vehicles

Armenia
diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy

Aruba
live animals and animal products, art and collectibles,
machinery and electrical equipment, transport equipment

Australia
coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat,
machinery and transport equipment

Austria
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and
paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel; textiles,
foodstuffs

Azerbaijan
oil and gas 90%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs

Bahamas, The
mineral products and salt, animal products, rum,
chemicals; fruit and vegetables

Bahrain
petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles

Bangladesh
garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and
seafood (2001)

Barbados
sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages,
chemicals, electrical components

Belarus
machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals,
metals; textiles, foodstuffs

Belgium
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and
metal products, foodstuffs

Belize
sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses,
wood

Benin
cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa

Bermuda
reexports of pharmaceuticals

Bhutan
electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber,
handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices

Bolivia
natural gas, soybeans and soy products, crude petroleum,
zinc ore, tin

Bosnia and Herzegovina
metals, clothing, wood products

Botswana
diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles

Brazil
transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee,
autos

British Virgin Islands
rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand

Brunei
crude oil, natural gas, refined products

Bulgaria
clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and
equipment, fuels

Burkina Faso
cotton, livestock, gold

Burma
clothing, gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice

Burundi
coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Cambodia
Clothing, timber, rubber, rice, fish, tobacco, footwear

Cameroon
crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans,
aluminum, coffee, cotton

Canada
motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft,
telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood
pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Cape Verde
fuel, shoes, garments, fish, hides

Cayman Islands
turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

Central African Republic
diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco

Chad
cotton, cattle, gum arabic

Chile
copper, fruit, fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, wine

China
machinery and equipment, plastics, optical and medical
equipment, iron and steel

Christmas Island
phosphate

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
copra

Colombia
petroleum, coffee, coal, apparel, bananas, cut flowers

Comoros
vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
diamonds, copper, crude oil,
coffee, cobalt

Congo, Republic of the
petroleum, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa,
coffee, diamonds

Cook Islands
copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee;
fish; pearls and pearl shells; clothing

Costa Rica
coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic
components, medical equipment

Cote d'Ivoire
cocoa, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton, bananas,
pineapples, palm oil, fish

Croatia
transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels

Cuba
sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals,
cement, clothing and cigarettes; north Cyprus: citrus, potatoes,
textiles

Czech Republic
machinery and transport equipment 52%, chemicals 5%,
raw materials and fuel 9% (2003)

Denmark
machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy
products, fish, chemicals, furniture, ships, windmills

Djibouti
reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

Dominica
bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

Dominican Republic
ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa,
tobacco, meats, consumer goods

East Timor
coffee, sandalwood, marble; note - the potential for oil
and vanilla exports

Ecuador
petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp

Egypt
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal
products, chemicals

El Salvador
offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, shrimp,
textiles, chemicals, electricity

Equatorial Guinea
petroleum, methanol, timber, cocoa

Eritrea
livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures (2000)

Estonia
machinery and equipment 33%, wood and paper 15%, textiles
14%, food products 8%, furniture 7%, metals, chemical products (2001)

Ethiopia
coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds

European Union
machinery, motor vehicles, aircraft, plastics,
pharmaceuticals and other chemicals, fuels, iron and steel,
nonferrous metals, wood pulp and paper products, textiles, meat,
dairy products, fish, alcoholic beverages.

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
wool, hides, meat

Faroe Islands
fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)

Fiji
sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil

Finland
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper,
pulp (1999)

France
machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics,
chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages

French Guiana
shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood essence, clothing

French Polynesia
cultured pearls, coconut products, mother-of-pearl,
vanilla, shark meat

Gabon
crude oil 77%, timber, manganese, uranium (2001)

Gambia, The
peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels,
re-exports

Gaza Strip
citrus, flowers

Georgia
scrap metal, machinery, chemicals; fuel reexports; citrus
fruits, tea, wine

Germany
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures,
foodstuffs, textiles

Ghana
gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore,
diamonds

Gibraltar
(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods
41%, other 8%

Greece
food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products,
chemicals, textiles

Greenland
fish and fish products 94% (prawns 63%)

Grenada
bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace

Guadeloupe
bananas, sugar, rum

Guam
mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products;
construction materials, fish, food and beverage products

Guatemala
coffee, sugar, petroleum, apparel, bananas, fruits and
vegetables, cardamom

Guernsey
tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other
vegetables

Guinea
bauxite, alumina, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural
products

Guinea-Bissau
cashew nuts, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber

Guyana
sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum,
timber

Haiti
manufactures, coffee, oils, cocoa, mangoes

Honduras
coffee, shrimp, bananas, gold, palm oil, fruit, lobster,
lumber

Hong Kong
electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, apparel,
footwear, watches and clocks, toys, plastics, precious stones,
printed material

Hungary
machinery and equipment 61.1%, other manufactures 28.7%,
food products 6.5%, raw materials 2%, fuels and electricity 1.6%
(2003)

Iceland
fish and fish products 70%, aluminum, animal products,
ferrosilicon, diatomite

India
textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,
leather manufactures

Indonesia
oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles,
rubber

Iran
petroleum 80%, chemical and petrochemical products, fruits and
nuts, carpets

Iraq
crude oil (83.9%), crude materials excluding fuels (8.0%), food
and live animals (5.0%)

Ireland
machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals; live animals, animal products

Israel
machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural
products, chemicals, textiles and apparel

Italy
engineering products, textiles and clothing, production
machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food,
beverages and tobacco; minerals and nonferrous metals

Jamaica
alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams,
beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels

Japan
transport equipment, motor vehicles, semiconductors,
electrical machinery, chemicals

Jersey
light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Jordan
clothing, phosphates, fertilizers, potash, vegetables,
manufactures, pharmaceuticals

Kazakhstan
oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals
5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)

Kenya
tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish,
cement

Kiribati
copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish

Korea, North
minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures
(including armaments); textiles and fishery products

Korea, South
semiconductors, wireless telecommunications equipment,
motor vehicles, computers, steel, ships, petrochemicals

Kuwait
oil and refined products, fertilizers

Kyrgyzstan
cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium,
natural gas, hydropower; machinery; shoes

Laos
garments, wood products, coffee, electricity, tin

Latvia
wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals,
textiles, foodstuffs

Lebanon
authentic jewelry, inorganic chemicals, miscellaneous
consumer goods, fruit, tobacco, construction minerals, electric
power machinery and switchgear, textile fibers, paper

Lesotho
manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool
and mohair, food and live animals (2000)

Liberia
rubber, timber, iron, diamonds, cocoa, coffee

Libya
crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas

Liechtenstein
small specialty machinery, connectors for audio and
video, parts for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared
foodstuffs, electronic equipment, optical products

Lithuania
mineral products 23%, textiles and clothing 16%, machinery
and equipment 11%, chemicals 6%, wood and wood products 5%,
foodstuffs 5% (2001)

Luxembourg
machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals,
rubber products, glass

Macau
clothing, textiles, footwear, toys, electronics, machinery and
parts

Macedonia
food, beverages, tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron
and steel

Madagascar
coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth,
chromite, petroleum products

Malawi
tobacco 60%, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood
products, apparel

Malaysia
electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas,
wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals

Maldives
fish, clothing

Mali
cotton, gold, livestock

Malta
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures

Man, Isle of
tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb

Marshall Islands
copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, fish

Martinique
refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
(2001 est.)

Mauritania
iron ore, fish and fish products, gold

Mauritius
clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses

Mayotte
ylang-ylang (perfume essence), vanilla, copra, coconuts,
coffee, cinnamon

Mexico
manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits,
vegetables, coffee, cotton

Micronesia, Federated States of
fish, garments, bananas, black pepper

Moldova
foodstuffs, textiles, machinery

Mongolia
copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere,
wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals

Montserrat
electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot
peppers, live plants, cattle

Morocco
clothing, fish, inorganic chemicals, transistors, crude
minerals, fertilizers (including phosphates), petroleum products,
fruits, vegetables

Mozambique
aluminum, prawns, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber;
bulk electricity

Namibia
diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle,
processed fish, karakul skins

Nauru
phosphates

Nepal
carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

Netherlands
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Netherlands Antilles
petroleum products

New Caledonia
ferronickels, nickel ore, fish

New Zealand
dairy products, meat, wood and wood products, fish,
machinery

Nicaragua
coffee, beef, shrimp and lobster, tobacco, sugar, gold,
peanuts

Niger
uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas, onions

Nigeria
petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber

Niue
canned coconut cream, copra, honey, vanilla, passion fruit
products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts

Norfolk Island
postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and
Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados

Northern Mariana Islands
garments

Norway
petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment,
metals, chemicals, ships, fish

Oman
petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles

Pakistan
textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, and yarn),
rice, leather goods, sports goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets
and rugs

Palau
shellfish, tuna, copra, garments

Panama
bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing (1999)

Papua New Guinea
oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee,
cocoa, crayfish, prawns

Paraguay
soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils, electricity,
wood, leather

Peru
copper, gold, zinc, crude petroleum and petroleum products,
coffee

Philippines
electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment,
garments, optical instruments, coconut products, fruits and nuts,
copper products, chemicals

Pitcairn Islands
fruits, vegetables, curios, stamps

Poland
machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate
manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%,
food and live animals 7.6% (2003)

Portugal
clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper
products, hides

Puerto Rico
chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum,
beverage concentrates, medical equipment

Qatar
liquefied natural gas (LNG), petroleum products, fertilizers,
steel

Reunion
sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster
3%, (1993)

Romania
textiles and footwear, metals and metal products, machinery
and equipment, minerals and fuels, chemicals, agricultural products

Russia
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood
products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures

Rwanda
coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Saint Helena
fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna),
coffee, handicrafts

Saint Kitts and Nevis
machinery, food, electronics, beverages,
tobacco

Saint Lucia
bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits,
coconut oil

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fish and fish products, soybeans, animal
feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
bananas 39%, eddoes and dasheen
(taro), arrowroot starch; tennis racquets

Samoa
fish, coconut oil and cream, copra, taro, automotive parts,
garments, beer

San Marino
building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked
goods, hides, ceramics

Sao Tome and Principe
cocoa 80%, copra, coffee, palm oil

Saudi Arabia
petroleum and petroleum products 90%

Senegal
fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates,
cotton

Serbia and Montenegro
manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw
materials

Seychelles
canned tuna, frozen fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum
products (reexports)

Sierra Leone
diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish (1999)

Singapore
machinery and equipment (including electronics), consumer
goods, chemicals, mineral fuels

Slovakia
vehicles 25.9%, machinery and electrical equipment 21.3%,
base metals 14.6%, chemicals and minerals 10.1%, plastics 5.4%%
(2004 est.)

Slovenia
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, food

Solomon Islands
timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa

Somalia
livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal

South Africa
gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals,
machinery and equipment (1998 est.)

Spain
machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals,
medicines, other consumer goods

Sri Lanka
textiles and apparel; tea and spices; diamonds, emeralds,
rubies; coconut products; rubber manufactures, fish

Sudan
oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock,
groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar

Suriname
alumina, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

Swaziland
soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, cotton yarn,
refrigerators, citrus and canned fruit

Sweden
machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood,
iron and steel products, chemicals

Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural
products

Syria
crude oil, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton
fiber, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat

Taiwan
computer products and electrical equipment, metals, textiles,
plastics and rubber products, chemicals (2002)

Tajikistan
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil,
textiles

Tanzania
gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Thailand
textiles and footwear, fishery products, rice, rubber,
jewelry, automobiles, computers and electrical appliances

Togo
reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

Tokelau
stamps, copra, handicrafts

Tonga
squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops

Trinidad and Tobago
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
steel products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers

Tunisia
textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals,
agricultural products, hydrocarbons

Turkey
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport
equipment

Turkmenistan
gas, crude oil, petrochemicals, cotton fiber, textiles

Turks and Caicos Islands
lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

Tuvalu
copra, fish

Uganda
coffee, fish and fish products, tea; gold, cotton, flowers,
horticultural products

Ukraine
ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products,
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products

United Arab Emirates
crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried
fish, dates

United Kingdom
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food,
beverages, tobacco

United States
agricultural products (soybeans, fruit, corn) 9.2%,
industrial supplies (organic chemicals) 26.8%, capital goods
(transistors, aircraft, motor vehicle parts, computers,
telecommunications equipment) 49.0%, consumer goods (automobiles,
medicines) 15.0% (2003)

Uruguay
meat, rice, leather products, wool, fish, dairy products

Uzbekistan
cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral
fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, automobiles
(1998 est.)

Vanuatu
copra, beef, cocoa, timber, kava, coffee

Venezuela
petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals,
agricultural products, basic manufactures

Vietnam
crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea,
garments, shoes

Virgin Islands
refined petroleum products

Wallis and Futuna
copra, chemicals, construction materials

West Bank
olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone

Western Sahara
phosphates 62%

World
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services

Yemen
crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish

Zambia
copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity, tobacco, flowers,
cotton

Zimbabwe
cotton, tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2050 Exports - partners (%)

Afghanistan
Pakistan 24%, India 21.3%, US 12.4%, Germany 5.5% (2004)

Albania
Italy 71.7%, Canada 4.3%, Germany 4.3% (2004)

Algeria
US 22.6%, Italy 17.2%, France 11.4%, Spain 10.1%, Canada
7.5%, Brazil 6.1%, Belgium 4.6% (2004)

American Samoa
Samoa 39.8%, Australia 19.9%, Japan 15.1%, New
Zealand 10.5% (2004)

Andorra
Spain 58%, France 34% (2000)

Angola
US 38%, China 35.9%, Taiwan 6.8%, France 6.5% (2004)

Anguilla
UK, US, Puerto Rico, Saint-Martin (2000)

Antigua and Barbuda
Poland 47.8%, UK 24.6%, Germany 8.7% (2004)

Argentina
Brazil 15.3%, Chile 10.7%, US 10.2%, China 8.7%, Spain
4.4% (2004)

Armenia
Belgium 18%, Israel 15.3%, Germany 13.3%, Russia 12.5%, US
8.1%, Netherlands 7.2%, Iran 5.5%, Georgia 4.3%, UAE 4% (2004)

Aruba
Netherlands 28.5%, Panama 17.5%, Venezuela 14.7%, Netherlands
Antilles 11.2%, Colombia 10.7%, US 10.4% (2004)

Australia
Japan 18.6%, China 9.2%, US 8.1%, South Korea 7.7%, New
Zealand 7.4%, India 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2004)

Austria
Germany 32%, Italy 8.9%, US 6%, Switzerland 4.8%, France
4.2%, UK 4.2% (2004)

Azerbaijan
Italy 26.6%, Czech Republic 11.9%, Germany 8.1%,
Indonesia 6.4%, Romania 6.2%, Georgia 6%, Russia 5.3%, Turkey 5.2%,
France 4.1% (2004)

Bahamas, The
US 40.2%, Poland 13.3%, Spain 11.6%, Germany 5.9%,
France 4.3% (2004)

Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 3%, US 2.9%, UAE 2.2% (2004)

Bangladesh
US 22.4%, Germany 14.5%, UK 11.2%, France 6.9%, Italy 4%
(2004)

Barbados
US 20.6%, UK 14.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.9%, Saint Lucia
6.9%, Jamaica 6.6%, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.1% (2004)

Belarus
Russia 47%, UK 8.3%, Netherlands 6.7%, Poland 5.3% (2004)

Belgium
Germany 19.9%, France 17.2%, Netherlands 11.8%, UK 8.6%, US
6.5%, Italy 5.2% (2004)

Belize
US 37.2%, UK 26.8%, Jamaica 4.6% (2004)

Benin
China 28.7%, India 18.4%, Ghana 6.3%, Thailand 6%, Niger 5.8%,
Indonesia 4.2%, Nigeria 4.2% (2004)

Bermuda
France 73.2%, UK 6.2%, Spain 2.4% (2004)

Bhutan
Bangladesh 47.4%, Japan 30.2%, France 3.4% (2004)

Bolivia
Brazil 40%, US 13.9%, Colombia 8.7%, Peru 6.3%, Japan 4.5%
(2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Italy 22.3%, Croatia 21.1%, Germany 20.8%,
Austria 7.4%, Slovenia 7.1%, Hungary 4.8% (2004)

Botswana
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 87%, Southern
African Customs Union (SACU) 7%, Zimbabwe 4% (2000)

Brazil
US 20.8%, Argentina 7.5%, Netherlands 6.1%, China 5.6%,
Germany 4.1%, Mexico 4% (2004)

British Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Brunei
Japan 38.1%, South Korea 14%, Australia 11.2%, US 8.6%,
Thailand 7.9%, Indonesia 5.9%, China 4.5% (2004)

Bulgaria
Italy 13.1%, Germany 11.6%, Turkey 9.3%, Belgium 6.1%,
Greece 5.6%, US 5.3%, France 4.9% (2004)

Burkina Faso
China 32.1%, Singapore 11.5%, Ghana 4.7%, Bangladesh
4.3% (2004)

Burma
Thailand 37.8%, India 11.7%, China 6%, Japan 5.3% (2004)

Burundi
Germany 19.6%, Belgium 8.2%, Pakistan 6.7%, US 5.6%, Rwanda
5.6%, Thailand 5.4% (2004)

Cambodia
US 55.9%, Germany 11.7%, UK 6.9%, Vietnam 4.4%, Canada 4.2%
(2004)

Cameroon
Spain 15.2%, Italy 12.3%, UK 10.2%, France 9.2%, US 8.8%,
South Korea 7.1%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Canada
US 85.2%, Japan 2.1%, UK 1.6% (2004)

Cape Verde
Portugal 59.4%, US 17.2%, UK 11.4% (2004)

Cayman Islands
mostly US

Central African Republic
Belgium 39.2%, Italy 8.6%, Spain 7.9%, US
6.2%, France 6.1%, Indonesia 5.8%, China 4.9% (2004)

Chad
US 67.8%, China 21.5%, Portugal 4.3% (2004)

Chile
US 14%, Japan 11.4%, China 9.9%, South Korea 5.5%, Netherlands
5.1%, Brazil 4.3%, Italy 4.1%, Mexico 4% (2004)

China
US 21.1%, Hong Kong 17%, Japan 12.4%, South Korea 4.7%,
Germany 4% (2004)

Christmas Island
Australia, NZ

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia

Colombia
US 42.1%, Venezuela 9.7%, Ecuador 6% (2004)

Comoros
US 43.8%, France 18.6%, Singapore 16.5%, Turkey 4.8%,
Germany 4.5% (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Belgium 47.8%, Finland 21%, US
10.9%, China 7.6% (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
China 26.8%, Taiwan 19.2%, North Korea 8.4%,
US 7.3%, France 5.5%, South Korea 4.8% (2004)

Cook Islands
Australia 34%, Japan 27%, New Zealand 25%, US 8% (2000)

Costa Rica
US 46.9%, Netherlands 5.3%, Guatemala 4.4% (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
US 11.6%, Netherlands 10.3%, France 9.5%, Italy 5.5%,
Belgium 4.7%, Germany 4.7% (2004)

Croatia
Italy 23%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 13.4%, Germany 11.4%,
Austria 9.6%, Slovenia 7.6% (2004)

Cuba
Netherlands 22.7%, Canada 20.6%, China 7.7%, Russia 7.5%, Spain
6.4%, Venezuela 4.4% (2004)

Cyprus
UK 27.2%, Greece 11.9%, Germany 5%, UAE 4.8% (2004)

Czech Republic
Germany 36.1%, Slovakia 8.4%, Austria 6%, Poland
5.3%, UK 4.7%, France 4.7%, Italy 4.3%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Denmark
Germany 18%, Sweden 13.2%, UK 8.7%, US 5.8%, Netherlands
5.5%, Norway 5.4%, France 5% (2004)

Djibouti
Somalia 63.8%, Yemen 22.6%, Ethiopia 5% (2004)

Dominica
UK 21.6%, Jamaica 14.8%, Antigua and Barbuda 8.8%, Guyana
7.5%, Japan 5.4%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.8%, US 4.3%, Saint Lucia 4%
(2004)

Dominican Republic
US 80%, South Korea 2.1%, Canada 1.9% (2004)

East Timor
Indonesia 100%

Ecuador
US 42.9%, Panama 14.3%, Peru 7.9%, Italy 4.6% (2004)

Egypt
Italy 11.9%, US 10.8%, UK 7%, Syria 6.2%, Germany 4.7%, Spain
4.2% (2004)

El Salvador
US 65.6%, Guatemala 11.8%, Honduras 6.3% (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
US 29.3%, China 22.8%, Spain 16%, Taiwan 14.9%,
Canada 6.8% (2004)

Eritrea
Malaysia 26.6%, Italy 17.1%, Japan 8%, Germany 6.6%, China
5%, UK 4.9%, US 4.7%, France 4.4%, Poland 4.2% (2004)

Estonia
Finland 23.1%, Sweden 15.3%, Germany 8.4%, Latvia 7.9%,
Russia 5.7%, Lithuania 4.4% (2004)

Ethiopia
Djibouti 13.3%, Germany 10%, Japan 8.4%, Saudi Arabia 5.6%,
US 5.2%, UAE 5%, Italy 4.6% (2004)

European Union
US 22.9%, Switzerland 6.9%, China 4.1%, Japan 4%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Spain 77.4%, UK 9.4%, US 4.9%
(2004)

Faroe Islands
Denmark 33.5%, UK 29.7%, Norway 8.4%, Nigeria 7.2%
(2004)

Fiji
US 24%, Australia 19%, UK 12.6%, Samoa 6.5%, Japan 4.1% (2004)

Finland
Sweden 11.1%, Germany 10.7%, Russia 8.9%, UK 7%, US 6.4%,
Netherlands 5.1% (2004)

France
Germany 15%, Spain 9.5%, UK 9.3%, Italy 9%, Belgium 7.2%, US
6.7% (2004)

French Guiana
France 62%, Switzerland 7%, US 2% (2001)

French Polynesia
France 36.6%, Japan 22.7%, US 16.1%, Niger 13%,
Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Gabon
US 53.3%, China 8.5%, France 7.4% (2004)

Gambia, The
India 21.4%, Thailand 15.1%, UK 13.7%, France 12.9%,
Germany 8.7%, Italy 7.5% (2004)

Gaza Strip
Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Georgia
Turkey 18.3%, Turkmenistan 17.8%, Russia 16.2%, Armenia
8.4%, UK 4.9% (2004)

Germany
France 10.3%, US 8.8%, UK 8.3%, Italy 7.2%, Netherlands
6.2%, Belgium 5.6%, Austria 5.4%, Spain 5% (2004)

Ghana
Mexico 69.8%, Netherlands 3.7%, UK 3% (2004)

Gibraltar
France 19.4%, Spain 14.1%, Turkmenistan 12.1%, Switzerland
11.7%, Germany 10.1%, UK 9.1%, Greece 6.8% (2004)

Greece
Germany 13.2%, Italy 10.3%, UK 7.5%, Bulgaria 6.3%, US 5.3%,
Cyprus 4.6%, Turkey 4.5%, France 4.2% (2004)

Greenland
Denmark 63.8%, Japan 12.6%, China 3.9% (2004)

Grenada
Saint Lucia 12.7%, US 12.2%, Antigua and Barbuda 8.7%,
Netherlands 7.9%, Saint Kitts and Nevis 7.8%, Dominica 7.8%, Germany
7.1%, France 4.6% (2004)

Guadeloupe
France 60%, Martinique 18%, US 4% (1999)

Guam
Japan 66.1%, South Korea 9.9%, Singapore 8.4% (2004)

Guatemala
US 53%, El Salvador 11.4%, Honduras 7.1%, Mexico 4.1%
(2004)

Guernsey
UK (regarded as internal trade)

Guinea
France 17.7%, Belgium 14.7%, UK 14.7%, Switzerland 12.8%,
Ukraine 4.2% (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
India 52.1%, US 22.2%, Nigeria 13.2% (2004)

Guyana
Canada 23.2%, US 19.2%, UK 10.9%, Portugal 9%, Belgium 6.4%,
Jamaica 5.2% (2004)

Haiti
US 81.2%, Dominican Republic 7.3%, Canada 4.1% (2004)

Honduras
US 54.4%, El Salvador 8.1%, Germany 5.9%, Guatemala 5.4%
(2004)

Hong Kong
China 44%, US 17%, Japan 5.3% (2004)

Hungary
Germany 31.4%, Austria 6.8%, France 5.7%, Italy 5.6%, UK
5.1% (2004)

Iceland
UK 19.1%, Germany 17.2%, Netherlands 11.5%, US 9.8%, Spain
6.8%, Denmark 4.6% (2004)

India
US 17%, UAE 8.8%, China 5.5%, Hong Kong 4.7%, UK 4.5%,
Singapore 4.5% (2004)

Indonesia
Japan 22.3%, US 12.3%, Singapore 8.4%, South Korea 6.8%,
China 6.4%, Malaysia 4.2% (2004)

Iran
Japan 18.4%, China 9.7%, Italy 6%, South Africa 5.8%, South
Korea 5.4%, Taiwan 4.6%, Turkey 4.4%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Iraq
US 51.9%, Spain 7.3%, Japan 6.6%, Italy 5.7%, Canada 5.2% (2004)

Ireland
US 19.7%, UK 17.7%, Belgium 14.7%, Germany 7.7%, France 6%,
Netherlands 4.6%, Italy 4.5% (2004)

Israel
US 36.8%, Belgium 7.5%, Hong Kong 4.9% (2004)

Italy
Germany 13.6%, France 12.3%, US 8%, Spain 7.2%, UK 6.9%,
Switzerland 4.2% (2004)

Jamaica
US 17.4%, Canada 14.8%, France 13%, China 10.5%, UK 8.7%,
Netherlands 7.5%, Norway 6%, Germany 5.9% (2004)

Japan
US 22.7%, China 13.1%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 7.4%, Hong
Kong 6.3% (2004)

Jersey
UK

Jordan
US 28.9%, Iraq 17.6%, India 7.1%, Saudi Arabia 5.6% (2004)

Kazakhstan
Russia 15.1%, Bermuda 13.8%, Germany 11%, China 9.9%,
France 6.6%, Italy 4% (2004)

Kenya
Uganda 13.3%, UK 11.4%, US 10.6%, Netherlands 8.2%, Egypt
4.9%, Tanzania 4.5%, Pakistan 4.3% (2004)

Kiribati
France 45.7%, Japan 29.2%, US 9.1%, Thailand 5.4% (2004)

Korea, North
China 29.9%, South Korea 24.1%, Japan 13.2% (2004)

Korea, South
China 19.7%, US 17%, Japan 8.6%, Hong Kong 7.2% (2004)

Kuwait
Japan 20.5%, South Korea 13.7%, US 12.4%, Singapore 11.3%,
Taiwan 9.9% (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
UAE 28.2%, Russia 19.1%, China 12%, Kazakhstan 11.1%,
Switzerland 6.3% (2004)

Laos
Thailand 19.3%, Vietnam 13.4%, France 8%, Germany 5.3%, UK 5%
(2004)

Latvia
UK 12.8%, Germany 12%, Sweden 10%, Lithuania 9.1%, Estonia
8%, Russia 6.4%, Denmark 5.4% (2004)

Lebanon
Syria 24.9%, UAE 10%, Turkey 6.9%, Switzerland 6.7%, Saudi
Arabia 5.3% (2004)

Lesotho
US 97%, Canada 2.1%, UK 0.3% (2004)

Liberia
Denmark 29.5%, Germany 18.9%, Poland 14.3%, US 8.9%, Greece
8% (2004)

Libya
Italy 37%, Germany 16.6%, Spain 11.9%, Turkey 7.1%, France
6.2% (2004)

Liechtenstein
EU 62.6% (Germany 24.3%, Austria 9.5%, France 8.9%,
Italy 6.6%, UK 4.6%), US 18.9%, Switzerland 15.7%

Lithuania
Germany 10.2%, Latvia 10.2%, Russia 9.3%, France 6.3%, UK
5.3%, Sweden 5.1%, Estonia 5%, Poland 4.8%, Netherlands 4.8%,
Denmark 4.8%, US 4.7%, Switzerland 4.6% (2004)

Luxembourg
Germany 22.1%, France 20.1%, Belgium 10.2%, UK 8.4%,
Italy 7.3%, Spain 5.9%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Macau
US 48.7%, China 13.9%, Germany 8.3%, Hong Kong 7.6%, UK 4.4%
(2004)

Macedonia
Serbia and Montenegro 31.4%, Germany 19.9%, Greece 8.9%,
Croatia 6.9%, US 4.9% (2004)

Madagascar
US 35.8%, France 30.8%, Germany 7.7% (2004)

Malawi
South Africa 13.5%, US 12%, Germany 11.6%, Egypt 8.4%, UK
6.6%, Mozambique 4.5% (2004)

Malaysia
US 18.8%, Singapore 15%, Japan 10.1%, China 6.7%, Hong Kong
6%, Thailand 4.8% (2004)

Maldives
US 26.5%, Thailand 23.5%, Sri Lanka 12.3%, Japan 11.7%, UK
9.8%, Germany 4.9% (2004)

Mali
China 31.6%, Pakistan 10%, Italy 6.9%, Thailand 5.8%, Germany
5.1%, India 4.8%, Bangladesh 4.5%, Taiwan 4% (2004)

Malta
US 15.7%, France 15.5%, Singapore 14.5%, UK 11.2%, Germany
10.8% (2004)

Man, Isle of
UK (2000)

Marshall Islands
US, Japan, Australia, China (2000)

Martinique
France 45%, Guadeloupe 28% (2000)

Mauritania
Japan 13.1%, France 11%, Spain 9.7%, Germany 9.7%, Italy
9.6%, Belgium 7.5%, China 6.1%, Russia 4.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.1%
(2004)

Mauritius
UK 33.1%, France 20.4%, US 14.8%, Madagascar 5.1%, Italy
4.1% (2004)

Mayotte
France 80%, Comoros 15%, Reunion (2000)

Mexico
US 87.6%, Canada 1.8%, Spain 1.1% (2004)

Micronesia, Federated States of
Japan, US, Guam (2000)

Moldova
Russia 35.8%, Italy 13.9%, Romania 10%, Germany 7.3%,
Ukraine 6.6%, Belarus 6%, US 4.6% (2004)

Mongolia
China 47.8%, US 17.9%, UK 15.7% (2004)

Montserrat
US, Antigua and Barbuda

Morocco
France 33.6%, Spain 17.4%, UK 7.7%, Italy 4.7%, US 4.1%
(2004)

Mozambique
Netherlands 60.9%, South Africa 12.9%, Malawi 3.3% (2004)

Namibia
EU 79%, US 4% (2001)

Nauru
South Africa 43.4%, Germany 20.7%, India 11.8%, Japan 7.2%,
Poland 4% (2004)

Nepal
India 47.4%, US 22.7%, Germany 8.4% (2004)

Netherlands
Germany 25%, Belgium 12.4%, UK 10.1%, France 9.9%, Italy
6%, US 4.3% (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
US 20.4%, Panama 11.2%, Guatemala 8.8%, Haiti
7.1%, Bahamas, The 5.6%, Honduras 4.2% (2004)

New Caledonia
Japan 22%, France 16.5%, Taiwan 12.3%, South Korea
12%, Spain 6.3%, Australia 6.1%, China 4.8%, South Africa 4.5% (2004)

New Zealand
Australia 21%, US 14.4%, Japan 11.3%, China 5.7%, UK
4.7% (2004)

Nicaragua
US 64.8%, El Salvador 7%, Mexico 3.6% (2004)

Niger
France 41%, Nigeria 22.4%, Japan 15.3%, Switzerland 6%, Spain
4.1%, Ghana 4% (2004)

Nigeria
US 47.5%, Brazil 10.7%, Spain 7.1% (2004)

Niue
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia (2000)

Norfolk Island
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe

Northern Mariana Islands
US (2000)

Norway
UK 22.4%, Germany 12.9%, Netherlands 9.9%, France 9.6%, US
8.4%, Sweden 6.7% (2004)

Oman
China 29.5%, South Korea 17.5%, Japan 11.5%, Thailand 10.6%,
UAE 7.2% (2004)

Pakistan
US 23.5%, UAE 7.4%, UK 7.3%, Germany 5%, Hong Kong 4.4%
(2004)

Palau
US, Japan, Singapore (2000)

Panama
US 50.5%, Sweden 6.6%, Spain 5.1%, Netherlands 4.4%, Costa
Rica 4.2% (2004)

Papua New Guinea
Australia 28%, Japan 5.8%, Germany 4.7%, China 4.6%
(2004)

Paraguay
Uruguay 27.8%, Brazil 19.2%, Argentina 6.3%, Switzerland
4.1% (2004)

Peru
US 29.5%, China 9.9%, UK 9%, Chile 5.1%, Japan 4.4% (2004)

Philippines
Japan 20.1%, US 18.2%, Netherlands 9%, Hong Kong 7.9%,
China 6.7%, Singapore 6.6%, Taiwan 5.6%, Malaysia 5.2% (2004)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
Germany 30%, Italy 6.1%, France 6%, UK 5.4%, Czech Republic
4.3%, Netherlands 4.3% (2004)

Portugal
Spain 25%, France 14%, Germany 13.5%, UK 9.6%, US 6%, Italy
4.3%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Puerto Rico
US 90.3%, UK 1.6%, Netherlands 1.4%, Dominican Republic
1.4% (2002 est.)

Qatar
Japan 41.9%, South Korea 15.8%, Singapore 9.1%, India 5.4%
(2004)

Reunion
France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (2000)

Romania
Italy 21.4%, Germany 15%, France 8.5%, Turkey 7%, UK 6.6%
(2004)

Russia
Netherlands 9.1%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 6.4%, Italy 6.2%, China
6%, US 5%, Switzerland 4.7%, Turkey 4.3% (2004)

Rwanda
Indonesia 64.2%, China 3.6%, Germany 2.7% (2004)

Saint Helena
Tanzania 30.3%, US 23.8%, Japan 10.4%, UK 7.1%, Spain
6.3% (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
US 57.5%, Canada 9%, Portugal 8.3%, UK 6.7%
(2004)

Saint Lucia
UK 41.4%, US 16.5%, Brazil 11.6%, Barbados 5.8%, Antigua
and Barbuda 4.6%, Dominica 4.5% (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Belgium 41.3%, US 19.9%, Spain 14.9%,
France 10%, Germany 4.1% (2004)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
UK 33.5%, Barbados 13.1%, Saint
Lucia 11.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 9.9%, Antigua and Barbuda 8.3%, US
5.3%, Grenada 5.3%, Dominica 4.1% (2004)

Samoa
Australia 67.2%, US 5.7%, Indonesia 5.3% (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
Netherlands 35.9%, China 12.3%, Belgium 7.4%,
Germany 6.3%, Poland 5.1%, France 4.8%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Saudi Arabia
US 18.2%, Japan 14.9%, South Korea 9.5%, China 6.1%,
Taiwan 4.5%, Singapore 4.1% (2004)

Senegal
India 14.4%, Mali 13.1%, France 9.8%, Italy 7.3%, Spain
6.6%, Guinea-Bissau 5.6%, Gambia, The 4.8% (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
Italy 29%, Germany 16.6%, Austria 7%, Greece
6.7%, France 4.9%, Slovenia 4.1% (2004)

Seychelles
UK 27.7%, France 15.8%, Spain 12.6%, Japan 8.6%, Italy
7.5%, Germany 5.6% (2004)

Sierra Leone
Belgium 61.6%, Germany 11.8%, US 5.4% (2004)

Singapore
Malaysia 15.2%, US 13%, Hong Kong 9.8%, China 8.6%, Japan
6.4%, Taiwan 4.6%, Thailand 4.3%, South Korea 4.1% (2004)

Slovakia
Germany 34.4%, Czech Republic 14.7%, Austria 8.2%, Italy
5.8%, Poland 5.3%, US 4.5%, Hungary 4.3% (2004)

Slovenia
Germany 18.3%, Italy 11.6%, Austria 11.5%, France 7.4%,
Croatia 7.4%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.8% (2004)

Solomon Islands
China 27.8%, South Korea 17.1%, Thailand 15.7%,
Japan 9.7%, Philippines 4.8% (2004)

Somalia
UAE 39.3%, Thailand 24.3%, Yemen 12.2%, Oman 4.7% (2004)

South Africa
US 10.2%, UK 9.2%, Japan 9%, Germany 7.1%, Netherlands
4% (2004)

Spain
France 19.3%, Germany 11.7%, Portugal 9.6%, UK 9%, Italy 9%,
US 4% (2004)

Sri Lanka
US 32.4%, UK 13.5%, India 6.8%, Germany 4.8% (2004)

Sudan
China 66.9%, Japan 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2004)

Suriname
Norway 29.3%, US 15.1%, Canada 12.5%, Belgium 10.2%, France
8.4%, UAE 6.1%, Iceland 4.3% (2004)

Swaziland
South Africa 59.7%, EU 8.8%, US 8.8%, Mozambique 6.2%
(2004)

Sweden
US 10.7%, Germany 10.2%, Norway 8.6%, UK 7.8%, Denmark 6.7%,
Finland 5.7%, France 4.8%, Netherlands 4.8%, Belgium 4.5% (2004)

Switzerland
Germany 20.2%, US 10.5%, France 8.7%, Italy 8.3%, UK
5.1%, Spain 4% (2004)

Syria
Italy 22.7%, France 18%, Turkey 12.9%, Iraq 9%, Saudi Arabia
6.2% (2004)

Taiwan
China, including Hong Kong 37%, US 16%, Japan 7.7% (2004)

Tajikistan
Netherlands 41.4%, Turkey 15.3%, Uzbekistan 7.2%, Latvia
7.1%, Switzerland 6.9%, Russia 6.6% (2004)

Tanzania
India 9.1%, Spain 8.3%, Netherlands 6.4%, Japan 5.8%, UK
5%, China 4.8%, Kenya 4.7% (2004)

Thailand
US 15.9%, Japan 13.9%, China 7.3%, Singapore 7.2%, Malaysia
5.4%, Hong Kong 5.1% (2004)

Togo
Burkina Faso 16.4%, Ghana 15.1%, Benin 9.4%, Mali 7.6%, China
7.5%, India 5.6% (2004)

Tokelau
New Zealand (2000)

Tonga
Japan 37.1%, China 18.7%, US 17.7%, Taiwan 8.7%, New Zealand
7.4% (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
US 67.1%, Jamaica 5.7%, France 3.5% (2004)

Tunisia
France 33.1%, Italy 25.3%, Germany 9.2%, Spain 6.1% (2004)

Turkey
Germany 13.9%, UK 8.8%, US 7.7%, Italy 7.4%, France 5.8%,
Spain 4.2% (2004)

Turkmenistan
Ukraine 46.6%, Iran 17.3%, Turkey 4.2%, Italy 4.1%
(2004)

Turks and Caicos Islands
US, UK

Tuvalu
Germany 56.5%, Fiji 14.3%, Italy 10.9%, UK 7.7%, Poland 4.9%
(2004)

Uganda
Kenya 15%, Netherlands 10.7%, Belgium 9%, France 4.4%,
Germany 4.4% (2004)

Ukraine
Russia 18%, Germany 5.8%, Turkey 5.7%, Italy 5%, US 4.6%
(2004)

United Arab Emirates
Japan 24.9%, South Korea 9.9%, India 5.4%,
Thailand 5.2% (2004)

United Kingdom
US 15.3%, Germany 10.8%, France 9.2%, Ireland 6.8%,
Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5.1%, Spain 4.5%, Italy 4.2% (2004)

United States
Canada 23%, Mexico 13.6%, Japan 6.7%, UK 4.4%, China
4.3% (2004)

Uruguay
US 17.3%, Brazil 16%, Germany 6.3%, Argentina 6.2%, Mexico
4.2% (2004)

Uzbekistan
Russia 22%, China 14.7%, Turkey 6.4%, Tajikistan 6.1%,
Kazakhstan 4.2%, Bangladesh 4% (2004)

Vanuatu
Thailand 47%, Malaysia 18.4%, Japan 7.5%, Belgium 5.4%,
China 4.9% (2004)

Venezuela
US 55.6%, Netherlands Antilles 4.7%, Dominican Republic
2.8% (2004)

Vietnam
US 20.2%, Japan 13.6%, China 9%, Australia 7%, Germany 5.9%,
Singapore 4.8%, UK 4.6% (2004)

Virgin Islands
US, Puerto Rico

Wallis and Futuna
Italy 40%, Croatia 15%, US 14%, Denmark 13%

West Bank
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)

Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts

World
US 15.7%, Germany 7.7%, China 5.4%, France 5.1%, UK 5.1%,
Japan 4.5% (2004)

Yemen
Thailand 33.8%, China 30.3%, Singapore 7.8% (2004)

Zambia
South Africa 25.6%, UK 17%, Switzerland 16%, Tanzania 7.4%,
Democratic Republic of the Congo 7%, Zimbabwe 5.8% (2004)

Zimbabwe
South Africa 31.5%, Switzerland 7.4%, UK 7.3%, China 6.1%,
Germany 4.3% (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2051 Administrative divisions

Afghanistan
34 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan,
Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Daykondi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni,
Ghowr, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khowst,
Konar, Kondoz, Laghman, Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Nurestan,
Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Panjshir, Parvan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol,
Takhar, Vardak, and Zabol

Albania
12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Qarku i Beratit, Qarku
i Dibres, Qarku i Durresit, Qarku i Elbasanit, Qarku i Fierit, Qarku
i Gjirokastres, Qarku i Korces, Qarku i Kukesit, Qarku i Lezhes,
Qarku i Shkodres, Qarku i Tiranes, Qarku i Vlores

Algeria
48 provinces (wilayas, singular - wilaya); Adrar, Ain Defla,
Ain Temouchent, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida,
Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa,
El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Ghardaia, Guelma, Illizi, Jijel,
Khenchela, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mila, Mostaganem, M'Sila,
Naama, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Relizane, Saida, Setif, Sidi
Bel Abbes, Skikda, Souk Ahras, Tamanghasset, Tebessa, Tiaret,
Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen

American Samoa
none (territory of the US); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are three districts and two islands* at the second order; Eastern,
Manu'a, Rose Island*, Swains Island*, Western

Andorra
7 parishes (parroquies, singular - parroquia); Andorra la
Vella, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Escaldes-Engordany, Ordino, Sant
Julia de Loria

Angola
18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo,
Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul,
Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Malanje,
Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire

Anguilla
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda
6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*,
Redonda*, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint
Peter, Saint Philip

Argentina
23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1
autonomous city* (distrito federal); Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires
Capital Federal*, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes,
Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza, Misiones,
Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe,
Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego - Antartida e Islas del
Atlantico Sur, Tucuman
note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica

Armenia
11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat,
Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush,
Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan

Aruba
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Australia
6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital
Territory*, New South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South
Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia

Austria
9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland,
Kaernten, Niederoesterreich, Oberoesterreich, Salzburg, Steiermark,
Tirol, Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)

Azerbaijan
59 rayons (rayonlar; rayon - singular), 11 cities*
(saharlar; sahar - singular), 1 autonomous republic** (muxtar
respublika)
rayons: Abseron Rayonu, Agcabadi Rayonu, Agdam Rayonu, Agdas Rayonu,
Agstafa Rayonu, Agsu Rayonu, Astara Rayonu, Balakan Rayonu, Barda
Rayonu, Beylaqan Rayonu, Bilasuvar Rayonu, Cabrayil Rayonu,
Calilabad Rayonu, Daskasan Rayonu, Davaci Rayonu, Fuzuli Rayonu,
Gadabay Rayonu, Goranboy Rayonu, Goycay Rayonu, Haciqabul Rayonu,
Imisli Rayonu, Ismayilli Rayonu, Kalbacar Rayonu, Kurdamir Rayonu,
Lacin Rayonu, Lankaran Rayonu, Lerik Rayonu, Masalli Rayonu,
Neftcala Rayonu, Oguz Rayonu, Qabala Rayonu, Qax Rayonu, Qazax
Rayonu, Qobustan Rayonu, Quba Rayonu, Qubadli Rayonu, Qusar Rayonu,
Saatli Rayonu, Sabirabad Rayonu, Saki Rayonu, Salyan Rayonu, Samaxi
Rayonu, Samkir Rayonu, Samux Rayonu, Siyazan Rayonu, Susa Rayonu,
Tartar Rayonu, Tovuz Rayonu, Ucar Rayonu, Xacmaz Rayonu, Xanlar
Rayonu, Xizi Rayonu, Xocali Rayonu, Xocavand Rayonu, Yardimli
Rayonu, Yevlax Rayonu, Zangilan Rayonu, Zaqatala Rayonu, Zardab
Rayonu
cities: Ali Bayramli Sahari, Baki Sahari, Ganca Sahari, Lankaran
Sahari, Mingacevir Sahari, Naftalan Sahari, Saki Sahari, Sumqayit
Sahari, Susa Sahari, Xankandi Sahari, Yevlax Sahari
autonomous republic: Naxcivan Muxtar Respublikasi

Bahamas, The
21 districts; Acklins and Crooked Islands, Bimini, Cat
Island, Exuma, Freeport, Fresh Creek, Governor's Harbour, Green
Turtle Cay, Harbour Island, High Rock, Inagua, Kemps Bay, Long
Island, Marsh Harbour, Mayaguana, New Providence, Nichollstown and
Berry Islands, Ragged Island, Rock Sound, Sandy Point, San Salvador
and Rum Cay

Bahrain
12 municipalities (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd,
Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al
Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al
Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Juzur Hawar,
Sitrah
note: all municipalities administered from Manama

Bangladesh
6 divisions; Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka, Khulna,
Rajshahi, and Sylhet

Barbados
11 parishes; Christ Church, Saint Andrew, Saint George,
Saint James, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Lucy, Saint Michael,
Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Thomas; note - the city of
Bridgetown may be given parish status

Belarus
6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1
municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel', Horad Minsk*, Hrodna,
Mahilyow, Minsk, Vitsyebsk
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers

Belgium
10 provinces (French: provinces, singular - province; Dutch:
provincies, singular - provincie) and 3 regions* (French: regions;
Dutch: gewesten); Antwerpen, Brabant Wallon, Brussels* (Bruxelles),
Flanders*, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxembourg, Namur,
Oost-Vlaanderen, Vlaams-Brabant, Wallonia*, West-Vlaanderen
note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered
devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of
government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a
complex division of responsibilities

Belize
6 districts; Belize, Cayo, Corozal, Orange Walk, Stann Creek,
Toledo

Benin
12 departments; Alibori, Atakora, Atlantique, Borgou,
Collines, Kouffo, Donga, Littoral, Mono, Oueme, Plateau, Zou

Bermuda
9 parishes and 2 municipalities*; Devonshire, Hamilton,
Hamilton*, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George*, Saint George's, Sandys,
Smith's, Southampton, Warwick

Bhutan
18 districts (dzongkhag, singular and plural); Bumthang,
Chhukha, Chirang, Dagana, Geylegphug, Ha, Lhuntshi, Mongar, Paro,
Pemagatsel, Punakha, Samchi, Samdrup Jongkhar, Shemgang, Tashigang,
Thimphu, Tongsa, Wangdi Phodrang
note: there may be two new districts named Gasa and Yangtse

Bolivia
9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa
Cruz, Tarija

Bosnia and Herzegovina
2 first-order administrative divisions and 1
internationally supervised district* - Brcko district (Brcko
Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika
Srpska; note - Brcko district is in northeastern Bosnia and is an
administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina;
the district remains under international supervision

Botswana
9 districts and 5 town councils*; Central, Francistown*,
Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*,
Northwest, Northeast, Selebi-Pikwe*, Southeast, Southern

Brazil
26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal
district* (distrito federal); Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia,
Ceara, Distrito Federal*, Espirito Santo, Goias, Maranhao, Mato
Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para, Paraiba, Parana,
Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande
do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe,
Tocantins

British Virgin Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei
4 districts (daerah-daerah, singular - daerah); Belait,
Brunei and Muara, Temburong, Tutong

Bulgaria
28 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad,
Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo, Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech,
Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen,
Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya, Sofiya-Grad, Stara Zagora,
Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol

Burkina Faso
45 provinces; Bale, Bam, Banwa, Bazega, Bougouriba,
Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Comoe, Ganzourgou, Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Ioba,
Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komondjari, Kompienga, Kossi, Koulpelogo,
Kouritenga, Kourweogo, Leraba, Loroum, Mouhoun, Namentenga, Nahouri,
Nayala, Noumbiel, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie,
Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Tuy, Yagha, Yatenga,
Ziro, Zondoma, Zoundweogo

Burma
7 divisions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi
ne-myar, singular - pyi ne)
divisions: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi,
Yangon
states: Chin State, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Mon
State, Rakhine State, Shan State

Burundi
16 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke,
Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Mwaro,
Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi

Cambodia
20 provinces (khaitt, singular and plural) and 4
municipalities (krong, singular and plural)
provinces: Banteay Mean Chey, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong
Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Koh Kong,
Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Chey, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey
Veng, Rotanakir, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takao
municipalities: Keb, Pailin, Phnom Penh, Preah Seihanu

Cameroon
10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord,
Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest

Canada
10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia,
Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest
Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*

Cape Verde
17 municipalities (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa
Vista, Brava, Maio, Mosteiros, Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira
Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, Sao Domingos, Sao Filipe,
Sao Miguel, Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal

Cayman Islands
8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town,
Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West End, Western

Central African Republic
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular -
prefecture), 2 economic prefectures* (prefectures economiques,
singular - prefecture economique), and 1 commune**;
Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui**, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou,
Kemo, Lobaye, Mambere-Kadei, Mbomou, Nana-Grebizi*, Nana-Mambere,
Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha-Mbaere*, Vakaga

Chad
14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha,
Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac,
Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari,
Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile
note: instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative
structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department),
and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha
Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera,
Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone
Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam,
N'Djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile
Occidental, Tibesti

Chile
13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General
Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio,
Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos,
Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana
(Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

China
23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous
regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi,
singular and plural)
provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin,
Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang
autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Xizang
(Tibet)
municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin
note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries
for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau

Christmas Island
none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Colombia
32 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and
1 capital district* (distrito capital); Amazonas, Antioquia, Arauca,
Atlantico, Distrito Capital de Bogota*, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas,
Caqueta, Casanare, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca,
Guainia, Guaviare, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte
de Santander, Putumayo, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y
Providencia, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes,
Vichada

Comoros
3 islands; Grande Comore (Njazidja), Anjouan (Nzwani), and
Moheli (Mwali); note - there are also four municipalities named
Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Moutsamoudou

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
10 provinces (provinces, singular
- province) and 1 city* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Congo, Equateur,
Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Katanga, Kinshasa*, Maniema,
Nord-Kivu, Orientale, Sud-Kivu

Congo, Republic of the
10 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1
commune*; Bouenza, Brazzaville*, Cuvette, Cuvette-Ouest, Kouilou,
Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha

Cook Islands
none

Costa Rica
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela,
Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose

Cote d'Ivoire
19 regions; Agneby, Bafing, Bas-Sassandra, Denguele,
Dix-Huit Montagnes, Fromager, Haut-Sassandra, Lacs, Lagunes,
Marahoue, Moyen-Cavally, Moyen-Comoe, N'zi-Comoe, Savanes,
Sud-Bandama, Sud-Comoe, Vallee du Bandama, Worodougou, Zanzan

Croatia
20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city*
(grad - singular); Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska Zupanija, Brodsko-Posavska
Zupanija, Dubrovacko-Neretvanska Zupanija, Istarska Zupanija,
Karlovacka Zupanija, Koprivnicko-Krizevacka Zupanija,
Krapinsko-Zagorska Zupanija, Licko-Senjska Zupanija, Medimurska
Zupanija, Osjecko-Baranjska Zupanija, Pozesko-Slavonska Zupanija,
Primorsko-Goranska Zupanija, Sibensko-Kninska Zupanija,
Sisacko-Moslavacka Zupanija, Splitsko-Dalmatinska Zupanija,
Varazdinska Zupanija, Viroviticko-Podravska Zupanija,
Vukovarsko-Srijemska Zupanija, Zadarska Zupanija, Zagreb*,
Zagrebacka Zupanija

Cuba
14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special
municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila,
Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla
de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio,
Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara

Cyprus
6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia,
Paphos; note - Turkish Cypriot area's administrative divisions
include Kyrenia, all but a small part of Famagusta, and small parts
of Lefkosia (Nicosia) and Larnaca

Czech Republic
13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital
city* (hlavni mesto); Jihocesky Kraj, Jihomoravsky Kraj, Karlovarsky
Kraj, Kralovehradecky Kraj, Liberecky Kraj, Moravskoslezsky Kraj,
Olomoucky Kraj, Pardubicky Kraj, Plzensky Kraj, Praha (Prague)*,
Stredocesky Kraj, Ustecky Kraj, Vysocina, Zlinsky Kraj

Denmark
metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt)
and 2 boroughs* (amtskommuner, singular - amtskommune); Arhus,
Bornholm, Frederiksberg*, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kobenhavn, Kobenhavn
(Copenhagen)*, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkobing, Roskilde,
Sonderjylland, Storstrom, Vejle, Vestsjalland, Viborg
note: since 2005 Bornholm may have become a borough; in the future
the counties may be replaced by regions; see separate entries for
the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of the Kingdom of
Denmark and are self-governing overseas administrative divisions

Djibouti
5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); 'Ali Sabih,
Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura

Dominica
10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint
John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint
Paul, Saint Peter

Dominican Republic
31 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia)
and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon,
Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, Hato
Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria
Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata,
Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez,
San Cristobal, San Jose de Ocoa, San Juan, San Pedro de Macoris,
Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Santo Domingo, Valverde

East Timor
13 administrative districts; Aileu, Ainaro, Baucau,
Bobonaro (Maliana), Cova-Lima (Suai), Dili, Ermera, Lautem (Los
Palos), Liquica, Manatuto, Manufahi (Same), Oecussi (Ambeno),
Viqueque

Ecuador
22 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay,
Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas,
Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi,
Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Sucumbios,
Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe

Egypt
26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad
Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar, Al Buhayrah, Al Fayyum, Al Gharbiyah,
Al Iskandariyah, Al Isma'iliyah, Al Jizah, Al Minufiyah, Al Minya,
Al Qahirah, Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid, Ash Sharqiyah, As
Suways, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf, Bur Sa'id, Dumyat, Janub Sina',
Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh, Qina, Shamal Sina', Suhaj

El Salvador
14 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
Ahuachapan, Cabanas, Chalatenango, Cuscatlan, La Libertad, La Paz,
La Union, Morazan, San Miguel, San Salvador, Santa Ana, San Vicente,
Sonsonate, Usulutan

Equatorial Guinea
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia);
Annobon, Bioko Norte, Bioko Sur, Centro Sur, Kie-Ntem, Litoral,
Wele-Nzas

Eritrea
6 regions (zobatat, singular - zoba); Anseba, Debub
(Southern), Debubawi K'eyih Bahri (Southern Red Sea), Gash Barka,
Ma'akel (Central), Semenawi Keyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea)

Estonia
15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond): Harjumaa
(Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide),
Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere),
Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa
(Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa
(Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru)
note: counties have the administrative center name following in
parentheses

Ethiopia
9 ethnically-based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and
2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular -
astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara),
Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples),
Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali),
Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations,
Nationalities and Peoples)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (overseas territory of the
UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 49 municipalities

Fiji
4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern,
Rotuma*, Western

Finland
6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen
Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani

France
22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine,
Auvergne, Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre,
Champagne-Ardenne, Corse, Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie,
Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon, Limousin, Lorraine,
Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire, Picardie,
Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes
note: metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including the
"territorial collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and is subdivided
into 96 departments; see separate entries for the overseas
departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the
overseas territorial collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and
Miquelon)

French Guiana
none (overseas department of France)

French Polynesia
none (overseas lands of France); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 5 archipelagic divisions named Archipel
des Marquises, Archipel des Tuamotu, Archipel des Tubuai, Iles du
Vent, and Iles Sous-le-Vent
note: Clipperton Island is administered by France from French
Polynesia

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
none (overseas territory of
France); there are no first-order administrative divisions as
defined by the US Government, but there are 3 districts named Ile
Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, and Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam; excludes
"Adelie Land" claim in Antarctica that is not recognized by the US

Gabon
9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie,
Nyanga, Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem

Gambia, The
5 divisions and 1 city*; Banjul*, Central River, Lower
River, North Bank, Upper River, Western

Georgia
9 regions (mkharebi, singular - mkhare), 9 cities
(k'alak'ebi, singular - k'alak'i), and 2 autonomous republics
(avtomnoy respubliki, singular - avtom respublika)
regions: Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti,
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti,
Samtskhe-Javakheti, Shida Kartli
cities: Chiat'ura, Gori, K'ut'aisi, P'ot'i, Rust'avi, T'bilisi,
Tqibuli, Tsqaltubo, Zugdidi
autonomous republics: Abkhazia or Ap'khazet'is Avtonomiuri
Respublika (Sokhumi), Ajaria or Acharis Avtonomiuri Respublika
(Bat'umi)
note: the administrative centers of the 2 autonomous republics are
shown in parentheses

Germany
13 states (Laender, singular - Land) and 3 free states*
(Freistaaten, singular - Freistaat); Baden-Wuerttemberg, Bayern*,
Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hessen,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Sachsen*, Sachsen-Anhalt,
Schleswig-Holstein, Thueringen*

Ghana
10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater
Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western

Gibraltar
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Greece
51 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos) and 1 autonomous
region*; Agion Oros* (Mt. Athos), Achaia, Aitolia kai Akarmania,
Argolis, Arkadia, Arta, Attiki, Chalkidiki, Chanion, Chios,
Dodekanisos, Drama, Evros, Evrytania, Evvoia, Florina, Fokidos,
Fthiotis, Grevena, Ileia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Karditsa,
Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani,
Kyklades, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lefkas, Lesvos, Magnisia,
Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza, Rethynnis, Rodopi, Samos, Serrai,
Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakynthos

Greenland
3 districts (landsdele); Avannaa (Nordgronland), Tunu
(Ostgronland), Kitaa (Vestgronland)
note: there are 18 municipalities in Greenland

Grenada
6 parishes and 1 dependency*; Carriacou and Petit
Martinique*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John,
Saint Mark, Saint Patrick

Guadeloupe
none (overseas department of France)

Guam
none (territory of the US)

Guatemala
22 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
Alta Verapaz, Baja Verapaz, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, El Progreso,
Escuintla, Guatemala, Huehuetenango, Izabal, Jalapa, Jutiapa, Peten,
Quetzaltenango, Quiche, Retalhuleu, Sacatepequez, San Marcos, Santa
Rosa, Solola, Suchitepequez, Totonicapan, Zacapa

Guernsey
none (British crown dependency); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are 10 parishes including Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson, Vale,
Castel, Saint Saviour, Saint Pierre du Bois, Torteval, Forest, Saint
Martin, Saint Andrew

Guinea
33 prefectures and 1 special zone (zone special)*; Beyla,
Boffa, Boke, Conakry*, Coyah, Dabola, Dalaba, Dinguiraye, Dubreka,
Faranah, Forecariah, Fria, Gaoual, Gueckedou, Kankan, Kerouane,
Kindia, Kissidougou, Koubia, Koundara, Kouroussa, Labe, Lelouma,
Lola, Macenta, Mali, Mamou, Mandiana, Nzerekore, Pita, Siguiri,
Telimele, Tougue, Yomou

Guinea-Bissau
9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata,
Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali; note -
Bolama may have been renamed Bolama/Bijagos

Guyana
10 regions; Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Demerara-Mahaica,
East Berbice-Corentyne, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara,
Mahaica-Berbice, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper
Demerara-Berbice, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo

Haiti
9 departments (departements, singular - departement);
Artibonite, Centre, Grand 'Anse, Nord, Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest, Ouest,
Sud, Sud-Est

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso,
Francisco Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La
Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro

Hong Kong
none (special administrative region of China)

Hungary
19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 20 urban counties
(singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city (fovaros)
counties: Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen,
Csongrad, Fejer, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves,
Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Komarom-Esztergom, Nograd, Pest, Somogy,
Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Zala
urban counties: Bekescsaba, Debrecen, Dunaujvaros, Eger, Gyor,
Hodmezovasarhely, Kaposvar, Kecskemet, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa,
Nyiregyhaza, Pecs, Sopron, Szeged, Szekesfehervar, Szolnok,
Szombathely, Tatabanya, Veszprem, Zalaegerszeg
capital city: Budapest

Iceland
8 regions; Austurland, Hofudhborgarsvaedhi, Nordhurland
Eystra, Nordhurland Vestra, Sudhurland, Sudhurnes, Vestfirdhir,
Vesturland

India
28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar
Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*,
Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa,
Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura,
Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal

Indonesia
30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2
special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah
istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus
ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya
Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur,
Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan
Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku,
Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau,
Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi
Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera
Utara, Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of
decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies
became the key administrative units responsible for providing most
government services

Iran
30 provinces (ostanha, singular - ostan); Ardabil, Azarbayjan-e
Gharbi, Azarbayjan-e Sharqi, Bushehr, Chahar Mahall va Bakhtiari,
Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamadan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Kerman,
Kermanshah, Khorasan-e Janubi, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khorasan-e
Shemali, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh va Buyer Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan,
Markazi, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Qom, Semnan, Sistan va Baluchestan,
Tehran, Yazd, Zanjan

Iraq
18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al
Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah,
At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan,
Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit

Ireland
26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin,
Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick,
Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo,
Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow
note: Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan are part of Ulster Province

Israel
6 districts (mehozot, singular - mehoz); Central, Haifa,
Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

Italy
16 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 4 autonomous
regions* (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma); Abruzzo,
Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia
Giulia*, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte,
Puglia, Sardegna*, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige*, Umbria,
Valle d'Aosta*, Veneto

Jamaica
14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester,
Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth,
Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were
amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as
the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation

Japan
47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui,
Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo,
Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi,
Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara,
Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga,
Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama,
Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

Jersey
none (British crown dependency)

Jordan
12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ajlun, Al
'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az
Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba

Kazakhstan
14 provinces (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 3 cities*
(qala, singular - qalasy); Almaty Oblysy, Almaty Qalasy*, Aqmola
Oblysy (Astana), Aqtobe Oblysy, Astana Qalasy*, Atyrau Oblysy, Batys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oral), Bayqongyr Qalasy*, Mangghystau Oblysy
(Aqtau), Ongtustik Qazaqstan Oblysy (Shymkent), Pavlodar Oblysy,
Qaraghandy Oblysy, Qostanay Oblysy, Qyzylorda Oblysy, Shyghys
Qazaqstan Oblysy (Oskemen), Soltustik Qazaqstan Oblysy
(Petropavlovsk), Zhambyl Oblysy (Taraz)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses); in 1995, the Governments of
Kazakhstan and Russia entered into an agreement whereby Russia would
lease for a period of 20 years an area of 6,000 sq km enclosing the
Baykonur space launch facilities and the city of Bayqongyr
(Baykonur, formerly Leninsk); in 2004, a new agreement extended the
lease to 2050

Kenya
7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi
Area*, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western

Kiribati
3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands;
note - in addition, there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts,
Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21
island councils - one for each of the inhabited islands (Abaiang,
Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kanton,
Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa,
Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina)

Korea, North
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 4
municipalities (si, singular and plural)
provinces: Chagang-do (Chagang), Hamgyong-bukto (North Hamgyong),
Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong), Hwanghae-bukto (North Hwanghae),
Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae), Kangwon-do (Kangwon),
P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan), P'yongan-namdo (South P'yongan),
Yanggang-do (Yanggang)
municipalites: Kaesong-si (Kaesong), Najin Sonbong-si (Najin),
Namp'o-si (Namp'o), P'yongyang-si (Pyongyang)

Korea, South
9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 7
metropolitan cities (gwangyoksi, singular and plural)
provinces: Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto (North Cholla), Cholla-namdo
(South Cholla), Ch'ungch'ong-bukto (North Ch'ungch'ong),
Ch'ungch'ong-namdo (South Ch'ungch'ong), Kangwon-do, Kyonggi-do,
Kyongsang-bukto (North Kyongsang), Kyongsang-namdo (South Kyongsang)
metropolitan cities: Inch'on-gwangyoksi (Inch'on),
Kwangju-gwangyoksi (Kwangju), Pusan-gwangyoksi (Pusan),
Soul-t'ukpyolsi (Seoul), Taegu-gwangyoksi (Taegu), Taejon-gwangyoksi
(Taejon), Ulsan-gwangyoksi (Ulsan)

Kuwait
5 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Ahmadi,
Al Farwaniyah, Al 'Asimah, Al Jahra', Hawalli

Kyrgyzstan
7 provinces (oblastlar, singular - oblasty) and 1 city*
(shaar); Batken Oblasty, Bishkek Shaary*, Chuy Oblasty (Bishkek),
Jalal-Abad Oblasty, Naryn Oblasty, Osh Oblasty, Talas Oblasty,
Ysyk-Kol Oblasty (Karakol)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Laos
16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural), 1 municipality*
(kampheng nakhon, singular and plural), and 1 special zone**
(khetphiset, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamxai,
Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louangnamtha, Louangphrabang,
Oudomxai, Phongsali, Salavan, Savannakhet, Viangchan (Vientiane)*,
Viangchan, Xaignabouli, Xaisomboun**, Xekong, Xiangkhoang

Latvia
26 counties (singular - rajons) and 7 municipalities*:
Aizkraukles Rajons, Aluksnes Rajons, Balvu Rajons, Bauskas Rajons,
Cesu Rajons, Daugavpils*, Daugavpils Rajons, Dobeles Rajons,
Gulbenes Rajons, Jekabpils Rajons, Jelgava*, Jelgavas Rajons,
Jurmala*, Kraslavas Rajons, Kuldigas Rajons, Liepaja*, Liepajas
Rajons, Limbazu Rajons, Ludzas Rajons, Madonas Rajons, Ogres Rajons,
Preilu Rajons, Rezekne*, Rezeknes Rajons, Riga*, Rigas Rajons,
Saldus Rajons, Talsu Rajons, Tukuma Rajons, Valkas Rajons, Valmieras
Rajons, Ventspils*, Ventspils Rajons

Lebanon
6 governorates (mohafazat, singular - mohafazah); Beyrouth,
Beqaa, Liban-Nord, Liban-Sud, Mont-Liban, Nabatiye

Lesotho
10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru,
Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka

Liberia
15 counties; Bomi, Bong, Gbarpolu, Grand Bassa, Grand Cape
Mount, Grand Gedeh, Grand Kru, Lofa, Margibi, Maryland, Montserrado,
Nimba, River Cess, River Gee, Sinoe

Libya
25 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ajdabiya,
Al 'Aziziyah, Al Fatih, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jufrah, Al Khums, Al
Kufrah, An Nuqat al Khams, Ash Shati', Awbari, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,
Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan, Misratah, Murzuq, Sabha, Sawfajjin, Surt,
Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Yafran, Zlitan; note - the 25
municipalities may have been replaced by 13 regions

Liechtenstein
11 communes (Gemeinden, singular - Gemeinde); Balzers,
Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg,
Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz

Lithuania
10 counties (apskritys, singular - apskritis); Alytaus,
Kauno, Klaipedos, Marijampoles, Panevezio, Siauliu, Taurages,
Telsiu, Utenos, Vilniaus

Luxembourg
3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg

Macau
none (special administrative region of China)

Macedonia
85 municipalities (opstini, singular - opstina); Aerodrom
(Skopje), Aracinovo, Berovo, Bitola, Bogdanci, Bogovinje, Bosilovo,
Brvenica, Butel (Skopje), Cair (Skopje), Caska, Centar (Skopje),
Centar Zupa, Cesinovo, Cucer-Sandevo, Debar, Debartsa, Delcevo,
Demir Hisar, Demir Kapija, Dojran, Dolneni, Drugovo, Gazi Baba
(Skopje), Gevgelija, Gjorce Petrov (Skopje), Gostivar, Gradsko,
Ilinden, Jegunovce, Karbinci, Karpos (Skopje), Kavadarci, Kicevo,
Kisela Voda (Skopje), Kocani, Konce, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka,
Krivogastani, Krusevo, Kumanovo, Lipkovo, Lozovo, Makedonska
Kamenica, Makedonski Brod, Mavrovo i Rastusa, Mogila, Negotino,
Novaci, Novo Selo, Ohrid, Oslomej, Pehcevo, Petrovec, Plasnica,
Prilep, Probistip, Radovis, Rankovce, Resen, Rosoman, Saraj
(Skopje), Skopje, Sopiste, Staro Nagoricane, Stip, Struga, Strumica,
Studenicani, Suto Orizari (Skopje), Sveti Nikole, Tearce, Tetovo,
Valandovo, Vasilevo, Veles, Vevcani, Vinica, Vranestica, Vrapciste,
Zajas, Zelenikovo, Zelino, Zrnovci
note: the ten municipalities followed by Skopje in parentheses
collectively constitute "greater Skopje"

Madagascar
6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana,
Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara

Malawi
27 districts; Balaka, Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu,
Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Likoma, Lilongwe, Machinga
(Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata
Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Rumphi, Salima, Thyolo,
Zomba

Malaysia
13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) Johor, Kedah,
Kelantan, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau
Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, and Terengganu; and one federal
territory (wilayah persekutuan) with three components, city of Kuala
Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya

Maldives
19 atolls (atholhu, singular and plural) and 1 other
first-order administrative division*; Alifu, Baa, Dhaalu, Faafu,
Gaafu Alifu, Gaafu Dhaalu, Gnaviyani, Haa Alifu, Haa Dhaalu, Kaafu,
Laamu, Lhaviyani, Maale*, Meemu, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa,
Vaavu

Mali
8 regions (regions, singular - region); Gao, Kayes, Kidal,
Koulikoro, Mopti, Segou, Sikasso, Tombouctou

Malta
none (administered directly from Valletta); note - Local
Councils carry out administrative orders

Man, Isle of
none; there are no first-order administrative divisions
as defined by the US Government, but there are 24 local authorities
each with its own elections

Marshall Islands
33 municipalities; Ailinginae, Ailinglaplap, Ailuk,
Arno, Aur, Bikar, Bikini, Bokak, Ebon, Enewetak, Erikub, Jabat,
Jaluit, Jemo, Kili, Kwajalein, Lae, Lib, Likiep, Majuro, Maloelap,
Mejit, Mili, Namorik, Namu, Rongelap, Rongrik, Toke, Ujae, Ujelang,
Utirik, Wotho, Wotje

Martinique
none (overseas department of France)

Mauritania
12 regions (regions, singular - region) and 1 capital
district*; Adrar, Assaba, Brakna, Dakhlet Nouadhibou, Gorgol,
Guidimaka, Hodh Ech Chargui, Hodh El Gharbi, Inchiri, Nouakchott*,
Tagant, Tiris Zemmour, Trarza

Mauritius
9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black
River, Cargados Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka,
Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems, Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart,
Rodrigues*, Savanne

Mayotte
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Mexico
31 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal
district* (distrito federal); Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja
California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza,
Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo,
Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon,
Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro de Arteaga, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi,
Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz-Llave,
Yucatan, Zacatecas

Micronesia, Federated States of
4 states; Chuuk (Truk), Kosrae
(Kosaie), Pohnpei (Ponape), Yap

Moldova
32 raions (raioane, singular - raionul), 3 municipalities
(municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala
autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)
counties: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir,
Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari,
Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova,
Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti,
Soroca, Stefan-Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni
municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau
autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia
territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului

Monaco
none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as
defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters
(quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine,
Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo

Mongolia
21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1
municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy,
Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan,
Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon,
Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Montserrat
3 parishes; Saint Anthony, Saint Georges, Saint Peter

Morocco
14 regions: Grand Casablanca, Chaouia-Ouardigha,
Doukkala-Abda, Fes-Boulemane, Gharb-Chrarda-Beni Hssen, Guelmim-Es
Smara, Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, Meknes-Tafilalet, Oriental,
Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer, Souss-Massa-Draa, Tadla-Azilal,
Tanger-Tetouan, Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate
note: Morocco claims the territory of Western Sahara, the political
status of which is considered undetermined by the United States
Government; one additional region, Oued Eddahab-Lagouira, falls
entirely within Western Sahara; another region,
Laayoune-Boujdour-Sahia El Hamra, falls mostly within Western
Sahara; a small portion of this region, in the southwestern part of
the country, falls within Moroccan-administered territory as
recognized by the United States; the province of Guelmim-Es Smara
lies in both entities

Mozambique
10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), 1 city
(cidade)*; Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Cidade de
Maputo*, Nampula, Niassa, Sofala, Tete, Zambezia

Namibia
13 regions; Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene,
Ohangwena, Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa

Nauru
14 districts; Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe,
Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe, Yaren

Nepal
14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri,
Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali,
Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti

Netherlands
12 provinces (provincies, singular - provincie);
Drenthe, Flevoland, Friesland (Fryslan), Gelderland, Groningen,
Limburg, Noord-Brabant, Noord-Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland,
Zuid-Holland

Netherlands Antilles
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
note: each island has its own government

New Caledonia
none (overseas territory of France); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 3 provinces named Iles Loyaute, Nord, and
Sud

New Zealand
16 regions and 1 territory*; Auckland, Bay of Plenty,
Canterbury, Chatham Islands*, Gisborne, Hawke's Bay,
Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Nelson, Northland, Otago, Southland,
Taranaki, Tasman, Waikato, Wellington, West Coast

Nicaragua
15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento)
and 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region
autonomista); Atlantico Norte*, Atlantico Sur*, Boaco, Carazo,
Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz,
Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas

Niger
8 regions (regions, singular - region) includes 1 capital
district* (commune urbaine); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*,
Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder

Nigeria
36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom,
Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi,
Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa,
Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger,
Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara

Niue
none; note - there are no first-order administrative divisions
as defined by the US Government, but there are 14 villages at the
second order

Norfolk Island
none (territory of Australia)

Northern Mariana Islands
none (commonwealth in political union with
the US); there are no first-order administrative divisions as
defined by the US Government, but there are four municipalities at
the second order: Northern Islands, Rota, Saipan, Tinian

Norway
19 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder,
Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland,
Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane,
Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold

Oman
5 regions (manaatiq, singular - mintaqat) and 3 governorates*
(muhaafazaat, singular - muhaafaza) Ad Dakhiliyah, Al Batinah, Al
Wusta, Ash Sharqiyah, Az Zahirah, Masqat*, Musandam*, Zufar*

Pakistan
4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**;
Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital
Territory**, North-West Frontier Province, Punjab, Sindh
note: the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and
Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas

Palau
16 states; Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur, Hatohobei, Kayangel,
Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngarchelong, Ngardmau, Ngatpang,
Ngchesar, Ngeremlengui, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol

Panama
9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1
territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon,
Darien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*(Kuna Yala), and
Veraguas

Papua New Guinea
20 provinces; Bougainville, Central, Chimbu,
Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang,
Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern,
Sandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New
Britain

Paraguay
17 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and
1 capital city*; Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Asuncion*,
Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa, Canindeyu, Central, Concepcion,
Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Paraguari,
Presidente Hayes, San Pedro

Peru
25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province*
(provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho,
Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La
Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua,
Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Philippines
79 provinces and 116 chartered cities
provinces: Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay,
Antique, Apayao, Aurora, Basilan, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas,
Biliran, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cebu,
Compostela, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Eastern
Samar, Guimaras, Ifugao, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Isabela,
Kalinga, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, La Union, Leyte,
Maguindanao, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro
Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain Province,
Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar,
Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Quezon,
Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sarangani, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South
Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao del Norte,
Surigao del Sur, Tarlac, Tawi-Tawi, Zambales, Zamboanga del Norte,
Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay
chartered cities: Alaminos, Angeles, Antipolo, Bacolod, Bago,
Baguio, Bais, Balanga, Batangas, Bayawan, Bislig, Butuan,
Cabanatuan, Cadiz, Cagayan de Oro, Calamba, Calapan, Calbayog,
Candon, Canlaon, Cauayan, Cavite, Cebu, Cotabato, Dagupan, Danao,
Dapitan, Davao, Digos, Dipolog, Dumaguete, Escalante, Gapan, General
Santos, Gingoog, Himamaylan, Iligan, Iloilo, Isabela, Iriga,
Kabankalan, Kalookan, Kidapawan, Koronadal, La Carlota, Laoag,
Lapu-Lapu, Las Pinas, Legazpi, Ligao, Lipa, Lucena, Maasin, Makati,
Malabon, Malaybalay, Malolos, Mandaluyong, Mandaue, Manila, Marawi,
Markina, Masbate, Muntinlupa, Munoz, Naga, Olongapo, Ormoc,
Oroquieta, Ozamis, Pagadian, Palayan, Panabo, Paranaque, Pasay,
Pasig, Passi, Puerto Princesa, Quezon, Roxas, Sagay, Samal, San
Carlos (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos (in Pangasinan), San
Fernando (in La Union), San Fernando (in Pampanga), San Jose, San
Jose del Monte, San Pablo, Santa Rosa, Santiago, Silay, Sipalay,
Sorsogon, Surigao, Tabaco, Tacloban, Tacurong, Tagaytay, Tagbilaran,
Tagum, Talisay (in Cebu), Talisay (in Negros Oriental), Tanauan,
Tangub, Tanjay, Tarlac, Toledo, Tuguegarao, Trece Martires,
Urdaneta, Valencia, Valenzuela, Victorias, Vigan, Zamboanga

Pitcairn Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland
16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo);
Dolnoslaskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Lodzkie, Lubelskie, Lubuskie,
Malopolskie, Mazowieckie, Opolskie, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie,
Pomorskie, Slaskie, Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie,
Wielkopolskie, Zachodniopomorskie

Portugal
18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2
autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma);
Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco,
Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre,
Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

Puerto Rico
none (commonwealth associated with the US); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 78 municipalities (municipios, singular -
municipio) at the second order; Adjuntas, Aguada, Aguadilla, Aguas
Buenas, Aibonito, Anasco, Arecibo, Arroyo, Barceloneta,
Barranquitas, Bayamon, Cabo Rojo, Caguas, Camuy, Canovanas,
Carolina, Catano, Cayey, Ceiba, Ciales, Cidra, Coamo, Comerio,
Corozal, Culebra, Dorado, Fajardo, Florida, Guanica, Guayama,
Guayanilla, Guaynabo, Gurabo, Hatillo, Hormigueros, Humacao,
Isabela, Jayuya, Juana Diaz, Juncos, Lajas, Lares, Las Marias, Las
Piedras, Loiza, Luquillo, Manati, Maricao, Maunabo, Mayaguez, Moca,
Morovis, Naguabo, Naranjito, Orocovis, Patillas, Penuelas, Ponce,
Quebradillas, Rincon, Rio Grande, Sabana Grande, Salinas, San
German, San Juan, San Lorenzo, San Sebastian, Santa Isabel, Toa
Alta, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Utuado, Vega Alta, Vega Baja,
Vieques, Villalba, Yabucoa, Yauco

Qatar
10 municipalities (baladiyat, singular - baladiyah); Ad
Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al Wakrah, Ar
Rayyan, Jarayan al Batinah, Madinat ash Shamal, Umm Sa'id, Umm Salal

Reunion
none (overseas department of France); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 4 arrondissements, 24 communes, and 47
cantons

Romania
41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality*
(municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud,
Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi,
Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati,
Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov,
Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare,
Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea

Russia
49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics
(respublik, singular - respublika), 10 autonomous okrugs
(avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 6 krays (krayev,
singular - kray), 2 federal cities (singular - gorod), and 1
autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod,
Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga,
Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma,
Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk,
Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel,
Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk),
Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov,
Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd,
Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'
republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan
(Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya
(Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas),
Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista),
Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk),
Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola),
Mordoviya (Saransk), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), North Ossetia
(Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous okrugs: Aga Buryat (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'), Evenk
(Tura), Khanty-Mansi, Komi-Permyak (Kudymkar), Koryak (Palana),
Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Taymyr [Dolgano-Nenets] (Dudinka), Ust'-Orda
Buryat (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
krays: Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk,
Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol'
federal cities: Moscow (Moskva), Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg)
autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Rwanda
12 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in
Kinyarwanda - prefigintara for singular and plural); Butare, Byumba,
Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali
Rurale, Kigali-ville, Umutara, Ruhengeri

Saint Helena
1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*,
Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha*

Saint Kitts and Nevis
14 parishes; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint
Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland,
Saint James Windward, Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree,
Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown,
Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle
Island, Trinity Palmetto Point

Saint Lucia
11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin,
Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none (territorial collectivity of France);
note - there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined
by the US Government, but there are two communes - Saint Pierre,
Miquelon at the second order

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines,
Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick

Samoa
11 districts; A'ana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Fa'asaleleaga,
Gaga'emauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupa'itea, Tuamasaga,
Va'a-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano

San Marino
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello);
Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle

Sao Tome and Principe
2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome
note: Principe has had self-government since 29 April 1995

Saudi Arabia
13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah,
Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad,
Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah,
Najran, Tabuk

Senegal
11 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel,
Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda,
Thies, Ziguinchor

Serbia and Montenegro
2 republics (republike, singular - republika);
and 2 nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular
- autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo* (temporarily under UN
administration, per UN Security Council Resolution 1244),
Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Seychelles
23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau,
Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne,
Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on
Mahe), Grand' Anse (on Praslin), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont
Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint
Louis, Takamaka

Sierra Leone
3 provinces and 1 area*; Eastern, Northern, Southern,
Western*

Singapore
none

Slovakia
8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banskobystricky,
Bratislavsky, Kosicky, Nitriansky, Presovsky, Trenciansky, Trnavsky,
Zilinsky

Slovenia
182 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban
municipalities* (mestne obcine , singular - mestna obcina )
Ajdovscina, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke,
Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica,
Cankova, Celje*, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno,
Cerkvenjak, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca,
Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec,
Dobrovnik-Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale,
Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gornja
Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina,
Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos-Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina,
Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola-Isola, Jesenice,
Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje,
Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Koper-Capodistria*, Kostel, Kozje, Kranj*,
Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart,
Lendava-Lendva, Litija, Ljubljana*, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Logatec, Loska
Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk,
Maribor*, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na
Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Moravce,
Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Murska Sobota*, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje,
Nova Gorica*, Novo Mesto*, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica,
Pesnica, Piran-Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka,
Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Ptuj*, Puconci,
Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na
Koroskem, Razkrizje, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogasovci, Rogaska
Slatina, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic,
Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur pri Celju,
Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenj Gradec*,
Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smartno ob
Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Starse,
Store, Sveta Ana, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij,
Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic,
Trzin, Turnisce, Velenje*, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej,
Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica,
Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica,
Zuzemberk, Zrece
note: there may be 45 more municipalities

Solomon Islands
9 provinces and 1 capital territory*; Central,
Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Rennell
and Bellona, Temotu, Western

Somalia
18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool,
Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe,
Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha
Hoose, Sool, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed

South Africa
9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North-West, Northern Cape,
Western Cape

Spain
17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular -
comunidad autonoma)and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas,
singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares
(Balearic Islands), Ceuta*, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria,
Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Comunidad Valenciana,
Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla*, Murcia, Navarra,
Pais Vasco (Basque Country)
note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small
islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez
de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central
government, are all located off the coast of Morocco and are
collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de
Soberania)

Sri Lanka
8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North
Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western; note - North Eastern
province may have been divided in two - Northern and Eastern

Sudan
26 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); A'ali an Nil (Upper
Nile), Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrat (Lakes), Al Jazirah
(El Gezira), Al Khartum (Khartoum), Al Qadarif (Gedaref), Al Wahdah
(Unity), An Nil al Abyad (White Nile), An Nil al Azraq (Blue Nile),
Ash Shamaliyah (Northern), Bahr al Jabal (Bahr al Jabal), Gharb al
Istiwa'iyah (Western Equatoria), Gharb Bahr al Ghazal (Western Bahr
al Ghazal), Gharb Darfur (Western Darfur), Gharb Kurdufan (Western
Kordofan), Janub Darfur (Southern Darfur), Janub Kurdufan (Southern
Kordofan), Junqali (Jonglei), Kassala (Kassala), Nahr an Nil (Nile),
Shamal Bahr al Ghazal (Northern Bahr al Ghazal), Shamal Darfur
(Northern Darfur), Shamal Kurdufan (Northern Kordofan), Sharq al
Istiwa'iyah (Eastern Equatoria), Sinnar (Sinnar), Warab (Warab)

Suriname
10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo,
Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo,
Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica

Swaziland
4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni

Sweden
21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarnas,
Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands, Jonkopings, Kalmar,
Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands, Skane,
Sodermanlands, Stockholms, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens,
Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands

Switzerland
26 cantons (cantons, singular - canton in French;
cantoni, singular - cantone in Italian; kantone, singular - kanton
in German); Aargau, Appenzell Ausser-Rhoden, Appenzell Inner-Rhoden,
Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus,
Graubunden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt
Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri,
Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich

Syria
14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al
Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az
Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus

Taiwan
includes central island of Taiwan plus numerous smaller
islands near central island and off coast of China's Fujian
Province; Taiwan is divided into 18 counties (hsien, singular and
plural), 5 municipalities (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special
municipalities (chuan-shih, singular and plural)
counties: Chang-hua, Chia-i, Hsin-chu, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung
county, Kin-men, Lien-chiang, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu,
P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-nan, T'ai-pei county, T'ai-tung,
T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin
municipalities: Chia-i, Chi-lung, Hsin-chu, T'ai-chung, T'ai-nan
special municipalities: Kao-hsiung city, T'ai-pei city
note: Taiwan generally uses Wade-Giles system for romanization;
special municipality of Taipei adopted standard pinyin romanization
for street and place names within city boundaries, other local
authorities have selected a variety of romanization systems

Tajikistan
2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1
autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni
Badakhshon* [Gorno-Badakhshan] (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon
(Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand)
note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses

Tanzania
26 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kagera,
Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara,
Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga,
Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North,
Zanzibar Urban/West

Thailand
76 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Amnat
Charoen, Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum,
Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin,
Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep
Mahanakhon (Bangkok), Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong
Son, Maha Sarakham, Mukdahan, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon
Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan,
Narathiwat, Nong Bua Lamphu, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani,
Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi,
Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket,
Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi
Et, Sa Kaeo, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut
Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla,
Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon
Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon

Togo
5 regions (regions, singular - region); Kara, Plateaux,
Savanes, Centrale, Maritime

Tokelau
none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga
3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u

Trinidad and Tobago
9 regional corporations, 2 city corporations, 3
borough corporations, and 1 ward
regional corporations: Couva/Tabaquite/Talparo, Diego Martin,
Mayaro/Rio Claro, Penal/Debe, Princes Town, Sangre Grande, San
Juan/Laventille, Siparia, Tunapuna/Piarco
city corporations: Port-of-Spain, San Fernando;
borough corporations: Arima, Point Fortin, Chaguanas
ward: Tobago

Tunisia
24 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous
(Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah),
Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn),
Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba
(Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul
(Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana
(Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar),
Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)

Turkey
81 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman,
Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan,
Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol,
Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta,
Istanbul, Izmir, Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu,
Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya,
Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt,
Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van,
Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Turkmenistan
5 provinces (welayatlar, singular - welayat): Ahal
Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan Welayaty (Balkanabat), Dashoguz
Welayaty, Lebap Welayaty (Turkmenabat), Mary Welayaty
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Turks and Caicos Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu
none

Uganda
56 districts; Adjumani, Apac, Arua, Bugiri, Bundibugyo,
Bushenyi, Busia, Gulu, Hoima, Iganga, Jinja, Kabale, Kabarole,
Kaberamaido, Kalangala, Kampala, Kamuli, Kamwenge, Kanungu,
Kapchorwa, Kasese, Katakwi, Kayunga, Kibale, Kiboga, Kisoro, Kitgum,
Kotido, Kumi, Kyenjojo, Lira, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mayuge,
Mbale, Mbarara, Moroto, Moyo, Mpigi, Mubende, Mukono, Nakapiripirit,
Nakasongola, Nebbi, Ntungamo, Pader, Pallisa, Rakai, Rukungiri,
Sembabule, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, Wakiso, Yumbe

Ukraine
24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous
republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista,
singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv,
Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'),
Dnipropetrovs'k, Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson,
Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad, Kiev (Kyyiv)**, Kyyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv,
Mykolayiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil',
Vinnytsya, Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya,
Zhytomyr
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

United Arab Emirates
7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu
Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah),
Dubayy (Dubai), Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn

United Kingdom
England - 47 boroughs, 36 counties, 29 London
boroughs, 12 cities and boroughs, 10 districts, 12 cities, 3 royal
boroughs
boroughs: Barnsley, Blackburn with Darwen, Blackpool, Bolton,
Bournemouth, Bracknell Forest, Brighton and Hove, Bury, Calderdale,
Darlington, Doncaster, Dudley, Gateshead, Halton, Hartlepool,
Kirklees, Knowsley, Luton, Medway, Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes,
North Tyneside, Oldham, Poole, Reading, Redcar and Cleveland,
Rochdale, Rotherham, Sandwell, Sefton, Slough, Solihull,
Southend-on-Sea, South Tyneside, St. Helens, Stockport,
Stockton-on-Tees, Swindon, Tameside, Thurrock, Torbay, Trafford,
Walsall, Warrington, Wigan, Wirral, Wolverhampton
counties: Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cheshire,
Cornwall, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex,
Essex, Gloucestershire, Hampshire, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire,
Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire,
Norfolk, Northamptonshire, Northumberland, North Yorkshire,
Nottinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Somerset, Staffordshire,
Suffolk, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Sussex, Wiltshire, Worcestershire
London boroughs: Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent,
Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Hackney,
Hammersmith and Fulham, Haringey, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon,
Hounslow, Islington, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Newham, Redbridge,
Richmond upon Thames, Southwark, Sutton, Tower Hamlets, Waltham
Forest, Wandsworth
cities and boroughs: Birmingham, Bradford, Coventry, Leeds,
Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle upon Tyne, Salford, Sheffield,
Sunderland, Wakefield, Westminster
districts: Bath and North East Somerset, East Riding of Yorkshire,
North East Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire, North Somerset,
Rutland, South Gloucestershire, Telford and Wrekin, West Berkshire,
Wokingham
cities: City of Bristol, Derby, City of Kingston upon Hull,
Leicester, City of London, Nottingham, Peterborough, Plymouth,
Portsmouth, Southampton, Stoke-on-Trent, York
royal boroughs: Kensington and Chelsea, Kingston upon Thames,
Windsor and Maidenhead
Northern Ireland - 24 districts, 2 cities, 6 counties
districts: Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge,
Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down,
Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Magherafelt, Moyle,
Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane
cities: Belfast, Derry
counties: County Antrim, County Armagh, County Down, County
Fermanagh, County Londonderry, County Tyrone
Scotland - 32 council areas: Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Angus,
Argyll and Bute, The Scottish Borders, Clackmannanshire, Dumfries
and Galloway, Dundee City, East Ayrshire, East Dunbartonshire, East
Lothian, East Renfrewshire, City of Edinburgh, Falkirk, Fife,
Glasgow City, Highland, Inverclyde, Midlothian, Moray, North
Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Orkney Islands, Perth and Kinross,
Renfrewshire, Shetland Islands, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire,
Stirling, West Dunbartonshire, Eilean Siar (Western Isles), West
Lothian;
Wales - 11 county boroughs, 9 counties, 2 cities and counties
county boroughs: Blaenau Gwent, Bridgend, Caerphilly, Conwy,
Gwynedd, Merthyr Tydfil, Neath Port Talbot, Newport, Rhondda Cynon
Taff, Torfaen, Wrexham
counties: Isle of Anglesey, Ceredigion, Carmarthenshire,
Denbighshire, Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Pembrokeshire, Powys, The
Vale of Glamorgan
cities and counties: Cardiff, Swansea

United States
50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona,
Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of
Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska,
Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North
Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Uruguay
19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento);
Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida,
Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera,
Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres

Uzbekistan
12 provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1
autonomous republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon
Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax Viloyati,
Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati, Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi),
Qaraqalpog'iston Respublikasi* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo
Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz), Toshkent
Shahri**, Toshkent Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati (Urganch)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their
administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center
name following in parentheses)

Vanuatu
6 provinces; Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba

Venezuela
23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 federal
district* (distrito federal), and 1 federal dependency**
(dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas,
Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**,
Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas,
Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas,
Yaracuy, Zulia
note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled
island groups with a total of 72 individual islands

Vietnam
59 provinces (tinh, singular and plural) and 5
municipalities (thu do, singular and plural)
provinces: An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba
Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh
Thuan, Ca Mau, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Dac Nong, Dien Bien, Dong Nai,
Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Ha Nam, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh,
Hau Giang, Hoa Binh, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai
Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh
Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang
Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh,
Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen
Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai
municipalities: Can Tho, Da Nang, Hai Phong, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh

Virgin Islands
none (territory of the US); there are no first-order
administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there
are three islands at the second order; Saint Croix, Saint John,
Saint Thomas

Wallis and Futuna
none (overseas territory of France); there are no
first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are three kingdoms at the second order named
Alo, Sigave, Wallis

Western Sahara
none (under de facto control of Morocco)

World
271 nations, dependent areas, and other entities

Yemen
19 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan,
'Adan, Ad Dali', Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al
Mahwit, 'Amran, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib,
Sa'dah, San'a', Shabwah, Ta'izz
note: for electoral and administrative purposes, the capital city of
Sanaa is treated as an additional governorate

Zambia
9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka,
Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western

Zimbabwe
8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status;
Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland
East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland
South, Midlands

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2052 Agriculture - products

Afghanistan
opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton, sheepskins,
lambskins

Albania
wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets,
grapes; meat, dairy products

Algeria
wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits; sheep,
cattle

American Samoa
bananas, coconuts, vegetables, taro, breadfruit,
yams, copra, pineapples, papayas; dairy products, livestock

Andorra
small quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, vegetables;
sheep

Angola
bananas, sugarcane, coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, manioc
(tapioca), tobacco, vegetables, plantains; livestock; forest
products; fish

Anguilla
small quantities of tobacco, vegetables; cattle raising

Antigua and Barbuda
cotton, fruits, vegetables, bananas, coconuts,
cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane; livestock

Argentina
sunflower seeds, lemons, soybeans, grapes, corn, tobacco,
peanuts, tea, wheat; livestock

Armenia
fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock

Aruba
aloes; livestock; fish

Australia
wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry

Austria
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, wine, fruit; dairy products,
cattle, pigs, poultry; lumber

Azerbaijan
cotton, grain, rice, grapes, fruit, vegetables, tea,
tobacco; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats

Bahamas, The
citrus, vegetables; poultry

Bahrain
fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish

Bangladesh
rice, jute, tea, wheat, sugarcane, potatoes, tobacco,
pulses, oilseeds, spices, fruit; beef, milk, poultry

Barbados
sugarcane, vegetables, cotton

Belarus
grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk

Belgium
sugar beets, fresh vegetables, fruits, grain, tobacco; beef,
veal, pork, milk

Belize
bananas, coca, citrus, sugar; fish, cultured shrimp; lumber;
garments

Benin
cotton, corn, cassava (tapioca), yams, beans, palm oil,
peanuts, livestock (2001)

Bermuda
bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products

Bhutan
rice, corn, root crops, citrus, foodgrains; dairy products,
eggs

Bolivia
soybeans, coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice,
potatoes; timber

Bosnia and Herzegovina
wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock

Botswana
livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers,
groundnuts

Brazil
coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa,
citrus; beef

British Virgin Islands
fruits, vegetables; livestock, poultry; fish

Brunei
rice, vegetables, fruits, chickens, water buffalo

Bulgaria
vegetables, fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat,
barley, sunflowers, sugar beets

Burkina Faso
cotton, peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, sorghum, millet,
corn, rice; livestock

Burma
rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood;
fish and fish products

Burundi
coffee, cotton, tea, corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas,
manioc (tapioca); beef, milk, hides

Cambodia
rice, rubber, corn, vegetables, cashews, tapioca

Cameroon
coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains,
root starches; livestock; timber

Canada
wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy
products; forest products; fish

Cape Verde
bananas, corn, beans, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, coffee,
peanuts; fish

Cayman Islands
vegetables, fruit; livestock, turtle farming

Central African Republic
cotton, coffee, tobacco, manioc (tapioca),
yams, millet, corn, bananas; timber

Chad
cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc
(tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels

Chile
grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches,
garlic, asparagus, beans, beef, poultry, wool; fish; timber

China
rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley,
apples, cotton, oilseed, pork, fish

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts

Colombia
coffee, cut flowers, bananas, rice, tobacco, corn,
sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseed, vegetables; forest products; shrimp

Comoros
vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, copra, coconuts, bananas,
cassava (tapioca)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber, tea, quinine, cassava (tapioca), palm oil, bananas, root crops, corn, fruits; wood products

Congo, Republic of the
cassava (tapioca), sugar, rice, corn,
peanuts, vegetables, coffee, cocoa; forest products

Cook Islands
copra, citrus, pineapples, tomatoes, beans, pawpaws,
bananas, yams, taro, coffee; pigs, poultry

Costa Rica
coffee, pineapples, bananas, sugar, corn, rice, beans,
potatoes; beef; timber

Cote d'Ivoire
coffee, cocoa beans, bananas, palm kernels, corn,
rice, manioc (tapioca), sweet potatoes, sugar, cotton, rubber; timber

Croatia
wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, barley, alfalfa,
clover, olives, citrus, grapes, soybeans, potatoes; livestock, dairy
products

Cuba
sugar, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock

Cyprus
citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables,
poultry, pork, lamb, kids, dairy, cheese

Czech Republic
wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs,
poultry

Denmark
barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets; pork, dairy products;
fish

Djibouti
fruits, vegetables; goats, sheep, camels, animal hides

Dominica
bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, coconuts, cocoa;
forest and fishery potential not exploited

Dominican Republic
sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, rice,
beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; cattle, pigs, dairy products, beef,
eggs

East Timor
coffee, rice, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, soybeans,
cabbage, mangoes, bananas, vanilla

Ecuador
bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca),
plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy
products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp

Egypt
cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle,
water buffalo, sheep, goats

El Salvador
coffee, sugar, corn, rice, beans, oilseed, cotton,
sorghum; shrimp; beef, dairy products

Equatorial Guinea
coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, cassava (tapioca),
bananas, palm oil nuts; livestock; timber

Eritrea
sorghum, lentils, vegetables, corn, cotton, tobacco, coffee,
sisal; livestock, goats; fish

Estonia
potatoes, vegetables; livestock and dairy products; fish

Ethiopia
cereals, pulses, coffee, oilseed, sugarcane, potatoes, qat;
hides, cattle, sheep, goats

European Union
wheat, barley, oilseeds, sugar beets, wine, grapes,
dairy products, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, fish

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fodder and vegetable crops; sheep,
dairy products

Faroe Islands
milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, other fish

Fiji
sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), rice, sweet potatoes,
bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish

Finland
barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

France
wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef,
dairy products; fish

French Guiana
corn, rice, manioc (tapioca), sugar, cocoa,
vegetables, bananas; cattle, pigs, poultry

French Polynesia
coconuts, vanilla, vegetables, fruits; poultry,
beef, dairy products, coffee

Gabon
cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber; cattle; okoume (a
tropical softwood); fish

Gambia, The
rice, millet, sorghum, peanuts, corn, sesame, cassava
(tapioca), palm kernels; cattle, sheep, goats

Gaza Strip
olives, citrus, vegetables; beef, dairy products

Georgia
citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock

Germany
potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages;
cattle, pigs, poultry

Ghana
cocoa, rice, coffee, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea
nuts, bananas; timber

Gibraltar
none

Greece
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine,
tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products

Greenland
forage crops, garden and greenhouse vegetables; sheep,
reindeer; fish

Grenada
bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, mace, citrus, avocados, root crops,
sugarcane, corn, vegetables

Guadeloupe
bananas, sugarcane, tropical fruits and vegetables;
cattle, pigs, goats

Guam
fruits, copra, vegetables; eggs, pork, poultry, beef

Guatemala
sugarcane, corn, bananas, coffee, beans, cardamom; cattle,
sheep, pigs, chickens

Guernsey
tomatoes, greenhouse flowers, sweet peppers, eggplant,
fruit; Guernsey cattle

Guinea
rice, coffee, pineapples, palm kernels, cassava (tapioca),
bananas, sweet potatoes; cattle, sheep, goats; timber

Guinea-Bissau
rice, corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), cashew nuts,
peanuts, palm kernels, cotton; timber; fish

Guyana
sugarcane, rice, wheat, vegetable oils; beef, pork, poultry,
dairy products; fish, shrimp

Haiti
coffee, mangoes, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum, wood

Honduras
bananas, coffee, citrus; beef; timber; shrimp

Hong Kong
fresh vegetables, poultry, fish, pork

Hungary
wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs,
cattle, poultry, dairy products

Iceland
potatoes, green vegetables, mutton, dairy products, fish

India
rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes;
cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish

Indonesia
rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee,
palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Iran
wheat, rice, other grains, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, cotton;
dairy products, wool; caviar

Iraq
wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep,
poultry

Ireland
turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; beef, dairy
products

Israel
citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products

Italy
fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans,
grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish

Jamaica
sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, vegetables,
poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks

Japan
rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit, pork, poultry, dairy
products, eggs, fish

Jersey
potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes; beef, dairy products

Jordan
wheat, barley, citrus, tomatoes, melons, olives; sheep,
goats, poultry

Kazakhstan
grain (mostly spring wheat), cotton; livestock

Kenya
tea, coffee, corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables; dairy
products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs

Kiribati
copra, taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; fish

Korea, North
rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; cattle, pigs,
pork, eggs

Korea, South
rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit; cattle,
pigs, chickens, milk, eggs; fish

Kuwait
practically no crops; fish

Kyrgyzstan
tobacco, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, fruits and
berries; sheep, goats, cattle, wool

Laos
sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, tobacco,
cotton, tea, peanuts, rice, water buffalo, pigs, cattle, poultry

Latvia
grain, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables; beef, pork, milk,
eggs; fish

Lebanon
citrus, grapes, tomatoes, apples, vegetables, potatoes,
olives, tobacco; sheep, goats

Lesotho
corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley; livestock

Liberia
rubber, coffee, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), palm oil,
sugarcane, bananas; sheep, goats; timber

Libya
wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus, vegetables, peanuts,
soybeans; cattle

Liechtenstein
wheat, barley, corn, potatoes; livestock, dairy
products

Lithuania
grain, potatoes, sugar beets, flax, vegetables; beef,
milk, eggs; fish

Luxembourg
barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes;
livestock products

Macau
only 2% of land area is cultivated, mainly by vegetable
growers; fishing, mostly for crustaceans, is important, some of
catch is exported to Hong Kong; most food requirements are met by
imports, primarily from China

Macedonia
wheat, grapes, rice, tobacco, corn, millet, cotton,
sesame, mulberry leaves, citrus, vegetables; beef, pork, poultry,
mutton

Madagascar
coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava
(tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products

Malawi
tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava
(tapioca), sorghum, pulses; groundnuts, Macadamia nuts; cattle, goats

Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia - rubber, palm oil, cocoa, rice; Sabah
- subsistence crops, rubber, timber, coconuts, rice; Sarawak -
rubber, pepper, timber

Maldives
coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; fish

Mali
cotton, millet, rice, corn, vegetables, peanuts; cattle, sheep,
goats

Malta
potatoes, cauliflower, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes,
citrus, cut flowers, green peppers; pork, milk, poultry, eggs

Man, Isle of
cereals, vegetables; cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry

Marshall Islands
coconuts, tomatoes, melons, taro, breadfruit,
fruits; pigs, chickens

Martinique
pineapples, avocados, bananas, flowers, vegetables,
sugarcane

Mauritania
dates, millet, sorghum, rice, corn, dates; cattle, sheep

Mauritius
sugarcane, tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses; cattle,
goats; fish

Mayotte
vanilla, ylang-ylang (perfume essence), coffee, copra

Mexico
corn, wheat, soybeans, rice, beans, cotton, coffee, fruit,
tomatoes; beef, poultry, dairy products; wood products

Micronesia, Federated States of
black pepper, tropical fruits and
vegetables, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), betel nuts, sweet potatoes;
pigs, chickens

Moldova
vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower
seed, tobacco; beef, milk

Monaco
none

Mongolia
wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops, sheep, goats,
cattle, camels, horses

Montserrat
cabbages, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, peppers,
livestock products

Morocco
barley, wheat, citrus, wine, vegetables, olives; livestock

Mozambique
cotton, cashew nuts, sugarcane, tea, cassava (tapioca),
corn, coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits, potatoes,
sunflowers; beef, poultry

Namibia
millet, sorghum, peanuts; livestock; fish

Nauru
coconuts

Nepal
rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops; milk, water buffalo
meat

Netherlands
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables;
livestock

Netherlands Antilles
aloes, sorghum, peanuts, vegetables, tropical
fruit

New Caledonia
vegetables; beef, deer, other livestock products

New Zealand
wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables;
wool, beef, lamb and mutton, dairy products; fish

Nicaragua
coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, rice, corn, tobacco,
sesame, soya, beans; beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products

Niger
cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, sorghum, cassava (tapioca),
rice; cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, poultry

Nigeria
cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet,
cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber;
fish

Niue
coconuts, passion fruit, honey, limes, taro, yams, cassava
(tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs, poultry, beef cattle

Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island pine seed, Kentia palm seed, cereals,
vegetables, fruit; cattle, poultry

Northern Mariana Islands
coconuts, fruits, vegetables; cattle

Norway
barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish

Oman
dates, limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables; camels, cattle; fish

Pakistan
cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk,
beef, mutton, eggs

Palau
coconuts, copra, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes

Panama
bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables;
livestock; shrimp

Papua New Guinea
coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, tea, rubber,
sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork

Paraguay
cotton, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava
(tapioca), fruits, vegetables; beef, pork, eggs, milk; timber

Peru
coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains,
grapes, oranges, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish

Philippines
sugarcane, coconuts, rice, corn, bananas, casavas,
pineapples, fish, mangoes, pork, eggs, beef

Pitcairn Islands
wide variety of fruits and vegetables, goats,
chickens

Poland
potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork

Portugal
grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats,
poultry, beef, dairy products

Puerto Rico
sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas,
livestock products, chickens

Qatar
fruits, vegetables; poultry, dairy products, beef; fish

Reunion
sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, tropical fruits, vegetables,
corn

Romania
wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes,
grapes; eggs, sheep

Russia
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef,
milk

Rwanda
coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock

Saint Helena
corn, potatoes, vegetables; timber; fish, crawfish (on
Tristan da Cunha)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
sugarcane, rice, yams, vegetables, bananas;
fish

Saint Lucia
bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus, root crops, cocoa

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
vegetables; poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs;
fish

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes,
spices, small numbers of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, fish

Samoa
coconuts, bananas, taro, yams, coffee, cocoa

San Marino
wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef,
cheese, hides

Sao Tome and Principe
cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra,
cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papayas, beans; poultry; fish

Saudi Arabia
wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton,
chickens, eggs, milk

Senegal
peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes,
green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish

Serbia and Montenegro
cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives;
cattle, sheep, goats

Seychelles
coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla, sweet potatoes, cassava
(tapioca), bananas; broiler chickens; tuna fish

Sierra Leone
rice, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, palm oil, peanuts;
poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs; fish

Singapore
rubber, copra, fruit, orchids, vegetables, poultry, eggs,
fish, ornamental fish

Slovakia
grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle,
poultry; forest products

Slovenia
potatoes, hops, wheat, sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle,
sheep, poultry

Solomon Islands
cocoa beans, coconuts, palm kernels, rice, potatoes,
vegetables, fruit; cattle, pigs; timber; fish

Somalia
cattle, sheep, goats; bananas, sorghum, corn, coconuts,
rice, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame seeds, beans; fish

South Africa
corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef,
poultry, mutton, wool, dairy products

Spain
grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus;
beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish

Sri Lanka
rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea,
rubber, coconuts; milk, eggs, hides, beef

Sudan
cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum
arabic, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet
potatoes, sesame; sheep, livestock

Suriname
paddy rice, bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains,
peanuts; beef, chickens; forest products; shrimp

Swaziland
sugarcane, cotton, corn, tobacco, rice, citrus,
pineapples, sorghum, peanuts; cattle, goats, sheep

Sweden
barley, wheat, sugar beets; meat, milk

Switzerland
grains, fruits, vegetables; meat, eggs

Syria
wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar
beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk

Taiwan
rice, corn, vegetables, fruit, tea; pigs, poultry, beef,
milk; fish

Tajikistan
cotton, grain, fruits, grapes, vegetables; cattle, sheep,
goats

Tanzania
coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made
from chrysanthemums), cashew nuts, tobacco, cloves, corn, wheat,
cassava (tapioca), bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats

Thailand
rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts,
soybeans

Togo
coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans,
rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish

Tokelau
coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas; pigs,
poultry, goats

Tonga
squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa,
coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish

Trinidad and Tobago
cocoa, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry

Tunisia
olives, olive oil, grain, dairy products, tomatoes, citrus
fruit, beef, sugar beets, dates, almonds

Turkey
tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulse, citrus;
livestock

Turkmenistan
cotton, grain; livestock

Turks and Caicos Islands corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), citrus fruits; fish

Tuvalu
coconuts; fish

Uganda
coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, cassava (tapioca), potatoes,
corn, millet, pulses; beef, goat meat, milk, poultry, cut flowers

Ukraine
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk

United Arab Emirates
dates, vegetables, watermelons; poultry, eggs,
dairy products; fish

United Kingdom
cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle,
sheep, poultry; fish

United States
wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton;
beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; forest products; fish

Uruguay
rice, wheat, corn, barley; livestock; fish

Uzbekistan
cotton, vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock

Vanuatu
copra, coconuts, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams, coconuts,
fruits, vegetables; fish, beef

Venezuela
corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables,
coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish

Vietnam
paddy rice, coffee, fish and seafood, rubber, cotton, tea,
pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas, poultry

Virgin Islands
fruit, vegetables, sorghum; Senepol cattle

Wallis and Futuna
breadfruit, yams, taro, bananas; pigs, goats

West Bank
olives, citrus, vegetables; beef, dairy products

Western Sahara
fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases);
camels, sheep, goats (kept by nomads)

Yemen
grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat (mildly narcotic
shrub), coffee, cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats,
cattle, camels), poultry; fish

Zambia
corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables,
flowers, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle,
goats, pigs, poultry, milk, eggs, hides; coffee

Zimbabwe
corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts;
sheep, goats, pigs

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2053 Airports

Afghanistan
47 (2004 est.)

Albania
11 (2004 est.)

Algeria
137 (2004 est.)

American Samoa
3 (2004 est.)

Andorra
none (2004 est.)

Angola
243 (2004 est.)

Anguilla
3 (2004 est.)

Antarctica
there are no developed public access airports or landing
facilities; 30 stations, operated by 16 national governments party
to the Antarctic Treaty, have restricted aircraft landing facilities
for either helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft; commercial
enterprises operate two additional aircraft landing facilities;
helicopter pads are available at 27 stations; runways at 15
locations are gravel, sea-ice, blue-ice, or compacted snow suitable
for landing wheeled, fixed-wing aircraft; of these, one is greater
than 3 km in length, six are between 2 km and 3 km in length, three
are between 1 km and 2 km in length, three are less than 1 km in
length, and two are of unknown length; snow surface skiways, limited
to use by ski-equipped, fixed-wing aircraft, are available at
another 15 locations; of these, four are greater than 3 km in
length, three are between 2 km and 3 km in length, two are between 1
km and 2 km in length, two are less than 1 km in length, and four
are of unknown length; aircraft landing facilities generally subject
to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme
seasonal and geographic conditions; aircraft landing facilities do
not meet ICAO standards; advance approval from the respective
governmental or nongovernmental operating organization required for
using their facilities; landed aircraft are subject to inspection in
accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; guidelines for the
operation of aircraft near concentrations of birds in Antarctica
were adopted in 2004; relevant legal instruments and authorization
procedures adopted by states party to the Antarctic Treaty
regulating access to the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to all areas
between 60 and 90 degrees of latitude South, have to be complied
with (see information under "Legal System"); an Antarctic Flight
Information Manual (AFIM) providing up-to-date details of Antarctic
air facilities and procedures is maintained and published by the
Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
3 (2004 est.)

Argentina
1,334 (2004 est.)

Armenia
16 (2004 est.)

Aruba
1 (2004 est.)

Australia
448 (2004 est.)

Austria
55 (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
50 (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
63 (2004 est.)

Bahrain
4 (2004 est.)

Baker Island
1 abandoned World War II runway of 1,665 m, completely
covered with vegetation and unusable (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
16 (2004 est.)

Barbados
1 (2004 est.)

Belarus
133 (2004 est.)

Belgium
43 (2004 est.)

Belize
43 (2004 est.)

Benin
5 (2004 est.)

Bermuda
1 (2004 est.)

Bhutan
2 (2004 est.)

Bolivia
1,065 (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
27 (2004 est.)

Botswana
85 (2004 est.)

Brazil
4,136 (2004 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory
1 (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
3 (2004 est.)

Brunei
2 (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
213 (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
33 (2004 est.)

Burma
78 (2004 est.)

Burundi
8 (2004 est.)

Cambodia
20 (2004 est.)

Cameroon
47 (2004 est.)

Canada
1,326 (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
7
note: 3 airports are reported to be nonoperational (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
3 (2004 est.)

Central African Republic
50 (2004 est.)

Chad
50 (2004 est.)

Chile
364 (2004 est.)

China
472 (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
1 (2004 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1 (2004 est.)

Colombia
980 (2004 est.)

Comoros
4 (2004 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
230 (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
32 (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
9 (2004 est.)

Costa Rica
149 (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
37 (2004 est.)

Croatia
68 (2004 est.)

Cuba
170 (2004 est.)

Cyprus
17 (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
120 (2004 est.)

Denmark
97 (2004 est.)

Djibouti
13 (2004 est.)

Dominica
2 (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic
31 (2004 est.)

East Timor
8 (2004 est.)

Ecuador
205 (2004 est.)

Egypt
87 (2004 est.)

El Salvador
73 (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
4 (2004 est.)

Eritrea
17 (2004 est.)

Estonia
29 (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
83 (2004 est.)

Europa Island
1 (2004 est.)

European Union
3,130 (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
5 (2004 est.)

Faroe Islands
1 (2004 est.)

Fiji
28 (2004 est.)

Finland
148 (2004 est.)

France
478 (2004 est.)

French Guiana
11 (2004 est.)

French Polynesia
50 (2004 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
none (2004 est.)

Gabon
56 (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
1 (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
2 (2001)
note: includes Gaza International Airport (GIA), inaugurated on 24
November 1998 as part of agreements stipulated in the September 1995
Oslo II Accord and the 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum; GIA has
been largely closed since October 2000 by Israeli orders and its
runway was destroyed by the Israeli Defense Forces in December 2001
(2004 est.)

Georgia
30 (2004 est.)

Germany
550 (2004 est.)

Ghana
12 (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
1 (2004 est.)

Glorioso Islands
1 (2004 est.)

Greece
80 (2004 est.)

Greenland
14 (2004 est.)

Grenada
3 (2004 est.)

Guadeloupe
9 (2004 est.)

Guam
5 (2004 est.)

Guatemala
452 (2004 est.)

Guernsey
2 (2004 est.)

Guinea
16 (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
28 (2004 est.)

Guyana
49 (2004 est.)

Haiti
13 (2004 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
none (2004 est.)

Honduras
115 (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
4 (2004 est.)

Howland Island
airstrip constructed in 1937 for scheduled refueling
stop on the round-the-world flight of Amelia EARHART and Fred NOONAN
- they left Lae, New Guinea, for Howland Island, but were never seen
again; the airstrip is no longer serviceable (2004 est.)

Hungary
44 (2004 est.)

Iceland
98 (2004 est.)

India
333 (2004 est.)

Indonesia
667 (2004 est.)

Iran
305 (2004 est.)

Iraq
111; note - unknown number were damaged during the March-April
2003 war (2004 est.)

Ireland
36 (2004 est.)

Israel
51 (2004 est.)

Italy
134 (2004 est.)

Jamaica
35 (2004 est.)

Jan Mayen
1 (2004 est.)

Japan
174 (2004 est.)

Jersey
1 (2004 est.)

Johnston Atoll
1 (2004 est.)

Jordan
17 (2004 est.)

Juan de Nova Island
1 (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
314 (2004 est.)

Kenya
221 (2004 est.)

Kingman Reef
lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and
American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and
1938 (2004 est.)

Kiribati
20 (2004 est.)

Korea, North
78 (2004 est.)

Korea, South
179 (2004 est.)

Kuwait
7 (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
52 (2004 est.)

Laos
44 (2004 est.)

Latvia
50 (2004 est.)

Lebanon
8 (2004 est.)

Lesotho
28 (2004 est.)

Liberia
53 (2004 est.)

Libya
139 (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
none (2004 est.)

Lithuania
102 (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
2 (2004 est.)

Macau
1 (2004 est.)

Macedonia
17 (2004 est.)

Madagascar
116 (2004 est.)

Malawi
42 (2004 est.)

Malaysia
117 (2004 est.)

Maldives
5 (2004 est.)

Mali
28 (2004 est.)

Malta
1 (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
1 (2004 est.)

Marshall Islands
15 (2004 est.)

Martinique
2 (2004 est.)

Mauritania
24 (2004 est.)

Mauritius
6 (2004 est.)

Mayotte
1 (2004 est.)

Mexico
1,833 (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
6 (2004 est.)

Midway Islands
3 (2004 est.)

Moldova
23 (2004 est.)

Monaco
none; linked to the airport at Nice, France by helicopter
service (2004 est.)

Mongolia
46 (2004 est.)

Montserrat
1 (2004 est.)

Morocco
63 (2004 est.)

Mozambique
158 (2004 est.)

Namibia
136 (2004 est.)

Nauru
1 (2004 est.)

Nepal
46 (2004 est.)

Netherlands
27 (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
5 (2004 est.)

New Caledonia
25 (2004 est.)

New Zealand
116 (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
176 (2004 est.)

Niger
27 (2004 est.)

Nigeria
70 (2004 est.)

Niue
1 (2004 est.)

Norfolk Island
1 (2004 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
5 (2004 est.)

Norway
101 (2004 est.)

Oman
136 (2004 est.)

Pakistan
131 (2004 est.)

Palau
3 (2004 est.)

Palmyra Atoll
1 (2004 est.)

Panama
105 (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
571 (2004 est.)

Paracel Islands
1 (2004 est.)

Paraguay
878 (2004 est.)

Peru
234 (2004 est.)

Philippines
255 (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
none (2004 est.)

Poland
123 (2004 est.)

Portugal
65 (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
30 (2004 est.)

Qatar
4 (2004 est.)

Reunion
2 (2004 est.)

Romania
61 (2004 est.)

Russia
2,586 (2004 est.)

Rwanda
9 (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
1 (2004 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
2 (2004 est.)

Saint Lucia
2 (2004 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2 (2004 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6 (2004 est.)

Samoa
4 (2004 est.)

San Marino
none (2004 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
2 (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
201 (2004 est.)

Senegal
20 (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
44 (2004 est.)

Seychelles
15 (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
10 (2004 est.)

Singapore
10 (2004 est.)

Slovakia
34 (2004 est.)

Slovenia
14 (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
33 (2004 est.)

Somalia
60 (2004 est.)

South Africa
728 (2004 est.)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
none (2004 est.)

Spain
156 (2004 est.)

Spratly Islands
3 (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
14 (2004 est.)

Sudan
75 (2004 est.)

Suriname
46 (2004 est.)

Svalbard
4 (2004 est.)

Swaziland
18 (2004 est.)

Sweden
254 (2004 est.)

Switzerland
65 (2004 est.)

Syria
92 (2004 est.)

Taiwan
40 (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
55 (2004 est.)

Tanzania
123 (2004 est.)

Thailand
109 (2004 est.)

Togo
9 (2004 est.)

Tokelau
none; lagoon landings are possible by amphibious aircraft
(2004 est.)

Tonga
6 (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
6 (2004 est.)

Tromelin Island
1 (2004 est.)

Tunisia
30 (2004 est.)

Turkey
119 (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
53 (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
8 (2004 est.)

Tuvalu
1 (2004 est.)

Uganda
29 (2004 est.)

Ukraine
656 (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
35 (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
471 (2004 est.)

United States
14,857 (2004 est.)

Uruguay
64 (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
226 (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
30 (2004 est.)

Venezuela
369 (2004 est.)

Vietnam
24 (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
2 (2004 est.)

Wake Island
1 (2004 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
2 (2004 est.)

West Bank
3 (2004 est.)

Western Sahara
11 (2004 est.)

World
49,973 (2004)

Yemen
44 (2004 est.)

Zambia
109 (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
404 (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2054 Birth rate (births/1,000 population)

Afghanistan
47.02 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Albania
15.08 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Algeria
17.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

American Samoa
23.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Andorra
9 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Angola
44.64 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Anguilla
14.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
17.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Argentina
16.9 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Armenia
11.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Aruba
11.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Australia
12.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Austria
8.81 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
20.4 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
17.87 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahrain
18.1 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
30.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Barbados
12.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belarus
10.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belgium
10.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belize
29.34 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Benin
41.99 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bermuda
11.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bhutan
34.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bolivia
23.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
12.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Botswana
23.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brazil
16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
14.96 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brunei
19.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
9.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
44.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burma
18.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burundi
39.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cambodia
27.08 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cameroon
34.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Canada
10.84 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
25.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
12.92 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
35.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chad
45.98 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chile
15.44 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

China
13.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
20.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Comoros
37.52 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 44.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
27.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
18.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
35.51 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Croatia
9.57 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cuba
12.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cyprus
12.57 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
9.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Denmark
11.36 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Djibouti
39.98 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominica
15.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
23.28 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

East Timor
27.19 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ecuador
22.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Egypt
23.32 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

El Salvador
27.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
36.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Eritrea
38.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Estonia
9.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
38.61 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

European Union
10 births/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA births/1,000 population (2005
est.)

Faroe Islands
13.97 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Fiji
22.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Finland
10.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

France
12.15 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Guiana
20.7 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
16.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gabon
36.24 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
39.86 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
40.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Georgia
10.25 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Germany
8.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ghana
23.97 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
10.87 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greece
9.72 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greenland
15.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Grenada
22.3 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
15.42 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guam
19.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guatemala
34.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guernsey
9.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea
42.03 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
37.65 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guyana
18.45 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Haiti
36.59 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Honduras
30.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
7.23 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hungary
9.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iceland
13.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

India
22.32 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Indonesia
20.71 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iran
16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iraq
32.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ireland
14.47 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Israel
18.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Italy
8.89 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jamaica
16.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Japan
9.47 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jersey
9.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jordan
21.76 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
15.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kenya
40.13 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kiribati
30.86 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, North
16.09 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, South
10.08 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kuwait
21.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
22.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Laos
35.99 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Latvia
9.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lebanon
18.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lesotho
26.53 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liberia
44.22 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Libya
26.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
10.41 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lithuania
8.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
12.06 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macau
8.04 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macedonia
12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Madagascar
41.66 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malawi
43.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malaysia
23.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Maldives
35.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mali
46.77 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malta
10.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
11.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
33.52 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Martinique
14.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritania
41.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritius
15.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mayotte
41.58 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mexico
21.01 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 25.11 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Moldova
15.27 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Monaco
9.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mongolia
21.52 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Montserrat
17.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Morocco
22.29 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mozambique
35.79 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Namibia
25.16 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nauru
25.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nepal
31.45 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands
11.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
15 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
18.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Zealand
13.9 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
24.88 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niger
48.3 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nigeria
40.65 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niue
NA births/1,000 population

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
19.51 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Norway
11.67 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Oman
36.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pakistan
30.42 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Palau
18.37 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Panama
19.96 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
29.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Paraguay
29.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Peru
20.87 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Philippines
25.31 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
10.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Portugal
10.82 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
13.93 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Qatar
15.54 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Reunion
19.26 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Romania
10.7 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Russia
9.8 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Rwanda
40.6 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
12.33 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
18.12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
20.05 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
13.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16.34 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Samoa
15.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

San Marino
10.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
40.8 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
29.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Senegal
35.21 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
12.12 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Seychelles
16.22 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
42.84 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Singapore
9.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovakia
10.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovenia
8.95 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
30.74 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Somalia
45.62 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

South Africa
18.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Spain
10.1 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
15.63 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sudan
35.17 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Suriname
18.39 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Svalbard
NA births/1,000 population

Swaziland
27.72 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sweden
10.36 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Switzerland
9.77 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Syria
28.29 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Taiwan
12.64 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
32.58 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tanzania
38.16 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Thailand
15.7 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Togo
33.48 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
25.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
12.81 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tunisia
15.5 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkey
16.83 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
27.68 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
22.23 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
21.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uganda
47.39 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ukraine
10.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
18.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
10.78 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United States
14.14 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uruguay
14.09 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
26.22 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
23.06 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Venezuela
18.91 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vietnam
17.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
14.2 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA births/1,000 population

West Bank
32.37 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
NA births/1,000 population

World
20.15 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Yemen
43.07 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zambia
41.38 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
29.74 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2055 Military branches

Afghanistan
Afghan National Army (includes Afghan Air Force), Afghan
Militia Force (AMF) (2005)

Albania
General Staff Headquarters, Land Forces Command (Army),
Naval Forces Command, Air Defense Command, Logistics Command,
Training and Doctrine Command

Algeria
People's National Army (ANP; includes Land Forces), Algerian
National Navy (MRA), Air Force (QJJ), Territorial Air Defense Force
(2005)

Andorra
no regular military forces, Police Service of Andorra

Angola
Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra, MdG), Air and Air Defense
Forces (FANA)

Antigua and Barbuda
Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force:
Infantry, Coast Guard (2004)

Argentina
Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic (includes
Naval Aviation and Marines), Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aerea
Argentina, FAA)

Armenia
Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force

Aruba
no regular indigenous military forces; Royal Dutch Navy and
Marines, Coast Guard

Australia
Australian Defense Force (ADF): Australian Army, Royal
Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force, Special Operations
Command

Austria
Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK)

Azerbaijan
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces

Bahamas, The
Royal Bahamaian Defense Force (naval forces) (2004)

Bahrain
Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF): Ground Force (includes Air
Defense), Navy, Air Force, National Guard

Bangladesh
Army, Navy, Air Force

Barbados
Royal Barbados Defense Force: Troops Command and Coast
Guard (2005)

Belarus
Army, Air and Air Defense Force

Belgium
Land, Naval, and Air Components (2005)

Belize
Belize Defense Force (BDF): Army, Maritime Wing, Air Wing,
and Volunteer Guard

Benin
Army, Navy, Air Force

Bermuda
Bermuda Regiment

Bhutan
Royal Bhutan Army (includes Royal Bodyguard and Royal Bhutan
Police) (2005)

Bolivia
Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy (Fuerza Naval; includes
Marines), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana) (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
VF Army (the air and air defense forces are
subordinate commands within the Army), VRS Army (the air and air
defense forces are subordinate commands within the Army)

Botswana
Botswana Defense Force (includes an Air Wing)

Brazil
Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (includes Naval Air and
Marines), Brazilian Air Force (FAB)

Brunei
Royal Brunei Armed Forces: Royal Brunei Land Forces, Royal
Brunei Navy, Royal Brunei Air Force

Bulgaria
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Burkina Faso
Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie (2005)

Burma
Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army, Navy, Air Force (2005)

Burundi
National Defense Force (Forces de Defense Nationales, FDN):
Army (includes Naval Detachment and Air Wing), National Gendarmerie
(2005)

Cambodia
Royal Cambodian Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force

Cameroon
Cameroon Armed Forces: Army, Navy (includes Naval
Infantry), Air Force

Canada
Canadian Armed Forces: Land Forces Command, Maritime Command,
Air Command, Canada Command (homeland security) to be operational in
early 2006 (2005)

Cape Verde
People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP): Army, Coast
Guard (includes maritime air wing)

Cayman Islands
no regular military forces; Royal Cayman Islands
Police Force

Central African Republic
Central African Armed Forces (FACA): Ground
Forces, Air Force; General Directorate of Gendarmerie Inspection
(DGIG), Republican Guard (2004)

Chad
Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale Tchadienne, ANT), Air
Force, Gendarmerie (2004)

Chile
Army of the Nation, National Navy (includes naval air, Coast
Guard, and Marine Corps), Chilean Air Force, Chilean Carabineros
(National Police)

China
People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (includes
marines and naval aviation), Air Force (includes Airborne Forces),
and II Artillery Corps (strategic missile force); People's Armed
Police Force (internal security troops considered to be an adjunct
to the PLA); Militia (2003)

Colombia
Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional, includes
Naval Aviation, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea
Colombiana)

Comoros
Comoran Security Force

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Army, Navy, Air Force

Congo, Republic of the
Congolese Armed Forces (FAC): Army, Air Force
(Armee de l'Air Congolaise), Navy, Gendarmerie, Republican Guard
(2005)

Cook Islands
no regular military forces; Ministry of Police and
Disaster Management (2004)

Costa Rica
no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security,
Government, and Police

Cote d'Ivoire
Army, Navy, Air Force

Croatia
Ground Forces (Hrvatska Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces
(Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM), Air and Air Defense Forces
(Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo i Protuzrakoplovna Obrana, HRZiPZO)

Cuba
Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR): Revolutionary Army (ER),
Revolutionary Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR),
Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth Labor Army (EJT)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG;
includes air and naval elements)
north Cyprus: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK)

Czech Republic
Army of the Czech Republic (ACR): Joint Forces
Command, Support and Training Forces Command (2005)

Denmark
Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air
Force, Home Guard (Hjemmevaernet)

Djibouti
Djibouti National Army (includes Navy and Air Force)

Dominica
no regular military forces; Commonwealth of Dominica Police
Force (includes Coast Guard)

Dominican Republic
Army, Navy, Air Force

East Timor
East Timor Defense Force (Forcas de Defesa de
Timor-L'este, FDTL): Army, Navy (Armada) (2005)

Ecuador
Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast
Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE)

Egypt
Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

El Salvador
Army, Navy (FNES), Air Force (FAS)

Equatorial Guinea
Army, Navy, Air Force (2005)

Eritrea
Army, Navy, Air Force

Estonia
Estonian Defense Forces: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force and
Air Defense Staff, Republic Security Forces (internal and border
troops), Volunteer Defense League (Kaitseliit), Maritime Border
Guard, Coast Guard
note: Border Guards and Ministry of Internal Affairs become part of
the Estonian Defense Forces in wartime; the Coast Guard is
subordinate to the Ministry of Defense in peacetime and the Estonian
Navy in wartime

Ethiopia
Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF): Ground Forces, Air
Force
note: Ethiopia is landlocked and has no navy; following the
secession of Eritrea, Ethiopian naval facilities remained in
Eritrean possession (2003)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
no regular military forces

Faroe Islands
no regular military forces

Fiji
Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Forces, Naval
Division (2005)

Finland
Finnish Defense Forces: Army, Navy (includes Coastal Defense
Forces), Air Force (2003)

France
Army (includes Marines, Foreign Legion, Army Light Aviation),
Navy (includes naval air), Air Force (includes Air Defense),
National Gendarmerie

French Guiana
no regular military forces; Gendarmerie

French Polynesia
no regular military forces; Gendarmerie and
National Police Force

Gabon
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police

Gambia, The
Gambian National Army (GNA), Gambian Navy (GN),
Presidential Guard, National Guard

Gaza Strip
in accordance with the peace agreement, the Palestinian
Authority is not permitted conventional military forces; there are,
however, public security forces (2002)

Georgia
Ground Forces (includes National Guard), Air and Air Defense
Forces, Maritime Defense Force, Interior Forces

Germany
Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr): Army (Heer), Navy
(Deutsche Marine, includes naval air arm), Air Force (Luftwaffe),
Joint Support Service, Central Medical Service

Ghana
Army, Navy, Air Force

Gibraltar
Royal Gibraltar Regiment

Greece
Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force (Polemiki
Aeroporia, EPA)

Grenada
no regular military forces; Royal Grenada Police Force

Guadeloupe
no regular military forces

Guatemala
Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force

Guinea
Army (includes Presidential Guard, Republican Guard), Navy,
Air Force, National Gendarmerie, General Directorate of National
Police

Guinea-Bissau
People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; includes
Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary force

Guyana
Guyana Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Corps,
Guyana People's Militia

Haiti
the regular Haitian Armed Forces (FAdH) - Army, Navy, and Air
Force - have been demobilized but still exist on paper until or
unless they are constitutionally abolished

Holy See (Vatican City)
Pontifical Swiss Guard (Corpo della Guardia
Svizzera Pontificia)

Honduras
Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Air Force

Hong Kong
no regular indigenous military forces; Hong Kong garrison
of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes elements of the
PLA Ground Forces, PLA Navy, and PLA Air Force; these forces are
under the direct leadership of the Central Military Commission in
Beijing and under administrative control of the adjacent Guangzhou
Military Region

Hungary
Ground Forces, Air Forces

Iceland
no regular armed forces; Icelandic National Police,
Icelandic Coast Guard (Islenska Landhelgisgaeslan)

India
Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard,
various security or paramilitary forces (includes Border Security
Force, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan Border
Police, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force,
Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, and
Defense Security Corps)

Indonesia
Indonesia Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL,
includes Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)

Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran Regular Forces (Artesh): Ground
Forces, Navy, Air Force (includes Air Defense)
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Sepah-e Pasdaran-e Enqelab-e
Eslami, IRGC): Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Qods Force (special
operations), and Basij Force (Popular Mobilization Army)
Law Enforcement Forces: (2004)

Iraq
Iraqi Armed Forces: Iraqi Regular Army (includes Iraqi Special
Operations Force, Iraqi Intervention Force), Iraqi Navy (former
Iraqi Coastal Defense Force), Iraqi Air Force (former Iraqi Army Air
Corps) (2005)

Ireland
Army (includes Naval Service and Air Corps)

Israel
Israel Defense Forces (IDF): Ground Corps, Navy, Air and
Space Force (includes Air Defense Forces); historically there have
been no separate Israeli military services

Italy
Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana,
MMI), Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri
Corps (Corpo dei Carabinieri, CC) (2005)

Jamaica
Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing

Japan
Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Maritime Self-Defense Force
(Navy), Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force)

Jordan
Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Land Force,
Royal Jordanian Navy, Royal Jordanian Air Force, and Special
Operations Command (SOCOM); note - Public Security Directorate
normally falls under Ministry of Interior but comes under JAF in
wartime or crisis situations

Kazakhstan
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval Force,
Republican Guard

Kenya
Army, Navy, Air Force

Kiribati
no regular military forces; Police Force (carries out law
enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; small police posts
are on all islands)

Korea, North
North Korean People's Army: Ground Force, Navy, Air
Force; Civil Security Forces (2005)

Korea, South
Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, National Maritime
Police (Coast Guard)

Kuwait
Land Forces, Navy, Air Force (includes Air Defense Force),
National Guard (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
Army, Air Force, National Guard (2004)

Laos
Lao People's Army (LPA; includes Riverine Force), Air Force

Latvia
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard, Home Guard
(Zemessardze)

Lebanon
Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF): Army, Navy, and Air Force

Lesotho
Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army and Air Wing

Liberia
Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL): Army, Navy, Air Force

Libya
Armed Peoples on Duty (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense
Command

Lithuania
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, National Defense Volunteer
Forces (SKAT)

Luxembourg
Army

Macau
China's People's Revolutionary Army (PLA) constitutes the only
armed force in Macau; several police forces constitute the Security
Forces of Macau (SFM) that are subordinate to the General
Secretariat of Security, a body comparable to a ministry of interior
(2004)

Macedonia
Army of the Republic of Macedonia (ARM; includes Air and
Air Defense Command)

Madagascar
People's Armed Forces: Intervention Force, Development
Force, and Aeronaval (Navy and Air) Force; National Gendarmerie

Malawi
Malawi Armed Forces: Army (includes Air Wing and Naval
Detachment), Police (includes Mobile Force Unit)

Malaysia
Malaysian Army (Tentera Darat Malaysia), Royal Malaysian
Navy (Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia, TLDM), Royal Malaysian Air Force
(Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia, TUDM) (2005)

Maldives
National Security Service includes Security Branch (ground
forces), Air Element, Coast Guard

Mali
Army, Air Force, National Guard

Malta
Armed Forces of Malta (AFM; includes air and maritime
elements) (2005)

Marshall Islands
no regular military forces; Marshall Islands Police

Martinique
no regular military forces; Gendarmerie

Mauritania
Mauritanian Armed Forces: Army, Navy (Marine
Mauritanienne; includes Naval Infantry), Air Force (Force Aerienne
Islamique de Mauritanie, FAIM) (2005)

Mauritius
National Police Force (includes the paramilitary Special
Mobile Force or SMF and National Coast Guard)

Mexico
Secretariat of National Defense (Sedena): Army and Air Force
(FAM)
Secretariat of the Navy (Semar): Naval Air and Marines (2004)

Micronesia, Federated States of no ministry of defense and no standing armed forces; the paramilitary Maritime Wing, a small maritime law enforcement unit, is responsible to the Division of Maritime Surveillance within the Office of the Attorney General (2003)

Moldova
National Army: Ground Forces, Air Force

Mongolia
Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian People's Army (MPA),
Mongolian People's Air Force (MPAF) (2005)

Montserrat
no regular military forces; Royal Montserrat Police Force
(2005)

Morocco
Royal Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force (Force Aerienne
Royale Marocaine)

Mozambique
Mozambique Armed Defense Forces: Army, Navy, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Logistics Command

Namibia
Namibian Defense Force: Army (includes Air Wing), Navy,
Police

Nauru
no regular military forces; Nauru Police Force

Nepal
Royal Nepalese Army (includes Royal Nepalese Army Air
Service), Nepalese Police Force

Netherlands
Royal Netherlands Army, Royal Netherlands Navy (includes
Naval Air Service and Marine Corps), Royal Netherlands Air Force
(Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu), Royal Constabulary, Defense
Interservice Command (DICO) (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
National Guard, Police Force

New Caledonia
no regular indigenous military forces; French Armed
Forces (includes Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie); Police Force

New Zealand
New Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New
Zealand Air Force

Nicaragua
Army (includes Navy, Air Force)

Niger
Niger Armed Forces (Forces Armees Nigeriennes, FAN): Army,
National Air Force (2005)

Nigeria
Army, Navy, Air Force

Niue
no regular indigenous military forces; Police Force

Norway
Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy (includes Coastal
Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force
(Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret, RNoAF), Home Guard

Oman
Royal Omani Armed Forces: Royal Army of Oman, Royal Navy of
Oman, Royal Air Force of Oman (2005)

Pakistan
Army, Navy, Air Force

Palau
no regular military forces; Police Force

Panama
an amendment to the Constitution abolished the armed forces,
but there are security forces (Panamanian Public Forces or PPF
includes the Panamanian National Police, National Maritime Service,
and National Air Service)

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea Defense Force (includes Maritime
Operations Element, Air Operations Element)

Paraguay
Army, Navy (includes Naval Aviation, River Defense Corps,
Coast Guard), Air Force

Peru
Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru;
includes Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP)

Philippines
Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP): Army, Navy
(includes Coast Guard, Marine Corps), Air Force

Poland
Land Forces, Navy, Polish Air Force (PSP)

Portugal
Army, Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine Corps), Air
Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP), National Republican Guard
(Guarda Nacional Republicana) (2005)

Puerto Rico
no regular indigenous military forces; paramilitary
National Guard, Police Force

Qatar
Qatari Amiri Land Force (QALF), Qatari Amiri Navy (QAN),
Qatari Amiri Air Force (QAAF)

Reunion
no regular indigenous military forces; French forces
(includes Army, Navy, Air Force, and Gendarmerie)

Romania
Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces (AMR),
Special Operations, Civil Defense (2005)

Russia
Ground Forces (SV), Navy (VMF), Air Forces (VVS); Airborne
Troops (VDV), Strategic Rocket Troops (RVSN), and Space Troops (KV)
are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three
branches

Rwanda
Rwandan Defense Forces: Army, Air Force

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis Defense Force (includes
Coast Guard), Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force

Saint Lucia
Royal Saint Lucia Police Force (includes Special Service
Unit, Coast Guard)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
no regular military forces; Royal
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force (includes Special
Service Unit), Coast Guard

Samoa
no regular armed services; Samoa Police Force

San Marino
Voluntary Military Force (Corpi Militari Voluntar); note
- performs ceremonial duties and limited police assistance

Sao Tome and Principe
Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (FASTP):
Army, Coast Guard, Presidential Guard (2004)

Saudi Arabia
Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force,
National Guard, Ministry of Interior Forces (paramilitary)

Senegal
Army, Navy (Marine Senegalaise), Air Force (2005)

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbian and Montenegrin Armed Forces (Vojska
Srbije i Crne Gore, VSCG): Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense
Forces, Naval Forces (2005)

Seychelles
Seychelles Defense Force: Army, Coast Guard (includes
Navy Wing, Air Wing), National Guard (2005)

Sierra Leone
Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF): Army
(includes Air Wing, Maritime Wing)

Singapore
Singapore Armed Forces: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense
(2005)

Slovakia
Army of the Slovak Republic (Armady Slovenskej Republika):
Land Command, Air Forces (Vozdushne Sily), Training and Support
Command, Logistics Command (2005)

Slovenia
Slovenian Army (includes Air and Naval Forces)

Solomon Islands
no regular military forces; Royal Solomon Islands
Police (RSIP)

Somalia
A Somali National Army was attempted under the interim
government; numerous factions and clans maintain independent
militias, and the Somaliland and Puntland regional governments
maintain their own security and police forces

South Africa
South African National Defense Force (SANDF): Army,
Navy, Air Force, Joint Operations, Joint Support, Military
Intelligence, Military Health Service (2004)

Spain
Army, Navy, Air Force (Ejercito del Aire, EdA), Naval Infantry

Sri Lanka
Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force

Sudan
Sudanese People's Armed Forces (SPAF): Army, Navy, Air Force,
Popular Defense Force

Suriname
National Army (includes small Navy and Air Force elements)

Swaziland
Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force (USDF): Ground Force
(includes Air Wing), Royal Swaziland Police Force (RSPF) (2005)

Sweden
Army, Royal Swedish Navy (RSwN), Air Force (Flygvapnet)

Switzerland
Land Forces, Swiss Air Force (Schweizer Luftwaffe)

Syria
Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force
(includes Air Defense Command), Police and Security Force

Taiwan
Army, Navy (includes Marine Corps), Air Force, Coast Guard
Administration, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service
Forces Command, Armed Forces Police Command

Tajikistan
Army, Air Force, Air Defense Force

Tanzania
Tanzanian People's Defense Force (JWTZ): Army, Naval Wing,
Air Defense Command (includes Air Wing), National Service

Thailand
Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai
Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force

Togo
Togolese Armed Forces (FAT): Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
(2005)

Tonga
Tonga Defense Services: Ground Forces (Royal Marines, Royal
Guard), Maritime Force (includes Air Wing)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force: Ground Force,
Coast Guard (includes Air Wing) (2004)

Tunisia
Army, Navy, Air Force (2003)

Turkey
Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Land Forces, Naval Forces
(includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force

Turkmenistan
Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces (2004)

Tuvalu
no regular military forces; national police force

Uganda
Ugandan Peoples' Defense Force (UPDF): Army, Marine Unit, Air
Wing

Ukraine
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (Viyskovo-Povitryani
Syly), Air Defense Forces (2002)

United Arab Emirates
Army, Navy (includes Marines and Coast Guard),
Air and Air Defense Force, paramilitary forces (includes Federal
Police Force)

United Kingdom
Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air
Force

United States
Army, Navy and Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast
Guard (Coast Guard administered in peacetime by the Department of
Homeland Security, but in wartime reports to the Department of the
Navy)

Uruguay
Army, Navy (includes Naval Air Arm, Marines, Maritime
Prefecture in wartime), Air Force

Uzbekistan
Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, National Guard

Vanuatu
no regular military forces; security forces comprise the
Vanuatu Police Force (VPF) and paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force
(VMF), which includes Vanuatu's naval force, known as the Police
Maritime Wing (PMW); border security in Vanuatu is the joint
responsibility of the Customs and Inland Revenue Service, VPF, VMF,
and PMW (2003)

Venezuela
National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales, FAN):
Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces
(Fuerzas Navales or Armada - includes Marines, Coast Guard), Air
Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or
National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)

Vietnam
People's Army of Vietnam: Ground Forces, People's Navy
Command (includes Naval Infantry), Air and Air Defense Force, Coast
Guard

Yemen
Army (includes Special Forces), Naval Forces and Coastal
Defenses (includes Marines), Air Force (includes Air Defense
Forces), Republican Guard (2002)

Zambia
Zambian National Defense Force (ZNDF): Army, Air Force,
Police, National Service

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Defense Forces (ZDF): Zimbabwe National Army, Air
Force of Zimbabwe (AFZ), Zimbabwe Republic Police (2005)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2056 Budget

Afghanistan
revenues: $300 million
expenditures: $609 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY04-05 budget)

Albania
revenues: $2.05 billion
expenditures: $2.46 billion, including capital expenditures of $500
million (2004 est.)

Algeria
revenues: $31.47 billion
expenditures: $29.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.8
billion (2004 est.)

American Samoa
revenues: $121 million (37% in local revenue and 63%
in US grants)
expenditures: $127 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY96/97)

Andorra
revenues: $385 million
expenditures: $342 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997)

Angola
revenues: $9.013 billion
expenditures: $9.562 billion, including capital expenditures of $963
million (2004 est.)

Anguilla
revenues: $22.8 million
expenditures: $22.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
revenues: $123.7 million
expenditures: $145.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Argentina
revenues: $29.15 billion
expenditures: $26.84 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Armenia
revenues: $428.1 million
expenditures: $491.2 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Aruba
revenues: $135.8 million
expenditures: $147 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000)

Australia
revenues: $222.7 billion
expenditures: $221.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Austria
revenues: $142.5 billion
expenditures: $146.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
revenues: $2.715 billion
expenditures: $2.801 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $1 billion, including capital expenditures of $106.7
million (FY03/04)

Bahrain
revenues: $3.825 billion
expenditures: $3.262 billion, including capital expenditures of $700
million (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
revenues: $5.921 billion
expenditures: $8.262 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Barbados
revenues: $847 million (including grants)
expenditures: $886 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Belarus
revenues: $3.326 billion
expenditures: $3.564 billion, including capital expenditures of $180
million (2004 est.)

Belgium
revenues: $173.7 billion
expenditures: $174.8 billion, including capital expenditures of
$1.56 billion (2004 est.)

Belize
revenues: $244.5 million
expenditures: $300 million, including capital expenditures of $70
million (2004 est.)

Benin
revenues: $869.4 million
expenditures: $720.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Bermuda
revenues: $671.1 million
expenditures: $594.6 million, including capital expenditures of $55
million (FY03/04)

Bhutan
revenues: $146 million
expenditures: $152 million, including capital expenditures of NA
note: the government of India finances nearly three-fifths of
Bhutan's budget expenditures (FY95/96 est.)

Bolivia
revenues: $2.264 billion
expenditures: $2.769 billion, including capital expenditures of $741
million (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
revenues: $3.618 billion
expenditures: $3.642 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Botswana
revenues: $3.735 billion
expenditures: $3.743 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Brazil
revenues: $140.6 billion
expenditures: $172.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004)

British Virgin Islands
revenues: $121.5 million
expenditures: $115.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997)

Brunei
revenues: $4.9 billion
expenditures: $4.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.35
billion (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
revenues: $9.67 billion
expenditures: $9.619 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
revenues: $695.2 million
expenditures: $876.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Burma
revenues: $474.9 million
expenditures: $955.5 million, including capital expenditures of $5.7
billion (2004 est.)

Burundi
revenues: $152.5 million
expenditures: $187.7 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cambodia
revenues: $548.2 million
expenditures: $836.7 million, including capital expenditures of $291
million of which 75% was financed by external assistance (2004 est.)

Cameroon
revenues: $2.493 billion
expenditures: $2.248 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Canada
revenues: $151 billion
expenditures: $144 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cape Verde
revenues: $260.6 million
expenditures: $305.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
revenues: $265.2 million
expenditures: $248.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997)

Central African Republic
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Chad
revenues: $1.131 billion
expenditures: $957.7 million, including capital expenditures of $146
million (2004 est.)

Chile
revenues: $21.53 billion
expenditures: $19.95 billion, including capital expenditures of
$3.33 billion (2004 est.)

China
revenues: $317.9 billion
expenditures: $348.9 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Christmas Island
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA

Colombia
revenues: $15.33 billion
expenditures: $21.03 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Comoros
revenues: $27.6 million
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
revenues: $269 million
expenditures: $244 million, including capital expenditures of $24
million (1996 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
revenues: $870.1 million
expenditures: $1.102 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cook Islands
revenues: $28 million
expenditures: $27 million, including capital expenditures of $3.3
million (FY00/01 est.)

Costa Rica
revenues: $2.497 billion
expenditures: $3.094 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
revenues: $2.412 billion
expenditures: $2.767 billion, including capital expenditures of $420
million (2004 est.)

Croatia
revenues: $14.14 billion
expenditures: $15.65 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cuba
revenues: $18.01 billion
expenditures: $19.06 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Cyprus
revenues: Republic of Cyprus - $5.616 billion (2004 est.),
north Cyprus - $404.3 million (2003 est.)
expenditures: Republic of Cyprus - $685.7 million, including capital
expenditures of $685.7 million, north Cyprus - $775.7 million,
including capital expenditures of $91.4 million (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
revenues: $39.31 billion
expenditures: $45.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Denmark
revenues: $136.1 billion
expenditures: $133.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $500
million (2004 est.)

Djibouti
revenues: $135 million
expenditures: $182 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1999 est.)

Dominica
revenues: $73.9 million
expenditures: $84.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2001)

Dominican Republic
revenues: $2.625 billion
expenditures: $3.382 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.1
billion (2004 est.)

East Timor
revenues: $107.7 million
expenditures: $73 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Ecuador
revenues: $7.9 billion
expenditures: planned $7.3 billion, including capital expenditures
of $1.6 billion (2004 est.)

Egypt
revenues: $15.42 billion
expenditures: $20.76 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.7
billion (2004 est.)

El Salvador
revenues: $2.491 billion
expenditures: $2.782 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
revenues: $813.2 million
expenditures: $375.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Eritrea
revenues: $235.2 million
expenditures: $373.2 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Estonia
revenues: $4.622 billion
expenditures: $4.601 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Ethiopia
revenues: $1.887 billion
expenditures: $2.388 billion, including capital expenditures of $788
million (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
revenues: $66.2 million
expenditures: $67.9 million, including capital expenditures of $23.2
million (FY98/99 est.)

Faroe Islands
revenues: $488 million
expenditures: $484 million, including capital expenditures of $21
million (1999)

Fiji
revenues: $427.9 million
expenditures: $531.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Finland
revenues: $96.43 billion
expenditures: $91.95 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

France
revenues: $1.005 trillion
expenditures: $1.08 trillion, including capital expenditures of $23
billion (2004 est.)

French Guiana
revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105
million (1996)

French Polynesia
revenues: $1 billion
expenditures: $900 million, including capital expenditures of $185
million (1996)

Gabon
revenues: $2.129 billion
expenditures: $1.64 billion, including capital expenditures of $310
million (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
revenues: $44.85 million
expenditures: $59.94 million, including capital expenditures of $4.1
million (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
revenues: $676.6 million
expenditures: $1.155 billion, including capital expenditures of NA;
note - these budget data include West Bank (2003)

Georgia
revenues: $671.7 million
expenditures: $804.7 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Germany
revenues: $1.2 trillion
expenditures: $1.3 trillion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Ghana
revenues: $2.17 billion
expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Gibraltar
revenues: $307 million
expenditures: $284 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY00/01 est.)

Greece
revenues: $54.39 billion
expenditures: $64.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Greenland
revenues: $646 million
expenditures: $629 million, including capital expenditures of $85
million (1999)

Grenada
revenues: $85.8 million
expenditures: $102.1 million, including capital expenditures of $28
million (1997)

Guadeloupe
revenues: $225 million
expenditures: $390 million, including capital expenditures of $105
million (1996)

Guam
revenues: $340 million
expenditures: $445 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Guatemala
revenues: $2.878 billion
expenditures: $3.411 billion, including capital expenditures of $750
million (2004 est.)

Guernsey
revenues: $539.2 million
expenditures: $448.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2002 est.)

Guinea
revenues: $382.7 million
expenditures: $711.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Guyana
revenues: $287.6 million
expenditures: $371.6 million, including capital expenditures of
$93.4 million (2004 est.)

Haiti
revenues: $330.2 million
expenditures: $529.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
revenues: $245.2 million
expenditures: $260.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2002)

Honduras
revenues: $1.467 billion
expenditures: $1.722 billion, including capital expenditures of $106
million (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
revenues: $26.6 billion
expenditures: $31.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.9
billion (2004 est.)

Hungary
revenues: $46.07 billion
expenditures: $51.36 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Iceland
revenues: $4.154 billion
expenditures: $4.058 billion, including capital expenditures of $467
million (2004 est.)

India
revenues: $67.3 billion
expenditures: $104 billion, including capital expenditures of $13.5
billion (2004 est.)

Indonesia
revenues: $52.13 billion
expenditures: $55.88 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Iran
revenues: $43.34 billion
expenditures: $47.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.6
billion (2004 est.)

Iraq
revenues: $17.1 billion
expenditures: $28.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.6
billion (2004 budget)

Ireland
revenues: $62.51 billion
expenditures: $63.52 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.5
billion (2004 est.)

Israel
revenues: $48.09 billion
expenditures: $52.11 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Italy
revenues: $768.9 billion
expenditures: $820.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Jamaica
revenues: $2.793 billion
expenditures: $3.157 billion, including capital expenditures of $236
million (2004 est.)

Japan
revenues: $1.401 trillion
expenditures: $1.748 trillion, including capital expenditures
(public works only) of about $71 billion (2004 est.)

Jersey
revenues: $601 million
expenditures: $588 million, including capital expenditures of $98
million (2000 est.)

Jordan
revenues: $3.483 billion
expenditures: $3.616 billion, including capital expenditures of $782
million (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
revenues: $8.67 billion
expenditures: $8.968 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Kenya
revenues: $2.89 billion
expenditures: $3.443 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Kiribati
revenues: $28.4 million
expenditures: $37.2 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Korea, North
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Korea, South
revenues: $150.5 billion
expenditures: $155.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Kuwait
revenues: $35.82 billion
expenditures: $19.53 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
revenues: $431.3 million
expenditures: $445.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Laos
revenues: $284.3 million
expenditures: $416.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Latvia
revenues: $4.231 billion
expenditures: $4.504 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Lebanon
revenues: $4.895 billion
expenditures: $6.642 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Lesotho
revenues: $698.5 million
expenditures: $697.6 million, including capital expenditures of $15
million (2004 est.)

Liberia
revenues: $85.4 million
expenditures: $90.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Libya
revenues: $13.52 billion
expenditures: $12.23 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.6
billion (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
revenues: $424.2 million
expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Lithuania
revenues: $6.542 billion
expenditures: $7.121 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Luxembourg
revenues: $13.74 billion
expenditures: $14.49 billion, including capital expenditures of $760
million (2004 est.)

Macau
revenues: $1.84 billion
expenditures: $1.57 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2003)

Macedonia
revenues: $1.198 billion
expenditures: $1.245 billion, including capital expenditures of $114
million (2004 est.)

Madagascar
revenues: $783.7 million
expenditures: $1.079 billion, including capital expenditures of $331
million (2004 est.)

Malawi
revenues: $536 million
expenditures: $635.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Malaysia
revenues: $25.33 billion
expenditures: $29.33 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.4
billion (2004 est.)

Maldives
revenues: $224 million (excluding foreign grants)
expenditures: $282 million, including capital expenditures of $80
million (2002 est.)

Mali
revenues: $764 million
expenditures: $828 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2002 est.)

Malta
revenues: $2.27 billion
expenditures: $2.549 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
revenues: $485 million
expenditures: $463 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY00/01 est.)

Marshall Islands
revenues: $42 million
expenditures: $40 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1999)

Martinique
revenues: $900 million
expenditures: $2.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $140
million (1996)

Mauritania
revenues: $421 million
expenditures: $378 million, including capital expenditures of $154
million (2002 est.)

Mauritius
revenues: $1.231 billion
expenditures: $1.582 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Mayotte
revenues: NA
expenditures: $73 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1991 est.)

Mexico
revenues: $160 billion
expenditures: $158 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
revenues: $161 million ($69 million
less grants)
expenditures: $160 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Moldova
revenues: $648.1 million
expenditures: $634.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Monaco
revenues: $518 million
expenditures: $531 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1995)

Mongolia
revenues: $582 million
expenditures: $602 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Montserrat
revenues: $31.4 million
expenditures: $31.6 million, including capital expenditures of $8.4
million (1997 est.)

Morocco
revenues: $12.86 billion
expenditures: $15.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.19
billion (2004 est.)

Mozambique
revenues: $1.186 billion
expenditures: $1.398 billion, including capital expenditures of
$479.4 million (2004 est.)

Namibia
revenues: $1.788 billion
expenditures: $1.956 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Nauru
revenues: $23.4 million
expenditures: $64.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY95/96)

Nepal
revenues: $665 million
expenditures: $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY99/00 est.)

Netherlands
revenues: $256.9 billion
expenditures: $274.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
revenues: $710.8 million
expenditures: $741.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997 est.)

New Caledonia
revenues: $861.3 million
expenditures: $735.3 million, including capital expenditures of $52
million (1996 est.)

New Zealand
revenues: $38.29 billion
expenditures: $36.12 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Nicaragua
revenues: $725.5 million
expenditures: $1.039 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Niger
revenues: $320 million - including $134 million from foreign
sources
expenditures: $320 million, including capital expenditures of $178
million (2002 est.)

Nigeria
revenues: $11.78 billion
expenditures: $11.47 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Niue
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA

Norfolk Island
revenues: $20 million
expenditures: $20 million, including capital expenditures of $2
million (FY99/00)

Northern Mariana Islands
revenues: $193 million
expenditures: $223 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY01/02 est.)

Norway
revenues: $134 billion
expenditures: $116.8 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Oman
revenues: $9.291 billion
expenditures: $8.747 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Pakistan
revenues: $13.45 billion
expenditures: $16.51 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Palau
revenues: $57.7 million
expenditures: $80.8 million, including capital expenditures of $17.1
million (FY98/99 est.)

Panama
revenues: $3.095 billion
expenditures: $3.737 billion, including capital expenditures of $471
million (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
revenues: $1.174 billion
expenditures: $1.232 billion, including capital expenditures of $344
million (2004 est.)

Paraguay
revenues: $1.123 billion
expenditures: $1.129 billion, including capital expenditures of $700
million (2004 est.)

Peru
revenues: $13.6 billion
expenditures: $14.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8
billion, for general government, excluding private enterprises (2004
est.)

Philippines
revenues: $12.22 billion
expenditures: $15.84 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.4
million (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
revenues: $746,000
expenditures: $1.028 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY04/05)

Poland
revenues: $44.52 billion
expenditures: $54.93 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Portugal
revenues: $74.38 billion
expenditures: $79.86 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
revenues: $6.7 billion
expenditures: $9.6 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY99/00)

Qatar
revenues: $10.17 billion
expenditures: $7.61 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.2
billion (2004 est.)

Reunion
revenues: $1.26 billion
expenditures: $2.62 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998)

Romania
revenues: $22.1 billion
expenditures: $23.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.2
billion (2004 est.)

Russia
revenues: $106.4 billion
expenditures: $93.33 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Rwanda
revenues: $354.5 million
expenditures: $385 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Saint Helena
revenues: $11.2 million
expenditures: $11 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(FY92/93)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
revenues: $89.7 million
expenditures: $128.2 million, including capital expenditures of
$19.5 million (2003 est.)

Saint Lucia
revenues: $141.2 million
expenditures: $146.7 million, including capital expenditures of
$25.1 million (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
revenues: $70 million
expenditures: $60 million, including capital expenditures of $24
million (1996 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
revenues: $94.6 million
expenditures: $85.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Samoa
revenues: $105 million
expenditures: $119 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2001-02)

San Marino
revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $400 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
revenues: $27.94 million
expenditures: $43.91 million, including capital expenditures of $54
million (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
revenues: $104.8 billion
expenditures: $78.66 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Senegal
revenues: $1.572 billion
expenditures: $1.627 billion, including capital expenditures of $357
million (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
revenues: $9.773 billion
expenditures: $10.46 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Seychelles
revenues: $318.3 million
expenditures: $298.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
revenues: $96 million
expenditures: $351 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2000 est.)

Singapore
revenues: $17.05 billion
expenditures: $18.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.8
billion (2004 est.)

Slovakia
revenues: $15.44 billion
expenditures: $16.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Slovenia
revenues: $13.36 billion
expenditures: $13.99 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
revenues: $49.7 million
expenditures: $75.1 million, including capital expenditures of $0
(2003)

Somalia
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

South Africa
revenues: $47.43 billion
expenditures: $52.54 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Spain
revenues: $383.7 billion
expenditures: $386.4 billion, including capital expenditures of
$12.8 billion (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
revenues: $3.34 billion
expenditures: $4.686 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Sudan
revenues: $3.057 billion
expenditures: $2.965 billion, including capital expenditures of $304
million (2004 est.)

Suriname
revenues: $400 million
expenditures: $440 million, including capital expenditures of $34
million (2003)

Svalbard
revenues: $11.5 million
expenditures: $11.5 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

Swaziland
revenues: $494.6 million
expenditures: $552.7 million, including capital expenditures of $147
million (2004 est.)

Sweden
revenues: $201.3 billion
expenditures: $199.6 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Switzerland
revenues: $131.5 billion
expenditures: $140.4 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Syria
revenues: $6.58 billion
expenditures: $9.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.67
billion (2004 est.)

Taiwan
revenues: $67.41 billion
expenditures: $76.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $14.4
billion (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
revenues: $311.2 million
expenditures: $321.5 million, including capital expenditures of $86
million (2004 est.)

Tanzania
revenues: $1.985 billion
expenditures: $2.074 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Thailand
revenues: $30.86 billion
expenditures: $31.94 billion, including capital expenditures of $5
billion (2004 est.)

Togo
revenues: $239.2 million
expenditures: $273.3 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Tokelau
revenues: $430,800
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of
$37,300 (1987 est.)

Tonga
revenues: $39.9 million
expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9
million (FY99/00 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
revenues: $3.25 billion
expenditures: $3.193 billion, including capital expenditures of
$117.3 million (2004 est.)

Tunisia
revenues: $6.799 billion
expenditures: $7.573 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6
billion (2004 est.)

Turkey
revenues: $78.53 billion
expenditures: $110.9 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
revenues: $3.05 billion
expenditures: $3.05 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
revenues: $47 million
expenditures: $33.6 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1997-98 est.)

Tuvalu
revenues: $22.5 million
expenditures: $11.2 million, including capital expenditures of $4.2
million (2000 est.)

Uganda
revenues: $1.491 billion
expenditures: $1.727 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Ukraine
revenues: $13.57 billion
expenditures: $12.26 billion, including capital expenditures of NA;
note - these estimates probably do not include the government's
doubling of pensions in September of 2004 (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
revenues: $23.68 billion
expenditures: $25.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.4
billion (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
revenues: $834.9 billion
expenditures: $896.7 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

United States
revenues: $1.862 trillion
expenditures: $2.338 trillion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Uruguay
revenues: $3.332 billion
expenditures: $3.787 billion, including capital expenditures of $193
million (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
revenues: $2.457 billion
expenditures: $2.482 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Vanuatu
revenues: $52.6 million
expenditures: $54.3 million, including capital expenditures of
$700,000 (2003 est.)

Venezuela
revenues: $26.91 billion
expenditures: $30.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.6
billion (2004 est.)

Vietnam
revenues: $10.66 billion
expenditures: $13.09 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8
billion (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
revenues: $560
expenditures: NA (2003)

Wallis and Futuna
revenues: $20 million
expenditures: $17 million, including capital expenditures of NA
(1998 est.)

West Bank
revenues: $676.6 million
expenditures: $1.155 billion, including capital expenditures of NA;
note - these budget data include Gaza Strip (2003)

Western Sahara
revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA

Yemen
revenues: $4.251 billion
expenditures: $4.568 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Zambia
revenues: $1.129 billion
expenditures: $1.307 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
revenues: $1.325 billion
expenditures: $1.593 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2057 Capital

Afghanistan
Kabul

Akrotiri
Episkopi Cantonment; also serves as capital of Dhekelia

Albania
Tirana

Algeria
Algiers

American Samoa
Pago Pago

Andorra
Andorra la Vella

Angola
Luanda

Anguilla
The Valley

Antigua and Barbuda
Saint John's (Antigua)

Argentina
Buenos Aires

Armenia
Yerevan

Aruba
Oranjestad

Australia
Canberra

Austria
Vienna

Azerbaijan
Baku (Baki)

Bahamas, The
Nassau

Bahrain
Manama

Bangladesh
Dhaka

Barbados
Bridgetown

Belarus
Minsk

Belgium
Brussels

Belize
Belmopan

Benin
Porto-Novo is the official capital; Cotonou is the seat of
government

Bermuda
Hamilton

Bhutan
Thimphu

Bolivia
La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat
of judiciary)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo

Botswana
Gaborone

Brazil
Brasilia

British Virgin Islands
Road Town

Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan

Bulgaria
Sofia

Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou

Burma
Rangoon (government refers to the capital as Yangon)

Burundi
Bujumbura

Cambodia
Phnom Penh

Cameroon
Yaounde

Canada
Ottawa

Cape Verde
Praia

Cayman Islands
George Town

Central African Republic
Bangui

Chad
N'Djamena

Chile
Santiago

China
Beijing

Christmas Island
The Settlement

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
West Island

Colombia
Bogota

Comoros
Moroni

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Kinshasa

Congo, Republic of the
Brazzaville

Cook Islands
Avarua

Costa Rica
San Jose

Cote d'Ivoire
Yamoussoukro; note - although Yamoussoukro has been
the official capital since 1983, Abidjan remains the commercial and
administrative center; the US, like other countries, maintains its
Embassy in Abidjan

Croatia
Zagreb

Cuba
Havana

Cyprus
Nicosia

Czech Republic
Prague

Denmark
Copenhagen

Dhekelia
Episkopi Cantonment; located in Akrotiri

Djibouti
Djibouti

Dominica
Roseau

Dominican Republic
Santo Domingo

East Timor
Dili

Ecuador
Quito

Egypt
Cairo

El Salvador
San Salvador

Equatorial Guinea
Malabo

Eritrea
Asmara

Estonia
Tallinn

Ethiopia
Addis Ababa

European Union
Brussels, Belgium
note: the Council of the European Union meets in Brussels, the
European Parliament meets in Strasbourg, France, and the Court of
Justice of the European Communities meets in Luxembourg

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Stanley

Faroe Islands
Torshavn

Fiji
Suva (Viti Levu)

Finland
Helsinki

France
Paris

French Guiana
Cayenne

French Polynesia
Papeete

Gabon
Libreville

Gambia, The
Banjul

Georgia
T'bilisi

Germany
Berlin

Ghana
Accra

Gibraltar
Gibraltar

Greece
Athens

Greenland
Nuuk (Godthab)

Grenada
Saint George's

Guadeloupe
Basse-Terre

Guam
Hagatna (Agana)

Guatemala
Guatemala

Guernsey
Saint Peter Port

Guinea
Conakry

Guinea-Bissau
Bissau

Guyana
Georgetown

Haiti
Port-au-Prince

Holy See (Vatican City)
Vatican City

Honduras
Tegucigalpa

Hungary
Budapest

Iceland
Reykjavik

India
New Delhi

Indonesia
Jakarta

Iran
Tehran

Iraq
Baghdad

Ireland
Dublin

Israel
Jerusalem; note - Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital
in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its
Embassy in Tel Aviv

Italy
Rome

Jamaica
Kingston

Japan
Tokyo

Jersey
Saint Helier

Jordan
'Amman

Kazakhstan
Astana; note - the government moved from Almaty to Astana
in December 1998

Kenya
Nairobi

Kiribati
Tarawa

Korea, North
Pyongyang

Korea, South
Seoul

Kuwait
Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek

Laos
Vientiane

Latvia
Riga

Lebanon
Beirut

Lesotho
Maseru

Liberia
Monrovia

Libya
Tripoli

Liechtenstein
Vaduz

Lithuania
Vilnius

Luxembourg
Luxembourg

Macedonia
Skopje

Madagascar
Antananarivo

Malawi
Lilongwe

Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
note: Putrajaya is referred to as administrative center not capital;
Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur

Maldives
Male

Mali
Bamako

Malta
Valletta

Man, Isle of
Douglas

Marshall Islands
Majuro

Martinique
Fort-de-France

Mauritania
Nouakchott

Mauritius
Port Louis

Mayotte
Mamoutzou

Mexico
Mexico (Distrito Federal)

Micronesia, Federated States of
Palikir

Moldova
Chisinau

Monaco
Monaco

Mongolia
Ulaanbaatar

Montserrat
Plymouth (abandoned in 1997 due to volcanic activity;
interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate, in
the Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of
Montserrat)

Morocco
Rabat

Mozambique
Maputo

Namibia
Windhoek

Nauru
no official capital; government offices in Yaren District

Nepal
Kathmandu

Netherlands
Amsterdam; The Hague is the seat of government

Netherlands Antilles
Willemstad; note - located on Curacao, the
largest of the islands

New Caledonia
Noumea

New Zealand
Wellington

Nicaragua
Managua

Niger
Niamey

Nigeria
Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially
transferred from Lagos to Abuja; most federal government offices
have now moved to Abuja

Niue
Alofi

Norfolk Island
Kingston

Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan

Norway
Oslo

Oman
Muscat

Pakistan
Islamabad

Palau
Koror; note - a new capital is being built about 20 km
northeast of Koror

Panama
Panama

Papua New Guinea
Port Moresby

Paraguay
Asuncion

Peru
Lima

Philippines
Manila

Pitcairn Islands
Adamstown

Poland
Warsaw

Portugal
Lisbon

Puerto Rico
San Juan

Qatar
Doha

Reunion
Saint-Denis

Romania
Bucharest

Russia
Moscow

Rwanda
Kigali

Saint Helena
Jamestown

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Basseterre

Saint Lucia
Castries

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kingstown

Samoa
Apia

San Marino
San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe
Sao Tome

Saudi Arabia
Riyadh

Senegal
Dakar

Serbia and Montenegro
Belgrade

Seychelles
Victoria

Sierra Leone
Freetown

Singapore
Singapore

Slovakia
Bratislava

Slovenia
Ljubljana

Solomon Islands
Honiara

Somalia
Mogadishu

South Africa
Pretoria; note - Cape Town is the legislative center
and Bloemfontein the judicial center

Spain
Madrid

Sri Lanka
Colombo; note - Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the
legislative capital

Sudan
Khartoum

Suriname
Paramaribo

Svalbard
Longyearbyen

Swaziland
Mbabane; note - Lobamba is the royal and legislative
capital

Sweden
Stockholm

Switzerland
Bern

Syria
Damascus

Taiwan
Taipei

Tajikistan
Dushanbe

Tanzania
Dar es Salaam; note - legislative offices have been
transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital;
the National Assembly now meets there on regular basis

Thailand
Bangkok

Togo
Lome

Tokelau
none; each atoll has its own administrative center

Tonga
Nuku'alofa

Trinidad and Tobago
Port-of-Spain

Tunisia
Tunis

Turkey
Ankara

Turkmenistan
Ashgabat

Turks and Caicos Islands
Grand Turk

Tuvalu
Funafuti; note - administrative offices are located in Vaiaku
Village on Fongafale Islet

Uganda
Kampala

Ukraine
Kiev (Kyyiv)

United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi

United Kingdom
London

United States
Washington, DC

Uruguay
Montevideo

Uzbekistan
Tashkent (Toshkent)

Vanuatu
Port-Vila (Efate)

Venezuela
Caracas

Vietnam
Hanoi

Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie

Wallis and Futuna
Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
Sanaa

Zambia
Lusaka

Zimbabwe
Harare

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2058 Imports - commodities

Afghanistan
capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products

Albania
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals

Algeria
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods

American Samoa
materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum
products 7%, machinery and parts 6%

Andorra
consumer goods, food, electricity

Angola
machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts;
medicines, food, textiles, military goods

Anguilla
fuels, foodstuffs, manufactures, chemicals, trucks, textiles

Antigua and Barbuda
food and live animals, machinery and transport
equipment, manufactures, chemicals, oil

Argentina
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal
manufactures, plastics

Armenia
natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs,
diamonds

Aruba
machinery and electrical equipment, crude oil for refining and
reexport, chemicals; foodstuffs

Australia
machinery and transport equipment, computers and office
machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and
petroleum products

Austria
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal
goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs

Azerbaijan
machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs,
metals, chemicals

Bahamas, The
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures,
chemicals, mineral fuels; food and live animals

Bahrain
crude oil, machinery, chemicals

Bangladesh
machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel,
textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000)

Barbados
consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction
materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components

Belarus
mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs, metals

Belgium
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds,
pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products

Belize
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco

Benin
foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products

Bermuda
machinery and transport equipment, construction materials,
chemicals, food and live animals

Bhutan
fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles,
fabrics, rice

Bolivia
petroleum products, plastics, paper, aircraft and aircraft
parts, prepared foods, automobiles, insecticides, soybeans

Bosnia and Herzegovina
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs

Botswana
foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport
equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper
products, metal and metal products

Brazil
machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical
products, oil

British Virgin Islands
building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs,
machinery

Brunei
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
chemicals

Bulgaria
machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and
plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials

Burkina Faso
capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum

Burma
fabric, petroleum products, plastics, machinery, transport
equipment, construction materials, crude oil; food products

Burundi
capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs

Cambodia
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction
materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products

Cameroon
machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel,
food

Canada
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil,
chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

Cape Verde
foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment,
fuels

Cayman Islands
foodstuffs, manufactured goods

Central African Republic
food, textiles, petroleum products,
machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals

Chad
machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods,
petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles

Chile
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and
telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles,
natural gas

China
machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels, plastics,
optical and medical equipment, organic chemicals, iron and steel

Christmas Island
consumer goods

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
foodstuffs

Colombia
industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer
goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity

Comoros
rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods; petroleum
products, cement, transport equipment

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
foodstuffs, mining and other
machinery, transport equipment, fuels

Congo, Republic of the
capital equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs

Cook Islands
foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber, capital goods

Costa Rica
raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment,
petroleum

Cote d'Ivoire
fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs

Croatia
machinery, transport and electrical equipment, chemicals,
fuels and lubricants, foodstuffs

Cuba
petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants,
intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment; north Cyprus:
vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery

Czech Republic
machinery and transport equipment 46%, raw materials
and fuels 15%, chemicals 10% (2003)

Denmark
machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures
for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods

Djibouti
foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum
products

Dominica
manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals

Dominican Republic foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals

East Timor
food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery

Ecuador
vehicles, medicinal products, telecommunications equipment,
electricity

Egypt
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products,
fuels

El Salvador
raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels,
foodstuffs, petroleum, electricity

Equatorial Guinea
petroleum sector equipment, other equipment

Eritrea
machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
(2000)

Estonia
machinery and equipment 33.5%, chemical products 11.6%,
textiles 10.3%, foodstuffs 9.4%, transportation equipment 8.9% (2001)

Ethiopia
food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles

European Union
machinery, vehicles, aircraft, plastics, crude oil,
chemicals, textiles, metals, foodstuffs, clothing

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fuel, food and drink, building
materials, clothing

Faroe Islands
machinery and transport equipment 29%, consumer goods
36%, raw materials and semi-manufactures 32%, fuels, fish and salt
(1999)

Fiji
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products, food, chemicals

Finland
foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and
fabrics, grains (1999)

France
machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft,
plastics, chemicals

French Guiana
food (grains, processed meat), machinery and transport
equipment, fuels and chemicals

French Polynesia
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment

Gabon
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction
materials

Gambia, The
foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport
equipment

Gaza Strip
food, consumer goods, construction materials

Georgia
fuels, machinery and parts, transport equipment, grain and
other foods, pharmaceuticals

Germany
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals

Ghana
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs

Gibraltar
fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs

Greece
machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Greenland
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
food, petroleum products

Grenada
food, manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel

Guadeloupe
foodstuffs, fuels, vehicles, clothing and other consumer
goods, construction materials

Guam
petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods

Guatemala
fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction
materials, grain, fertilizers, electricity

Guernsey
coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment

Guinea
petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment,
textiles, grain and other foodstuffs

Guinea-Bissau
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products

Guyana
manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food

Haiti
food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
fuels, raw materials

Honduras
machinery and transport equipment, industrial raw
materials, chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs (2000)

Hong Kong
raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods,
capital goods, foodstuffs, fuel (most is re-exported)

Hungary
machinery and equipment 51.6%, other manufactures 35.7%,
fuels and electricity 7.7%, food products 3.1%, raw materials 2.0%
(2003)

Iceland
machinery and equipment, petroleum products; foodstuffs,
textiles

India
crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals

Indonesia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Iran
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods,
foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military
supplies

Iraq
food, medicine, manufactures

Ireland
data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment,
chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing

Israel
raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough
diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods

Italy
engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy
products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing;
food, beverages and tobacco

Jamaica
food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel,
parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport
equipment, construction materials

Japan
machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textiles, raw materials (2001)

Jersey
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals

Jordan
crude oil, textile fabrics, machinery, transport equipment,
manufactured goods

Kazakhstan
machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%,
foodstuffs 8% (2001)

Kenya
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products,
motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics

Kiribati
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous
manufactured goods, fuel

Korea, North
petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment;
textiles, grain

Korea, South
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil,
steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics

Kuwait
food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing

Kyrgyzstan
oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs

Laos
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods

Latvia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, vehicles

Lebanon
petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat
and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco

Lesotho
food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines,
petroleum products (2000)

Liberia
fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods; foodstuffs

Libya
machinery, transport equipment, semi-finished goods, food,
consumer products (1999)

Liechtenstein
agricultural products, raw materials, machinery, metal
goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles

Lithuania
mineral products 21%, machinery and equipment 17%,
transport equipment 11%, chemicals 9%, textiles and clothing 9%,
metals 5% (2001)

Luxembourg
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods

Macau
raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods
(foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco), capital goods, mineral fuels and
oils

Macedonia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; food products,
automobiles

Madagascar
capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food

Malawi
food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods,
transportation equipment

Malaysia
electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics,
vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals

Maldives
petroleum products, ships, foodstuffs, textiles, clothing,
intermediate and capital goods

Mali
petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs, textiles

Malta
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured and
semi-manufactured goods; food, drink, and tobacco

Man, Isle of
timber, fertilizers, fish

Marshall Islands
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels,
beverages and tobacco

Martinique
petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction
materials, vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods

Mauritania
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods

Mauritius
manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs,
petroleum products, chemicals

Mayotte
food, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment,
metals, chemicals

Mexico
metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural
machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair
parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts

Micronesia, Federated States of
food, manufactured goods, machinery
and equipment, beverages

Moldova
mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment,
chemicals, textiles (2000)

Mongolia
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products,
industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea

Montserrat
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials

Morocco
crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications
equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics

Mozambique
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal
products, foodstuffs, textiles

Namibia
foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and
equipment, chemicals

Nauru
food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery

Nepal
gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer

Netherlands
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels;
foodstuffs, clothing

Netherlands Antilles
crude petroleum, food, manufactures

New Caledonia
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs

New Zealand
machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft,
petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics

Nicaragua
consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials,
petroleum products

Niger
foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals

Nigeria
machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured
goods, food and live animals

Niue
food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels,
lubricants, chemicals, drugs

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products

Norway
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs

Oman
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
livestock, lubricants

Pakistan
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics,
transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron
and steel, tea

Palau
machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs

Panama
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals

Papua New Guinea
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, food, fuels, chemicals

Paraguay
road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products,
electrical machinery

Peru
petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery,
vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper

Philippines
raw materials, machinery and equipment, fuels, vehicles
and vehicle parts, plastic, chemicals, grains

Pitcairn Islands
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour,
sugar, other foodstuffs

Poland
machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate
manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels,
lubricants, and related materials 9.1% (2003)

Portugal
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum,
textiles, agricultural products

Puerto Rico
chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food,
fish, petroleum products

Qatar
machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals

Reunion
manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and
transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products

Romania
machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals,
textile and products, basic metals, agricultural products

Russia
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat,
sugar, semifinished metal products

Rwanda
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum
products, cement and construction material

Saint Helena
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed,
building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts

Saint Kitts and Nevis
machinery, manufactures, food, fuels

Saint Lucia
food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and
transportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical
equipment, machinery, building materials

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
foodstuffs, machinery and
equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels

Samoa
machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs

San Marino
wide variety of consumer manufactures, food

Sao Tome and Principe
machinery and electrical equipment, food
products, petroleum products

Saudi Arabia
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor
vehicles, textiles

Senegal
food and beverages, capital goods, fuels

Serbia and Montenegro
machinery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals,
raw materials

Seychelles
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products,
chemicals

Sierra Leone
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and
lubricants, chemicals (1995)

Singapore
machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals,
foodstuffs

Slovakia
machinery and transport equipment 41.1%, intermediate
manufactured goods 19.3%, fuels 12.3%, chemicals 9.8%, miscellaneous
manufactured goods 10.2% (2003)

Slovenia
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food

Solomon Islands
food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods,
fuels, chemicals

Somalia
manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction
materials, qat

South Africa
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products,
scientific instruments, foodstuffs (2000 est.)

Spain
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods;
foodstuffs, consumer goods; measuring and medical control instruments

Sri Lanka
textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs,
machinery and transportation equipment

Sudan
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport
equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat

Suriname
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer
goods

Swaziland
motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment,
foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals

Sweden
machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing

Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural
products, textiles

Syria
machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery,
food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical
products, plastics, yarn, paper

Taiwan
machinery and electrical equipment 44.5%, minerals, precision
instruments (2002)

Tajikistan
electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide,
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs

Tanzania
consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment,
industrial raw materials, crude oil

Thailand
capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials,
consumer goods, fuels

Togo
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products

Tokelau
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel

Tonga
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Trinidad and Tobago
machinery, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, food, live animals

Tunisia
textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals,
food

Turkey
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport
equipment

Turkmenistan
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials

Tuvalu
food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

Uganda
capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies;
cereals

Ukraine
energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals

United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food

United Kingdom
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs

United States
agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9%
(crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications
equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power
machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines,
furniture, toys) (2003)

Uruguay
machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, crude petroleum

Uzbekistan
machinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%,
chemicals, metals (1998 est.)

Vanuatu
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels

Venezuela
raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, construction materials

Vietnam
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer,
steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles

Virgin Islands
crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building
materials

Wallis and Futuna
chemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumer
goods

West Bank
food, consumer goods, construction materials

Western Sahara
fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

World
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services

Yemen
food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Zambia
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing

Zimbabwe
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures,
chemicals, fuels

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2059 Climate

Afghanistan
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Akrotiri
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters

Albania
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry
summers; interior is cooler and wetter

Algeria
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers
along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high
plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in
summer

American Samoa
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to
April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature
variation

Andorra
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Angola
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool,
dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Anguilla
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Antarctica
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation,
and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West
Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has
the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January
along the coast and average slightly below freezing

Antigua and Barbuda
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation

Arctic Ocean
polar climate characterized by persistent cold and
relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized
by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and
clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and
foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Argentina
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in
southwest

Armenia
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Aruba
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
tropical

Atlantic Ocean
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast
of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent
from August to November

Australia
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;
tropical in north

Austria
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent
rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate
summers with occasional showers

Azerbaijan
dry, semiarid steppe

Bahamas, The
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Bahrain
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Baker Island
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Bangladesh
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid
summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Barbados
tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Bassas da India
tropical

Belarus
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime

Belgium
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Belize
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)

Benin
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Bermuda
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter

Bhutan
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas

Bolivia
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Bosnia and Herzegovina
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,
rainy winters along coast

Botswana
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Bouvet Island
antarctic

Brazil
mostly tropical, but temperate in south

British Indian Ocean Territory
tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds

British Virgin Islands
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by
trade winds

Brunei
tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Bulgaria
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Burkina Faso
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Burma
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)

Burundi
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude
variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual
temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade
but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February
to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to
August and December to January

Cambodia
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Cameroon
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid
and hot in north

Canada
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in
north

Cape Verde
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and
very erratic

Cayman Islands
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)
and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)

Central African Republic
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,
wet summers

Chad
tropical in south, desert in north

Chile
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south

China
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Christmas Island
tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and
humidity moderated by trade winds; wet season December to April

Clipperton Island
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees
C, rains May-October

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
tropical with high humidity, moderated by
the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Colombia
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Comoros
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October

Congo, Republic of the
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry
season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Cook Islands
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Coral Sea Islands
tropical

Costa Rica
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands

Cote d'Ivoire
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October)

Croatia
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast

Cuba
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
April); rainy season (May to October)

Cyprus
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters

Czech Republic
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Denmark
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
summers

Dhekelia
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters

Djibouti
desert; torrid, dry

Dominica
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall

East Timor
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Ecuador
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher
elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Egypt
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

El Salvador
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season
(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands

Equatorial Guinea
tropical; always hot, humid

Eritrea
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter
in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually);
semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during
June-September except in coastal desert

Estonia
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Ethiopia
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Europa Island
tropical

European Union
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to
temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate

Faroe Islands
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,
windy

Fiji
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Finland
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

France
generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and
hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,
north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

French Guiana
tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation

French Polynesia
tropical, but moderate

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
antarctic

Gabon
tropical; always hot, humid

Gambia, The
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
dry season (November to May)

Gaza Strip
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Georgia
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Germany
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Ghana
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Gibraltar
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Glorioso Islands
tropical

Greece
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Greenland
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Grenada
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Guadeloupe
subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high
humidity

Guam
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season
from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation

Guatemala
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Guernsey
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
days are overcast

Guinea
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guinea-Bissau
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guyana
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two
rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)

Haiti
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
antarctic

Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Honduras
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Hong Kong
tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy
from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Howland Island
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Hungary
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Iceland
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers

India
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Indian Ocean
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest
monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June
and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and
January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Indonesia
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Iran
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Iraq
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq

Ireland
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time

Israel
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Italy
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in
south

Jamaica
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Jan Mayen
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Japan
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Jarvis Island
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Jersey
temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Johnston Atoll
tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast
trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation

Jordan
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Juan de Nova Island
tropical

Kazakhstan
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid

Kenya
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Kingman Reef
tropical; moderated by prevailing winds

Kiribati
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Korea, North
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Korea, South
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Kuwait
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Kyrgyzstan
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical
in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Laos
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)

Latvia
maritime; wet, moderate winters

Lebanon
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry
summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

Lesotho
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Liberia
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to
cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Libya
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Liechtenstein
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Lithuania
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,
moderate winters and summers

Luxembourg
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Macau
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Macedonia
warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters
with heavy snowfall

Madagascar
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Malawi
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)

Malaysia
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons

Maldives
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Mali
subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,
humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February

Malta
Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

Man, Isle of
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast
about one-third of the time

Marshall Islands
tropical; hot and humid; wet season from May to
November; islands border typhoon belt

Martinique
tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to
October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every
eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid

Mauritania
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Mauritius
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry
winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Mayotte
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to
November)

Mexico
varies from tropical to desert

Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Midway Islands
subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds

Moldova
moderate winters, warm summers

Monaco
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Mongolia
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)

Montserrat
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Morocco
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Mozambique
tropical to subtropical

Namibia
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Nauru
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to
February)

Navassa Island
marine, tropical

Nepal
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Netherlands
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Netherlands Antilles
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

New Caledonia
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

New Zealand
temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Nicaragua
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Niger
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Nigeria
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in
north

Niue
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Norfolk Island
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature
variation

Northern Mariana Islands
tropical marine; moderated by northeast
trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season
December to June, rainy season July to October

Norway
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast

Oman
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Pacific Ocean
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind
patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade
winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by
seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south
of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central
America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much
less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same
latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is
monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when
moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry
season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian
landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike
southeast and east Asia from May to December

Pakistan
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
north

Palau
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November

Palmyra Atoll
equatorial, hot, and very rainy

Panama
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season
(May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Papua New Guinea
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation

Paracel Islands
tropical

Paraguay
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the
eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Peru
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes

Philippines
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)

Pitcairn Islands
tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast
trade winds; rainy season (November to March)

Poland
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and
thundershowers

Portugal
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and
drier in south

Puerto Rico
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature
variation

Qatar
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Reunion
tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and
dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April

Romania
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Russia
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in
much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to
frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool
along Arctic coast

Rwanda
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to
January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Helena
Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by
trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by
trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
tropical tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Saint Lucia
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season
from January to April, rainy season from May to August

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
cold and wet, with much mist and fog;
spring and autumn are windy

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
tropical; little seasonal
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Samoa
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to
October)

San Marino
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Sao Tome and Principe
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season
(October to May)

Saudi Arabia
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Senegal
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has
strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by
hot, dry, harmattan wind

Serbia and Montenegro
in the north, continental climate (cold
winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall);
central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the
south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and
autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Seychelles
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)

Sierra Leone
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)

Singapore
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons
- Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern
monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon
and early evening thunderstorms

Slovakia
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Slovenia
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate
with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and
valleys to the east

Solomon Islands
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and
weather

Somalia
principally desert; December to February - northeast
monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May
to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the
south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)
between monsoons

South Africa
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny
days, cool nights

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
variable, with mostly
westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of
calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Southern Ocean
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius
to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the
continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature
contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about
latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average
winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward
to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees
south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures
well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense
persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline
ice-free throughout the winter

Spain
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy
and cool along coast

Spratly Islands
tropical

Sri Lanka
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)

Sudan
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies
by region (April to November)

Suriname
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Svalbard
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool
summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and
north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most
of the year

Swaziland
varies from tropical to near temperate

Sweden
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Switzerland
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers

Syria
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and
mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather
with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Taiwan
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June
to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Tajikistan
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Tanzania
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Thailand
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid

Togo
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Tokelau
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Tonga
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
May), cool season (May to December)

Trinidad and Tobago
tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Tromelin Island
tropical

Tunisia
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south

Turkey
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher
in interior

Turkmenistan
subtropical desert

Turks and Caicos Islands
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry

Tuvalu
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Uganda
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to
February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Ukraine
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

United Arab Emirates
desert; cooler in eastern mountains

United Kingdom
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds
over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are
overcast

United States
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,
arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the
Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low
winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in
January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains

Uruguay
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Uzbekistan
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild
winters; semiarid grassland in east

Vanuatu
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to
October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected
by cyclones from December to April

Venezuela
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Vietnam
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to
mid-March)

Virgin Islands
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season September to November

Wake Island
tropical

Wallis and Futuna
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year
(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C

West Bank
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with
altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters

Western Sahara
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air
currents produce fog and heavy dew

World
two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather
narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to
subtropical climates

Yemen
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in
western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,
dry, harsh desert in east

Zambia
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)

Zimbabwe
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to
March)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2060 Coastline (km)

Afghanistan
0 km (landlocked)

Akrotiri
56.3 km

Albania
362 km

Algeria
998 km

American Samoa
116 km

Andorra
0 km (landlocked)

Angola
1,600 km

Anguilla
61 km

Antarctica
17,968 km

Antigua and Barbuda
153 km

Arctic Ocean
45,389 km

Argentina
4,989 km

Armenia
0 km (landlocked)

Aruba
68.5 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
74.1 km

Atlantic Ocean
111,866 km

Australia
25,760 km

Austria
0 km (landlocked)

Azerbaijan
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian
Sea (800 km, est.)

Bahamas, The
3,542 km

Bahrain
161 km

Baker Island
4.8 km

Bangladesh
580 km

Barbados
97 km

Bassas da India
35.2 km

Belarus
0 km (landlocked)

Belgium
66.5 km

Belize
386 km

Benin
121 km

Bermuda
103 km

Bhutan
0 km (landlocked)

Bolivia
0 km (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
20 km

Botswana
0 km (landlocked)

Bouvet Island
29.6 km

Brazil
7,491 km

British Indian Ocean Territory
698 km

British Virgin Islands
80 km

Brunei
161 km

Bulgaria
354 km

Burkina Faso
0 km (landlocked)

Burma
1,930 km

Burundi
0 km (landlocked)

Cambodia
443 km

Cameroon
402 km

Canada
202,080 km

Cape Verde
965 km

Cayman Islands
160 km

Central African Republic
0 km (landlocked)

Chad
0 km (landlocked)

Chile
6,435 km

China
14,500 km

Christmas Island
138.9 km

Clipperton Island
11.1 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
26 km

Colombia
3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448
km)

Comoros
340 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
37 km

Congo, Republic of the
169 km

Cook Islands
120 km

Coral Sea Islands
3,095 km

Costa Rica
1,290 km

Cote d'Ivoire
515 km

Croatia
5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Cuba
3,735 km

Cyprus
648 km

Czech Republic
0 km (landlocked)

Denmark
7,314 km

Dhekelia
27.5 km

Djibouti
314 km

Dominica
148 km

Dominican Republic
1,288 km

East Timor
706 km

Ecuador
2,237 km

Egypt
2,450 km

El Salvador
307 km

Equatorial Guinea
296 km

Eritrea
2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red
Sea 1,083 km

Estonia
3,794 km

Ethiopia
0 km (landlocked)

Europa Island
22.2 km

European Union
65,413.9 km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1,288 km

Faroe Islands
1,117 km

Fiji
1,129 km

Finland
1,250 km

France
3,427 km

French Guiana
378 km

French Polynesia
2,525 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1,232 km

Gabon
885 km

Gambia, The
80 km

Gaza Strip
40 km

Georgia
310 km

Germany
2,389 km

Ghana
539 km

Gibraltar
12 km

Glorioso Islands
35.2 km

Greece
13,676 km

Greenland
44,087 km

Grenada
121 km

Guadeloupe
306 km

Guam
125.5 km

Guatemala
400 km

Guernsey
50 km

Guinea
320 km

Guinea-Bissau
350 km

Guyana
459 km

Haiti
1,771 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
101.9 km

Holy See (Vatican City)
0 km (landlocked)

Honduras
820 km

Hong Kong
733 km

Howland Island
6.4 km

Hungary
0 km (landlocked)

Iceland
4,988 km

India
7,000 km

Indian Ocean
66,526 km

Indonesia
54,716 km

Iran
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Iraq
58 km

Ireland
1,448 km

Israel
273 km

Italy
7,600 km

Jamaica
1,022 km

Jan Mayen
124.1 km

Japan
29,751 km

Jarvis Island
8 km

Jersey
70 km

Johnston Atoll
34 km

Jordan
26 km

Juan de Nova Island
24.1 km

Kazakhstan
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral
Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian
Sea (1,894 km)

Kenya
536 km

Kingman Reef
3 km

Kiribati
1,143 km

Korea, North
2,495 km

Korea, South
2,413 km

Kuwait
499 km

Kyrgyzstan
0 km (landlocked)

Laos
0 km (landlocked)

Latvia
531 km

Lebanon
225 km

Lesotho
0 km (landlocked)

Liberia
579 km

Libya
1,770 km

Liechtenstein
0 km (doubly landlocked)

Lithuania
99 km

Luxembourg
0 km (landlocked)

Macau
41 km

Macedonia
0 km (landlocked)

Madagascar
4,828 km

Malawi
0 km (landlocked)

Malaysia
4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607
km)

Maldives
644 km

Mali
0 km (landlocked)

Malta
196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)

Man, Isle of
160 km

Marshall Islands
370.4 km

Martinique
350 km

Mauritania
754 km

Mauritius
177 km

Mayotte
185.2 km

Mexico
9,330 km

Micronesia, Federated States of
6,112 km

Midway Islands
15 km

Moldova
0 km (landlocked)

Monaco
4.1 km

Mongolia
0 km (landlocked)

Montserrat
40 km

Morocco
1,835 km

Mozambique
2,470 km

Namibia
1,572 km

Nauru
30 km

Navassa Island
8 km

Nepal
0 km (landlocked)

Netherlands
451 km

Netherlands Antilles
364 km

New Caledonia
2,254 km

New Zealand
15,134 km

Nicaragua
910 km

Niger
0 km (landlocked)

Nigeria
853 km

Niue
64 km

Norfolk Island
32 km

Northern Mariana Islands
1,482 km

Norway
25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long
fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km;
length of island coastlines 58,133 km)

Oman
2,092 km

Pacific Ocean
135,663 km

Pakistan
1,046 km

Palau
1,519 km

Palmyra Atoll
14.5 km

Panama
2,490 km

Papua New Guinea
5,152 km

Paracel Islands
518 km

Paraguay
0 km (landlocked)

Peru
2,414 km

Philippines
36,289 km

Pitcairn Islands
51 km

Poland
491 km

Portugal
1,793 km

Puerto Rico
501 km

Qatar
563 km

Reunion
207 km

Romania
225 km

Russia
37,653 km

Rwanda
0 km (landlocked)

Saint Helena
60 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis
135 km

Saint Lucia
158 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
120 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84 km

Samoa
403 km

San Marino
0 km (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe
209 km

Saudi Arabia
2,640 km

Senegal
531 km

Serbia and Montenegro
199 km

Seychelles
491 km

Sierra Leone
402 km

Singapore
193 km

Slovakia
0 km (landlocked)

Slovenia
46.6 km

Solomon Islands
5,313 km

Somalia
3,025 km

South Africa
2,798 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA km

Southern Ocean
17,968 km

Spain
4,964 km

Spratly Islands
926 km

Sri Lanka
1,340 km

Sudan
853 km

Suriname
386 km

Svalbard
3,587 km

Swaziland
0 km (landlocked)

Sweden
3,218 km

Switzerland
0 km (landlocked)

Syria
193 km

Taiwan
1,566.3 km

Tajikistan
0 km (landlocked)

Tanzania
1,424 km

Thailand
3,219 km

Togo
56 km

Tokelau
101 km

Tonga
419 km

Trinidad and Tobago
362 km

Tromelin Island
3.7 km

Tunisia
1,148 km

Turkey
7,200 km

Turkmenistan
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea
(1,768 km)

Turks and Caicos Islands
389 km

Tuvalu
24 km

Uganda
0 km (landlocked)

Ukraine
2,782 km

United Arab Emirates
1,318 km

United Kingdom
12,429 km

United States
19,924 km

Uruguay
660 km

Uzbekistan
0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the
southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Vanuatu
2,528 km

Venezuela
2,800 km

Vietnam
3,444 km (excludes islands)

Virgin Islands
188 km

Wake Island
19.3 km

Wallis and Futuna
129 km

West Bank
0 km (landlocked)

Western Sahara
1,110 km

World
356,000 km
note: 98 nations and other entities are islands that border no other
countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Baker Island, Barbados, Bassas da India, Bermuda, Bouvet Island,
British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde,
Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling)
Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus,
Dominica, Europa Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe
Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic
Lands, Glorioso Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard
Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Jamaica, Jan
Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Juan de Nova
Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Isle of
Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated
States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa
Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern
Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines,
Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tromelin Island, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu,
Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan

Yemen
1,906 km

Zambia
0 km (landlocked)

Zimbabwe
0 km (landlocked)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2061 Imports - partners (%)

Afghanistan
Pakistan 25.5%, US 8.7%, India 8.5%, Germany 6.5%,
Turkmenistan 5.3%, Kenya 4.7%, South Korea 4.2%, Russia 4.2% (2004)

Albania
Italy 34.8%, Greece 19.8%, Turkey 7.7%, Germany 5.3% (2004)

Algeria
France 30.3%, Italy 8.2%, Germany 6.5%, Spain 5.5%, US 5.2%,
China 5.1%, Turkey 4.3% (2004)

American Samoa
Japan 31.4%, New Zealand 27.9%, Germany 17.1%,
Australia 8.9% (2004)

Andorra
Spain 48%, France 35%, US 2.3% (2000)

Angola
South Korea 28.3%, Portugal 13.1%, US 9.3%, South Africa
7.4%, Brazil 5.6%, Japan 4.8%, France 4.4% (2004)

Anguilla
US, Puerto Rico, UK (2000)

Antigua and Barbuda
China 19.5%, US 18.7%, Singapore 14.8%, Poland
8.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.7% (2004)

Argentina
Brazil 36.2%, US 16.6%, Germany 5.7%, China 4.3% (2004)

Armenia
Russia 11.3%, Belgium 10.1%, Israel 8.4%, US 7.6%, Iran
7.1%, UAE 6.1%, Ukraine 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, Germany 5.2%, Georgia
4.6%, France 4.5% (2004)

Aruba
US 55.5%, Netherlands 14.1%, Venezuela 3.3% (2004)

Australia
US 14.8%, China 12.7%, Japan 11.8%, Germany 5.8%,
Singapore 4.4%, UK 4.1% (2004)

Austria
Germany 46.3%, Italy 6.8%, Switzerland 4.3% (2004)

Azerbaijan
Russia 16.1%, UK 12.5%, Turkey 10.5%, Germany 7.8%,
Ukraine 5.6%, Netherlands 4.9%, US 4.1%, Italy 4% (2004)

Bahamas, The
US 22.4%, South Korea 18.9%, Brazil 9.2%, Japan 7.9%,
Italy 7.8%, Venezuela 6.6% (2004)

Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 32.4%, Japan 7.3%, Germany 6.1%, US 5.6%, UK
5.4%, France 4.8% (2004)

Bangladesh
India 15.1%, China 12.5%, Singapore 7.5%, Kuwait 5.5%,
Japan 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2004)

Barbados
US 35.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 20%, UK 5.6%, Japan 4.3%
(2004)

Belarus
Russia 68.2%, Germany 6.6%, Ukraine 3.3% (2004)

Belgium
Germany 18.4%, Netherlands 17%, France 12.5%, UK 6.8%,
Ireland 6.3%, US 5.5% (2004)

Belize
US 30.1%, Mexico 12%, Guatemala 7.4%, Cuba 7.2%, China 4.2%,
Japan 4.1% (2004)

Benin
China 32.2%, France 13%, Thailand 6.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.3%
(2004)

Bermuda
Kazakhstan 39.2%, France 16.2%, Japan 13.1%, Italy 9.2%,
South Korea 8.8%, US 6.4% (2004)

Bhutan
Germany 65.4%, Japan 14.3%, Austria 6.8%, UK 4.5% (2004)

Bolivia
Brazil 29.7%, Argentina 17.6%, US 10.8%, Chile 7.7%, Peru
7.3% (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia 23.8%, Slovenia 15.8%, Germany 14.8%,
Italy 11.4%, Austria 6.6%, Hungary 6.1% (2004)

Botswana
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%,
Zimbabwe 4% (2000)

Brazil
US 18.3%, Argentina 8.9%, Germany 8.1%, China 5.9%, Nigeria
5.6%, Japan 4.6% (2004)

British Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Brunei
Singapore 32.7%, Malaysia 21.2%, UK 8.3%, Japan 7.2% (2004)

Bulgaria
Germany 15.1%, Italy 10.2%, Russia 7.9%, Greece 7.5%,
Turkey 6.9%, France 4.4% (2004)

Burkina Faso
France 29.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 16%, Togo 9.8% (2004)

Burma
China 29.8%, Singapore 20.8%, Thailand 19.3%, South Korea
5.2%, Malaysia 4.8% (2004)

Burundi
Kenya 13.7%, Tanzania 11.2%, US 8.9%, Belgium 8.5%, France
8.4%, Italy 6%, Uganda 5.6%, Japan 4.6%, Germany 4.5% (2004)

Cambodia
Thailand 22.5%, Hong Kong 14.1%, China 13.6%, Vietnam
10.9%, Singapore 10.8%, Taiwan 8.4% (2004)

Cameroon
France 28.2%, Nigeria 9.9%, Belgium 7.6%, US 4.9%, China
4.8%, Germany 4.6%, Italy 4.1% (2004)

Canada
US 58.9%, China 6.8%, Mexico 3.8% (2004)

Cape Verde
Portugal 41.8%, US 12.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Spain 5.2%,
Italy 4.2%, Brazil 4% (2004)

Cayman Islands
US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles,
Japan

Central African Republic
France 17.6%, US 16.3%, Cameroon 9.3%,
Belgium 5% (2004)

Chad
France 21.9%, Cameroon 16.1%, US 10.8%, Portugal 10.4%, Germany
6.4%, Belgium 4.6% (2004)

Chile
Argentina 17%, US 14%, Brazil 11.2%, China 7.4% (2004)

China
Japan 16.8%, Taiwan 11.4%, South Korea 11.1%, US 8%, Germany
5.4% (2004)

Christmas Island
principally Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia

Colombia
US 29.1%, Venezuela 6.5%, China 6.4%, Mexico 6.2%, Brazil
5.8% (2004)

Comoros
France 23.5%, South Africa 11.1%, Kenya 7.5%, UAE 7.2%,
Italy 4.9%, Pakistan 4.7%, Mauritius 4.2%, Singapore 4.1% (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
South Africa 18.5%, Belgium 15.5%,
France 10.8%, Kenya 6.3%, US 6%, Germany 5.8% (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
France 32.7%, US 10.1%, Germany 6.2%, Italy
6%, China 5.2%, Netherlands 4.5% (2004)

Cook Islands
New Zealand 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6%, Japan
2% (2000)

Costa Rica
US 46.1%, Japan 5.9%, Mexico 5.1%, Brazil 4.2% (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
France 24.3%, Nigeria 19.2%, UK 4% (2004)

Croatia
Italy 17.1%, Germany 15.5%, Russia 7.3%, Slovenia 7.1%,
Austria 6.9%, France 4.4% (2004)

Cuba
Spain 14.7%, Venezuela 13.5%, US 11%, China 8.9%, Canada 6.4%,
Italy 6.2%, Mexico 4.9% (2004)

Cyprus
Greece 15.2%, Italy 10.5%, Germany 8.9%, UK 8.6%, France
6.3%, Japan 4.7%, Israel 4.4%, China 4% (2004)

Czech Republic
Germany 31.7%, Slovakia 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, China 5.2%,
Poland 4.8%, France 4.8%, Russia 4.1% (2004)

Denmark
Germany 22.3%, Sweden 13.5%, Netherlands 6.8%, UK 6.1%,
France 4.5%, Norway 4.5%, Italy 4.1%, China 4% (2004)

Djibouti
Saudi Arabia 19.7%, India 12.4%, Ethiopia 11.8%, China
8.1%, France 5.6%, US 4.8% (2004)

Dominica
China 20.4%, US 16.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 12.3%, UK 6.9%,
South Korea 4.6%, Japan 4.3% (2004)

Dominican Republic
US 48.1%, Venezuela 13.5%, Colombia 4.8%, Mexico
4.8% (2004)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
US 16.5%, Colombia 14.1%, China 9.2%, Venezuela 7.1%, Brazil
6.5%, Chile 4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Mexico 4.3% (2004)

Egypt
US 12.2%, Germany 7%, Italy 6.6%, France 5.7%, China 5.4%, UK
4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2004)

El Salvador
US 46.3%, Guatemala 8.1%, Mexico 6% (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
US 26.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 21.4%, Spain 13.6%, France
8.8%, UK 7.8%, Italy 4.4% (2004)

Eritrea
Ireland 26.6%, US 18.6%, Italy 16.6%, Turkey 6.4% (2004)

Estonia
Finland 22.1%, Germany 12.9%, Sweden 9.7%, Russia 9.2%,
Lithuania 5.3%, Latvia 4.7% (2004)

Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia 25.3%, US 15.8%, China 6.6% (2004)

European Union
US 15.1%, China 9.7%, Japan 6.7%, Switzerland 5.6%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
UK 63.2%, Spain 30.3%, France 3.6%
(2004)

Faroe Islands
Denmark 52.8%, Norway 18.3%, Iceland 4.4%, Sweden 4.2%
(2004)

Fiji
Australia 25.9%, Singapore 23.1%, New Zealand 21.1% (2004)

Finland
Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.3%, Russia 12.8%, Netherlands 6.3%,
Denmark 5.2%, UK 4.6%, France 4.3% (2004)

France
Germany 19.2%, Belgium 9.9%, Italy 8.8%, Spain 7.4%, UK 7%,
Netherlands 6.7%, US 5.1% (2004)

French Guiana
France 63%, US, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy (2002 est.)

French Polynesia
France 47.6%, New Zealand 8.8%, Singapore 8.4%,
Australia 8.3%, US 7.1% (2004)

Gabon
France 43.8%, US 6.3%, UK 5.9%, Netherlands 4% (2004)

Gambia, The
China 23.7%, Senegal 11.6%, Brazil 5.9%, UK 5.5%,
Netherlands 4.5%, US 4.4% (2004)

Gaza Strip
Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Georgia
Russia 14%, Turkey 11%, UK 9.3%, Azerbaijan 8.5%, Germany
8.2%, Ukraine 7.7%, US 6% (2004)

Germany
France 9%, Netherlands 8.3%, US 7%, Italy 6.1%, UK 5.9%,
China 5.6%, Belgium 4.9%, Austria 4.2% (2004)

Ghana
Nigeria 12.6%, China 11.4%, UK 6.6%, US 6.4%, France 4.9%,
Netherlands 4.2% (2004)

Gibraltar
Spain 19.9%, Russia 18.4%, UK 10.8%, Italy 8.8%, Germany
7.5%, US 5.1%, Sweden 4.7%, France 4.2% (2004)

Greece
Germany 13.3%, Italy 12.8%, France 6.4%, Netherlands 5.5%,
Russia 5.5%, US 4.4%, UK 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2004)

Greenland
Denmark 78.7%, Sweden 11.9%, Norway 2.7% (2004)

Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago 29.6%, US 27.8%, UK 4.8% (2004)

Guadeloupe
France 63%, Germany 4%, US 3%, Japan 2%, Netherlands
Antilles 2% (1999)

Guam
Singapore 39.5%, South Korea 20.8%, Japan 19%, Hong Kong 9%,
Philippines 4.3% (2004)

Guatemala
US 34%, Mexico 8.1%, South Korea 6.8%, China 6.6%, Japan
4.4% (2004)

Guernsey
UK (regarded as internal trade)

Guinea
Cote d'Ivoire 15.5%, France 9%, Belgium 6.1%, China 6%, South
Africa 4.8% (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
Senegal 44.6%, Portugal 13.8%, China 4.2% (2004)

Guyana
Trinidad and Tobago 24.8%, US 24.5%, Cuba 6.8%, UK 5.4% (2004)

Haiti
US 34.8%, Netherlands Antilles 18%, Malaysia 5.1%, Colombia
4.7% (2004)

Honduras
US 37.5%, Guatemala 6.9%, Mexico 5.4%, Costa Rica 4.3%, El
Salvador 4% (2004)

Hong Kong
China 43.5%, Japan 12.1%, Taiwan 7.3%, US 5.3%, Singapore
5.3%, South Korea 4.8% (2004)

Hungary
Germany 29.2%, Austria 8.3%, Russia 5.7%, Italy 5.5%,
Netherlands 4.9%, China 4.8%, France 4.7% (2004)

Iceland
Germany 12.3%, US 9.9%, Norway 9.7%, Denmark 7.9%, UK 7.2%,
Sweden 6.7%, Netherlands 6% (2004)

India
China 6.1%, US 6%, Switzerland 5.2%, Belgium 4.4% (2004)

Indonesia
Singapore 13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand
6%, Australia 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2% (2004)

Iran
Germany 12.8%, France 8.3%, Italy 7.7%, China 7.2%, UAE 7.2%,
South Korea 6.1%, Russia 5.4% (2004)

Iraq
Syria 22.9%, Turkey 19.5%, US 9.2%, Jordan 6.7%, Germany 4.9%
(2004)

Ireland
UK 35.6%, US 13.8%, Germany 8.9%, Netherlands 4.3%, France
4.2% (2004)

Israel
US 15%, Belgium 10.1%, Germany 7.5%, Switzerland 6.5%, UK
6.1% (2004)

Italy
Germany 18%, France 10.9%, Netherlands 5.9%, Spain 4.6%,
Belgium 4.4%, UK 4.3%, China 4.2% (2004)

Jamaica
US 38.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, France 5.6%, Japan 4.7%
(2004)

Japan
China 20.7%, US 14%, South Korea 4.9%, Australia 4.3%,
Indonesia 4.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, UAE 4% (2004)

Jersey
UK

Jordan
Saudi Arabia 19.8%, China 8.4%, Germany 6.8%, US 6.8% (2004)

Kazakhstan
Russia 34.6%, China 15.4%, Germany 8.2%, France 5.7%,
Ukraine 4.6% (2004)

Kenya
UAE 12.6%, Saudi Arabia 9.1%, South Africa 8.8%, US 7.7%,
India 7.2%, UK 6.7%, China 6.4%, Japan 5% (2004)

Kiribati
Australia 33.6%, Fiji 29.8%, Japan 10.3%, New Zealand 6.9%,
France 4.1% (2004)

Korea, North
China 32.9%, Thailand 10.7%, Japan 4.8% (2004)

Korea, South
Japan 20.6%, China 13.2%, US 12.9%, Saudi Arabia 5.3%
(2004)

Kuwait
US 12.9%, Germany 11.9%, Japan 7.9%, UK 5.5%, Saudi Arabia
5.5%, Italy 5%, France 4.5%, China 4.1% (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
China 26.3%, Russia 22.3%, Kazakhstan 17.1%, Turkey 5.4%
(2004)

Laos
Thailand 60.5%, China 10.3%, Vietnam 7.1%, Singapore 4% (2004)

Latvia
Germany 13.9%, Lithuania 12.2%, Russia 8.7%, Estonia 7%,
Finland 6.3%, Sweden 6.1%, Poland 5.4%, Belarus 4.8% (2004)

Lebanon
Italy 11.2%, France 10.3%, Syria 9.8%, Germany 8.6%, China
5.8%, US 5.5%, UK 4.6% (2004)

Lesotho
Hong Kong 46.8%, China 25.5%, South Korea 5.6%, Germany 4.8%
(2004)

Liberia
South Korea 38.8%, Japan 21.2%, Singapore 12.2%, Croatia
5.3%, Germany 4.2% (2004)

Libya
Italy 25.5%, Germany 11%, South Korea 6.1%, UK 5.4%, Tunisia
4.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2004)

Liechtenstein
EU, Switzerland

Lithuania
Russia 23.1%, Germany 16.7%, Poland 7.7%, Netherlands 4%
(2004)

Luxembourg
Belgium 29.8%, Germany 22.6%, China 12.6%, France 12%,
Netherlands 4.2% (2004)

Macau
China 44.4%, Hong Kong 10.6%, Japan 9.6%, Taiwan 4.9%,
Singapore 4.1%, US 4.1% (2004)

Macedonia
Greece 15.4%, Germany 13.1%, Serbia and Montenegro 10.4%,
Slovenia 8.6%, Bulgaria 8.1%, Turkey 6%, Romania 4.7% (2004)

Madagascar
France 17.2%, China 9.7%, Hong Kong 6.6%, Iran 6.4%,
Mauritius 6.2%, South Africa 5.6% (2004)

Malawi
South Africa 37.3%, India 8.1%, Mozambique 7.7%, Zimbabwe
7.2%, Tanzania 4.6%, Germany 4.1% (2004)

Malaysia
Japan 16.1%, US 14.6%, Singapore 11.2%, China 9.9%,
Thailand 5.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, South Korea 5%, Germany 4.5%, Indonesia
4% (2004)

Maldives
Singapore 24.9%, Sri Lanka 10.6%, UAE 10.3%, India 10.2%,
Malaysia 7.6%, Bahrain 5.4% (2004)

Mali
France 14.5%, Senegal 9.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.6% (2004)

Malta
Italy 25.4%, France 13.1%, UK 12%, Germany 8.9%, US 5.2%,
Singapore 4.1% (2004)

Man, Isle of
UK (2000)

Marshall Islands
US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China,
Philippines (2000)

Martinique
France 62%, Venezuela 6%, Germany 4%, Italy 4%, US 3%
(2000)

Mauritania
France 14.1%, US 7.6%, China 6.4%, Spain 5.8%, UK 4.6%,
Germany 4.3%, Belgium 4.2% (2004)

Mauritius
South Africa 11.3%, China 9.4%, India 9.3%, France 9.2%,
Bahrain 5.3%, Japan 4.1% (2004)

Mayotte
France 66%, Africa 14%, Southeast Asia 11% (2000 est.)

Mexico
US 53.7%, China 7%, Japan 5.1% (2004)

Micronesia, Federated States of
US, Australia, Japan (2000)

Moldova
Ukraine 24.6%, Russia 12.2%, Romania 9.3%, Germany 8.5%,
Italy 7.4% (2004)

Mongolia
Russia 33.3%, China 23.6%, Japan 7.4%, South Korea 6%, US
4.6% (2004)

Montserrat
US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada

Morocco
France 18.2%, Spain 12.1%, Italy 6.6%, Germany 6%, Russia
5.7%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, China 4.2%, US 4.1% (2004)

Mozambique
South Africa 41.4%, Netherlands 11%, Portugal 3.3% (2004)

Namibia
US 50%, EU 31% (2001)

Nauru
Australia 65.6%, Indonesia 5.4%, Germany 5.3%, UK 4.4% (2004)

Nepal
India 46.3%, China 10.8%, UAE 9.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2004)

Netherlands
Germany 17.9%, Belgium 9.9%, US 7.9%, China 7.4%, UK
6.4%, France 4.8% (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
Venezuela 51.1%, US 21.9%, Netherlands 5% (2004)

New Caledonia
France 40.3%, Singapore 10.9%, Australia 9.1%, New
Zealand 4.9% (2004)

New Zealand
Australia 22.4%, US 11.3%, Japan 11.2%, China 9.7%,
Germany 5.2% (2004)

Nicaragua
US 22.6%, Costa Rica 8.5%, Venezuela 8.4%, Guatemala 6.8%,
Mexico 5.8%, El Salvador 4.9%, South Korea 4.5% (2004)

Niger
France 14.4%, US 10.3%, French Polynesia 9.4%, Nigeria 7.8%,
Cote d'Ivoire 7.5%, Japan 5.2%, China 5.1%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Nigeria
China 9.4%, US 8.4%, UK 7.8%, Netherlands 5.9%, France 5.4%,
Germany 4.9%, Italy 4% (2004)

Niue
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2000)

Norfolk Island
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe

Northern Mariana Islands
US, Japan (2000)

Norway
Sweden 15.7%, Germany 13.6%, Denmark 7.3%, UK 6.5%, China 5%,
US 4.9%, Netherlands 4.4%, France 4.3%, Finland 4.1% (2004)

Oman
UAE 21.2%, Japan 16.6%, UK 8.4%, Italy 6%, Germany 5.1%, US
4.7% (2004)

Pakistan
Saudi Arabia 11.6%, UAE 10%, US 9.7%, China 8.4%, Japan
6.5%, Kuwait 5.6% (2004)

Palau
US, Guam, Japan, Singapore, South Korea (2000)

Panama
US 33.3%, Netherlands Antilles 8.1%, Japan 6%, Costa Rica
5.7%, Mexico 4.6%, Colombia 4.2% (2004)

Papua New Guinea
Australia 46.4%, Singapore 21.6%, Japan 4.3%, New
Zealand 4.2% (2004)

Paraguay
Brazil 30.9%, Argentina 23.3%, China 16.6%, US 4% (2004)

Peru
US 30.3%, Spain 11.5%, Chile 7.2%, Brazil 5.4%, Colombia 5.2%
(2004)

Philippines
US 18.8%, Japan 17.4%, Singapore 7.8%, Taiwan 7.3%,
South Korea 6.2%, China 6%, Malaysia 4.5% (2004)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
Germany 24.4%, Italy 7.9%, Russia 7.3%, France 6.7%, China
4.6% (2004)

Portugal
Spain 29.3%, Germany 14.3%, France 9.3%, Italy 6.1%, UK
4.6%, Netherlands 4.6% (2004)

Puerto Rico
US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2002 est.)

Qatar
France 26.6%, US 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 9.4%, UAE 6.3%, Germany
5.2%, Japan 5.2%, UK 5.1% (2004)

Reunion
France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000)

Romania
Italy 17.2%, Germany 14.9%, France 7.1%, Russia 6.8%, Turkey
4.2% (2004)

Russia
Germany 15.3%, Ukraine 8.8%, China 6.9%, Japan 5.7%,
Kazakhstan 5%, US 4.6%, Italy 4.6%, France 4.4% (2004)

Rwanda
Kenya 24.4%, Germany 7.4%, Belgium 6.6%, Uganda 6.3%, France
5.1% (2004)

Saint Helena
UK 35.7%, US 17.6%, South Africa 17.5%, Tanzania 10.4%,
Australia 5.5%, Spain 4.1% (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Ukraine 44.7%, US 22.1%, Trinidad and Tobago
8.8%, UK 6.2% (2004)

Saint Lucia
US 27.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 20.4%, UK 8%, Venezuela
7.6%, Finland 7% (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
France 37.6%, Canada 25.3%, Ireland 25.2%,
Italy 5.1% (2004)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
US 37.5%, Trinidad and Tobago
21.3%, UK 10.5% (2004)

Samoa
New Zealand 25.1%, Fiji 21.5%, Taiwan 9.1%, Australia 8.9%,
Singapore 8.5%, Japan 7.5%, US 4.7% (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
Portugal 52.3%, Germany 9.5%, US 6%,
Netherlands 4.8%, South Africa 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2004)

Saudi Arabia
US 15.3%, Japan 9.8%, Germany 8.1%, China 6.6%, UK 5.7%
(2004)

Senegal
France 24.8%, Nigeria 11.9%, Thailand 6.1% (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
Germany 18.5%, Italy 16.5%, Austria 8.3%,
Slovenia 6.7%, Bulgaria 4.7%, France 4.5% (2004)

Seychelles
Saudi Arabia 15.5%, Spain 13.3%, France 10.3%, Singapore
7%, South Africa 6.8%, Italy 6.7%, UK 4.7% (2004)

Sierra Leone
Germany 14%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.7%, UK 9.1%, US 8.4%,
China 5.6%, Netherlands 5%, South Africa 4.1% (2004)

Singapore
Malaysia 15.3%, US 12.7%, Japan 11.7%, China 9.9%, Taiwan
5.7%, South Korea 4.3%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)

Slovakia
Germany 26.1%, Czech Republic 21.3%, Russia 9.1%, Austria
6.6%, Poland 4.9%, Italy 4.9% (2004)

Slovenia
Germany 19.9%, Italy 17%, Austria 14.9%, France 10.2% (2004)

Solomon Islands
Australia 24.6%, Singapore 23.1%, New Zealand 7.7%,
Fiji 4.8%, Papua New Guinea 4.7% (2004)

Somalia
Djibouti 30.1%, Kenya 13.7%, India 8.6%, Brazil 8.5%, Oman
4.4%, UAE 4.2% (2004)

South Africa
Germany 14.2%, US 8.5%, China 7.5%, Japan 6.9%, UK
6.9%, France 6%, Saudi Arabia 5.6%, Iran 5% (2004)

Spain
Germany 16.6%, France 15.8%, Italy 8.9%, UK 6.3%, Netherlands
4.8% (2004)

Sri Lanka
India 18%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 7.7%, China 5.7%,
Iran 5.2%, Japan 5.1%, Malaysia 4.1% (2004)

Sudan
China 13%, Saudi Arabia 11.5%, UAE 5.9%, Egypt 5.1%, India
4.8%, Germany 4.5%, Australia 4.1%, Japan 4% (2004)

Suriname
US 26.2%, Netherlands 19.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.5%,
Japan 6.6%, China 4.6%, Brazil 4.2% (2004)

Swaziland
South Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9%, Singapore 0.3%
(2004)

Sweden
Germany 18.7%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 7.6%, UK 7.5%,
Netherlands 6.8%, Finland 6.4%, France 5.5%, Belgium 4% (2004)

Switzerland
Germany 32.8%, Italy 11.3%, France 9.9%, US 5.2%,
Netherlands 5%, Austria 4.3% (2004)

Syria
Turkey 9.4%, Ukraine 8.7%, China 7.8%, Russia 5.4%, Saudi
Arabia 5.2%, US 4.7%, South Korea 4.6%, Italy 4.3% (2004)

Taiwan
Japan 26%, US 13%, China, including Hong Kong 11%, South
Korea 6.9% (2004)

Tajikistan
Russia 20.2%, Uzbekistan 14.2%, Kazakhstan 12.8%,
Azerbaijan 7.2%, US 6.7%, China 4.8%, Ukraine 4.5% (2004)

Tanzania
South Africa 13.1%, China 8.1%, India 6.6%, Kenya 5.6%, UAE
5.5%, US 4.9%, UK 4.8%, Bahrain 4.1% (2004)

Thailand
Japan 23.6%, China 8.6%, US 7.6%, Malaysia 5.8%, Singapore
4.4%, Taiwan 4.1% (2004)

Togo
China 25.5%, India 13.3%, France 11.5% (2004)

Tokelau
New Zealand (2000)

Tonga
New Zealand 37.1%, Fiji 24.3%, Australia 9.1%, China 8.9%, US
6.3% (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
US 23.9%, Venezuela 11.5%, Germany 11.2%, Brazil
10.7%, Spain 6.4%, Italy 5.1% (2004)

Tunisia
France 25.1%, Italy 19%, Germany 8.5%, Spain 5.3% (2004)

Turkey
Germany 12.9%, Russia 9.3%, Italy 7.1%, France 6.4%, US 4.8%,
China 4.6%, UK 4.4% (2004)

Turkmenistan
US 11.8%, Russia 9.7%, UAE 9.2%, Ukraine 9%, Turkey
8.6%, Germany 8%, France 5%, Georgia 4.6%, Iran 4.5% (2004)

Turks and Caicos Islands
US, UK

Tuvalu
Fiji 50.2%, Japan 18.1%, Australia 9.6%, China 8%, New
Zealand 5.5% (2004)

Uganda
Kenya 32.3%, UAE 7.3%, South Africa 6.5%, India 5.8%, China
5.6%, UK 5.1%, US 4.8%, Japan 4.8% (2004)

Ukraine
Russia 41.8%, Germany 9.6%, Turkmenistan 6.7% (2004)

United Arab Emirates
China 10%, India 9.8%, Japan 6.8%, Germany
6.5%, UK 6.2%, France 6.1%, US 6% (2004)

United Kingdom
Germany 13%, US 9.3%, France 7.4%, Netherlands 6.6%,
Belgium 4.9%, China 4.3%, Italy 4.3% (2004)

United States
Canada 17%, China 13.8%, Mexico 10.3%, Japan 8.7%,
Germany 5.2% (2004)

Uruguay
Argentina 19.5%, Brazil 19%, Paraguay 12.9%, US 9.2%, China
6% (2004)

Uzbekistan
Russia 26.8%, South Korea 12.6%, US 8%, Germany 7.7%,
Kazakhstan 6.3%, China 5.8%, Turkey 5.1%, Ukraine 4.5% (2004)

Vanuatu
Taiwan 24%, Australia 16.5%, Japan 11.4%, Singapore 8.5%,
New Zealand 7.2%, Fiji 6.3%, US 4.4% (2004)

Venezuela
US 28.8%, Colombia 9.9%, Brazil 7%, Mexico 4.1% (2004)

Vietnam
China 13.7%, Taiwan 11.3%, South Korea 10.8%, Japan 10.5%,
Singapore 10.5%, Thailand 6.2%, Hong Kong 4% (2004)

Virgin Islands
US, Puerto Rico

Wallis and Futuna
France 97%, Australia 2%, New Zealand 1%

West Bank
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)

Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts

World
Germany 9.4%, US 9.3%, China 8.5%, Japan 6.5%, France 4.5%
(2004)

Yemen
UAE 12.2%, Saudi Arabia 9.7%, China 8.8%, France 7.3%, India
4.4%, US 4.4%, Kuwait 4.2% (2004)

Zambia
South Africa 46.2%, UK 14.2%, UAE 7.1%, Zimbabwe 6% (2004)

Zimbabwe
South Africa 46.9%, Botswana 3.6%, UK 3.4% (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2062 Economic aid - donor

Australia
ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)

Austria
ODA, $520 million (2002)

Belgium
ODA, $1.072 billion (2002)

Canada
ODA, $2 billion (2004)

Denmark
ODA, $1.63 billion (1999)

Finland
ODA, $379 million (2001)

France
ODA, $5.4 billion (2002)

Germany
ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)

Iceland
$NA

Ireland
ODA, $283 million (2001)

Italy
ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)

Japan
ODA, $7.9 billion (FY03/04)

Korea, South
ODA $334 million (2003)

Lesotho
ODA $4.4 million

Luxembourg
ODA, $147 million (2002)

Netherlands
ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)

New Zealand
ODA, $99.7 million

Norway
ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)

Portugal
ODA, $271 million (1995)

Saudi Arabia
pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of
Lebanon; since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for
assistance to the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development
in Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft
loans to Iraq

Spain
ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)

Sweden
ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)

Switzerland
ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)

United Arab Emirates
since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund
for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries
(2004)

United Kingdom
ODA, $4.2 billion (2004)

United States
ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2063 Constitution

Afghanistan
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January
2004; signed 16 January 2004

Albania
adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998

Algeria
19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3
November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996

American Samoa
ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967

Andorra
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991,
approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 4 May 1993

Angola
11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6
March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet
been approved

Anguilla
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981

Argentina
1 May 1853; revised August 1994

Armenia
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995

Aruba
1 January 1986

Australia
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Austria
1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)

Azerbaijan
adopted 12 November 1995

Bahamas, The
10 July 1973

Bahrain
new constitution 14 February 2002

Bangladesh
4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended
following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended
many times

Barbados
30 November 1966

Belarus
15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November
1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing
presidential term limits

Belgium
7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to
create a federal state

Belize
21 September 1981

Benin
December 1990

Bermuda
8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003

Bhutan
no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the
King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November
2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers; now awaiting
referendum

Bolivia
2 February 1967; revised in August 1994

Bosnia and Herzegovina
the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December
1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the
entities also has its own constitution

Botswana
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Brazil
5 October 1988

British Virgin Islands
1 June 1977

Brunei
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1
January 1984)

Bulgaria
adopted 12 July 1991

Burkina Faso
2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991
formally adopted; amended April 2000

Burma
3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national
convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but
collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include
participation of democratic opposition

Burundi
13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural
political system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional
constitution approved by the parliament which extended the
transition; a 28 February 2005 popular referendum ratified the new
constitution which set ethnic quotas for government positions, and
tentatively scheduled general elections for April 2005

Cambodia
promulgated 21 September 1993

Cameroon
20 May 1972 approved by referendum, 2 June 1972 formally
adopted; revised January 1996

Canada
made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial
decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution
consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a
federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April
1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from
Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments

Cape Verde
new constitution came into force 25 September 1992;
underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially
increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in
1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de
Justica)

Cayman Islands
1959; revised 1972 and 1992

Central African Republic
passed by referendum 5 December 2004

Chad
passed by referendum 31 March 1996

Chile
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July
1989, 1993, and 1997

China
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982

Christmas Island
Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23
November 1953)

Colombia
5 July 1991

Comoros
23 December 2001

Congo, Democratic Republic of the new constitution adopted 17 July 2003

Congo, Republic of the
approved by referendum 20 January 2002

Cook Islands
4 August 1965

Costa Rica
7 November 1949

Cote d'Ivoire
new constitution adopted 4 August 2000

Croatia
adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001

Cuba
24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002

Cyprus
16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no
longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the
basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for
better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in
1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985

Czech Republic
ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993

Denmark
5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major
overhaul of 5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a
female chief of state

Djibouti
multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September
1992

Dominica
3 November 1978

Dominican Republic
28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002

East Timor
22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)

Ecuador
10 August 1998

Egypt
11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980

El Salvador
23 December 1983

Equatorial Guinea
approved by national referendum 17 November 1991;
amended January 1995

Eritrea
a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was
replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet
implemented

Estonia
adopted 28 June 1992

Ethiopia
ratified December 1994, effective 22 August 1995

European Union
based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris,
which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951;
the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community
(EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957;
the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union
(Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the
Treaty of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty,
signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for
ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum
before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in
French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 caused a suspension of
the ratification process

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998

Faroe Islands
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Fiji
promulgated on 25 July 1990; amended on 25 July 1997 to allow
nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty
government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998

Finland
1 March 2000

France
adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October
1958; amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to
comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam
Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in
1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to
a five-year term

French Guiana
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

French Polynesia
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Gabon
adopted 14 March 1991

Gambia, The
24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and
approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January
1997

Georgia
adopted 24 August 1995

Germany
23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the
united German people 3 October 1990

Ghana
approved 28 April 1992

Gibraltar
30 May 1969

Greece
11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001

Greenland
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Grenada
19 December 1973

Guadeloupe
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Guam
Organic Act of 1 August 1950

Guatemala
31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended
25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993
following ouster of president; amended November 1993

Guernsey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Guinea
23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)

Guinea-Bissau
16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26
February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996

Guyana
6 October 1980

Haiti
approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles
reinstated March 1989; in October 1991 government claimed to be
observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in
October 1994

Holy See (Vatican City) new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)

Honduras
11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995

Hong Kong
Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National
People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"

Hungary
18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April
1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals
and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and
also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997
amendment streamlined the judicial system

Iceland
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times

India
26 January 1950; amended many times

Indonesia
August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Iran
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the
presidency and eliminate the prime ministership

Iraq
interim constitution signed 8 March 2004; note - the
Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) was enacted 8 March 2004 to
govern the country until an elected Iraqi Government can draft and
ratify a new constitution in 2005

Ireland
adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937

Israel
no formal constitution; some of the functions of a
constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),
the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli
citizenship law

Italy
passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended
many times

Jamaica
6 August 1962

Japan
3 May 1947

Jersey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Jordan
1 January 1952; amended 1974, 1976, 1984

Kazakhstan
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January
1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995

Kenya
12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with
amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001

Kiribati
12 July 1979

Korea, North
adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972,
revised again in April 1992, and September 1998

Korea, South
17 July 1948

Kuwait
approved and promulgated 11 November 1962

Kyrgyzstan
adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by
President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February
2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at the
expense of the legislature

Laos
promulgated 14 August 1991

Latvia
15 February 1922; an October 1998 amendment on Fundamental
Human Rights replaced the 1991 Constitutional Law, which had
supplemented the constitution

Lebanon
23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently
Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of
October 1989

Lesotho
2 April 1993

Liberia
6 January 1986

Libya
11 December 1969; amended 2 March 1977

Liechtenstein
5 October 1921

Lithuania
adopted 25 October 1992

Luxembourg
17 October 1868; occasional revisions

Macau
Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's
Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"

Macedonia
adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991;
amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments
strengthening minority rights

Madagascar
19 August 1992 by national referendum

Malawi
18 May 1994

Malaysia
31 August 1957; amended 16 September 1963

Maldives
adopted 1 January 1998

Mali
adopted 12 January 1992

Malta
1964 constitution; amended many times

Man, Isle of
unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of
1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution

Marshall Islands
1 May 1979

Martinique
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Mauritania
12 July 1991

Mauritius
12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Mayotte
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Mexico
5 February 1917

Micronesia, Federated States of
10 May 1979

Moldova
new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August
1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979

Monaco
17 December 1962

Mongolia
12 February 1992

Montserrat
effective 19 December 1989

Morocco
10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create
bicameral legislature) September 1996

Mozambique
30 November 1990

Namibia
ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990

Nauru
29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)

Nepal
9 November 1990

Netherlands
adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002

Netherlands Antilles
29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the
Netherlands, as amended

New Caledonia
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

New Zealand
consists of a series of legal documents, including
certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The
Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter;
adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987

Nicaragua
9 January 1987; reforms in 1995 and 2000

Niger
new constitution adopted 18 July 1999

Nigeria
new constitution adopted May 1999

Niue
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)

Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island Act of 1979

Northern Mariana Islands
Constitution of the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant
Agreement effective 4 November 1986

Norway
17 May 1814; amended many times

Oman
none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal
decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a
constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal
succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from
holding interests in companies doing business with the government,
establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil
liberties for Omani citizens

Pakistan
12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with
amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31
December 2002; amended 31 December 2003

Palau
1 January 1981

Panama
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and
2004

Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975

Paraguay
promulgated 20 June 1992

Peru
31 December 1993

Philippines
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Pitcairn Islands
30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional
reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance
of 1964

Poland
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997, passed by
national referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997

Portugal
25 April 1976; revised many times

Puerto Rico
ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July
1952, effective 25 July 1952

Qatar
ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by
the Emir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005

Reunion
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Romania
8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003

Russia
adopted 12 December 1993

Rwanda
new constitution adopted 4 June 2003

Saint Helena
1 January 1989

Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983

Saint Lucia
22 February 1979

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979

Samoa
1 January 1962

San Marino
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
functions of a constitution

Sao Tome and Principe
approved March 1990, effective 10 September
1990

Saudi Arabia
governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic
Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities
was introduced in 1993

Senegal
new constitution adopted 7 January 2001

Serbia and Montenegro
4 February 2003

Seychelles
18 June 1993

Sierra Leone
1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times

Singapore
3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State
of Singapore Constitution)

Slovakia
ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993;
changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president;
amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU
membership

Slovenia
adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991

Solomon Islands
7 July 1978

Somalia
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as
the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing

South Africa
10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified
by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then
President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3
February 1997; it is being implemented in phases

Spain
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Sri Lanka
adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; new
constitution proposed in 2002

Sudan
12 April 1973; suspended following coup of 6 April 1985;
interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of
30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially
suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR

Suriname
ratified 30 September 1987

Swaziland
a constitution was due to be adopted in November 2003 but
was delayed and scheduled for early 2005

Sweden
1 January 1975

Switzerland
revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal
Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999,
officially entered into force 1 January 2000

Syria
13 March 1973

Taiwan
25 December 1946; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2000

Tajikistan
6 November 1994

Tanzania
25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Thailand
new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997

Togo
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the
Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Tokelau
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended
in 1970

Tonga
4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967

Trinidad and Tobago
1 August 1976

Tunisia
1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002

Turkey
7 November 1982

Turkmenistan
adopted 18 May 1992

Turks and Caicos Islands introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988

Tuvalu
1 October 1978

Uganda
8 October 1995

Ukraine
adopted 28 June 1996

United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)

United Kingdom
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and
practice

United States
17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789

Uruguay
27 November 1966, effective February 1967; suspended 27 June
1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two
constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7
January 1997

Uzbekistan
new constitution adopted 8 December 1992

Vanuatu
30 July 1980

Venezuela
30 December 1999

Vietnam
15 April 1992

Virgin Islands
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954

Wallis and Futuna
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Yemen
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Zambia
24 August 1991

Zimbabwe
21 December 1979

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2064 Economic aid - recipient

Afghanistan
international pledges made by more than 60 countries and
international financial institutions at the Berlin Donors Conference
for Afghan reconstruction in March 2004 reached $8.9 billion for
2004-09

Albania
ODA: $315 million (top donors were Italy, EU, Germany) (2000
est.)

Algeria
$122.8 million (2002 est.)

American Samoa
important financial support from the US, more than
$40 million in 1994

Andorra
none

Angola
$383.5 million (1999)

Anguilla
$9 million (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
$2.3 million (1995)

Argentina
$10 billion (2001 est.)

Armenia
ODA $170 million (2000)

Aruba
$26 million (1995); note - the Netherlands provided a $127
million aid package to Aruba and Suriname in 1996

Azerbaijan
ODA, $140 million (2000 est.)

Bahamas, The
$9.8 million (1995)

Bahrain
$150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from
each of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait (2002)

Bangladesh
$1.575 billion (2000 est.)

Barbados
$9.1 million (1995)

Belarus
$194.3 million (1995)

Belize
NA

Benin
$342.6 million (2000)

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
substantial aid from India and other nations

Bolivia
$681 million (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$650 million (2001 est.)

Botswana
$73 million (1995)

Brazil
$30 billion (2002)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
NA

Bulgaria
$300 million (2000 est.)

Burkina Faso
$484.1 million (1995)

Burma
$127 million (2001 est.)

Burundi
$92.7 million (2000)

Cambodia
$504 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for
2005 by international donors

Cameroon
on 23 January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduce
Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million; debt relief now
totals $1.26 billion

Cape Verde
$136 million (1999)

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
ODA $73 million; note - traditional budget
subsidies from France (2000 est.)

Chad
$238.3 million received; note - $125 million committed by
Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development
Bank; ODA $150 million (2001 est.)

Chile
ODA, $0 (2002)

China
NA

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
NA

Comoros
$10 million (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$195.3 million (1995)

Congo, Republic of the
$159.1 million (1995)

Cook Islands
$13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish
the greater part (1995)

Cote d'Ivoire
ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)

Croatia
ODA $166.5 million (2002)

Cuba
$68.2 million (1997 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus - $17 million (1998); north Cyprus - $700
million from Turkey in grants and loans, which are usually forgiven
(2003)

Czech Republic
$2.4 billion in available EU structural adjustment
and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Djibouti
$36 million (2001)

Dominica
$22.8 million (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
$239.6 million (1995)

East Timor
$2.2 billion (1999-2002 est.)

Ecuador
$216 million (2002)

Egypt
ODA, $1.12 billion (2002)

El Salvador
$125 million of which, $53 million from US (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
$33.8 million (1995)

Eritrea
$77 million (1999)

Estonia
$108 million (2000)

Ethiopia
$308 million (FY00/01)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$0 (1997 est.)

Faroe Islands
$135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)

Fiji
$40.3 million (1995)

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
$367 million (1997)

Gabon
$331 million (1995)

Gambia, The
$45.4 million (1995)

Gaza Strip
$2 billion (includes West Bank) (2004 est.)

Georgia
ODA $150 million (2000 est.)

Ghana
$6.9 billion (1999)

Gibraltar
$NA

Greece
$8 billion from EU (2000-06)

Greenland
$380 million subsidy from Denmark (1997)

Grenada
$8.3 million (1995)

Guadeloupe
NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies (2004)

Guam
Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal
Treasury ($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no income
or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress,
the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal
income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees
stationed in Guam (2001 est.)

Guatemala
$250 million (2000 est.)

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
$359.2 million (1998)

Guinea-Bissau
$115.4 million (1995)

Guyana
$84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative
(HIPC) $253 million (1997)

Haiti
$150 million (FY04 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
$557.8 million (1999)

Hungary
$4.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)

India
$2.9 billion (FY98/99)

Indonesia
$43 billion
note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still
receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia
(CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and
again in 2005; nearly $4 billion in aid money pledged by a variety
of foreign governments and other groups following the 2004 tsunami;
money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh.

Iran
$408 million (2002 est.)

Iraq
more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004)

Israel
$662 million from US (2003 est.)

Jamaica
$16 million (2003)

Jersey
none

Jordan
ODA, $500 million (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000
(FY2004)

Kenya
$453 million (1997)

Kiribati
$15.5 million largely from UK and Japan (2001 est.)

Korea, North
NA; note - over $117 million in food aid through the
World Food Program in 2003 plus additional aid from bilateral donors
and non-governmental organizations

Kuwait
NA (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
$50 million from the US (2001)

Laos
$243 million (2001 est.)

Latvia
$96.2 million (1995)

Lebanon
$2.2 billion received (2003), out of the $4.2 billion in
soft loans pledged at the November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference

Lesotho
$41.5 million (2000)

Liberia
$94 million (1999)

Libya
$4.4 million ODA (2002)

Liechtenstein
none

Lithuania
$228.5 million (1995)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
$250 million (2003 est.)

Madagascar
$354 million (2001)

Malawi
$540 million (1999)

Maldives
NA (1995)

Mali
$596.4 million (2001)

Malta
NA

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
more than $1 billion from the US, 1986-2002

Martinique
NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)

Mauritania
$220 million (2000)

Mauritius
$42 million (1997)

Mayotte
$107.7 million; note - extensive French financial assistance
(1995)

Mexico
$1.166 billion (1995)

Micronesia, Federated States of under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid has been subsequently reduced

Moldova
$100 million (2000)

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
$215 million (2003)

Montserrat
Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for
spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)

Morocco
ODA $218 million (2002)

Mozambique
$632.8 million (2001)

Namibia
ODA $160 million (2000 est.)

Nauru
$2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.)

Nepal
$424 million (FY00/01)

Netherlands Antilles
IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the
Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2000)

New Caledonia
$880 million annual subsidy from France (1998)

Nicaragua
$541.8 million (2003)

Niger
$341 million (1997)

Nigeria
IMF $250 million (1998)

Niue
$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
extensive funding from US

Oman
$76.4 million (1995)

Pakistan
$2.4 billion (FY01/02)

Palau
$155.8 million ; note - the Compact of Free Association with
the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1
October 1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over
15 years in return for furnishing military facilities

Panama
$197.1 million (1995)

Papua New Guinea
$400 million (1999 est.)

Paraguay
NA

Peru
$491 million (2002)

Philippines
ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004)

Pitcairn Islands
$3.465 million (2004)

Poland
$17 billion in available EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)

Puerto Rico
NA (2001)

Qatar
NA

Reunion
NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001
est.)

Russia
in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in
non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000
est.)

Rwanda
$372.9 million (1999)

Saint Helena
$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$8 million (2001)

Saint Lucia
$51.8 million (1995)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
approximately $60 million in annual grants
from France

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$47.5 million (1995); note - EU
$34.5 million (1998)

Samoa
$42.9 million (1995)

San Marino
$NA

Sao Tome and Principe $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Senegal $362.6 million (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)

Seychelles
$16.4 million (1995)

Sierra Leone
$103 million (2001 est.)

Singapore
NA

Slovakia
$2.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)

Slovenia
ODA, $62 million (2000 est.)

Solomon Islands
$28 million annually, mainly from Australia (2003
est.)

Somalia
$60 million (1999 est.)

South Africa
$487.5 million (2000)

Sri Lanka
$577 million (1998)

Sudan
$172 million (2001)

Suriname
Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program
assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million
(1998)

Svalbard
$8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Swaziland
$104 million (2001)

Syria
$180 million (2002 est.)

Tajikistan
$60.7 million from US (2001)

Tanzania
$1.2 billion (2001)

Thailand
$72 million (2002)

Togo
ODA $80 million (2000 est.)

Tokelau
from New Zealand about $4 million annually

Tonga
Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)

Trinidad and Tobago
$24 million (1999 est.)

Tunisia
$114.6 million (2002)

Turkey
ODA, $635.8 million (2002)

Turkmenistan
$16 million from the US (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$4.1 million (1997)

Tuvalu
$13 million; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and
the US (1999 est.)

Uganda
$1.4 billion (2000)

Ukraine
$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2
billion (1998)

Uruguay
NA

Uzbekistan
$87.4 million from the US (2003)

Vanuatu
$27.5 million (2002)

Venezuela
$74 million (2000)

Vietnam
$2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international
donors for 2000 (2004)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
assistance from France

West Bank
$2 billion (includes Gaza Strip) (2004 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
$154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)

Yemen
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements) (2003-07 disbursements)

Zambia
$651 million (2000 est.)

Zimbabwe
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2065 Currency (code)

Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)

Albania
lek (ALL)

Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)

American Samoa
US dollar (USD)

Andorra
euro (EUR)

Angola
kwanza (AOA)

Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)

Armenia
dram (AMD)

Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)

Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)

Austria
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only
legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)

Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)

Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Bangladesh
taka (BDT)

Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)

Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Belgium
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)

Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)

Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka (BAM)

Botswana
pula (BWP)

Brazil
real (BRL)

British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)

Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)

Bulgaria
lev (BGL)

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Burma
kyat (MMK)

Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)

Cambodia
riel (KHR)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)

China
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)

Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)

Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)

Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States

Cook Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Croatia
kuna (HRK)

Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot
area: Turkish lira (TRL)

Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)

Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)

Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)

East Timor
US dollar (USD)

Ecuador
US dollar (USD)

Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)

El Salvador
US dollar (USD)

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)

Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)

Ethiopia
birr (ETB)

European Union
euro, British pound, Danish kroner, Swedish kroner,
Cypriot pound, koruny (Czech Republic), krooni (Estonia), forint
(Hungary), lati (Latvia), litai (Lithuania), Maltese liri, zloty
(Poland), koruny (Slovakia), tolar (Slovenia)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)

Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)

Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)

Finland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

France
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

French Guiana
euro (EUR)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)

Georgia
lari (GEL)

Germany
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Ghana
cedi (GHC)

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)

Greece
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Greenland
Danish krone (DKK)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Guadeloupe
euro (EUR)

Guam
US dollar (USD)

Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed

Guernsey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound

Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African
States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used

Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Haiti
gourde (HTG)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)

Honduras
lempira (HNL)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

Hungary
forint (HUF)

Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)

India
Indian rupee (INR)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)

Iraq
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004

Ireland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS

Italy
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Japan
yen (JPY)

Jersey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)

Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)

Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)

Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)

Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KD)

Kyrgyzstan

Laos
kip (LAK)

Latvia
Latvian lat (LVL)

Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)

Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)

Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)

Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)

Lithuania
litas (LTL)

Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Macau
pataca (MOP)

Macedonia
Macedonian denar (MKD)

Madagascar
Madagascar ariary (MGA)

Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)

Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Malta
Maltese lira (MTL)

Man, Isle of
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound

Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)

Martinique
euro (EUR)

Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Mayotte
euro (EUR)

Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)

Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)

Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)

Monaco
euro (EUR)

Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Mozambique
metical (MZM)

Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)

Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Netherlands
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Nigeria
naira (NGN)

Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)

Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)

Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)

Oman
Omani rial (OMR)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Palau
US dollar (USD)

Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)

Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)

Paraguay
guarani (PYG)

Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)

Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Poland
zloty (PLN)

Portugal
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)

Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)

Reunion
euro (EUR)

Romania
leu (ROL)

Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)

Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Samoa
tala (SAT)

San Marino
euro (EUR)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro
the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav
dinar are legal

Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)

Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)

Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)

Slovenia
tolar (SIT)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)

South Africa
rand (ZAR)

Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Suriname
Surinam dollar (SRD)

Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)

Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)

Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)

Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)

Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)

Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Tajikistan
somoni

Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Thailand
baht (THB)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)

Turkey
Turkish lira (TRL), New Turkish lira (YTL) after 1 January
2005

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)

Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)

Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar

Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)

United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)

United States
US dollar (USD)

Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sum (UZS)

Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)

Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)

Vietnam
dong (VND)

Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan
20.75 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Albania
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Algeria
4.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

American Samoa
3.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Andorra
6.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Angola
25.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Anguilla
5.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Argentina
7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Armenia
8.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Aruba
6.57 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Australia
7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Austria
9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahrain
4.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Barbados
9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belarus
14.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belgium
10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belize
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Benin
13.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bermuda
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bhutan
12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bolivia
7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Botswana
29.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brazil
6.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brunei
3.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
14.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burma
12.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burundi
17.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cambodia
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cameroon
15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Canada
7.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
20.27 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chad
16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chile
5.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

China
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
5.59 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Comoros
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
14.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
14.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Croatia
11.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cuba
7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cyprus
7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Denmark
10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Djibouti
19.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominica
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

East Timor
6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ecuador
4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Egypt
5.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

El Salvador
5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Eritrea
13.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Estonia
13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

European Union
10.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population (2005
est.)

Faroe Islands
8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Fiji
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Finland
9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

France
9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Guiana
4.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
4.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gabon
11.72 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
11.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
3.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Georgia
9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Germany
10.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ghana
10.84 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
9.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greece
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greenland
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Grenada
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guam
4.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guatemala
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guernsey
9.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea
15.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guyana
8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Haiti
12.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Honduras
6.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hungary
13.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iceland
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

India
8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Indonesia
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iran
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iraq
5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ireland
7.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Israel
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Italy
10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jamaica
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Japan
8.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jersey
9.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jordan
2.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kenya
14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kiribati
8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, North
7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, South
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kuwait
2.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Laos
11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Latvia
13.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lebanon
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lesotho
25.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liberia
17.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lithuania
10.92 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macau
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macedonia
8.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Madagascar
11.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malawi
23.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malaysia
5.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Maldives
7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mali
19.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malta
8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
11.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Martinique
6.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritania
12.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritius
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mayotte
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mexico
4.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 4.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Moldova
12.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Monaco
12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mongolia
7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Montserrat
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Morocco
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mozambique
20.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Namibia
18.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nauru
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nepal
9.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Zealand
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niger
21.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nigeria
17.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Norway
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Oman
3.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pakistan
8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Palau
6.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Panama
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
7.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Paraguay
4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Peru
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Philippines
5.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Portugal
10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Qatar
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Reunion
5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Romania
11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Russia
14.52 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Rwanda
16.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Samoa
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

San Marino
8.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Senegal
10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
10.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Seychelles
6.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
20.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Singapore
4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovakia
9.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovenia
10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
3.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Somalia
16.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

South Africa
21.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Spain
9.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sudan
9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Suriname
7.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population

Swaziland
25.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sweden
10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Switzerland
8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Syria
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Taiwan
6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tanzania
16.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Thailand
7.02 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Togo
11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tunisia
5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkey
5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uganda
12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ukraine
16.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
10.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United States
8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uruguay
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Venezuela
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vietnam
6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population

West Bank
3.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population

World
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Yemen
8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zambia
20.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
24.66 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure

Afghanistan
$188.4 million (2004)

Albania
$56.5 million (FY02)

Algeria
$2.48 billion (2004)

Angola
$183.58 million (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
$4.3 billion (FY99)

Armenia
$135 million (FY01)

Australia
$16.65 billion (2004)

Austria
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)

Azerbaijan
$121 million (FY99)

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
$628.9 million (2004)

Bangladesh
$995.3 million (2004)

Barbados
NA

Belarus
$176.1 million (FY02)

Belgium
$3.999 billion (2003)

Belize
$18 million (2003)

Benin
$96.5 million (2004)

Bermuda
$4.03 million (2001)

Bhutan
$13.7 million (2004)

Bolivia
$132.2 million (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$234.3 million (FY02)

Botswana
$338.5 million (2004)

Brazil
$11 billion (2004)

Brunei
$290.7 million (2004)

Bulgaria
$356 million (FY02)

Burkina Faso
$64.2 million (2004)

Burma
$39 million (FY97)

Burundi
$38.7 million (2004)

Cambodia
$112 million (FY01 est.)

Cameroon
$221.1 million (2004)

Canada
$9,801.7 million (2003)

Cape Verde
$14.1 million (2004)

Central African Republic
$15.5 million (2004)

Chad
$101.3 million (2004)

Chile
$3.42 billion (2004)

China
$67.49 billion (2004)

Colombia
$3.3 billion (FY01)

Comoros
$11.6 million (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$93.5 million (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
$126.5 million (2004)

Costa Rica
$64.2 million (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
$180.2 million (2004)

Croatia
$620 million (2004)

Cuba
$572.3 million (2003)

Cyprus
$384 million (FY02)

Czech Republic
$2.17 billion (2004)

Denmark
$3,271.6 million (2003)

Djibouti
$28.6 million (2004)

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
$180 million (1998)

East Timor
$4.4 million (FY03)

Ecuador
$655 million (2004)

Egypt
$2.44 billion (2003)

El Salvador
$157 million (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
$126.2 million (2004)

Eritrea
$151 million (2004)

Estonia
$155 million (2002 est.)

Ethiopia
$337.1 million (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
$NA

Fiji
$36 million (2004)

Finland
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)

France
$45,238.1 million (2003)

French Guiana
$NA

Gabon
$184.8 million (2004)

Gambia, The
$1 million (2004)

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
$23 million (FY00)

Germany
$35.063 billion (2003)

Ghana
$49.2 million (2004)

Greece
$5.89 billion (2004)

Grenada
NA

Guatemala
$201.9 million (2004)

Guinea
$56.7 million (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
$8.9 million (2004)

Guyana
$6.5 million (2003)

Haiti
$26 million (2003)

Honduras
$100.6 million (2004)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA

Hungary
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)

Iceland
0

India
$18.86 billion (2005)

Indonesia
$1.3 billion (2004)

Iran
$4.3 billion (2003 est.)

Iraq
$1.3 billion (FY00)

Ireland
$700 million (FY00/01)

Israel
$9.11 billion (FY03)

Italy
$28,182.8 million (2003)

Jamaica
$31.2 million (2003)

Japan
$45.841 billion (2004)

Jordan
$1.46 billion (2004)

Kazakhstan
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya
$177.1 million (2004)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
$5,217.4 million (FY02)

Korea, South
$16.18 billion (2004)

Kuwait
$2,584.5 million (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
$19.2 million (FY01)

Laos
$10.7 million (2004)

Latvia
$87 million (FY01)

Lebanon
$540.6 million (2002) (2004)

Lesotho
$32.3 million (2004)

Liberia
$1.5 million (2004)

Libya
$1.3 billion (FY99)

Lithuania
$230.8 million (FY01)

Luxembourg
$231.6 million (2003)

Macedonia
$200 million (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar
$44.6 million (2004)

Malawi
$11.1 million (2004)

Malaysia
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)

Maldives
$41.1 million (2004)

Mali
$22.4 million (2004)

Malta
$31.1 million (2004)

Marshall Islands
NA

Mauritania
$20.8 million (2004)

Mauritius
$12.5 million (2004)

Mexico
$6.043 billion (2004)

Moldova
$8.7 million (2004)

Mongolia
$23.1 million (FY02)

Morocco
$2,305.6 million (2003)

Mozambique
$117.3 million (2004)

Namibia
$168.4 million (2004)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
$99.2 million (2004)

Netherlands
$9.408 billion (2004)

New Caledonia
$NA

New Zealand
$1.147 billion (FY03/04)

Nicaragua
$32.8 million (2004)

Niger
$33.3 million (2004)

Nigeria
$544.6 million (2004)

Norway
$4,033.5 million (2003)

Oman
$252.99 million (2004)

Pakistan
$3.848 billion (2004)

Palau
NA

Panama
$147 million (2004)

Papua New Guinea
$16.9 million (2003)

Paraguay
$53.1 million (2004)

Peru
$829.3 million (2003)

Philippines
$805.5 million (2004)

Poland
$3.5 billion (2002)

Portugal
$3,497.8 million (2003)

Qatar
$723 million (FY00)

Romania
$985 million (2002)

Russia
NA

Rwanda
$50.1 million (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

San Marino
$700,000 (FY00/01)

Sao Tome and Principe
$700,000 (2004)

Saudi Arabia
$18 billion (2002)

Senegal
$107.3 million (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
$654 million (2002)

Seychelles
$12.3 million (2004)

Sierra Leone
$13.2 million (2004)

Singapore
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)

Slovakia
$406 million (2002)

Slovenia
$370 million (FY00)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
$18.9 million (2003)

South Africa
$3.172 billion (2004)

Spain
$9,906.5 million (2003)

Sri Lanka
$514.8 million (2004)

Sudan
$587 million (2001 est.) (2004)

Suriname
$7.5 million (2003)

Swaziland
$40.5 million (2004)

Sweden
$5.729 billion (2004)

Switzerland
$2.548 billion (FY01)

Syria
$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data
that may understate actual spending

Taiwan
$7.574 billion (2003)

Tajikistan
$35.4 million (FY01)

Tanzania
$20.6 million (2004)

Thailand
$1.775 billion (FY00)

Togo
$35.5 million (2004)

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
$66.7 million (2003)

Tunisia
$356 million (FY99)

Turkey
$12.155 billion (2003)

Turkmenistan
$90 million (FY99)

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
$170.3 million (2004)

Ukraine
$617.9 million (FY02)

United Arab Emirates
$1.6 billion (FY00)

United Kingdom
$42,836.5 million (2003)

United States
$370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)

Uruguay
$257.5 million (2004)

Uzbekistan
$200 million (FY97)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
$1.687 billion (2004)

Vietnam
$650 million (FY98)

West Bank
NA

World
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained
at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion
dollars (1999 est.)

Yemen
$885.5 million (2003)

Zambia
$106.8 million (2004)

Zimbabwe
$217 million (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2068 Dependent areas

Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint
Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Turks and Caicos Islands

United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2070 Disputes - international

Afghanistan
the UN has been able to repatriate over two million
Afghan refugees but several million more continue to reside in Iran
and Pakistan in camps and elsewhere, many at their own choosing;
Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal
areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other
illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani
and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments; occasional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements
with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands
of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other
developed countries

Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border
with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation
has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in
an attempt to improve relations after unilaterally imposing a visa
requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the
requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco

American Samoa
none

Andorra
none

Angola
90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004, the
remaining refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and
Zambia are expected to return in 2005; many Cabinda exclave
secessionists have sought shelter in neighboring states

Anguilla
none

Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in Government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some
overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many
other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made
no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so);
no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in
Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their
continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

Antigua and Barbuda
none

Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Argentina
Argentina claims the UK-administered Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in
its constitution; it briefly occupied the Falklands in 1982, but in
1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim
in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see
Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,
smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising
for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and
Uruguay over Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves
the tripoint with Argentina in question

Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains
closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands
of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment

Aruba
none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia closed the surrounding waters to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia
East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree
over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share
unexploited petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint
Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty;
East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary
with Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute);
regional states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of
a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime indentification zone; Australia
asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in
2004 Australia submitted claims to UNCLOS to extend its continental
margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims

Austria
none

Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and
Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on
dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the
Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the alignment of
their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The
have not been able to agree on the alignment of a
maritime boundary with the US; continues to monitor and interdict
Haitian refugees fleeing economic privation and political instability

Bahrain
none

Baker Island
none

Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are
missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;
Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

Barbados
in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to
compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding
award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and
Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian
waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing;
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which
permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea

Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar

Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; boundary with Latvia remains undemarcated but a
third of the border with Lithuania was demarcated in 2004

Belgium
none

Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely
uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS is
attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that created a
small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in
Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and
substantial US-UK financial package

Benin
two villages remain in dispute along the border with Burkina
Faso; accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated, and the states expect a ruling in 2005 from the ICJ
over the disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; a joint task force
was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the
maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Nigeria, including the
sovereignty over seven villages along the Okpara River; a joint
boundary commission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to
verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones

Bermuda
none

Bhutan
approximately 104,000 Bhutanese refugees live in Nepal, 90%
of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian
separatists

Bolivia
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for
Bolivian natural gas and other commodities

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on several small disputed sections of the boundary

Botswana
commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve
small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the
Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana
residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango
hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built
electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to
find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long
supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between
Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,
thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited
Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island
none

Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to
UNCLOS to extend its maritime continental margin

British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in
Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation since eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians'
demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is
complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that
restricts access to the largest island in the chain

British Virgin Islands
none

Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have
stalemated prompting consideration of international legal
adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is
in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone
encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but
makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria
none

Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and
Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local
fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering
Ivoirian rebels

Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens
flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and
Burmese troops, in 2004 Thailand sheltered about 118,000 Burmese
refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese
hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern
over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation
from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote
Burmese uplands

Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural
resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but
localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000
peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004;
although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as
of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in
western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute
sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai
encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with
Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear
temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004
Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions
reerect missing markers completing most of their demarcations

Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission,
which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally
and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of
the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of
the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime
boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined
coordinates, the unresolved Bakassi allocation, and a sovereignty
dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the
mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakasi Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces
while much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only
Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's
admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes
Chad and Niger

Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater
cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Cape Verde
none

Cayman Islands
none

Central African Republic
about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002
civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic
skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral
populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad
since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have
driven about 200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; Chad
remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty which also includes Chad and Niger

Chile
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to
Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its
latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line
with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean
Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims

China
in 2005, China and India initiate drafting principles to
resolve all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial
disputes together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to
consolidate discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, and other matters; recent talks and
confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over
Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized
territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration
of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad
Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's
ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; about 90,000 ethnic
Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India as well as Nepal and
Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together
with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally
binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; in March 2005, the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed
a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam
and Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting
both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an
uncontested dispute with North Korea and a section of boundary
around Mount Paektu is considered indefinite; China seeks to stem
illegal migration of tens of thousands of North Koreans; in 2004,
China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and
Argun Rivers, ending a century-old border dispute; demarcation of
the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime
boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June
2004, implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma
and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province

Christmas Island
none

Clipperton Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands
near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,
guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its
neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with
over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into
neighboring states

Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte

Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over 14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the remainder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DROC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the DROC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Congo, Republic of the
about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing
internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in
the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands
none

Coral Sea Islands
none

Costa Rica
legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on
the border with Nicaragua remains unresolved

Cote d'Ivoire
rebel and ethnic fighting against the central
government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out
foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted
in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote
d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country;
the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of
supporting Ivorian rebels

Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
several small disputed sections of the boundary; the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as
a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform
to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and
commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close
cross-border ties with Croatia

Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot
Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the
1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in
Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and
south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots
later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on
24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities
voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve
the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the thirty-year
division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus
Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,
Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body
of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the
north

Czech Republic
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten
Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with
their expulsion after World War II

Denmark
Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line;
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; although most of the 26,000 Somali
refugees in Djibouti who fled civil unrest in the early 1990s have
returned, several thousand still await repatriation in UNHCR camps

Dominica
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim
that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico
to find work

East Timor
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has
maintained about a thousand peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002;
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey,
and delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the
northern maritime boundaries; many of 28,000 East Timorese refugees
still residing in Indonesia in 2003 have returned, but many continue
to refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australia continue to meet
but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and
share unexploited potential petroleum resources that fall outside
the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea
Treaty; dispute with Australia also hampers creation of a southern
maritime boundary with Indonesia

Ecuador
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate
across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to
flee into Ecuador in 2004

Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since
the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in
October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with
Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to
some 70,000 persons who identify as Palestinians but who largely
lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition as
refugees

El Salvador
in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, but
despite OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ
decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been
pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; since 2000, the UN Peacekeeping
Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitors the 25km-wide
Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea until the demarcation; Sudan
accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea
protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea
by the ICJ in 1999

Estonia
in 1996, the Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was
initialed but both states have been hesitant to sign and ratify it,
with Russia asserting that Estonia needs to better assimilate
Russian-speakers and Estonian groups pressing for realignment of the
boundary based more closely on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that
would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the
Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen
border rules

Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; Ethiopia has only an
administrative line and no international border with the Oromo
region of southern Somalia where it maintains alliances with local
clans in opposition to the unrecognized Somali Interim Government in
Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities and
trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; the UNHCR expects most of the
remaining 23,000 Somali refugees in Ethiopia to be repatriated in
2005; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been
delayed by civil war

Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar

European Union
the EU has no border disputes with neighboring
countries; it has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 13 EU
member states that have signed the convention implementing the
Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons
and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; the Schengen
agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into EU law with the
implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; member
states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden;
in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic
Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full
members in 2001), bringing the total current membership to 15; the
UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in some aspects
of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal
matters; the 10 new member states that joined the EU in 2004
eventually are expected to participate in Schengen, following a
transition period to upgrade their border controls and procedures

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Argentina, which claims the
islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by
force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force;
UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

Faroe Islands
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources
have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full
independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm

Fiji
none

Finland
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands

France
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius
claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the
French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a
territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu
claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia

French Guiana
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana

French Polynesia
none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the United States

Gabon
UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to
establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only
a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who
fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon

Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern
Senegal's Casamance region as well as from conflicts in other west
African states

Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw
from the Gaza Strip in 2005

Georgia
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common
border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime
boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as
the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in
Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a
peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;
boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups
in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the
Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the
alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Germany
none

Ghana
Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked
in the cocoa plantations and escaped rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Gibraltar
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar

Greece
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Greenland
uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland

Grenada
none

Guadeloupe
none

Guam
none

Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain
forests of Belize's border region; OAS is attempting to revive the
2002 failed Differendum that created a small adjustment to land
boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, a joint
ecological park for the disputed Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial
US-UK financial package; Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking
work or transit to the US

Guernsey
none

Guinea
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states has spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone pressures Guinea to remove its
forces from the town of Yenga occupied since 1998

Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region

Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS
arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over
the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich
waters

Haiti
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic
privation and civil unrest continue to cross into Dominican Republic
and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered
Navassa Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, but despite
OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation
of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a
tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca
with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ
ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims
Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a
joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in
the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is
attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in
1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute
over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea

Hong Kong
none

Howland Island
none

Hungary
in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special
social and cultural benefits and voted down a referendum to extend
dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring states,
which have objected to such measures; consultations continue between
Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary
must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Iceland
Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm

India
China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidating discussions related to the dispute
over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building
measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the
world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),
India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the
Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly
militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the
impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;
UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has
maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;
disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to
defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,
in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;
Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat
State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in
both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal
cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists
through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to
fence off high-traffic sections; dispute with Bangladesh over New
Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters
maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan
and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding
in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal
continues to demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India has
instituted a stricter border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents
and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the
sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu
Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a
1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of
their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award
of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime
boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating
in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the
Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert
claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands;
Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973
maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of
Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal
migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy
remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries
to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a
maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE engage
in direct talks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes
over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island; Iran
stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of
the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq

Ireland
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
announced its intention to pull out Israeli settlers and withdraw
from the Gaza Strip and four settlements in the northern West Bank
in 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the
Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350
peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice
agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist
other UN personnel in the region

Italy
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa

Jamaica
none

Jan Mayen
none

Japan
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do),
occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting

Jarvis Island
none

Jersey
none

Johnston Atoll
none

Jordan
2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending
demarcation

Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar

Kazakhstan
in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with
Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant
seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the
Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water
column among any of the littoral states

Kenya
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's
north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to
approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who
flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya's administrative limits extend
beyond the treaty border into the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle

Kingman Reef
none

Kiribati
none

Korea, North
China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of
thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and
political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty
of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of
boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military
Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has
separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime
disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea
supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima)

Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit
Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954

Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf

Kyrgyzstan
delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in
Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan;
delimitation is underway with Uzbekistan but serious disputes around
enclaves and elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of
border

Laos
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Laos and Thailand pledge to complete
demarcation of boundaries in 2005, while ongoing disputes over
squatters and boundary encroachment by Thailand including Mekong
River islets persist; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian boundary commission
agrees to re-erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces;
concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of
dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels

Latvia
the Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned
and unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of
ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement
to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second
World War and other issues; the Latvian parliament has not ratified
its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to
concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms
part of the EU's external border, Latvia must implement the strict
Schengen border rules

Lebanon
intense international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian
troops and intelligence personnel from Lebanon; Lebanese Government
claims Shab'a Farms area of Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the
roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been
in place since 1978

Lesotho
none

Liberia
although Liberia's domestic fighting among disparate rebel
groups, warlords, and youth gangs was declared over in 2003, civil
unrest persists, and in 2004, 133,000 Liberian refugees remained in
Guinea, 72,000 in Cote d'Ivoire, 67,000 in Sierra Leone, and 43,000
in Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in
Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone; since 2003, the UN Mission in
Liberia (UNMIL) has maintained about 18,000 peacekeepers in Liberia;
the Cote d'Ivoire Government accuses Liberia of supporting Ivoirian
rebels; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber

Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant
disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in
southern Libya

Liechtenstein
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property

Lithuania
in 2003, the Lithuania-Russia land and maritime boundary
treaty was ratified and a transit regime established through
Lithuania linking Russia and its Kaliningrad coastal exclave,
leaving only improvements to the border demarcation in 2005; by
2004, a third of the Belarus-Lithuania boundary had been demarcated;
the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary
treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Lithuania
must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Luxembourg
none

Macau
none

Macedonia
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the
boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia
and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject
the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)

Malawi
disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Malaysia
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands
together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly
Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is
not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;
Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on
conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore,
Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, maritime
boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih - but parties
agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ
awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and
Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with
Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a now
dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; in 2003,
Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed
offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated
prompting consideration of international adjudication; Malaysia's
land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy
remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Maldives
none

Mali
none

Malta
none

Man, Isle of
none

Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island

Martinique
none

Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in
recent years

Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship but no
right to patriation in the UK; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island

Mayotte
claimed by Comoros

Mexico
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices
and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing
arrangements with the US; the US has stepped up efforts to stem
nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world
from illegally crossing the border with Mexico

Micronesia, Federated States of
none

Midway Islands
none

Moldova
Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to
monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region
which remains under OSCE supervision

Monaco
none

Mongolia
none

Montserrat
none

Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions
have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting
limits on exploration and refugee interdiction since Morocco's 2002
rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from
the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching
areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa

Mozambique
none

Namibia
border commission has yet to resolve small residual disputes
with Botswana along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest
Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on
Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of
the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004
Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to
build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing
a short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia, boundary in the
river

Nauru
none

Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing

Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal
cross-border activities

Netherlands
none

Netherlands Antilles
none

New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu

New Zealand
asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross
Dependency) [see Antarctica]

Nicaragua
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; the
1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite
resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca,
which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over
navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica

Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant
dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated, and states expect a ruling in 2005
from the ICJ over the disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; only
Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's
admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes
Chad and Niger

Nigeria
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces
while much of the indigenous population opposes cession; in 2004,
some 17,000 Nigerian refugees fleeing ethnic conflicts between
pastoralists and farmers in 2002 still reside in Cameroon; the ICJ
ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial
Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but
imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision, the unresolved
Bakasi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial
Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River
all contribute to the delay in implementation; a joint task force
was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the
maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Benin on the Okpara
River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also
includes Chad and Niger

Niue
none

Norfolk Island
none

Northern Mariana Islands
none

Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents
Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone

Oman
boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah exclave, but details have not been made public

Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Pakistan
recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to
defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group
of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's
ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and
Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005
restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control;
Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's
building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir
to the World Bank for arbitration and in general the two states
still dispute Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and
prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan
resurveyed a portion of the disputed Sir Creek estuary at the mouth
of the Rann of Kutch in 2004; Pakistani maps continue to show
Junagadh in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan with UN
assistance had repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and has
undertaken a census to count the remaining million or more, many of
whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan maintains troops in
remote tribal areas to control the border with Afghanistan and root
out organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities;
regular meetings with Afghan and Coalition allies aim to resolve
periodic claims of boundary encroachments

Palau
border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,
Indonesia

Palmyra Atoll
none

Panama
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate
within the border region with Panama

Papua New Guinea
relies on assistance from Australia to keep out
illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and
secessionists

Paracel Islands
occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations

Peru
Peru proposes changing its latitudinal maritime boundary with
Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis; organized
illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's
shared border; Peru does not support Bolivia's claim to restore
maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the
Peruvian border

Philippines
The Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the
Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,
also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in
March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,
and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant
claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the
Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of
attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf

Pitcairn Islands
none

Poland
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Portugal
none

Puerto Rico
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year
looking for work

Qatar
none

Reunion
none

Romania
Romania and Ukraine have taken their dispute over
Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea
maritime boundary to the ICJ for adjudication; Romania also opposes
Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border
through Ukraine to the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law
extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians
in Romania, to which Romania had objected

Russia
in 2004, China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur,
Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, ending a century-old border dispute; the
sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri,
Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the
Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by
Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty
formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree
on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small,
strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE
observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the
Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed
treaties were signed and ratified with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in
the Caspian Sea but no consensus exists on dividing the water column
among the littoral states; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime
limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond
Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone;
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other
areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but
the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in 1996, the
Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was initialed but both
have been hesitant to sign and ratify it, with Russia asserting that
Estonia needs to better assimilate Russian-speakers and Estonian
groups advocating realignment of the boundary based more closely on
the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic
Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; the
Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned and
unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of
ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement
to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second
World War and other issues; in 2003, the Lithuania-Russia land and
maritime boundary treaty was ratified and a transit regime
established through Lithuania linking Russia and its Kaliningrad
coastal exclave, leaving only improvements to the border demarcation
in 2005; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is complete, but
states have agreed to defer demarcation; Russia and Ukraine continue
talks but still dispute the alignment of a maritime boundary through
the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov; Kazakhstan and Russia continue
demarcation of their long border; Russian Duma has not yet ratified
1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea

Rwanda
Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various
government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,
transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and
natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but
localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC
and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to
address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels
and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means
and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees
lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia

Saint Helena
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Samoa
none

San Marino
none

Sao Tome and Principe
none

Saudi Arabia
despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation
of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah
Treaty is almost complete; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary; Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran;
because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment
of the boundary with the UAE is still unknown

Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese
citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence,
cross border raids, and arms smuggling

Serbia and Montenegro
Kosovo remains unresolved administered by
several thousand peacekeepers from the UN Interim Administration
Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians
overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo
independence; the international community had agreed to begin a
process to determine final status but contingency of solidifying
multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with
Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and
Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia and Montenegro have
delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina,
but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)

Sierra Leone
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone perpetuate insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms
trafficking, ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN
Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000
peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone pressures
Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga occupied since
1998

Singapore
disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh
water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,
bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca
Island/Pulau Batu Putih - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island
dispute within three years; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005
to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining
unresolved areas north of Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in
the Malacca Strait

Slovakia
Hungary amended its status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, to which
Slovakia had protested; consultations continue between Slovakia and
Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia
must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in
dispute; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Slovenia must implement the strict Schengen border rules to
curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe
while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Solomon Islands
Australian Defense Force leads the Regional
Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) at the invitation
of the Solomon Islands' Government to maintain civil and political
order and reinforce regional security

Somalia
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional
states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek support from
neighboring states in their secessionist aspirations and in
conflicts with each other; Ethiopia has only an administrative line
with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances
with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Somali Interim
Government, which plans eventual relocation from Kenya to Mogadishu;
rival militia and clan fighting in southern Somalia periodically
spills over into Kenya; most of the remaining 23,000 Somali refuges
in Ethiopia are expected to be repatriated in 2005

South Africa
South Africa has placed military along the border to
stem the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape
political persecution; managed dispute with Namibia over the
location of the boundary in the Orange River

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Argentina, which claims
the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by
force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force

Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west

Spain
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and
surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of
illegal migration into Spain from North Africa

Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratlys

Sri Lanka
none

Sudan
the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel
militia fighting since the mid-twentieth century have penetrated all
of its border states who provide shelter for fleeing refugees and
cover to disparate domestic and foreign conflicting elements; since
2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have driven about
200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; large numbers of
Sudanese refugees have also fled to Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, the
Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
southern Sudan provides shelter to Ugandans seeking periodic
protection from soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Army; Sudan
accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to
demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by
civil and ethnic fighting in Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary
extends into the southern Sudan, creating the "Ilemi Triangle";
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer triangular areas that
extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd
Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is
economically developing the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of the Treaty
Line; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water
and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations from
the Central African Republic along the border

Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
UNCLOS arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with
Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in
potentially oil-rich waters

Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone

Swaziland
none

Sweden
none

Switzerland
none

Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone
since 1964; Lebanon claims Shaba'a farms in Golan Heights;
international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops and
intelligence personel stationed in Lebanon since October 1976; Syria
protests Turkish hydrological projects regulating upper Euphrates
waters; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border
dispute with Jordan

Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims
to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East
China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting

Tajikistan
boundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of
Pamir Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing
claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands but neither state has
published maps of ceded areas and demarcation has not yet commenced;
talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove
minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with
Kyrgyzstan

Tanzania
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Thailand
separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia
to stem terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhanced
border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Laos and
Thailand pledge to complete demarcation of their boundary in 2005;
despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences
remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and
Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers;
Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and
obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia
by ICJ decision in 1962; ethnic Karens from Burma flee into Thailand
to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops resulting
in Thailand sheltering about 118,000 Burmese refugees in 2004;
Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric dam
construction on the Salween River near the border; environmentalists
in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province

Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary

Tokelau
none

Tonga
none

Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados will assert its claim before UNCLOS
that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary
with Venezuela extends into its waters; Guyana has also expressed
its intention to challenge this boundary as it may extend into its
waters as well

Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius

Tunisia
none

Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria
and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh

Turkmenistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;
bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and
contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; demarcation of
land boundary with Kazakhstan has started but Caspian seabed
delimitation remains stalled

Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic and civil disorder

Tuvalu
none

Uganda
Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic
groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government
forces; Ugandan refugees have fled the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
into the southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border

Ukraine
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to
unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing
border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is
complete but the parties have agreed to defer demarcation; maritime
boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait remains unresolved
despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going
expert-level discussions; Moldova and Ukraine have established joint
customs posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away
Transnistria Region which remains under OSCE supervision; Ukraine
and Romania have taken their dispute over Ukrainian-administered
Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ
for adjudication; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a
navigation canal from the Danube border through the Ukraine to the
Black Sea

United Arab Emirates
because the treaties have not been made public,
the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is still
unknown; boundary agreement was signed and ratified with Oman in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah enclaves, but contents of the agreement and maps showing the
alignment have not been published; UAE engage in direct talks and
solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's
occupation of Lesser and Greater Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island

United Kingdom
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former
inhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most Chagosians reside in
Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship but no right to
patriation in the UK; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim
in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim
and partially overlaps Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland
dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf
extends beyond 200 nm

United States
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded
practices and infrastructure in the border region strains
water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped up
efforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other
parts of the world from crossing illegally into the United States
from Mexico; illegal immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti
and the Dominican Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida
by sea; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still
awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes
with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca,
and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US and
Canada seek greater cooperation in monitoring people and commodities
crossing the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree
on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased
from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area
can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa
Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of
any other state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina

Uzbekistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation
with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation is
underway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to delimit border and remove minefields

Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France

Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in
Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
UNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over Los
Monjes islands and maritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities
penetrate Venezuela's shared border region resulting in several
thousand residents migrating away from the border; US, France and
the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to
Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation
and other states' recognition of it

Vietnam
southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese
squatters and armed encroachments along border; in 2004
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing
markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;
Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the
Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Virgin Islands
none

Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands

Wallis and Futuna
none

West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw from four
settlements in the northern West Bank in 2005; since 1948, about 350
peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO),
headquartered in Jerusalem, monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice
agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist
other UN personnel in the region

Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts
to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected
all brokered proposals

World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land
boundaries separate the 192 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continue
to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around
the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form
the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of
contention include access to water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most
nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to
resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional
discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, often leaving the world community to cope with
resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,
and desertification

Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; despite resistance from nomadic
groups, the demarcation of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary
established under the 2000 Jeddah Treaty is almost complete; Yemen
protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a security
barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in sections
of the boundary

Zambia
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections and joined Namibia in
supporting plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over
the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not
clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river; 90,000
Angolan refugees were repatriated from Zambia by 2004, the remaining
160,000 are expected to return in 2005

Zimbabwe
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has
placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2075 Ethnic groups (%)

Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%

Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools

American Samoa
native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white
1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)

Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)

Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla
black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,
other 1.6% (2001 Census)

Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed
white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white
groups 3%

Armenia
Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%
(2001 census)

Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,
Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or
unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)

Azerbaijan
Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,
other 3.9% (1999 census)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region

Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%

Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian
2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)

Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%

Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda
black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,
unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)

Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black
6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified
0.7% (2000 census)

British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed

Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)

Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani

Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%

Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%

Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad

Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Cook Islands
Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island
Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)

Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)

Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,
Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)

Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)

Czech Republic
Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%
(2001 census)

Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali

Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%

Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian

Dominican Republic
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority

Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%

El Salvador
mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%

Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%

Estonia
Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian
1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)

Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British

Faroe Islands
Scandinavian

Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma
0.2%, Sami 0.1%

France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%

Gabon
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia
Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,
other 2.5% (2002 census)

Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Ghana
black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%
(1998)

Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,
North Africans

Greece
Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece

Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)

Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%

Guam
Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,
white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,
mixed 9.8% (2000 census)

Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish
called Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam
7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,
other 0.1% (2001 census)

Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from
other European countries

Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%

Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%

Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001
census)

Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%

India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%

Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland
Celtic, English

Israel
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)

Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan
in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil
(2004)

Jersey
Jersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white
6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)

Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%

Kiribati
Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)

Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,
Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)

Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,
Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

Lithuania
Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or
unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)

Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European
(guest and resident workers)

Macau
Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)
1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)

Macedonia
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,
Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran

Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,
others 7.8% (2004 est.)

Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Man, Isle of
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Marshall Islands
Micronesian

Martinique
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups

Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,
other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

Montserrat
black, white

Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe,
Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%

Nepal
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,
Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other
32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian

New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand
European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander
4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)

Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates

Nigeria
Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more
than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and
politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo
(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue
Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,
Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)

Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians

Northern Mariana Islands
Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,
Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)

Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
69.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, Filipino 15.3%,
Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, other or unspecified
3.2% (2000 census)

Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Llocano 9%,
Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,
other 25.3% (2000 census)

Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,
other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Russia
Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,
Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese

Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia and Montenegro
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore
Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000
census)

Slovakia
Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,
Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Slovenia
Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or
unspecified 12% (2002 census)

Solomon Islands
Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,
other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)

Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)

South Africa
black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,
Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)

Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,
Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)

Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

Tajikistan
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,
other 2.6% (2000 census)

Tanzania
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African

Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau
Polynesian

Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago
Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed
20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or North
American 10%

Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom
white (English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%,
Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%,
mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)

United States
white 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%
(2003 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically
nonexistent)

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu
Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)

Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam
Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome
1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)

Virgin Islands
black 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,
mixed 3.5% (2000 census)

Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian

West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara
Arab, Berber

Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2076 Exchange rates

Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (2004), 3,000 (2003),
3,000 (2002), 3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000)
note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate
varied widely from the official rate

Albania
leke per US dollar - 102.649 (2004), 121.863 (2003), 140.155
(2002), 143.485 (2001), 143.709 (2000)

Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 72.061 (2004), 77.395
(2003), 79.682 (2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.26 (2000)

American Samoa
the US dollar is used

Andorra
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 83.541 (2004), 74.606 (2003), 43.53
(2002), 22.058 (2001), 10.041 (2000)

Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006
(2003), 3.0633 (2002), 0.9995 (2001), 0.9995 (2000)

Armenia
drams per US dollar - 533.45 (2004), 578.76 (2003), 573.35
(2002), 555.08 (2001), 539.53 (2000)

Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2004), 1.79
(2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000)

Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Austria
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,913.48 (2004),
4,910.73 (2003), 4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000)

Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1
(2002), 1 (2001), 1 (2000)

Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003),
0.376 (2002), 0.376 (2001), 0.376 (2000)

Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 59.513 (2004), 58.15 (2003), 57.888
(2002), 55.807 (2001), 52.142 (2000)

Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2004), 2 (2003), 2
(2002), 2 (2001), 2 (2000)

Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27
(2003), 1,790.92 (2002), 1,390 (2001), 876.75 (2000)

Belgium
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2004), 2 (2003), 2
(2002), 2 (2001), 2 (2000)

Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61
(2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)

Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003),
7.17 (2002), 6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - 1.58 (2004), 1.73
(2003), 2.08 (2002), 2.19 (2001), 2.12 (2000)
note: the marka is pegged to the euro

Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278
(2002), 5.8412 (2001), 5.1018 (2000)

Brazil
reals per US dollar - 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208
(2002), 2.3577 (2001), 1.8301 (2000)

British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422
(2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077
(2002), 2.1847 (2001), 2.1233 (2000)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000)

Burma
kyats per US dollar - 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734
(2002), 6.6841 (2001), 6.4257 (2000)
note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates
ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar

Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62
(2003), 930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000)

Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003),
3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003),
1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 88.808 (2004),
97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001), 119.687 (2000)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),
733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003),
688.94 (2002), 634.94 (2001), 539.59 (2000)

China
yuan per US dollar - 8.2768 (2004), 8.277 (2003), 8.277
(2002), 8.2771 (2001), 8.2785 (2000)

Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004),
1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65
(2003), 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63 (2001), 2,087.9 (2000)

Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 396.21 (2004), 435.9
(2003), 522.74 (2002), 549.78 (2001), 533.98 (2000)
note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002), 206.62 (2001), 21.82
(2000)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04
(2001), 711.98 (2000)

Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004),
1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 437.91 (2004), 398.66
(2003), 359.82 (2002), 328.87 (2001), 308.19 (2000)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000)

Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687
(2002), 8.34 (2001), 8.2766 (2000)

Cuba
Convertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93
note: Cuba has three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso
(CUP), the convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although
the dollar is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the
official exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC
(0.93 CUC per $1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals
can buy 24 Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban
pesos for each CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP
and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.

Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003),
0.6107 (2002), 0.6431 (2001), 0.6224 (2000), Turkish lira per US
dollar 1.426 million (2004), 1.501 million (2003), 1.507 million
(2002), 1.226 million (2001), 625,200 (2000)

Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003),
32.739 (2002), 38.035 (2001), 38.598 (2000)

Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003),
7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2004), 177.72
(2003), 177.72 (2002), 177.72 (2001), 177.72 (2000)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 42.12 (2004),
30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002), 16.952 (2001), 16.415 (2000)

East Timor
the US dollar is the legal tender

Ecuador
25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003), 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001),
24,988 (2000)

Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 6.1963 (2004), 5.8509 (2003),
4.4997 (2002), 3.973 (2001), 3.4721 (2000)

El Salvador
the US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04
(2001), 711.98 (2000)

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003),
13.958 (2002), 11.31 (2001), 9.625 (2000)

Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 12.596 (2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612
(2002), 17.478 (2001), 16.969 (2000)

Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - 8.68 (2004), 8.5997 (2003), 8.5678
(2002), 8.4575 (2001), 8.2173 (2000)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06
(2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609
(2000)
note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877
(2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003),
2.1869 (2002), 2.2766 (2001), 2.1286 (2000)

Finland
euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06 (2002),
1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000)

France
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

French Guiana
Euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003),
1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001),
129.43 (2000)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - 27.306 (2003), 27.306 (2003),
19.918 (2002), 15.687 (2001), 12.788 (2000)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541
(2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Georgia
lari per US dollar - 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957
(2002), 2.073 (2001), 1.9762 (2000)

Germany
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Ghana
cedis per US dollar - 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7
(2002), 7,170.8 (2001), 5,455.1 (2000)

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877
(2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Guadeloupe
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 j(2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003),
7.8216 (2002), 7.8586 (2001), 7.7632 (2000)

Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - 2,550 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003),
1,975.8 (2002), 1,950.6 (2001), 1,746.9 (2000)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to the euro at a
rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 198.33 (2004), 193.88
(2003), 190.67 (2002), 187.32 (2001), 182.43 (2000)

Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 38.352 (2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251
(2002), 24.429 (2001), 21.171 (2000)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886
(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003),
16.433 (2002), 15.474 (2001), 14.839 (2000)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.788 (2004), 7.7868
(2003), 7.7989 (2002), 7.7988 (2001), 7.7912 (2000)

Hungary
forints per US dollar - 202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89
(2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18 (2000)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 70.192 (2004), 76.709
(2003), 91.662 (2002), 97.425 (2001), 78.616 (2000)

India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003),
48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1
(2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.8 (2000)

Iran
rials per US dollar - 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907
(2002), 1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.4 (2000)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002

Iraq
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,890 (second half, 2003),
0.3109 (2002), 0.3109 (2001), 0.3109 (2000)

Ireland
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541
(2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Italy
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 61.197 (2004), 57.741
(2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001), 42.986 (2000)

Japan
yen per US dollar - 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39
(2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003),
0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003),
0.709 (2002), 0.709 (2001), 0.709 (2000)

Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003),
153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001), 142.13 (2000)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003),
78.749 (2002), 78.563 (2001), 76.176 (2000)

Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 170
(December 2004), 150 (December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001); market:
North Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002)

Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,145.3 (2004),
1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002), 1,291 (2001), 1,131 (2000)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003),
0.3039 (2002), 0.3067 (2001), 0.3068 (2000)

Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 42.65 (2004), 43.648 (2003), 46.937
(2002), 48.378 (2001), 47.704 (2000)

Laos
kips per US dollar - 10,820 (2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3
(2002), 8,954.6 (2001), 7,887.6 (2000)

Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.5402 (2004), 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182
(2002), 0.6279 (2001), 0.6065 (2000)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5
(2003), 1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5 (2001), 1,507.5 (2000)

Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407
(2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - 54.906 (2004), 59.379
(2003), 61.754 (2002), 48.583 (2001), 40.953 (2000)

Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003),
1.2707 (2002), 0.6051 (2001), 0.5122 (2000)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467
(2003), 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000)

Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677
(2002), 4 (2001), 4 (2000)

Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003), 8.033
(2002), 8.034 (2001), 8.026 (2000)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars per US dollar - 49.41 (2004), 54.32
(2003), 64.35 (2002), 68.04 (2001), 65.9 (2000)

Madagascar
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3
(2003), 1,366.4 (2002), 1,317.7 (2001), 1,353.5 (2000)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 108.894 (2004), 97.433
(2003), 76.687 (2002), 72.197 (2001), 59.544 (2000)

Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8
(2002), 3.8 (2001), 3.8 (2000)

Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8
(2002), 12.24 (2001), 11.77 (2000)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3444 (2004), 0.3773 (2003),
0.4337 (2002), 0.4501 (2001), 0.4382 (2000)

Man, Isle of
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is the legal tender

Martinique
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA(2004), 263.03 (2003), 271.74
(2002), 255.63 (2001), 238.92 (2000)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.499 (2004), 27.902
(2003), 29.962 (2002), 29.129 (2001), 26.25 (2000)

Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003),
9.656 (2002), 9.342 (2001), 9.456 (2000)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
lei per US dollar - 12.33 (2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571
(2002), 12.865 (2001), 12.434 (2000)

Monaco
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5
(2003), 1,110.3 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.7 (2000)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003),
11.021 (2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000)

Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003),
23,678 (2002), 20,704 (2001), 15,227 (2000)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public

Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648
(2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003),
77.877 (2002), 74.949 (2001), 71.094 (2000)

Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003),
1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001),
129.43 (2000)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004),
1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 15.937 (2004), 15.105
(2003), 14.251 (2002), 13.372 (2001), 12.684 (2000)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - 132.89 (2004), 129.22 (2003), 120.58
(2002), 111.23 (2001), 101.7 (2000)

Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221
(2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004),
1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802
(2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000)

Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003),
0.3845 (2002), 0.3845 (2001), 0.3845 (2000)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 58.258 (2004), 57.752
(2003), 59.724 (2002), 61.927 (2001), 53.648 (2000)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1
(2001), 1 (2000)

Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003),
3.8952 (2002), 3.3887 (2001), 2.7822 (2000)

Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003),
5,716.3 (2002), 4,105.9 (2001), 3,486.4 (2000)

Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165
(2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000)

Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 56.04 (2004), 54.203
(2003), 51.604 (2002), 50.993 (2001), 44.192 (2000)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004),
1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003), 4.08
(2002), 4.0939 (2001), 4.3461 (2000)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Portugal
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003), 3.64
(2002), 3.64 (2001), 3.64 (2000)

Reunion
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Romania
lei per US dollar - 32,637 (2004), 33,200 (2003), 33,055
(2002), 29,061 (2001), 21,709 (2000)

Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003),
31.349 (2002), 29.169 (2001), 28.129 (2000)

Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003),
476.33 (2002), 442.8 (2001), 393.44 (2000)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004),
0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886
(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Samoa
tala per US dollar - 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003), 3.3763
(2002), 3.478 (2001), 3.2864 (2000)

San Marino
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - 9,900.4 (2004), 9,347.6
(2003), 9,088.3 (2002), 8,842.1 (2001), 7,978.2 (2000)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2004), 3.745
(2003), 3.745 (2002), 3.745 (2001), 3.745 (2000)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 64.1915
(official rate: 65) (2002)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.5 (2004), 5.4007
(2003), 5.48 (2002), 5.8575 (2001), 5.7138 (2000)

Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003),
2,099 (2002), 1,986.2 (2001), 2,092.1 (2000)

Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422
(2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003), 45.327
(2002), 48.355 (2001), 46.035 (2000)

Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003), 240.25
(2002), 242.75 (2001), 222.66 (2000)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 7.4847
(2004), 7.5059 (2003), 6.7488 (2002), 5.278 (2001), 5.0889 (2000)

Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003),
10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Spain
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 101.194 (2004), 96.521
(2003), 95.662 (2002), 89.383 (2001), 77.005 (2000)

Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.91 (2004), 260.98 (2003),
263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001), 257.12 (2000)

Suriname
Surinamese dollars per US dollar - 2.7336 (2004),
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2.6013 (2003), 2.3468 (2002),
2.1785 (2001), 1.3225 (2000)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; in January
2004, the government introduced the Surinamese dollar as replacement
for the guilder, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802
(2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003),
10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003),
9.7371 (2002), 10.3291 (2001), 9.1622 (2000)

Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467
(2003), 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000)

Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (official rate): 11.225 (2004),
11.225 (2003), 11.225 (2002), 11.225 (2001), 11.225 (2000),
(parallel market rate in Amman and Beirut) NA (2004), 52.8 (2003),
52.4 (2002), 50.4 (2002), 49.4 (2000)

Taiwan
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.422 (2004), 34.418
(2003), 34.575 (2002), 33.8 (2001), 33.09 (2000)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614
(2003), 2.7641 (2002), 2.3722 (2001), 2.0763 (2000)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,089.33 (2004),
1,038.42 (2003), 966.58 (2002), 876.41 (2001), 800.41 (2000)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 40.222 (2004), 41.485 (2003), 42.96
(2002), 44.432 (2001), 40.112 (2000)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221
(2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Tonga
pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003), 2.1952
(2002), 2.1236 (2001), 1.7585 (2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -
6.299 (2004), 6.2951 (2003), 6.2487 (2002), 6.2332 (2001), 6.2998
(2000)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.2455 (2004), 1.2885
(2003), 1.4217 (2002), 1.4387 (2001), 1.3707 (2000)

Turkey
Turkish liras per US dollar - 1,425,500 (2004), 1,500,900
(2003), 1,507,200 (2002), 1,225,600 (2001), 625,200 (2000)
Note: on 1 January 2005 the old Turkish Lira (TRL)was converted to
New Turkish Lira (YTL) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 New Turkish
Lira

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 10,100 (2004), 10,034
(2003), 10,098 (2002), 5,200 (2001)
note: in recent years the unofficial rate has hovered around 21,000
manats to the dollar

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,810.3 (2004), 1,963.7
(2003), 1,797.6 (2002), 1,755.7 (2001), 1,644.5 (2000)

Ukraine
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266
(2002), 5.3722 (2001), 5.4402 (2000)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.6725 (2004),
3.6725 (2003), 3.6725 (2002), 3.6725 (2001), 3.6725 (2000)
note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002

United Kingdom
British pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)

United States
British pounds per US dollar - 0.5457 (2004), 0.6139
(2003), 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000); Canadian
dollars per US dollar - 1.3014 (2004), 1.4045 (2003), 1.5693 (2002),
1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000); Japanese yen per US dollar - 108.13
(2004), 116.08 (2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000);
euros per US dollar - 0.8048 (2004), 0.8866 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.08540 (2000)

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 28.704 (2004), 28.209
(2003), 21.257 (2002), 13.319 (2001), 12.1 (2000)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 1,020 (2004), 971.265
(2003), 771.03 (2001), 423.832 (2001), 236.61 (2000)

Vanuatu
vatu per US dollar - 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003), 139.2
(2002), 145.31 (2001), 137.64 (2000)

Venezuela
bolivares per US dollar - 1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003),
1,161 (2002), 723.7 (2001), 680 (2000)

Vietnam
dong per US dollar - 15,746 (2004), 15,510 (2003), 15,280
(2002), 14,725 (2001), 14,168 (2000)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26
(2001), 129.43 (2000)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541
(2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.868 (2004), 9.5744
(2003), 11.0206 (2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.6256 (2000)

Yemen
Yemeni rials per US dollar - 184.78 (2004), 183.45 (2003),
175.63 (2002), 168.67 (2001), 161.72 (2000)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,778.9 (2004), 4,733.3
(2003), 4,398.6 (2002), 3,610.9 (2001), 3,110.8 (2000)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 4,303.28 (2004), 697.424
(2003), 55.036 (2002), 55.052 (2001), 44.418 (2000)
note: these are official exchange rates, non-official rates vary
significantly

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2077 Executive branch

Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government; former
King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father of the Country," and
presides symbolically over certain occasions, but lacks any
governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: 27 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives 50% or
more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates
with the most votes will participate in a second round; a president
can only be elected for two terms; election last held 9 October 2004
(next to be held in 2009)
election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -
Hamid KARZAI 55.4%, Yunus QANOONI 16.3%, Ustad Mohammad MOHAQQEQ
11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM 1.4%, Masooda
JALAL 1.2%

Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Thomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003); note - reports to the British Ministry
of Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU
(since 24 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held
June 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held NA April 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS
6.4%, Abdellah DJABALLAH 5%

American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: cabinet made up of 12 department directors
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 2 and 16 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of vote
- Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),
represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Albert PINTAT
SANTOLARIA (since 27 May 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held April-May
2005)
election results: Marc FORNE MOLNE elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA%

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-year
term; President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without
opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in
Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be
held September 2006)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Alan Eden HUCKLE (since 28 May 2004)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir James B.
CARLISLE (since 10 June 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24
March 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the governor general

Argentina
chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May
2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);
Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 27 April
2003 (next election to be held NA 2007)
election results: results of the presidential election of 27 April
2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez
MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other
8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election

Armenia
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARGARYAN (since 12 May
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA
2008); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime minister
and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly
refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%

Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 28 September 2001 (next to be held by December 2005)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA

Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)
Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Mark VAILE (since 6 July 2005)
cabinet: Prime Minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,
candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the Governor General to
serve as government ministers
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as
prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term; presidential election last held 25 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2010); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president from
the plurality party in the National Council; vice chancellor chosen
by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%
note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe

Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
election last held 15 October 2003 (next to be held October 2008);
prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president and confirmed by the National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -
Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%

Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Ivy DUMONT (since NA May
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)
and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa al-Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman al-Khalifa
(since NA 1971)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Bangladesh
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6
September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since
Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in
on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most
seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission
elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote
- NA

Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 7
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996
referendum; new election held 9 September 2001; October 2004
referendum ended presidential term limits allowing president to run
for a third term in September 2006; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 75.6%, Vladimir GONCHARIK 15.4%

Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch and then approved by parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit

Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28
August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime
minister recommends the deputy prime minister

Benin
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April
1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of
vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%
note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first-round
presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,
Nicephore SOGLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI
(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of
State) 8.6%; the second-round balloting, originally scheduled for 18
March 2001, was postponed four days because both SOGLO and
HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to
run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed
a "friendly match"

Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since 11 April 2002)
head of government: Premier William Alexander SCOTT (since 24 July
2003); Deputy Premier Ewart BROWN
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed premier by the governor

Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July
1972)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo
Sangay NGEDUP (since 5 September 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms
in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote

Bolivia
chief of state: President Eduardo RODRIGUEZ Veltze (since 9
June 2005); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Eduardo RODRIGUEZ Veltze (since 9 June
2005); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief
of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002
(next to be held June 2007)
election results: as a result of no candidate winning a majority in
the 30 June 2002 election, Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante was
chosen president by Congress; congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ
DE LOZADA Bustamante 84, Evo MORALES 43; note - following the
resignation of the elected president on 17 October 2003 and Vice
President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert on 9 June 2005, Eduardo
RODRIGUEZ Veltze, President of the Supreme Court and constitutional
successor, became president.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Ivo Miro JOVIC (since 28 June 2005; presidency member since 9 May
2005 - Croat; note - Dragan COVIC was sacked by High Representative
Paddy ASHDOWN on 29 Mar 2005); other members of the three-member
rotating (every eight months) presidency: Borislav PARAVAC (since 10
April 2003 - Serb); and Sulejman TIHIC (since 5 October 2002 -
Bosniak)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adnan
TERZIC (since 20 December 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she
was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but the
chairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held NA 2006); the chairman of the Council
of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Mirko SAROVIC with 35.5% of the
Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the
first eight months; Dragan COVIC received 61.5% of the Croat vote;
Sulejman TIHIC received 37% of the Bosniak vote
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Niko
LOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice Presidents Sahbaz DZIHANOVIC
(since NA 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since NA 2003); President
of the Republika Srpska: Dragan CAVIC (since 28 November 2002)

Botswana
chief of state: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April
1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Festus G. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998)
and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term;
election last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held NA 2009); vice
president appointed by the president
election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 52%

Brazil
chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 6 October
2002 (next to be held 1 October 2006, with a runoff on 29 October
2006 if necessary); runoff election held 27 October 2002
election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz Inacio
LULA DA SILVA (PT) elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA (PSDB)
38.7%

British Indian Ocean Territory
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Tony CROMBIE (since January 2004);
Administrator Tony HUMPHRIES (since February 2005); note - both
reside in the UK
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor Tom MACAN (since 14 October
2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Orlando D. SMITH (since 17 June
2003)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Brunei
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Bulgaria
chief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January
2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei STANISHEV (since 16 August
2005); Deputy Prime Minister Ivaylo KALFIN (since 16 August 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 11 and 18
November 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); chairman of the Council of
Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president and elected by
the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime
minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Georgi PURVANOV elected president; percent of vote
- Georgi PURVANOV 54.13%, Petar STOYANOV 45.87%; Sergei STANISHEV
elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67

Burkina Faso
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6
November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); in
April 2000, the constitution was amended reducing the presidential
term from seven to five years, enforceable as of 2005, and allowing
the president to be reelected only once; it is unclear whether this
amendment will be applied retroactively or not; prime minister
appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5%
percent of the vote

Burma
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister, Gen SOE WIN (since 19 October
2004)
cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta,
so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18
September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration
Council (SLORC); the SPDC oversees the cabinet
elections: none

Burundi
chief of state: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11
November 2004)
head of government: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11
November 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power on 30 April 2003 as
part of the transitional government established by the 2000 Arusha
Accord; note - next presidential election is scheduled for 22 April
2005

Cambodia
chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992),
Norodom SIRIVUDH, SOK AN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK
BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in
practice named by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or
majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the
National Assembly and appointed by the king

Cameroon
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim INONI (since 8 Dec 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted
by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 11 October 2004 (next to be held NA October
2011); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, Garga
Haman ADJI 3.7%

Canada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Michaelle Jean (since 27 October
2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul MARTIN (since 12 December
2003); Deputy Prime Minister Anne MCLELLAN (since 12 December 2003)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among
the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a
five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the
governor general

Cape Verde
chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1
February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held February
2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and
appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note - the
election was won by only twelve votes

Cayman Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Governor Bruce DINWIDDY (since 29 May 2002)
head of government: Leader of Government Business Kurt TIBBETTS
(since 18 May 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor,
four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or coalition is appointed by the
governor Leader of Government Business

Central African Republic
chief of state: President Francois BOZIZE
(since 15 March 2003 coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Elie DOTE (since 13 June 2005)
note - Celestin GAOMBALET resigned 11 June 2005
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected to five year term with a two-term
limit; next presidential elections scheduled for 10 April 2005;
prime minister appointed by the political party with a parliamentary
majority

Chad
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4
December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Pascal YOADIMNADJI (since 3
February 2005)
cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year
term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the
two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second
round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent
of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh
KEBZABO 7%

Chile
chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11
March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16
January 2000 (next to be held December 2005)
election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent
of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%

China
chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003) and
Vice President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003); Vice
Premiers HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), WU Yi (17 March 2003), ZENG
Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUI Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress
(NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 15-17
March 2003 (next to be held mid-March 2008); premier nominated by
the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
election results: HU Jintao elected president by the Tenth National
People's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes (four delegates voted
against him, four abstained, and 38 did not vote); ZENG Qinghong
elected vice president by the Tenth National People's Congress with
a total of 2,578 votes (177 delegates voted against him, 190
abstained, and 38 did not vote); two seats were vacant

Christmas Island
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator Evan WILLIAMS (since 1 November
2003)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator (nonresident) Evan WILLIAMS (since
1 November 2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia

Colombia
chief of state: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7
August 2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August
2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties
- the PL and PSC - and independents
elections: president and vice president elected by popular vote for
a four-year term; election last held 26 May 2002 (next to be held
May 2006)
election results: President Alvaro URIBE Velez received 53% of the
vote; Vice President Francisco SANTOS was elected on the same ticket

Comoros
chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May
2002); note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president;
in January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
head of government: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2002);
note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president; in
January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidency
rotates every four years among the elected presidents from the three
main islands in the Union; election last held 14 April 2002 (next to
be held April 2007); prime minister appointed by the president; note
- AZALI has not appointed a Prime Minister since he was sworn into
office in May 2002
election results: President AZALI Assoumani elected president with
75% of the vote

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
chief of state: President Joseph
KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - following the assassination
of his father, Laurent Desire KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph
KABILA succeeded to the presidency; the president is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001);
note - following the assassination of his father, Laurent Desire
KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph KABILA succeeded to the
presidency; the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president
elections: prior to the overthrow of MOBUTU Sese Seko, the president
was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last
held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997);
formerly, there was also a prime minister who was elected by the
High Council of the Republic; note - a Transitional Government is
drafting a new constitution with free elections scheduled to be held
in NA 2005
election results: MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga
reelected president in 1984 without opposition
note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,
following the latter's assassination in January 2001, negotiations
with rebel leaders led to the establishment of a transitional
government in July 2003 with free elections scheduled to be held in
NA 2005

Congo, Republic of the
chief of state: President Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in
which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October
1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president
Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second seven-year term); election last held 10 March
2002 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent
of vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 89.4%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU
2.7%

Cook Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Frederick GOODWIN (since 9 February 2001); New
Zealand High Commissioner Kurt MEYER (since July 2001),
representative of New Zealand
head of government: Prime Minister Jim MARURAI (since 14 December
2004); Deputy Prime Minister Terepai MAOATE (since 9 August 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively
responsible to Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative is
appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is
appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually becomes prime minister

Coral Sea Islands
administered from Canberra by the Department of
the Environment, Sport, and Territories

Costa Rica
chief of state: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May
2002); First Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since 8 May 2002);
Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First
Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since 8 May 2002); Second Vice
President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 February
2002; run-off election held 7 April 2002 (next to be held February
2006)
election results: Abel PACHECO elected president; percent of vote -
Abel PACHECO (PUSC) 58%; Rolando ARAYA (PLN) 42%

Cote d'Ivoire
chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26
October 2000);
head of government: Prime Minister Seydou DIARRA (since 25 January
2003); note - appointed as transitional Prime Minister by President
GBAGBO as part of a French brokered peace plan
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 October 2000 (next to be held October 2005);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote
- Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other
2.2%

Croatia
chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18
February 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ivo SANADER (since 9 December
2003); Deputy Prime Ministers Jadranka KOSOR (since 23 December
2003) and Damir POLANEC (since NA February 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and
approved by the parliamentary Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 January 2005 (next to be held January 2010);
the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority
coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president and
then approved by the Assembly
election results: Stjepan MESIC reelected president; percent of vote
- Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 66%, Jadranka KOSOR (HDZ) 34%

Cuba
chief of state: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the
Council of State and appointed by the National Assembly or the
31-member Council of State, elected by the Assembly to act on its
behalf when it is not in session
elections: president and vice presidents elected by the National
Assembly for a term of five years; election last held 6 March 2003
(next to be held in 2008)
election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz reelected president; percent of
legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;
percent of legislative vote - 100%

Cyprus
chief of state: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and
vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 February 2003 (next to be held February 2008)
election results: Tassos PAPADOPOULOS elected president; percent of
vote - Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 51.5%, Glafkos KLIRIDIS 38.8%, Alekos
MARKIDIS 6.6%
note: Mehmet Ali TALAT becomes "president" of north Cyprus, 24 April
2005, after "presidential" elections on 17 April 2005; results -
Mehmet Ali TALAT 55.6%, Dervis EROGLU 22.7%; Ferdi Sabit SOYER is
"prime minister"; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in north
Cyprus, appointed by the "prime minister"

Czech Republic
chief of state: President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March
2003)
note: the Czech Republic's first president Vaclav HAVEL stepped down
from office on 2 February 2003 having served exactly 10 years;
parliament finally elected a successor on 28 February 2003 after two
inconclusive elections in January 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Jiri PAROUBEK (since 25 April
2005), Deputy Prime Ministers Zdenek SKROMACH (since 4 August 2004),
Martin JAHN (since 4 August 2004), Pavel NEMEC (since 4 August
2004), Milan SIMONOVSKY (since 4 August 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
last successful election held 28 February 2003 (after earlier
elections held 15 and 24 January 2003 were inconclusive; next
election to be held January 2008); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: Vaclav KLAUS elected president on 28 February
2003; Vaclav KLAUS 142 votes, Jan SOKOL 124 votes (third round;
combined votes of both chambers of parliament)

Denmark
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972);
Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born
26 May 1968)
head of government: Prime Minister Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN (since 27
November 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch

Dhekelia
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Tomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003); note - reports to the British Ministry
of Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Djibouti
chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed Dileita DILEITA (since 4
March 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 8 April 2005 (next to be held by April 2011);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president; percent
of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH 100%

Dominica
chief of state: President Nicholas J. O. LIVERPOOL (since
October 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8
January 2004); note - assumed post after death of Prime Minister
Pierre CHARLES
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 1 October 2003 (next to be held
October 2008); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Nicholas LIVERPOOL elected president; percent of
legislative vote - NA%

Dominican Republic
chief of state: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna
(since 16 August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro
(since 16 August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16
August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16
August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 16 May 2004
(next to be held in May 2008)
election results: Leonel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of
vote - Leonel FERNANDEZ (PLD) 57.1%, Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez
(PRD) 33.7%, Eduardo ESTRELLA (PRSC) 8.7%

East Timor
chief of state: President Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since
20 May 2002); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but
is able to veto some legislation; he formerly used the name Jose
Alexandre GUSMAO
head of government: Prime Minister Mari Bin Amude ALKATIRI (since 20
May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 April 2002 (next to be held in April 2007);
after the first legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party was appointed prime minister by the president, suggesting a
precedent for the future
election results: Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO elected president; percent
of vote - Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO 82.7%, Francisco Xavier do AMARAL
17.3%

Ecuador
chief of state: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April
2005); Vice President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; former President Lucio GUTIERREZ was removed from office
by congress effective 20 April 2005
head of government: President Alfredo PALACIO (since 20 April 2005);
Vice President Nicanor Alejandro SERRANO Aguilar (since 5 May 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: the president and vice president are elected on the same
ticket by popular vote for a four-year term (no immediate
reelection); election last held 20 October 2002; runoff election
held 24 November 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election -
Lucio GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ
54.3%; Alvaro NOBOA 45.7%; note - Vice President Alfredo PALACIO
assumed the presidency on 20 April 2005 after congress removed Lucio
GUTIERREZ from office

Egypt
chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14
October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed NAZIF (since 9 July 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term; note
- a national referendum in May 2005 approved a constitutional
amendment that changed the presidential election to a multicandidate
popular vote; previously the president was nominated by the People's
Assembly and the nomination was validated by a national, popular
referendum; last referendum held 26 September 1999; first election
under terms of constitutional amendment held 7 September 2005; next
election scheduled for 2011
election results: Hosni MUBARAK reelected president; percent of vote
- Hosni MUBARAK 88.6%, Ayman NOUR 7.6%, Noman GOMAA 2.9%

El Salvador
chief of state: President Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez
(since 1 June 2004); Vice President Ana Vilma DE ESCOBAR (since 1
June 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez (since 1
June 2004); Vice President Ana Vilma DE ESCOBAR (since 1 June 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 21 March
2004 (next to be held March 2009)
election results: Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez elected president;
percent of vote - Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez (ARENA) 57.7%, Schafik
HANDAL (FMLN) 35.6%, Hector SILVA (CDU-PDC) 3.9%, other 2.8%

Equatorial Guinea
chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.)
Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized
power in a military coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Miguel Abia BITEO BORICO (since
14 June 2004); First Deputy Prime Minister Mercelino Oyono NTUTUMU
(since 15 June 2004); Deputy Prime Minister Ricardo Mangue Obama
NFUBEA (since 15 June 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held December 2009);
prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president;
percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 97.1%, Celestino
Bonifacio BACALE 2.2%; elections marred by widespread fraud

Eritrea
chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June
1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority;
members appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election last
held 8 June 1993 (next election date uncertain as the National
Assembly did not hold a presidential election in December 2001 as
anticipated)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%

Estonia
chief of state: President Arnold RUUTEL (since 8 October
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Andrus ANSIP (since 12 April 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if
a candidate does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three
rounds of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly
(made up of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the
president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest
percentage of votes; election last held 21 September 2001 (next to
be held in the fall of 2006); prime minister nominated by the
president and approved by Parliament
election results: Arnold RUUTEL elected president on 21 September
2001 by a 367-member electoral assembly that convened following
Parliament's failure in August to elect then-President MERI's
successor; on the second ballot of voting, RUUTEL received 186 votes
to Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's 155; the remaining 26 ballots
were either left blank or invalid

Ethiopia
chief of state: President GIRMA Woldegiorgis (since 8
October 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August
1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994
constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and
approved by the House of People's Representatives
elections: president elected by the House of People's
Representatives for a six-year term; election last held 8 October
2001 (next to be held October 2007); prime minister designated by
the party in power following legislative elections
election results: GIRMA Woldegiorgis elected president; percent of
vote by the House of People's Representatives - 100%

European Union
chief of union: President of the European Commission
Jose DURAO BARROSO (since 22 November 2004)
cabinet: European Commission (composed of 25 members, one from each
member country; each commissioner responsible for one or more policy
areas)
elections: the president of the European Commission is designated by
member governments; the president-designate then chooses the other
Commission members; the European Parliament confirms the entire
Commission for a five-year term; election last held 18 November 2004
(next to be held 2009)
election results: European Parliament approved the European
Commission by an approval vote of 449 to 149 with 82 abstentions
note: the European Council brings together heads of state and
government and the president of the European Commission and meets at
least twice a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the major
political issues relating to European integration and to issue
general policy guidelines

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor Howard PEARCE (since 3 December 2002);
Chief Executive Chris SIMPKINS (since NA March 2003); Financial
Secretary Derek F. HOWATT (since NA)
cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative
Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial
secretary), and the governor
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch

Faroe Islands
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since
14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Birgit KLEIS,
chief administrative officer (since 1 November 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Joannes EIDESGAARD (since 3
February 2004)
cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held
20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than January 2008)
election results: Joannes EIDESGAARD elected prime minister; percent
of parliamentary vote - NA%
note: coalition of Social Democrats, Union Party, and People's Party

Fiji
chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda
(since 18 July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10
September 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - there
is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters
of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs, which consists
of the highest ranking members of the traditional chief system
elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a
five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president
by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%

Finland
chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June
2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Eero HEINALUOMA (since 24 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the
president, responsible to parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be
held February 2006); the president appoints the prime minister and
deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority
coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must
approve the appointment
election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote -
Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4%
note: government coalition - Kesk, SDP, and SFP

France
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Dominique DE VILLEPIN (since 31
May 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
suggestion of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(changed from seven-year term in October 2000); election last held
21 April and 5 May 2002 (next to be held, first round April 2007,
second round May 2007); prime minister nominated by the National
Assembly majority and appointed by the president
election results: Jacques CHIRAC reelected president; percent of
vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 81.96%, Jean-Marie LE PEN
(FN) 18.04%

French Guiana
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Ange MANCINI (since 31
July 2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Joseph
HO-TEN-YOU (since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council
Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional
Councils are appointed by the members of those councils

French Polynesia
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner of the
Republic Michel MATHIEU (since 24 October 2001); note - Michel
MATHIER leaves 30 July 2005, replaced by Jacques MICHAUT (acting
high commissioner), until the arrival of Anne BOQUET in early
September 2005
head of government: President of the Territorial Government of
French Polynesia Oscar TEMARU (since 3 March 2005); President of the
Territorial Assembly Antony GEROS (since 9 May 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members
of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as
ministers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly
are elected by the members of the assembly

Gabon
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba (since 2
December 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE
(since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba reelected;
percent of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO Ondimba 66.6%, Pierre
MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%

Gambia, The
chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since
18 October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 he was Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18
October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 was he Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 18 October 2001 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH reelected president; percent
of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 52.9%, Ousainou DARBOE 32.7%

Georgia
chief of state: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25
January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government for the power ministries: state security
(includes interior) and defense
head of government: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January
2004); Prime Minister Zurab NOGHAIDELI (since 17 February 2005);
note - the president is the chief of state and head of government
for the power ministries: state security (includes interior) and
defense; the prime minister is head of the remaining ministries of
government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 4 January 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Mikheil SAAKASHVILI elected president; percent of
vote - Mikheil SAAKASHVILI 96.3%, Temur SHASHIASHVILI 1.9%

Germany
chief of state: President Horst KOEHLER (since 1 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October
1998); Vice Chancellor Joschka FISCHER (since 17 October 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by
the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal
Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an
equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election
last held 23 May 2004 (next to be held 23 May 2009); chancellor
elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a
four-year term; election last held 22 September 2002 (next to be
held September 2006)
election results: Horst KOEHLER elected president; received 604
votes of the Federal Convention against 589 for Gesine SCHWAN;
Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly
vote 50.7%

Ghana
chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject
to approval by Parliament
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 December
2004 (next to be held December 2008)
election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR reelected president in
election; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 53.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.7%

Gibraltar
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief Sir Francis
RICHARDS (since 27 May 2003)
head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected
members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation
with the chief minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor

Greece
chief of state: President Karolos PAPOULIAS (since 12 March
2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos KARAMANLIS (since 7
March 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by parliament for a five-year term;
election last held 8 February 2005 (next to be held by February
2010); according to the Greek Constitution, presidents may only
serve two terms; president appoints leader of the party securing
plurality of vote in election to become prime minister and form a
government
election results: Karolos PAPOULIAS elected president; number of
parlimentary votes, 279 out of 300

Greenland
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14
January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Peter LAURITEEN
(since NA 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Hans ENOKSEN (since 14 December
2002)
cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the parliament
(Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed
by the monarch; prime minister is elected by parliament (usually the
leader of the majority party); election last held 3 December 2002
(next to be held December 2006)
election results: Hans ENOKSEN elected prime minister
note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit

Grenada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June
1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general

Guadeloupe
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Paul GIROT DE LANGLADE (since
17 August 2004)
head of government: President of the General Council Jacques GILLOT
(since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council Victorin
LUREL (since 2 April 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
election results: NA

Guam
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)
head of government: Governor Felix P. P. CAMACHO (since 6 January
2003) and Lieutenant Governor Kaleo MOYLAN (since 6 January 2003)
cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with
the consent of the Guam legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor
elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term;
election last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held November 2006)
election results: Felix P. P. CAMACHO elected governor; percent of
vote - Felix P. P. CAMACHO (Republican Party) 55.4%, Robert A.
UNDERWOOD (Democratic Party) 44.6%

Guatemala
chief of state: President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo
(since 14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas
(since 14 January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo
(since 14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas
(since 14 January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 9 November 2003; runoff held 28 December 2003
(next to be held November 2007)
election results: Oscar BERGER Perdomo elected president; percent of
vote - Oscar BERGER Perdomo (GANA) 54.1%, Alvarado COLOM (UNE) 45.9%

Guernsey
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt. Gen.
Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Laurie MORGAN (since 1 May 2004)
cabinet: Policy Council elected by the States of Deliberation
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed
by the monarch; chief minister is elected by States of Delibertion
election results: Laurie MORGAN elected chief minister, percent of
vote of the States of Deliberation NA%

Guinea
chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military
government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Cellou Dalein DIALLO (since 4
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected
president; election last held 21 December 2003 (next to be held
December 2008); the prime minister is appointed by the president
election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of vote
- Lansana CONTE (PUP) 95.3%, Mamadou Boye BARRY (UPR) 4.6%

Guinea-Bissau
chief of state: President Henrique ROSA (interim;
since 28 September 2003); note - a September 2003 coup overthrew the
elected government of Kumba YALA; General Verissimo Correia SEABRA
served as interim president from 14 to 28 September 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Carlos GOMES Junior (since 9 May
2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be
held May 2005); prime minister appointed by the president after
consultation with party leaders in the legislature
election results: Kumba YALA elected president; percent of vote,
second ballot - Kumba YALA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%
note: a bloodless coup led to the dissolution of the elected
government of Kumba YALA in September 2003; General Verissimo
Correia SEABRA served as interim president from 14 September 2003
until stepping aside on 28 September 2003 with the establishment of
a caretaker government

Guyana
chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August
1999); note - assumed presidency after resignation of President
Janet JAGAN
head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since December 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president,
responsible to the legislature
elections: president elected by the majority party in the National
Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at
least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to
be held by March 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of
legislative vote - NA%

Haiti
chief of state: Interim President Boniface ALEXANDRE (since 29
February 2004)
note: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE resigned as president on 29 February
2004; ALEXANDRE, as Chief of the Supreme Court, constitutionally
succeeded Aristide
head of government: Interim Prime Minister Gerald LATORTUE (since 12
March 2004), chosen by extraconstitutional Council of Eminent
Persons representing cross-section of political and civic interests
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in November
2005); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the
National Assembly
election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent
of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%

Holy See (Vatican City)
chief of state: Pope BENEDICT XVI (since 19
April 2005)
head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since
1 December 1990)
cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope
elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals;
election last held 19 April 2005 (next to be held after the death of
the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope
election results: Joseph RATZINGER elected Pope BENEDICT XVI

Honduras
chief of state: President Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (since 27
January 2002); First Vice President Vicente WILLIAMS Agasse (since
27 January 2002); Second Vice President Armida Villela Maria DE
LOPEZ Contreras (since 27 January 2002); Third Vice President
Alberto DIAZ Lobo (since 27 January 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (since 27
January 2002); First Vice President Vicente WILLIAMS Agasse (since
27 January 2002); Second Vice President Armida Villela Maria DE
LOPEZ Contreras (since 27 January 2002); Third Vice President
Alberto DIAZ Lobo (since 27 January 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 25 November 2001 (next to be held 27 November
2005)
election results: Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (PN) elected president -
52.2%, Raphael PINEDA Ponce (PL) 44.3%, others 3.5%

Hong Kong
chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15
March 2003)
head of government: Chief Executive Donald TSANG (since 24 June 2005)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of seven non-official members
and 14 official members
elections: previous chief executive TUNG Chee-hwa was elected to
second five-year term in March 2002 by 800-member election committee
dominated by pro-Beijing forces, resignation accepted 12 March 2005;
Donald TSANG acted as chief executive between 12 March 2005 and 25
May 2005; Henry TANG acted as chief executive between 25 May 2005
and 24 June 2005; last election 16 June 2005 to fill final two years
of TUNG's term (next to be held in June 2007)

Hungary
chief of state: Laszlo SOLYOM (since 5 August 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Ferenc GYURCSANY (since 29
September 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on
the recommendation of the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 6-7 June 2005 (next to be held by
June 2010); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the
recommendation of the president; election last held 29 September 2004
election results: Laszlo SOLYOM elected president by a simple
majority in the third round of voting, 185 to 182; Ferenc GYURCSANY
elected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 197 to 12
note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of
legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the
third round

Iceland
chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1
August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Halldor ASGRIMSSON (since 15
September 2004); note - Former Prime Minister David ODDSSON switched
positions with former Foreign Minister Halldor ASGRIMMSON
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
parliament
elections: president, which is largely a ceremonial post, elected by
popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 June 2004
(next to be held June 2008); following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually the prime minister
election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON wins with 85.6% of the
vote, Baldur AGUSTSSON 12.5%, Astthor MAGNUSSON 1.9%

India
chief of state: President A.P.J. Abdul KALAM (since 26 July
2002); Vice President Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 August 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since NA May 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of
the states for a five-year term; election last held July 2002 (next
to be held 18 July 2007); vice president elected by both houses of
Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12 August 2002
(next to be held August 2007); prime minister chosen by
parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative
elections; election last held April - May 2004 (next to be held May
2009)
election results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vice
president; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8%

Indonesia
chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since
20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20
October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20
October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20
October 2004);
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were elected for five-year
terms by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004
(next to be held in September 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president
receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4%

Iran
chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI
(since 4 June 1989)
head of government: President Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD (since 3 August
2005) First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-Yazdi (since 26
August 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with
legislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over
appointments to the more sensitive ministries
elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by
the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 17 June 2005 with a two-candidate
runoff on 24 June 2005 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD elected president; percent of
vote - Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD 62%, Ali Akbar Hashemi RAFSANJANI 36%;
note - 2% of ballots spoiled

Iraq
chief of state: Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) President
Jalal TALABANI (since 6 April 2005); Deputy Presidents Adil Abd
AL-MAHDI and Ghazi al-Ujayl al-YAWR (since 6 April 2005); note - the
President and Deputy Presidents comprise the Presidency Council)
head of government: Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) Prime
Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI (since April 2005); Deputy Prime
Ministers Rowsch SHAWAYS, Ahmad CHALABI, and Abid al-Mutlaq
al-JABBURI (since May 2005)
cabinet: 32 ministers appointed by the Presidency Council, plus
Prime Minister Ibrahim al-JAFARI, Deputy Prime Ministers Rowsch
SHAWAYS, Ahmad CHALABI, and Abid al-Mutlaq al-JABBURI
elections: held 30 January 2005 to elect a 275-member Transitional
National Assembly that will draft a permanent constitution and pave
the way for new national elections at the end of 2005

Ireland
chief of state: President Mary MCALEESE (since 11 November
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Bertie AHERN (since 26 June 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination
by the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 31 October 1997 (next scheduled for October
2011); note - Mary MCALEESE appointed to a second term when no other
candidate qualified for the 2004 presidential election; prime
minister nominated by the House of Representatives and appointed by
the president
election results: Mary MCALEESE elected president; percent of vote -
Mary MCALEESE 44.8%, Mary BANOTTI 29.6%
note: government coalition - Fianna Fail and the Progressive
Democrats

Israel
chief of state: President Moshe KATZAV (since 31 July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ariel SHARON (since 7 March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the
Knesset
elections: president is largely a ceremonial role and is elected by
the Knesset for a seven-year term; election last held 31 July 2000
(next to be held mid-2007); following legislative elections, the
president assigns a Knesset member - traditionally the leader of the
largest party - the task of forming a governing coalition; election
last held 28 January 2003 (next scheduled to be held fall of 2006)
election results: Moshe KATZAV elected president by the 120-member
Knesset with a total of 60 votes, other candidate, Shimon PERES,
received 57 votes (there were three abstentions); Ariel SHARON
continues as prime minister after Likud Party victory in January
2003 Knesset elections; Likud won 38 seats and then formed coalition
government with Shinui, the National Religious Party, and the
National Union

Italy
chief of state: President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the
president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI (since 10
June 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
approved by the president
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
both houses of parliament and 58 regional representatives for a
seven-year term; election last held 13 May 1999 (next to be held May
2006); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by
parliament
election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - 70%
note: a four-party government coalition includes Forza Italia,
National Alliance, Northern League, and Union of Christian Democrats
and Center Democrats

Jamaica
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1
August 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since
30 March 1992)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor
general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime
minister

Japan
chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 26 April
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: Diet designates prime minister; constitution requires
that prime minister commands parliamentary majority; following
legislative elections, leader of majority party or leader of
majority coalition in House of Representatives usually becomes prime
minister; KOIZUMI's term as leader of the LDP is scheduled to end in
September 2006; a new prime minister may be chosen at that time;
monarch is hereditary

Jersey
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air
Chief Marshall Sir John CHESHIRE (since 24 January 2001) and Bailiff
Philip Martin BAILHACHE (since NA February 1995)
cabinet: committees appointed by the Assembly of the States
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor and
bailiff appointed by the monarch

Jordan
chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999);
Prince HUSSEIN (born 1994), son of King ABDALLAH, is first in line
to inherit the throne
head of government: Prime Minister Adnan BADRAN (since 7 April
2005); Deputy Prime Ministers Marwan al-MUASHER and Hisham al-TEL
(since 3 July 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation
with the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch

Kazakhstan
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV
(chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected
president 1 December 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Daniyal AKHMETOV (since 13 June
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Akhmetzhan YESIMOV (since 14 May
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously
scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's
previous term was extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held
30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president;
percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn
ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, Engels GABBASSOV 1.5%
note: President NAZARBAYEV arranged a referendum in 1995 that
expanded his presidential powers: only he can initiate
constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government,
dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint
administrative heads of regions and cities

Kenya
chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002)
and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002)
and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute
terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the
vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to
avoid a runoff; election last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held
December 2007); vice president appointed by the president
election results: President Mwai KIBAKI elected; percent of vote -
Mwai KIBAKI 63%, Uhuru KENYATTA 30%

Kiribati
chief of state: President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003);
Vice President Teima ONORIO; note - the president is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice
President Teima ONORIO; note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: 12-member Cabinet appointed by the president from among the
members of the House of Parliament
elections: the House of Parliament chooses the presidential
candidates from among its members and then those candidates compete
in a general election; president is elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 4 July 2003 (next to be held not
later than July 2007); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Anote TONG 47.4%, Harry TONG 43.5%, Banuera BERINA
9.1%

Korea, North
chief of state: KIM Jong Il (since July 1994); note -
on 3 September 2003, rubberstamp Supreme People's Assembly (SPA)
reelected KIM Jong Il Chairman of the National Defense Commission, a
position accorded nation's "highest administrative authority"; SPA
reelected KIM Yong Nam President of its Presidium also with
responsibility of representing state and receiving diplomatic
credentials; SPA appointed PAK Pong Ju Premier
head of government: Premier PAK Pong Ju (since 3 September 2003);
Vice Premiers KWAK Pom Gi (since 5 September 1998), JON Sung Hun
(since 3 September 2003), RO Tu Chol (since 3 September 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet (Naegak), members, except for the Minister of
People's Armed Forces, are appointed by the SPA
elections: election last held in September 2003 (next to be held in
September 2008)
election results: KIM Jong Il and KIM Yong Nam were only nominees
for positions and ran unopposed

Korea, South
chief of state: President ROH Moo-hyun (since 25
February 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister LEE Hae-chan (since 25 May 2004);
Deputy Prime Ministers HAN Duck-soo (14 March 2005), KIM Jin-pyo
(since 28 January 2005), and OH Myung (since 18 October 2004)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: president elected by popular vote for single five-year
term; election last held 19 December 2002 (next to be held in
February 2008); prime minister appointed by president with consent
of National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by president
on prime minister's recommendation
election results: results of the 19 December 2002 election - ROH
Moo-hyun elected president; percent of vote - ROH Moo-hyun (MDP)
48.9%; LEE Hoi-chang (GNP) 46.6%; other 4.5%

Kuwait
chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since
31 December 1977); Crown Prince SAAD al-Abdullah al-Salim al-Sabah
head of government: Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah
(since 13 July 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of
the Interior NAWWAF al-Ahmad al-Sabah (since 2003); Deputy Prime
Ministers JABIR MUBARAK al-Hamad al-Sabah (since 2001) and Muhammad
Dayfallah al-SHARAR (since 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and
approved by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch

Kyrgyzstan
chief of state: President Kurmanbek BAKIYEV (since 14
August 2005); note - former President Askar AKAYEV resigned
effective 11 April 2005 following widespread protests that forced
him to flee the country on 24 March 2005
head of government: Prime Minister Feliks KULOV (since 1 September
2005)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: Kurmanbek BAKIYEV elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 10 July 2005 (next scheduled for NA 2010);
prime minister nominated by the president for approval by Parliament
election results: Kurmanbek BAKIYEV elected president; percent of
vote - Kurmanbek BAKIYEV 88.6%, Tursunbai BAKIR-UULU 3.9%, other
candidates 7.5%; Feliks KULOV approved as prime minister 55-8

Laos
chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphadon (since 26
February 1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason
(since 27 March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since 27
March 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Bouasone BOUPHAVANH (since
3 October 2003) Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli (since
May 2002), Deputy Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisolit (since 27 March
2001), and Deputy Prime Minister SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26
February 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held
in 2007); prime minister appointed by the president with the
approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term
election results: KHAMTAI Siphadon elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Latvia
chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8 July
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Aigars KALVITIS (since 2 December
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
appointed by the Parliament
elections: president reelected by Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 20 June 2003 (next to be held by June 2007);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA reelected president;
parliamentary vote - Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA 88 of 94 votes cast

Lebanon
chief of state: President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Fuad SINIORA (since 30 June
2005); Deputy Prime Minister Elias MURR (since April 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president and members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year
term; election last held 15 October 1998 (next election date NA);
note - on 3 September 2004 the National Assembly voted 96 to 29 to
extend Emile LAHUD's six-year term by three years; the prime
minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in
consultation with the National Assembly; by agreement, the president
is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and
the speaker of the legislature is a Shia Muslim
election results: for 15 October 1998 election: Emile LAHUD elected
president; National Assembly vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against,
10 abstentions

Lesotho
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996);
note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November
1990 to February 1995, while his father was in exile
head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the
majority party in the Assembly automatically becomes prime minister;
the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution,
which came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is
a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative
powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to
determine who is next in the line of succession, who shall serve as
regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age, and may
even depose the monarch

Liberia
chief of state: Chairman Gyude BRYANT (since 14 October
2003); note - this is an interim position until presidential
elections in 2005; the chairman is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: Chairman Gyude BRYANT (since 14 October 2003);
note - this is an interim position until presidential elections in
2005; the chairman is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and confirmed by the
Senate; note - current cabinet positions are divided among groups
participating in the Liberian peace process
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(renewable); election last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held 11
October 2005)
election results: Charles Ghankay TAYLOR elected president; percent
of vote - Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (NPP) 75.3%, Ellen Johnson SIRLEAF
(UP) 9.6%, Alhaji KROMAH (ALCOP) 4%, other 11.1%; note - TAYLOR
stepped down in August 2003
note: a UN-brokered cease-fire among warring factions and the
Liberian government resulted in the August 2003 resignation of
former president Charles TAYLOR; a jointly agreed upon replacement,
Chairman Gyude BRYANT, assumed office as head of the National
Transitional Government on 14 October 2003

Libya
chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title,
but is de facto chief of state
head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee
(Prime Minister) Shukri Muhammad GHANIM (since 14 June 2003)
cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General
People's Congress
elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
people's committees; head of government elected by the General
People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held
NA)
election results: NA

Liechtenstein
chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November
1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince
ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968); note - on 15 August
2004, HANS ADAM transferred the official duties of the ruling prince
to ALOIS, but HANS ADAM retains status of chief of state
head of government: Head of Government Ottmar HASLER (since 5 April
2001) and Deputy Head of Government Rita KIEBER-BECK (since 5 April
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet elected by the parliament, confirmed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party in the Landtag is
usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the
leader of the largest minority party in the Landtag is usually
appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch

Lithuania
chief of state: President Valdas ADAMKUS (since 12 July
2004)
head of government: Premier Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 3
July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the premier
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 13 June 2004 and 27 June 2004 (next to be held
June 2009); premier appointed by the president on the approval of
the Parliament
election results: Valdas ADAMKUS elected president; percent of vote
- Valdas ADAMKUS 52.2%, Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE 47.8%

Luxembourg
chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000);
Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November
1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1
January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Jean ASSELBORN (since 31 July
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and
appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following popular
elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister is
appointed by the monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of
Deputies
note: government coalition - CSV and LSAP

Macau
chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15 March
2003)
head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20
December 1999)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of one government secretary,
four legislators, four businessmen, and one pro-Beijing unionist
elections: chief executive chosen by a 300-member Election Committee
for up to two five-year terms
election results: Edmund HO Hau-wah reelected on 29 August 2004;
received 296 votes in Election Committee out of 300 possible; 3
members submitted blank ballots; 1 member was absent

Macedonia
chief of state: President Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 12 May
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Vlado BUCKOVSKI (since 17
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all
the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the
government coalition parties SDSM, LDP, and BDI
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
two-round election last held 14 April and 28 April 2004 (next to be
held April 2009); prime minister elected by the Assembly; election
last held 1 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Branko CRVENKOVSKI elected president on
second-round ballot; percent of vote - Branko CRVENKOVSKI 62.7%,
Sasko KEDEV 37.3%; Vlado BUCKOVSKI elected prime minister by the
Assembly

Madagascar
chief of state: President Marc RAVALOMANANA (since 6 May
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Jacques SYLLA (27 May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held November 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 37.7%,
Marc RAVALOMANANA (TIM) 50.5%

Malawi
chief of state: President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (since 24 May
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (since 24 May
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: 46-member Cabinet named by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 20 May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: Bingu wa MUTHARIKA elected president; percent of
vote - Bingu wa MUTHARIKA (UDF) 35.9%, John TEMBO (MCP) 27.1%,
Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MC) 25.7%, Brown MPINGANJIRA (NDA) 8.7%,
Justin MALEWEZI (independent) 2.5%

Malaysia
chief of state: Paramount Ruler Tuanku SYED SIRAJUDDIN ibni
Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail, the Raja of Perlis (since 12
December 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since
31 October 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Mohamed NAJIB bin Abdul
Razak (since 7 January 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler
elections: paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers
of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held 12
December 2001 (next to be held in 2006); prime minister designated
from among the members of the House of Representatives; following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality
of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister
election results: Tuanku SYED SIRAJUDDIN ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed
Putra Jamalullail elected paramount ruler

Maldives
chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11
November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11
November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then the nomination
must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval
margin is required); president elected for a five-year term;
election last held 17 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected in
referendum held 17 October 2003; percent of popular vote - Maumoon
Abdul GAYOOM 90.3%

Mali
chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi MAIGA (since 30
April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(two-term limit); election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held
May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE elected president; percent of
vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%, Soumaila CISSE 35.6%

Malta
chief of state: President Eddie FENECH ADAMI (since 4 April
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Lawrence GONZI (since 23 March
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Representatives for a
five-year term; election last held 29 March 2004 (next to be held by
April 2009); following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the
deputy prime minister is appointed by the president on the advice of
the prime minister
election results: Eddie FENECH ADAMI elected president; percent of
House of Representatives vote - 33 out of 65 votes

Man, Isle of
chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since
6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Ian MACFADYEN
(since 26 October 2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Donald GELLING (since 14 December
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed
by the monarch for a five-year term; the Chief Minister is elected
by the Tynwald; election last held 14 December 2004 (next to be held
December 2010)
election results: Donald GELLING elected chief minister by the
Tynwald; note - Richard CORKILL resigned 2 December 2004

Marshall Islands
chief of state: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 5
January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 5 January
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president from among the members of
Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament from among its own
members for a four-year term; election last held 17 November 2003
(next to be held November 2007)
election results: Kessai Hesa NOTE elected president; percent of
Parliament vote - 100%

Martinique
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995); Prefect Yves DASSONVILLE (since 14 January 2004); note
- took office 8 February 2004
head of government: President of the General Council Claude LISE
(since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Alfred
MARIE-JEANNE (since NA March 1998)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Mauritania
chief of state: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA
(since 12 December 1984); note - President TAYA deposed in a coup by
the Military Council for Justice and Democracy led by Col. Ely Ould
Mohamed VALL on 3 August 2005
head of government: Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould BOUBAKAR (since
8 August 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 7 November 2003 (next to be held NA 2009); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected
for a third term with 60.8% of the vote

Mauritius
chief of state: President Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 7
October 2003) and Vice President Abdool Raouf BUNDHUN (since 25
February 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 30 September
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 25 February 2002
(next to be held NA 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the president, responsible to the National Assembly
election results: Karl OFFMANN elected president and Raouf BUNDHUN
elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly -
NA%; note - Karl OFFMANN stepped down on 30 September 2003

Mayotte
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17
May 1995), represented by Prefect Jean-Paul KIHL (since 17 January
2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Said Omar OILI
(since NA 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General Council
elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term

Mexico
chief of state: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1
December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of
attorney general requires consent of the Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held 2 July 2006)
election results: Vicente FOX Quesada elected president; percent of
vote - Vicente FOX Quesada (PAN) 42.52%, Francisco LABASTIDA Ochoa
(PRI) 36.1%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 16.64%, other 4.74%

Micronesia, Federated States of
chief of state: President Joseph J.
URUSEMAL (since 11 May 2003); Vice President Redley KILLION (11 May
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Joseph J. URUSEMAL (since 11 May
2003); Vice President Redley KILLION (11 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from
among the four senators at large for four-year terms; election last
held 11 May 2003 (next to be held May 2007); note - a proposed
constitutional amendment to establish popular elections for
president and vice president failed
election results: Joseph J. URUSEMAL elected president; percent of
Congress vote - NA%; Redley KILLION elected vice president; percent
of Congress vote - NA%

Moldova
chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April
2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Vasile IOVV (since 29 January
2002)
cabinet: selected by president, subject to approval of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 4 April 2005 (next to be held NA 2009); note -
prime minister designated by the president, upon consultation with
Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime
minister-designate must request a vote of confidence from the
Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime
minister designated 15 April 2001, cabinet received a vote of
confidence 19 April 2001
election results: Vladimir VORONIN reelected president;
parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 75, Gheorghe DUCA 1; Vasile
TARLEV designated prime minister; parliamentary votes of confidence
- 75 of 101

Monaco
chief of state: Prince ALBERT II (since 6 April 2005)
head of government: Minister of State Jean-Paul PROUST (since 1 June
2005)
cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state
appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national
candidates presented by the French Government

Mongolia
chief of state: President Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 24 June
2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Tsakhi ELBEGDORJ (since 20 August
2004); Deputy Prime Minister Chultem ULAAN (since 28 September 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural (parliament) in
consultation with the president
elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties
represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; presidential tenure limited to two four-year terms;
election last held 22 May 2005 (next to be held in May 2009);
following legislative elections, leader of majority party or
majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by State Great
Hural
election results: Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected president; percent of
vote - Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (MPRP) 53.44%, Mendsaikhanin ENKHSAIKHAN
(DP) 20.05%, Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN (MRP) 13.92%, Badarchyn
ERDENEBAT (M-MNSDP) 12.59%; Tsakhi ELBEGDORJ elected prime minister
by the State Great Hural 74 to 0

Montserrat
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor Deborah BARNES-JONES (since 10 May
2004)
head of government: Chief Minister John OSBORNE (since 5 April 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief
minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the
finance secretary
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party usually becomes chief minister

Morocco
chief of state: King MOHAMED VI (since 30 July 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Driss JETTOU (since 9 October
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch following legislative elections

Mozambique
chief of state: President Armando GUEBUZA (since 2
February 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Luisa DIOGO (since 17 February
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 1-2 December 2004 (next to be held December
2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Armando GUEBUZA elected president; percent of vote
- Armando GUEBUZA 63.7%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 31.7%

Namibia
chief of state: President Hifikepunye POHAMBA (since 15
November 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nahas ANGULA (since 21 March 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 November 2004 (next to be held November 2009)
election results: Hifikepunye POHAMBA elected president; percent of
vote - NA%

Nauru
chief of state: President Ludwig SCOTTY (since 26 October
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Ludwig SCOTTY (since 26 October 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a three-year term;
election last held 23 October 2004 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: Ludwig SCOTTY was unopposed in the parliamentary
elections for president

Nepal
chief of state: King GYANENDRA Bir Bikram Shah (succeeded to
the throne 4 June 2001 following the death of his nephew, King
DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah)
head of government: Prime Minister Sher Bahadur DEUBA; note - the
Prime Minister resigned in Februrary 2005
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the prime minister; note - the King dissolved the Cabinet in
February 2005
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority
coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
note: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev died in a bloody shooting at
the royal palace on 1 June 2001 that also claimed the lives of most
of the royal family; King BIRENDRA's son, Crown Price DIPENDRA, is
believed to have been responsible for the shootings before fatally
wounding himself; immediately following the shootings and while
still clinging to life, DIPENDRA was crowned king; he died three
days later and was succeeded by his uncle

Netherlands
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980);
Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the
monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22
July 2002) and Deputy Prime Ministers Gerrit ZALM (since 27 May
2003) and Laurens Jan BRINKHORST (since 31 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following Second
Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch
note: there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir
apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the cabinet
on legislative and administrative policy

Netherlands Antilles
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the
Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General
Frits GOEDGEDRAG (since 1 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Etienne YS (since 3 June 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten (legislature)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections,
the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister
by the Staten; election last held 18 January 2002 (next to be held
by NA 2006)
note: government coalition - PAR, PNP, PLKP, DP St. Maarten, UP
Bonaire, WIPM Saba, DP Statia

New Caledonia
chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner Michel MATHIEU
(since 15 July 2005)
head of government: President of the Government Marie-Noelle
THEMEREAU (since 10 June 2004)
cabinet: Consultative Committee
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress; note
- last election held 29 June 2004 when Marie-Noelle THEMEREAU was
elected on the third vote with 8 votes for and 3 abstentions

New Zealand
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since
4 April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 10 December
1999) and Deputy Prime Minister Michael CULLEN (since NA July 2002)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Nicaragua
chief of state: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10
January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January
2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10
January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January
2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 4 November
2001 (next to be held by November 2006)
election results: Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (PLC) elected president -
56.3%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 42.3%, Alberto SABORIO (PCN)
1.4%; Jose RIZO Castellon elected vice president

Niger
chief of state: President TANDJA Mamadou (since 22 December
1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President TANDJA Mamadou (since 22 December
1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government; Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was
appointed by the president and shares some executive
responsibilities with the president
cabinet: 27-member Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
second round last held 4 December 2004 (next to be held December
2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: TANDJA Mamadou reelected president; percent of
vote - TANDJA Mamadou 65.5%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 34.5%

Nigeria
chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May
1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than two
four-year terms; election last held 19 April 2003 (next to be held
NA 2007)
election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of
vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 61.9%, Muhammadu BUHARI (ANPP) 31.2%,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu OJUKWU (APGA) 3.3%, other 3.6%

Niue
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the
UK and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High Commissioner
John BRYAN (since NA May 2000)
head of government: Premier Young VIVIAN (since 1 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the
Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 12
May 2005 (next to be held May 2008)
election results: Young VIVIAN reelected premier; percent of
Legislative Assembly vote - Young VIVIAN (NPP) 85%, O'Love JACOBSEN
(independent) 15%

Norfolk Island
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); the UK and Australia are represented by Administrator Grant
TAMBLING (since 1 November 2003)
head of government: Assembly President and Chief Minister Geoffrey
Robert GARDNER (since 5 December 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members of
the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and
acts as an advisor to the administrator
elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the
governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the
Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years;
election last held 20 Ocotber 2004 (next to be held by December 2007)
election results: Geoffrey Robert GARDNER elected chief minister;
percent of Legislative Assembly vote - 17.2%

Northern Mariana Islands
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of
the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY
(since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Juan N. BABAUTA (since 14 January
2002); Lieutenant Governor Diego T. BENAVENTE (since 14 January 2002)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 3 November 2001 (next to be held November 2005)
election results: Juan N. BABAUTA elected governor in a four-way
race; percent of vote - Juan N. BABAUTA (Republican Party) 42.8%

Norway
chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir
Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20
July 1973)
head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17
October 2005)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of
parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch with the approval of the parliament

Oman
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said
al-Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said
al-Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Pakistan
note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999,
Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee, General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's
constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; on
12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court unanimously validated the
October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF executive and legislative
authority for three years from the coup date; on 20 June 2001,
MUSHARRAF named himself as president and was sworn in, replacing
Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum held on 30 April 2002,
MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years; on 1 January
2004, MUSHARRAF won a vote of confidence in the Senate, National
Assembly, and four provincial assemblies
chief of state: President General Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Shaukat AZIZ (since 28 August
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the president is elected by Parliament for a five-year
term; note - in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's
presidency was extended by five more years (next to be held NA
2007); the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: AZIZ elected by the National Assembly on 27 August
2004 with 191 of the votes

Palau
chief of state: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. (since
19 January 2001) and Vice President Camsek CHIN (since 1 January
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. (since 19
January 2001) and Vice President Camsek CHIN (since 1 January 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 2 November
2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. reelected president;
percent of vote - Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. 64%, Polycarp BASILIUS
33%; Elias Camsek CHIN elected vice president; percent of vote -
Elias Camsek CHIN 70%, Sandra PIERANTOZZI 29%

Panama
chief of state: President Martin TORRIJOS Espino (since 1
September 2004); First Vice President Samuel LEWIS Navarro (since 1
September 2004); Second Vice President Ruben AROSEMENA Valdes (since
1 September 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Martin TORRIJOS Espino (since 1
September 2004); First Vice President Samuel LEWIS Navarro (since 1
September 2004); Second Vice President Ruben AROSEMENA Valdes (since
1 September 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 2004
(next to be held 3 May 2009); note - beginning in 2009, Panama will
have only one vice president.
election results: Martin TORRIJOS Espino elected president; percent
of vote - Martin TORRIJOS Espino 47.5%, Guillermo ENDARA Galimany
30.6%, Jose Miguel ALEMAN 17%, Ricardo MARTINELLI 4.9%
note: government coalition - PRD (Democratic Revolutionary Party),
PP (Popular Party)

Papua New Guinea
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by governor general Sir Paulius MATANE
(since 29 June 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Michael SOMARE (since 2
August 2002); deputy prime minister (vacant)
cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor
general on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the National Executive Council; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually is appointed prime minister by the
governor general

Paraguay
chief of state: President Nicanor DUARTE Frutos (since 15
August 2003); Vice President Luis CASTIGLIONI Joria (since 15 August
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Nicanor DUARTE Frutos (since 15 August
2003); Vice President Luis CASTIGLIONI Joria (since 15 August 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 April
2003 (next to be held April 2008)
election results: Nicanor DUARTE Frutos elected president; percent
of vote - Nicanor DUARTE Frutos 37.1%, Julio Cesar Ramon FRANCO
Gomez 23.9%, Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella 21.3%, Guillermo
SANCHEZ Guffanti 13.5%, other 4.2%

Peru
chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28
July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; additionally, the constitution provides for two vice
presidents, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President
David WAISMAN Rjavinsthi (since 28 July 2001)
head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28
July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; additionally, the constitution provides for two vice
presidents, First Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President
David WAISMAN Rjavinsthi (since 28 July 2001)
note: Prime Minister Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI (since 25 August 2005)
does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the
president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001,
with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006
election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected
president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO
Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%

Philippines
chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since
20 January 2001); note - president is both chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20
January 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with consent of
Commission of Appointments
elections: president and vice president (Manuel "Noli" DE CASTRO)
elected on separate tickets by popular vote for six-year terms;
election last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May 2010)
election results: results of the election - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
elected president; percent of vote - Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO 40%,
Fernando POE 37%, three others 23%

Pitcairn Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand
and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Richard FELL
(since NA December 2001); Commissioner (nonresident) Leslie JAQUES
(since September 2003); serves as liaison between the governor and
the Island Council
head of government: Governor Richard FELL; mayor and chairman of the
Island Council Jay WARREN (since 15 December 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner and
commissioner appointed by the monarch; island mayor elected by
popular vote for a three-year term; election last held December 2004
(next to be held December 2007)
election results: Jay WARREN elected mayor and chairman of the
Island Council

Poland
chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23
December 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Marek BELKA (since 24 June 2004);
Deputy Prime Minister Izabela JARUGA-NOWACKA (since 24 June 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and
the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and
the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 October 2000 (next to be held October 2005);
prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
and confirmed by the Sejm
election results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI reelected president;
percent of popular vote - Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzej
OLECHOWSKI 17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%, Lech WALESA 1%

Portugal
chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES (since 12 March
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative
body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held January 2006);
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the president
election results: Jorge SAMPAIO reelected president; percent of vote
- Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral
(Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Puerto Rico
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (since 2 January
2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the
legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2008)
election results: Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA (PPD) elected governor;
percent of vote - 48.4%

Qatar
chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani (since 27 June
1995 when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA bin
Hamad al-Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince TAMIM bin Hamad
bin Khalifa al-Thani, third son of the monarch (selected Heir
Apparent by the monarch on 5 August 2003); note - Amir HAMAD also
holds the positions of Minister of Defense and Commander-in-chief of
the Armed Forces
head of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa al-Thani,
brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); Deputy Prime
Minister MUHAMMAD bin Khalifa al-Thani, brother of the monarch
(since 20 January 1998); First Deputy Prime Minister HAMAD bin JASIM
bin JABIR al-Thani (since 16 September 2003; also Foreign Minister
since 1992); Second Deputy Prime Minister Abdallah bin Hamad
al-ATTIYAH (since 16 September 2003; also Energy Minister since NA
1992)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
note: in April 2003, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member
Central Municipal Council (CMC), which has consultative powers aimed
at improving the provision of municipal services; the first election
for the CMC was held in March 1999

Reunion
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17
May 1995), represented by Prefect Laurent CAYREL (since 16 July 2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc
POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council
Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Romania
chief of state: President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Calin Popescu-TARICEANU (since 29
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 28 November 2004, with runoff between the top two
candidates held 12 December 2004 (next to be held 28 November 2009
and 12 December 2009); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 51.23%, Adrian
NASTASE 48.77%

Russia
chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
(acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail Yefimovich FRADKOV (since 5
March 2004); Deputy Premier Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9
March 2004)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of
the premier and his deputy, ministers, and selected other
individuals; all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides
staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential
decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a
Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March 2008); note
- no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot
exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns,
the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president
until a new presidential election is held, which must be within
three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval
of the Duma
election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN reelected president;
percent of vote - Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 71.2%, Nikolay
KHARITONOV 13.7%, other (no candidate above 5%) 15.1%

Rwanda
chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct
popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%,
Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%

Saint Helena
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952)
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief Michael CLANCY
(since 15 October 2004)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio
officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed by
the monarch

Saint Kitts and Nevis
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Cuthbert Montraville
SEBASTIAN (since 1 January 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July
1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultation
with the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Saint Lucia
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Pearlette LOUISY (since
September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Kenneth Davis ANTHONY (since 24
May 1997) and Deputy Prime Minister Mario MICHEL (since 24 May 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC
of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Albert DUPUY
(since 10 January 2005)
head of government: President of the General Council Marc
PLANTAGENEST (since NA)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held, first round - 21 April 2002, second round
- 5 May 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); prefect appointed by the
French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior;
president of the General Council is elected by the members of the
council

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir
Fredrick Nathaniel BALLANTYNE (since 2 September 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Ralph E. GONSALVES (since 29
March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by
the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the
governor general on the advice of the prime minister

Samoa
chief of state: Chief Tanumafili II MALIETOA (cochief of state
from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5 April 1963)
head of government: Prime Minister Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA
(since 1996); note - TUILA'EPA served as deputy prime minister from
1992 and assumed the duties of acting prime minister in 1996, when
former Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana resigned in poor health;
TUILA'EPA was confirmed as prime minister (November 1998) after
TOFILAU died; Deputy Prime Minister MISA Telefoni (since 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members, appointed by the chief of
state on the prime minister's advice
elections: upon the death of Chief Tanumafili II MALIETOA, a new
chief of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve
a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party is usually appointed prime minister by the chief of
state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly

San Marino
chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Claudio
MUCCIOLI and Captain Regent Antonello BACCIOCHI (for the period 1
October 2005 - 31 March 2006)
head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political
Affairs Fabio BERARDI (15 December 2003)
cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council
for a five-year term
elections: cochiefs of state (captains regent) elected by the Great
and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA
September 2005 (next to be held March 2006); secretary of state for
foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General
Council for a five-year term; election last held 13 December 2003
(next to be held June 2006 when general elections are scheduled)
election results: Claudio MUCCIOLI and Antonello BACCIOCHI elected
captains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Fabio BERARDI
elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs;
percent of legislative vote - NA%
note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council)
selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs
of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the
Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which
has 10 other members, all selected by the Grand and General Council;
assisting the captains regent are 10 secretaries of state; the
secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some of the
prerogatives of a prime minister

Sao Tome and Principe
chief of state: President Fradique DE MENEZES
(since 3 September 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Maria do Carmo SILVEIRA (since 7
June 2005); Damiao Vaz DE ALMEIDA resigned 2 June 2005
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
proposal of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 29 July 2001 (next to be held July 2006); prime
minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the
president
election results: Fradique DE MENEZES elected president in Sao
Tome's third multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - NA%

Saudi Arabia
chief of state: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin
Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown
Prince SULTAN bin Abd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch,
born 5 January 1928) note - the monarch is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: King and Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz
Al Saud (since 1 August 2005); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SULTAN bin
Abd al- Aziz Al Saud (half brother of the monarch, born 5 January
1928) note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and
includes many royal family members
elections: note - in October 2003, Council of Ministers announced
its intent to introduce elections for half of the members of local
and provincial assemblies and a third of the members of the national
Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura, incrementally over a period
of four to five years; in November 2004, the Ministry of Municipal
and Rural Affairs initiated voter registration for partial municipal
council elections scheduled nationwide for February through April
2005

Senegal
chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Macky SALL (since 21 April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
under new constitution; election last held under prior constitution
(seven-year terms) 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held
February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote
in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou
DIOUF (PS) 41.51%

Serbia and Montenegro
chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC
(since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet
elections: president elected by the parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held 2007)
election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the
parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47

Seychelles
chief of state: President James MICHEL (since 14 April
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President James MICHEL (since 14 April 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 31 August-2 September 2001 (next to be held NA
2006)
election results: France Albert RENE re-elected president; percent
of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 54.19%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO)
44.95%, Philippe BOULLE 0.86%; note - the first time that
presidential elections have been held separately from legislative
elections; France Albert RENE stepped down 14 April 2004 and Vice
President James MICHEL was sworn in as president

Sierra Leone
chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29
March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March
1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the
approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible
to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held May 2007); note -
president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms
election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of
vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA (APC) 22.4%

Singapore
chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN
(since 1 September 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12 August
2004); Senior Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 12 August 2004);
Minister Mentor LEE Kuan Yew (since 12 August 2004); Deputy Prime
Ministers Shunmugan JAYAKUMAR (since 12 August 2004) and Tony TAN
Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term; last
appointed 17 August 2005 (next election to be held by August 2011);
following legislative elections, leader of majority party or leader
of majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by
president; deputy prime ministers appointed by president
election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN appointed president
in August 2005 after Presidential Elections Committee disqualified
three other would-be candidates

Slovakia
chief of state: President Ivan GASPAROVIC (since 15 June
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30
October 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Ivan MIKLOS (since 30 October
1998); Deputy Prime Minister Pal CSAKY (since 30 October 1998);
Deputy Prime Minister Pavol RUSKO (since May 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 3 April and 17 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2009); following National Council elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Ivan GASPAROVIC elected president in runoff;
percent of vote - Ivan GASPAROVIC 59.9%, Vladimir MECIAR 40.1%;
Mikulas DZURINDA reelected prime minister October 2002
note: government coalition - SDKU, SMK, KDH, ANO

Slovenia
chief of state: President Janez DRNOVSEK (since 22 December
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 9 November
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 10 November and 1 December 2002 (next to be held
in the fall of 2007); following National Assembly elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held 9 November 2004
(next National Assembly elections to be held October 2008)
election results: Janez DRNOVSEK elected president; percent of vote
- Janez DRNOVSEK 56.5%, Barbara BREZIGAR 43.5%; Janez JANSA elected
prime minister; National Assembly vote - 57 to 27

Solomon Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Nathaniel WAENA (since 7 July
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA (since 17
December 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Snyder RINI (since 17 December
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 20 members appointed by the governor
general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members
of Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of Parliament for up to five
years; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime
minister by Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the
governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament

Somalia
chief of state: Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed (since 14 October
2004); note - a new Transitional Federal Government consisting of a
275-member parliament was established in October 2004 but remains
resident in Nairobi, Kenya, and has not extablished effective
governance inside Somalia
head of government: Prime Minister Ali Muhammad GHEDI (since 24
December 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by the
Transitional Federal Assembly
election results: Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed, the leader of the Puntland
region of Somalia, was elected president by the Transitional Federal
Assembly

South Africa
chief of state: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June
1999); Executive Deputy President Phumzile MLAMBO-NGCUKA (since 23
June 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);
Executive Deputy President Phumzile MLAMBO-NGCUKA (since 23 June
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2009)
election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president; percent of National
Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)
note: ANC-IFP is the governing coalition

Spain
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government: President of the Government and Prime Minister
Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004); First Vice
President and Deputy Prime Minister (and Minister of the Presidency)
Maria Teresa FERNANDEZ DE LA VEGA (since 18 April 2004) and Second
Vice President (and Minister of Economy and Finance) Pedro SOLBES
(since 18 April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme
consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are
non-binding
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually proposed president by the monarch and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held 14 March 2004
(next to be held March 2008); vice presidents appointed by the
monarch on the proposal of the president
election results: Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO (PSOE) elected
president; percent of National Assembly vote - 52.29%

Sri Lanka
chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike
KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Mahinda RAJAPAKSE
(since 6 April 2004) is the prime minister; the president is
considered both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA
(since 12 November 1994); note - Mahinda RAJAPAKSE is the prime
minister (since 6 April 2004); the president is considered both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December
2005)
election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected
president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA 51%,
Ranil WICKREMASINGHE 42%, other 7%

Sudan
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4
August 2005), Second Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20
September 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4
August 2005), Second Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20
September 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the
National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front
or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA)
election results: Field Marshall Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates
received a combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged;
all popular opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack
of guarantees for a free and fair election
note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's Revolutionary
Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and served
concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister,
and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointed
president by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote for
the first time in March 1996

Suriname
chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since
12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12
August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among
the members of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate
receives a a two-thirds constitutional majority in the National
Assembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger
People's United Assembly (869 representatives from the national,
local, and regional councils), for five-year terms; election last
held 25 May 2005 (next to be held 25 May 2010)

Svalbard
chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January
1991)
head of government: Governor Odd Olsen INGERO (since 8 June 2001)
and Assistant Governor Rune Baard HANSEN (since NA)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant
governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of
Justice

Swaziland
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
head of government: Prime Minister Absolom Themba DLAMINI (since 14
November 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by
the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch

Sweden
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September
1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March
1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the prime minister is elected by the parliament; election
last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006)
election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131
out of 349 votes

Switzerland
chief of state: President Samuel SCHMID (since 1 January
2005); Vice President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Samuel SCHMID (since 1 January 2005);
Vice President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January 2005); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal
(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal
Assembly usually from among its own members for a four-year term
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year
terms that run concurrently; election last held 8 December 2004
(next to be held December 2005)
election results: Samuel SCHMID elected president; percent of
Federal Assembly vote - 70.7%; Moritz LEUENBERGER elected vice
president; percent of legislative vote - 64.8%

Syria
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984)
and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10
September 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of
President Hafiz al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held
2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister
and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote
- Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th
Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name
to the People's Council on 25 June 2000

Taiwan
chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bian (since 20 May 2000)
and Vice President Annette LU (LU Hsiu-lien) (since 20 May 2000)
head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) Frank
HSIEH (since 1 February 2005) and Vice Premier (Vice President of
the Executive Yuan) - WU Rong-i) (since 18 February 2005)
cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 20 March
2004 (next to be held in March 2008); premier appointed by the
president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the premier
election results: CHEN Shui-bian re-elected president; percent of
vote - CHEN Shui-bian (DPP) 50.1%, LIEN Chan (KMT) 49.9%

Tajikistan
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6
November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19
November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime
minister appointed by the president; Tajikistan held a
constitutional referendum on 22 June 2003 that, among other things,
set a limit of two seven-year terms for the president
election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of
vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%

Tanzania
chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23
November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July
2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23
November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July
2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for
matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that
office on 29 October 2000
cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are
appointed by the president from among the members of the National
Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October
2000 (next to be held 30 October 2005); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president;
percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna
LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2%

Thailand
chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946)
head of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since 9
February 2001) and Deputy Prime Ministers CHITCHAI Wannasathi (since
11 March 2005), PHINIT Charusombat (since 6 October 2004), SOMKHIT
Chatusiphithak (since 11 March 2005), SURAKIAT Sathianthai (since 11
March 2005); SURIYA Chungrungruankit (since 3 August 2005), SUWAT
Liptapanlop (since 3 August 2005), WISANU Kruangam (since 8 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
note: there is also a Privy Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister is
designated from among the members of the House of Representatives;
following national elections for the House of Representatives, the
leader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usually
is appointed prime minister by the king

Togo
chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 6 February
2005); note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was
succeeded by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE; popular elections in April
2005 validated the succession
head of government: Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since 8 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held NA); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of
vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas
LAWSON 1.0%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.6%

Tokelau
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General of New Zealand Dame Silvia
CARTWRIGHT (since 4 April 2001); New Zealand is represented by
Administrator Neil WALTER (since 1 March 2003)
head of government: Pio TUIA (since February 2005); note - position
rotates annually among the three Faipule (village leaders)
cabinet: the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau,
consisting of three Faipule (village leaders) and three Pulenuku
(village mayors) functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the
head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves
a one-year term

Tonga
chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December
1965)
head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA
(since 3 January 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER
(since NA January 2001)
cabinet: cabinet consists of 16 members, 12 appointed by the monarch
for life; 4 appointed from among the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly including 2 each from the Nobles and Peoples
representatives serving three year terms
note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch,
the Cabinet, and two governors
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch

Trinidad and Tobago
chief of state: President George Maxwell
RICHARDS (since 17 March 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Patrick MANNING (since 24
December 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists
of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a
five-year term; election last held 14 February 2003 (next to be held
in 2008); the president usually appoints as prime minister the
leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives
election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS elected president; percent
of electoral college vote - 43%

Tunisia
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7
November 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17
November 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 24 October 2004 (next to be held October 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a
fourth term; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 94.5%,
Mohamed BOUCHIHA 3.8%, Mohamed Ali HALOUANI 1%

Turkey
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May
2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held May
2007); prime minister appointed by the president from among members
of parliament
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third
ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National
Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third
ballot

Turkmenistan
chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet
of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the
first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of
Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first
direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28
December 1999 during a session of the People's Council (Halk
Maslahaty)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held in 2008 when
NIYAZOV turns 70 and is constitutionally ineligible to run); note -
President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life by
the People's Council on 28 December 1999; deputy chairmen of the
cabinet of ministers are appointed by the president
election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without
opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%

Turks and Caicos Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1953), represented by Governor Richard TAUWHARE (since 11
July 2005)
head of government: Chief Minister Michael Eugene MISICK (since 15
August 2003)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and
five appointed by the governor from among the members of the
Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party is appointed chief minister by the governor

Tuvalu
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Filoimea TELITO (since 15 April 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Maatia TOAFA (since 11 October
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime
minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members
of Parliament; election last held 11 October 2004 (next to be held
following parliamentary elections in 2006)
election results: Saufatu SOPOANGA resigned parliamentary seat on 27
August 2004 following no-confidence vote on 25 August 2004;
succeeded by Deputy Prime Minister Maatia TOAFA in an acting
capacity on 27 August 2004; Maatia TOAFA confirmed Prime Minister in
a Parliamentary election (8-7 vote) on 11 October 2004

Uganda
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
(since seizing power 26 January 1986); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo NSIBAMBI
(since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of state
and head of government; the prime minister assists the president in
the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected
legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); note -
first popular election for president since independence in 1962 was
held in 1996; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;
percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%, Kizza
BESIGYE 27.8%

Ukraine
chief of state: President Viktor A. YUSHCHENKO (since 23
January 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Yuriy YEKHANUROV (since 22
September 2005); First Deputy Prime Minister - Stanislav STASHEVSKYY
(since 27 September 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and
approved by the Supreme Council
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC
originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but
significantly revamped and strengthened under former-President
KUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security
policy on domestic and international matters and advising the
president; a Presidential Administration that helps draft
presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president;
and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
note - a special repeat runoff presidential election between Viktor
YUSHCHENKO and Viktor YANUKOVYCH took place on 26 December 2004
after the earlier 21 November 2004 contest - won by Mr. YANUKOVYCH -
was invalidated by the Ukrainian Supreme Court because of widespread
and significant violations; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme
Council
election results: Viktor YUSHCHENKO elected president; percent of
vote - Viktor YUSHCHENKO 51.99%, Viktor YANUKOVYCH 44.2%

United Arab Emirates
chief of state: President Sheikh KHALIFA bin
Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 3 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu
Dhabi) (since 4 November 2004) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid
al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)
head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum
(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy Prime
Minister SULTAN bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990);
Deputy Prime Minister HAMDAN bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the
seven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional
authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions
federal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Supreme Council (composed of rulers of the seven emirates) for
five-year terms; election last held 3 November 2004 upon the death
of the UAE's Founding Father and first President ZAYID bin Sultan Al
Nuhayyan (next to be held 2009); prime minister and deputy prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Sheikh KHALIFA bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan elected
president by a unanimous vote of the FSC; MAKTUM bin Rashid
al-Maktum unanimously reaffirmed vice president

United Kingdom
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14
November 1948)
head of government: Prime Minister Anthony (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May
1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually the prime minister

United States
chief of state: President George W. BUSH (since 20
January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each
state; president and vice president serve four-year terms; election
last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: George W. BUSH reelected president; percent of
popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 50.9%, John KERRY
(Democratic Party) 48.1%, other 1.0%

Uruguay
chief of state: President Tabare VAZQUEZ (since 1 March
2005) and Vice President Rodolfo NIN NOVA (since 1 March 2005); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Tabare VAZQUEZ (since 1 March 2005)
and Vice President Rodolfo NIN NOVA (since 1 March 2005); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with
parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October
2004 (next to be held October 2009)
election results: Tabare VAZQUEZ elected president; percent of vote
- Tabare VAZQUEZ 50.5%, Jorge LARRANAGA 35.1%, Guillermo STIRLING
10.3%

Uzbekistan
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March
1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYAYEV (since 11
December 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional
amendment in 2002); election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be
held December 2007); prime minister and deputy ministers appointed
by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote
- Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2%

Vanuatu
chief of state: President Kalkot Matas KELEKELE (since 16
August 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Ham LINI (since 11 December
2004); Deputy Prime Minister Sato KILMAN (since 11 December 2004);
Prime Minister Serge VOHOR ousted in no-confidence vote on 11
December 2004
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected for a five-year term by an electoral
college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional
councils; election for president last held 16 August 2004 (next to
be held in 2009); following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime
minister by Parliament from among its members; election for prime
minister last held 29 July 2004 (next to be held following general
elections in 2008)
election results: Kalkot Matas KELEKELE elected president, with 49
votes out of 56, after several ballots on 16 August 2004

Venezuela
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3
February 1999); Vice President Jose Vicente RANGEL Vale (since 28
April 2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February
1999); Vice President Jose Vicente RANGEL Vale (since 28 April
2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of
vote - 60%
note: a special presidential recall vote on 15 August 2004 resulted
in a victory for CHAVEZ; percent of vote - 58% in favor of CHAVEZ
fulfilling the remaining two years of his term, 42% in favor of
terminating his presidency immediately

Vietnam
chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September
1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29
September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Vu KHOAN (8 August 2002) and
Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president based on proposal of prime
minister and ratification of National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its
members for a five-year term; election last held 25 July 2002 (next
to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative
elections in 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from
among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers
appointed by the prime minister
election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Virgin Islands
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (since 5
January 1999)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held November 2006)
election results: Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL reelected governor;
percent of vote - Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (Democrat) 50.5%, John
de JONGH 24.4%

Wallis and Futuna
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Administrator Xavier DE
FURST (since 18 January 2005)
head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Patalione
KANIMOA (since NA January 2001)
cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of three kings and three
members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the
Territorial Assembly
note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the
Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by
the members of the assembly

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May
1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the
merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd
al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4
April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a
seven-year term (recently extended from a five-year term by
constitutional amendment); election last held 23 September 1999
(next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the
president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najib Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%

Zambia
chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January
2002); Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006);
vice president appointed by the president
election results: Levy MWANAWASA elected president; percent of vote
- Levy MWANAWASA 29%, Anderson MAZOKA 27%, Christon TEMBO 13%,
Tilyenji KAUNDA 10%, Godfrey MIYANDA 8%, Benjamin MWILA 5%, Michael
SATA 3%, other 5%

Zimbabwe
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE
(since 31 December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6
December 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December
2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote for a 6-year term; election
last held 9-11 March 2002 (next to be held March 2008); co-vice
presidents appointed by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9%

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2078 Exports

Afghanistan
$446 million (not including illicit exports or
reexports) (FY03-04)

Albania
$552.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Algeria
$32.16 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

American Samoa
$30 million (2002)

Andorra
$58 million f.o.b. (1998)

Angola
$12.76 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Anguilla
$2.6 million (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda
$689 million (2002)

Argentina
$33.78 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Armenia
$850 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Aruba
$128 million f.o.b. (including oil reexports) (2002 est.)

Australia
$86.89 billion (2004 est.)

Austria
$102.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
$3.168 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
$636 million (2003 est.)

Bahrain
$8.205 billion (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
$7.478 billion (2004 est.)

Barbados
$206 million (2002)

Belarus
$11.47 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Belgium
$255.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Belize
$401.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Benin
$720.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Bermuda
$879 million (2002)

Bhutan
$154 million f.o.b. (2000 est.)

Bolivia
$1.986 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Botswana
$2.94 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Brazil
$95 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$25.3 million (2002)

Brunei
$7.7 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
$9.134 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
$418.6 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Burma
$2.137 billion f.o.b.
note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the
value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled
to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh (2004 est.)

Burundi
$31.84 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cambodia
$2.311 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cameroon
$2.445 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Canada
$315.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
$61.11 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
$1.2 million (1999)

Central African Republic
$172 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chad
$365 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Chile
$29.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

China
$583.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
$15.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Comoros
$28 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$1.417 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$2.224 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
$9.1 million (2000)

Costa Rica
$6.184 billion (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$5.124 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Croatia
$7.845 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cuba
$2.104 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: $1.094 billion f.o.b. north Cyprus: $49.3
million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
$66.51 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Denmark
$73.06 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Djibouti
$155 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominica
$39 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
$5.446 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

East Timor
$8 million (2004 est.)

Ecuador
$7.56 billion (2004 est.)

Egypt
$11 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

El Salvador
$3.249 billion (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$2.771 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Eritrea
$64.44 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Estonia
$5.701 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
$562.8 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

European Union $1.109 trillion note: external exports, excluding intra EU trade (2003)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$82 million (2002)

Faroe Islands
$408 million f.o.b. (2002)

Fiji
$609 million f.o.b. (2002)

Finland
$61.04 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

France
$419 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

French Guiana
$155 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

French Polynesia
$244 million f.o.b. (2002)

Gabon
$3.71 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
$114.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
$205 million f.o.b., includes West Bank (2002)

Georgia
$909.4 million (2004 est.)

Germany
$893.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ghana
$3.01 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
$136 million f.o.b. (2002)

Greece
$15.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Greenland
$388 million f.o.b. (2002)

Grenada
$46 million (2002 est.)

Guadeloupe
$140 million f.o.b. (1997)

Guam
$38 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guatemala
$2.911 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$709.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$54 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guyana
$570.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Haiti
$338.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Honduras
$1.457 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
$268.1 billion f.o.b., including reexports (2004 est.)

Hungary
$54.62 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Iceland
$2.902 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

India
$69.18 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Indonesia
$69.86 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Iran
$38.79 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Iraq
$10.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ireland
$103.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Israel
$34.41 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Italy
$336.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Jamaica
$1.679 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Japan
$538.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$3.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$18.47 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kenya
$2.589 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kiribati
$35 million f.o.b. (2002)

Korea, North
$1.2 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Korea, South
$250.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kuwait
$27.42 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$646.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Laos
$365.5 million (2004 est.)

Latvia
$3.569 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Lebanon
$1.783 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Lesotho
$484.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Liberia
$1.079 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Libya
$18.65 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
$2.47 billion (1996)

Lithuania
$8.88 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
$13.4 billion f.o.b. (2003)

Macau
$2.58 billion f.o.b., including reexports (2003)

Macedonia
$1.629 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Madagascar
$868.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Malawi
$503.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Malaysia
$123.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Maldives
$90 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mali
$915 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Malta
$2.625 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$9 million f.o.b. (2000)

Martinique
$250 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mauritania
$541 million f.o.b. (2002)

Mauritius
$2.012 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Mayotte
$3.44 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mexico
$182.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$22 million (f.o.b.) (FY99/00 est.)

Moldova
$1.03 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Monaco
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$853 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Montserrat
$700,000 (2001)

Morocco
$9.754 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Mozambique
$689.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Namibia
$1.356 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Nauru
$640,000 f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Nepal
$568 million f.o.b., but does not include unrecorded border
trade with India (2002 est.)

Netherlands
$293.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
$1.579 billion f.o.b. (2002)

New Caledonia
$448 million f.o.b. (2002)

New Zealand
$19.85 billion (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
$750 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Niger
$280 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nigeria
$33.99 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Niue
$137,200 (1999)

Norfolk Island
$1.5 million f.o.b. (FY99/00)

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
$76.64 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Oman
$13.14 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Pakistan
$15.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Palau
$18 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Panama
$5.699 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004
est.)

Papua New Guinea
$2.437 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Paraguay
$2.936 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Peru
$12.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Philippines
$38.63 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
$75.98 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Portugal
$37.68 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
$46.9 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Qatar
$15 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Reunion
$214 million f.o.b. (1997)

Romania
$23.54 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Russia
$162.5 billion (2004 est.)

Rwanda
$69.78 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
$17 million f.o.b. (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$70 million (2002 est.)

Saint Lucia
$66 million (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$10 million f.o.b. (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$38 million (2002 est.)

Samoa
$14 million f.o.b. (2002)

San Marino
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
$6.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$113 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Senegal
$1.374 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$3.245 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Seychelles
$256.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
$49 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Singapore
$174 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Slovakia
$29.24 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Slovenia
$14.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
$74 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Somalia
$79 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

South Africa
$41.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Spain
$172.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
$5.306 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sudan
$3.395 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Suriname
$495 million f.o.b. (2002)

Svalbard
$NA

Swaziland
$900.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sweden
$121.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Switzerland
$130.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Syria
$6.086 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Taiwan
$170.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
$1.13 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tanzania
$1.248 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Thailand
$87.91 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Togo
$663.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tokelau
$98,000 f.o.b. (1983)

Tonga
$27 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$6.671 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tunisia
$9.926 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Turkey
$69.46 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
$4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$169.2 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$1 million f.o.b. (2002)

Uganda
$621.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ukraine
$32.91 billion (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$69.48 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
$347.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

United States
$795 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Uruguay
$2.2 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
$3.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
$26.6 million f.o.b. (2003)

Venezuela
$35.84 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Vietnam
$23.72 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
$250,000 f.o.b. (1999)

West Bank
$205 million f.o.b., includes Gaza Strip (2002)

Western Sahara
NA

World
$8.819 trillion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Yemen
$4.468 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Zambia
$1.548 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
$1.409 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2079 Debt - external

Afghanistan
$8 billion in bilateral debt, mostly to Russia;
Afghanistan has $500 million in debt to Multilateral Development
Banks (2004)

Albania
$1.41 billion (2003)

Algeria
$21.9 billion (2004 est.)

American Samoa
$NA

Andorra
$NA

Angola
$10.45 billion (2004 est.)

Anguilla
$8.8 million (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda
$231 million (1999)

Argentina
$157.7 billion (2004 est.)

Armenia
$905 million (June 2001)

Aruba
$285 million (1996)

Australia
$308.7 billion (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)

Austria
$15.5 billion (2003 est.)

Azerbaijan
$1.832 billion (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
$308.5 million (2002)

Bahrain
$6.215 billion (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
$19.97 billion (2004 est.)

Barbados
$668 million (2003)

Belarus
$600 million (2004 est.)

Belgium
$28.3 billion (1999 est.)

Belize
$1.362 billion (June 2004 est.)

Benin
$1.6 billion (2000)

Bermuda
$160 million (FY99/00)

Bhutan
$245 million (2000)

Bolivia
$5.439 billion (June 2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$3 billion (2004 est.)

Botswana
$531 million (2004 est.)

Brazil
$219.8 billion (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$36.1 million (1997)

Brunei
$0

Bulgaria
$16.1 billion (November 2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
$1.3 billion (2000)

Burma
$6.752 billion (2004 est.)

Burundi
$1.133 billion (2002)

Cambodia
$2.4 billion (2002 est.)

Cameroon
$8.46 billion (2004 est.)

Canada
$570 billion (2004)

Cape Verde
$325 million (2002)

Cayman Islands
$70 million (1996)

Central African Republic
$881.4 million (2000 est.)

Chad
$1.1 billion (2000 est.)

Chile
$44.6 billion (2004 est.)

China
$233.3 billion (3rd quarter 2004 est.)

Colombia
$38.7 billion (2004 est.)

Comoros
$232 million (2000 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$11.6 billion (2000 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$5 billion (2000 est.)

Cook Islands
$141 million (1996 est.)

Costa Rica
$5.962 billion (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$11.81 billion (2004 est.)

Croatia
$26.4 billion (2004 est.)

Cuba
$12.09 billion (convertible currency); another $15-20 billion
owed to Russia (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: $7.327 billion; north Cyprus: $NA (2004
est.)

Czech Republic
$36.28 billion (2004 est.)

Denmark
$21.7 billion (2000)

Djibouti
$366 million (2002 est.)

Dominica
$161.5 million (2001)

Dominican Republic
$7.745 billion (2004 est.)

East Timor
none

Ecuador
$16.81 billion (2004 est.)

Egypt
$33.75 billion (2004 est.)

El Salvador
$4.792 billion (September 2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$248 million (2000 est.)

Eritrea
$311 million (2000 est.)

Estonia
$8.373 billion (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
$2.9 billion (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$NA

Faroe Islands
$64 million (1999)

Fiji
$188.1 million (2001 est.)

Finland
$30 billion (December 1993)

France
$NA

French Guiana
$1.2 billion (1988)

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
$3.804 billion (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
$476 million (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip
$108 million (includes West Bank) (1997 est.)

Georgia
$1.8 billion (2002)

Germany
NA

Ghana
$7.396 billion (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
$NA (2000 est.)

Greece
$67.23 billion (2004 est.)

Greenland
$25 million (1999)

Grenada
$196 million (2000)

Guadeloupe
$NA (yearend 2003 est.)

Guam
NA

Guatemala
$5.969 billion (2004 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$3.25 billion (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$941.5 million (2000 est.)

Guyana
$1.2 billion (2002)

Haiti
$1.2 billion (2004 est.)

Honduras
$5.365 billion (September 2004 est.)

Hong Kong
$66.94 billion (2004 est.)

Hungary
$57 billion (2004 est.)

Iceland
$3.073 billion (2002)

India
$117.2 billion (2004 est.)

Indonesia
$141.5 billion (2004 est.)

Iran
$13.4 billion (2004 est.)

Iraq
$125 billion (2004 est.)

Ireland
$11 billion (1998)

Israel
$74.46 billion (2004 est.)

Italy
$913.9 billion (2004 est.)

Jamaica
$5.964 billion (2004 est.)

Japan
NA (2002 est.)

Jersey
none

Jordan
$7.32 billion (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$26.03 billion (2004 est.)

Kenya
$6.792 billion (2004 est.)

Kiribati
$10 million (1999 est.)

Korea, North
$12 billion (1996 est.)

Korea, South
$160 billion (2004 est.)

Kuwait
$15.02 billion (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$1.97 billion (2004 est.)

Laos
$2.49 billion (2001)

Latvia
$7.368 billion (2004 est.)

Lebanon
$15.84 billion (2004 est.)

Lesotho
$735 million (2002)

Liberia
$2.1 billion (2000 est.)

Libya
$4.069 billion (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
$0 (2001)

Lithuania
$10.01 billion (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
$NA

Macau
$2.7 billion (2003)

Macedonia
$1.863 billion (2004 est.)

Madagascar
$4.6 billion (2002)

Malawi
$3.129 billion (2004 est.)

Malaysia
$53.36 billion (2004 est.)

Maldives
$281 million (2003 est.)

Mali
$3.3 billion (2000)

Malta
$130 million (1997)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$86.5 million (FY99/00 est.)

Martinique
$180 million (1994)

Mauritania
$2.5 billion (2000)

Mauritius
$1.78 billion (2004 est.)

Mayotte
$NA

Mexico
$149.9 billion (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$53.1 million (FY02/03 est.)

Moldova
$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Monaco
$18 billion (2000 est.)

Mongolia
$1.191 billion (2004 est.)

Montserrat
$8.9 million (1997)

Morocco
$17.07 billion (2004 est.)

Mozambique
$966 million (2002 est.)

Namibia
$1.136 billion (2004 est.)

Nauru
$33.3 million (2002)

Nepal
$2.7 billion (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
$1.35 billion (1996)

New Caledonia
$79 million (1998 est.)

New Zealand
$47.34 billion (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
$4.573 billion (2004 est.)

Niger
$1.6 billion (1999 est.)

Nigeria
$30.55 billion (2004 est.)

Niue
$418,000 (2002 est.)

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
$0 (Norway is a net external creditor) (2003 est.)

Oman
$4.814 billion (2004 est.)

Pakistan
$33.97 billion (2004 est.)

Palau
$0 (FY99/00)

Panama
$8.78 billion (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$2.463 billion (2004 est.)

Paraguay
$3.239 billion (2004 est.)

Peru
$29.79 billion (2004 est.)

Philippines
$55.6 billion (September 2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
$99.15 billion (2004 est.)

Portugal
$274.7 billion (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
NA

Qatar
$18.62 billion (2004 est.)

Reunion
$NA

Romania
$24.59 billion (2004 est.)

Russia
$169.6 billion (2004 est.)

Rwanda
$1.3 billion (2000 est.)

Saint Helena
NA (1996)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$171 million (2001)

Saint Lucia
$214 million (2000)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$167.2 million (2000)

Samoa
$197 million (2000)

San Marino
$NA

Sao Tome and Principe
$318 million (2002)

Saudi Arabia
$34.35 billion (2004 est.)

Senegal
$3.476 billion (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$12.97 billion (2004 est.)

Seychelles
$218.1 million (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
$1.5 billion (2002 est.)

Singapore
$19.4 billion (2004 est.)

Slovakia
$19.54 billion (2004 est.)

Slovenia
$14.65 billion (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
$180.4 million (2002)

Somalia
$3 billion (2001 est.)

South Africa
$27.01 billion (2004 est.)

Spain
$771.1 billion (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
$10.85 billion (2004 est.)

Sudan
$21 billion (2004 est.)

Suriname
$321 million (2002 est.)

Swaziland
$320 million (2002 est.)

Sweden
$66.5 billion (1994)

Switzerland
$NA (2000)

Syria
$4 billion (excludes military debt and debt to Russia) (2004
est.)

Taiwan
$55.5 billion (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
$888 million (2004 est.)

Tanzania
$7.321 billion (2004 est.)

Thailand
$50.59 billion (2004 est.)

Togo
$1.4 billion (2000)

Tokelau
$0

Tonga
$63.4 million (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
$2.94 billion (2004 est.)

Tunisia
$14.71 billion (2004 est.)

Turkey
$16.9 billion (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
$2.4 billion to $5 billion (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
$3.865 billion (2004 est.)

Ukraine
$16.37 billion (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$5.9 billion (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
$4.71 trillion (2003)

United States
$1.4 trillion (2001 est.)

Uruguay
$12.8 billion (March 2004)

Uzbekistan
$4.351 billion (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
$83.7 million (2002)

Venezuela
$33.29 billion (2004 est.)

Vietnam
$16.55 billion (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
$NA

West Bank
$108 million (includes Gaza Strip) (1997 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
$12.7 trillion (2004 est.)

Yemen
$5.4 billion (2004 est.)

Zambia
$5.353 billion (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
$4.086 billion (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2080 Fiscal year

Afghanistan
21 March - 20 March

Albania
calendar year

Algeria
calendar year

American Samoa
1 October - 30 September

Andorra
calendar year

Angola
calendar year

Anguilla
1 April - 31 March

Antigua and Barbuda
1 April - 31 March

Argentina
calendar year

Armenia
calendar year

Aruba
calendar year

Australia
1 July - 30 June

Austria
calendar year

Azerbaijan
calendar year

Bahamas, The
1 July - 30 June

Bahrain
calendar year

Bangladesh
1 July - 30 June

Barbados
1 April - 31 March

Belarus
calendar year

Belgium
calendar year

Belize
1 April - 31 March

Benin
calendar year

Bermuda
1 April - 31 March

Bhutan
1 July - 30 June

Bolivia
calendar year

Bosnia and Herzegovina
calendar year

Botswana
1 April - 31 March

Brazil
calendar year

British Virgin Islands
1 April - 31 March

Brunei
calendar year

Bulgaria
calendar year

Burkina Faso
calendar year

Burma
1 April - 31 March

Burundi
calendar year

Cambodia
calendar year

Cameroon
1 July - 30 June

Canada
1 April - 31 March

Cape Verde
calendar year

Cayman Islands
1 April - 31 March

Central African Republic
calendar year

Chad
calendar year

Chile
calendar year

China
calendar year

Christmas Island
1 July - 30 June

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1 July - 30 June

Colombia
calendar year

Comoros
calendar year

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
calendar year

Congo, Republic of the
calendar year

Cook Islands
1 April - 31 March

Costa Rica
calendar year

Cote d'Ivoire
calendar year

Croatia
calendar year

Cuba
calendar year

Cyprus
calendar year

Czech Republic
calendar year

Denmark
calendar year

Djibouti
calendar year

Dominica
1 July - 30 June

Dominican Republic
calendar year

East Timor
1 July - 30 June

Ecuador
calendar year

Egypt
1 July - 30 June

El Salvador
calendar year

Equatorial Guinea
1 January - 31 December

Eritrea
calendar year

Estonia
calendar year

Ethiopia
8 July - 7 July

European Union
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1 April - 31 March

Faroe Islands
calendar year

Fiji
calendar year

Finland
calendar year

France
calendar year

French Guiana
calendar year

French Polynesia
calendar year

Gabon
calendar year

Gambia, The
calendar year

Gaza Strip
calendar year

Georgia
calendar year

Germany
calendar year

Ghana
calendar year

Gibraltar
1 July - 30 June

Greece
calendar year

Greenland
calendar year

Grenada
calendar year

Guadeloupe
calendar year

Guam
1 October - 30 September

Guatemala
calendar year

Guernsey
calendar year

Guinea
calendar year

Guinea-Bissau
calendar year

Guyana
calendar year

Haiti
1 October - 30 September

Holy See (Vatican City)
calendar year

Honduras
calendar year

Hong Kong
1 April - 31 March

Hungary
calendar year

Iceland
calendar year

India
1 April - 31 March

Indonesia
calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March,
but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Iran
21 March - 20 March

Iraq
calendar year

Ireland
calendar year

Israel
calendar year

Italy
calendar year

Jamaica
1 April - 31 March

Japan
1 April - 31 March

Jersey
1 April - 31 March

Jordan
calendar year

Kazakhstan
calendar year

Kenya
1 July - 30 June

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
calendar year

Korea, South
calendar year

Kuwait
1 April - 31 March

Kyrgyzstan
calendar year

Laos
1 October - 30 September

Latvia
calendar year

Lebanon
calendar year

Lesotho
1 April - 31 March

Liberia
calendar year

Libya
calendar year

Liechtenstein
calendar year

Lithuania
calendar year

Luxembourg
calendar year

Macau
calendar year

Macedonia
calendar year

Madagascar
calendar year

Malawi
1 July - 30 June

Malaysia
calendar year

Maldives
calendar year

Mali
calendar year

Malta
1 April - 31 March

Man, Isle of
1 April - 31 March

Marshall Islands
1 October - 30 September

Martinique
calendar year

Mauritania
calendar year

Mauritius
1 July - 30 June

Mayotte
calendar year

Mexico
calendar year

Micronesia, Federated States of
1 October - 30 September

Moldova
calendar year

Monaco
calendar year

Mongolia
calendar year

Montserrat
1 April - 31 March

Morocco
calendar year

Mozambique
calendar year

Namibia
1 April - 31 March

Nauru
1 July - 30 June

Nepal
16 July - 15 July

Netherlands
calendar year

Netherlands Antilles
calendar year

New Caledonia
calendar year

New Zealand
1 July - 30 June

Nicaragua
calendar year

Niger
calendar year

Nigeria
calendar year

Niue
1 April - 31 March

Norfolk Island
1 July - 30 June

Northern Mariana Islands
1 October - 30 September

Norway
calendar year

Oman
calendar year

Pakistan
1 July - 30 June

Palau
1 October - 30 September

Panama
calendar year

Papua New Guinea
calendar year

Paraguay
calendar year

Peru
calendar year

Philippines
calendar year

Pitcairn Islands
1 April - 31 March

Poland
calendar year

Portugal
calendar year

Puerto Rico
1 July - 30 June

Qatar
1 April - 31 March

Reunion
calendar year

Romania
calendar year

Russia
calendar year

Rwanda
calendar year

Saint Helena
1 April - 31 March

Saint Kitts and Nevis
calendar year

Saint Lucia
1 April - 31 March

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
calendar year

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
calendar year

Samoa
June 1 - May 31

San Marino
calendar year

Sao Tome and Principe
calendar year

Saudi Arabia
1 March - 28 February

Senegal
calendar year

Serbia and Montenegro
calendar year

Seychelles
calendar year

Sierra Leone
calendar year

Singapore
1 April - 31 March

Slovakia
calendar year

Slovenia
calendar year

Solomon Islands
calendar year

Somalia
NA

South Africa
1 April - 31 March

Spain
calendar year

Sri Lanka
calendar year

Sudan
calendar year

Suriname
calendar year

Swaziland
1 April - 31 March

Sweden
calendar year

Switzerland
calendar year

Syria
calendar year

Taiwan
1 July - 30 June (up to FY98/99); 1 July 1999 - 31 December
2000 for FY00; calendar year (after FY00)

Tajikistan
calendar year

Tanzania
1 July - 30 June

Thailand
1 October - 30 September

Togo
calendar year

Tokelau
1 April - 31 March

Tonga
1 July - 30 June

Trinidad and Tobago
1 October - 30 September

Tunisia
calendar year

Turkey
calendar year

Turkmenistan
calendar year

Turks and Caicos Islands
calendar year

Tuvalu
calendar year

Uganda
1 July - 30 June

Ukraine
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United Arab Emirates
calendar year

United Kingdom
6 April - 5 April

United States
1 October - 30 September

Uruguay
calendar year

Uzbekistan
calendar year

Vanuatu
calendar year

Venezuela
calendar year

Vietnam
calendar year

Virgin Islands
1 October - 30 September

Wallis and Futuna
calendar year

West Bank
calendar year (since 1 January 1992)

Western Sahara
calendar year

Yemen
calendar year

Zambia
calendar year

Zimbabwe
calendar year

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@2081 Flag description

Afghanistan
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist), red, and
green, with a gold emblem centered on the red band; the emblem
features a temple-like structure encircled by a wreath on the left
and right and by a bold Islamic inscription above

Akrotiri
the flag of the UK is used

Albania
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Algeria
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a
red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the
two-color boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are
traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)

American Samoa
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is
based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and
white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying
two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club

Andorra
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the
coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of
Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the
center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem

Angola
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a
centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half
a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Anguilla
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an
interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy
water below

Antigua and Barbuda
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based
on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal
bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising
sun in the black band

Argentina
three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white,
and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun
with a human face known as the Sun of May

Armenia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Aruba
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the
lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the
upper hoist-side corner

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Australia
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side
quadrant known as the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation
of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for
each of the six original states and one representing all of
Australia's internal and external territories; the remaining half is
a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with
one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars

Austria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red

Azerbaijan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and
green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in
red band

Bahamas, The
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold,
and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist
side

Bahrain
red, the traditional color for flags of Persian Gulf states,
with a white serrated band (five white points) on the hoist side;
the five points represent the five pillars of Islam

Baker Island
the flag of the US is used

Bangladesh
green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of
center; the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to achieve
independence; the green field symbolizes the lush countryside, and
secondarily, the traditional color of Islam

Barbados
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and
blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the
trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the
colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)

Bassas da India
the flag of France is used

Belarus
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half
the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side
bears Belarusian national ornamention in red

Belgium
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow,
and red; the design was based on the flag of France

Belize
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom
edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the
coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a
mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in
the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green
garland

Benin
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom)
with a vertical green band on the hoist side

Bermuda
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and green shield with
a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship
Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the
flag

Bhutan
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered
along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing
away from the hoist side

Bolivia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green
with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the
flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in
the yellow band

Bosnia and Herzegovina
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly
side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top
of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven
full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom
along the hypotenuse of the triangle

Botswana
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in
the center

Bouvet Island
the flag of Norway is used

Brazil
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a
blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each
state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the
night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with
the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

British Indian Ocean Territory white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag

British Virgin Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in
the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked
on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll
bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)

Brunei
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double
width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national
emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a
swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned
crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

Bulgaria
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and
red; note - the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of the
white stripe, has been removed

Burkina Faso
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with
a yellow five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Burma
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing, 14 white five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel
containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 7
administrative divisions and 7 states

Burundi
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and
bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white
disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars
outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above,
two stars below)

Cambodia
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width),
and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat
outlined in black in the center of the red band; only national flag
to incorporate a building in its design

Cameroon
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and
yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Canada
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width),
with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is
centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red
and white

Cape Verde
three horizontal bands of light blue (top, double width),
white (with a horizontal red stripe in the middle third), and light
blue; a circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is centered on the
hoist end of the red stripe and extends into the upper and lower
blue bands

Cayman Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above
a shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a
scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE
SEAS

Central African Republic
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; there
is a yellow five-pointed star on the hoist side of the blue band

Chad
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of
Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms
centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

Chile
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a
blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end
of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the
center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes
the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the
blood spilled to achieve independence; design was influenced by the
US flag

China
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller
yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the
middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

Christmas Island
the flag of Australia is used; note - in early
1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a design competition for an
island flag, however, the winning design has never been formally
adopted as the official flag of the territory

Clipperton Island
the flag of France is used

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Colombia
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue,
and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears
the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

Comoros
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and
blue with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered
within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing
the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a
line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and
the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago -
Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (a territorial collectivity of
France, but claimed by Comoros); the crescent, stars, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
light blue with a large yellow
five-pointed star in the center and a columnar arrangement of six
small yellow five-pointed stars along the hoist side

Congo, Republic of the
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side
by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the
lower triangle is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia

Cook Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for
every island) centered in the outer half of the flag

Coral Sea Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Costa Rica
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double
width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical
disk on the hoist side of the red band; above the coat of arms a
light blue ribbon contains the words, AMERICA CENTRAL, and just
below it near the top of the coat of arms is a white ribbon with the
words, REPUBLICA COSTA RICA

Cote d'Ivoire
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side),
white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer
and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side),
white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

Croatia
red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of
arms (red and white checkered)

Cuba
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the
hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; design
influenced by the US flag

Cyprus
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the
name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two
green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches
symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek
and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag has a
horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom between which is a red
crescent and red star on a white field

Czech Republic
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red
with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (identical to
the flag of the former Czechoslovakia)

Denmark
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side,
and that design element of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was
subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland,
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

Dhekelia
the flag of the UK is used

Djibouti
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light
green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
bearing a red five-pointed star in the center

Dominica
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the
vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the
horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in
the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot
encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10
stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)

Dominican Republic
a centered white cross that extends to the edges
divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist
side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a
small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by an olive branch
(left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross;
above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA,
LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA
DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon

East Timor
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist
side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that
extends to the center of the flag; there is a white star in the
center of the black triangle

Ecuador
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue,
and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the
flag; similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not
bear a coat of arms

Egypt
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side
with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the
name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; design is
based on the Arab Liberation flag and similar to the flag of Syria,
which has two green stars, Iraq, which has three green stars (plus
an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white
band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band

El Salvador
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag
of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the
white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA
DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar
to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X
pattern centered in the white band

Equatorial Guinea
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of
arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and
five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton
tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ,
JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)

Eritrea
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing
the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the
lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is
centered on the hoist side of the red triangle

Estonia
pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three
equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white

Ethiopia
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and
red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from
the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the
three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa,
and the three main colors of her flag were so often adopted by other
African countries upon independence that they became known as the
pan-African colors

Europa Island
the flag of France is used

European Union
on a blue field, 12 five-pointed gold stars arranged
in a circle, representing the union of the peoples of Europe; the
number of stars is fixed

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising was once the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

Faroe Islands
white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to
the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted
toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Fiji
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the
flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered
by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm
tree, bananas, and a white dove

Finland
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag;
the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

France
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and
red; known as the "Le drapeau tricolore" (French Tricolor), the
origin of the flag dates to 1790 and the French Revolution; the
design and/or colors are similar to a number of other flags,
including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire,
Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French
dependent areas

French Guiana
the flag of France is used

French Polynesia
two narrow red horizontal bands encase a wide white
band; centered on the white band is a disk with blue and white wave
pattern on the lower half and gold and white ray pattern on the
upper half; a stylized red, blue and white ship rides on the wave
pattern; the French flag is used for official occasions

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the flag of France is used

Gabon
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

Gambia, The
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with
white edges, and green

Georgia
white rectangle, in its central portion a red cross
connecting all four sides of the flag; in each of the four corners
is a small red bolnur-katskhuri cross; the five-cross flag appears
to date back to the 14th century

Germany
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold

Ghana
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green
with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag
of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

Gibraltar
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red
with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band;
hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band

Glorioso Islands
the flag of France is used

Greece
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white;
there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established
religion of the country

Greenland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a
large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of
the disk is red, the bottom half is white

Grenada
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top
and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a
red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed
stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in
the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the
center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the
hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer
of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven
administrative divisions

Guadeloupe
the flag of France is used

Guam
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all
four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse
containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree
with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the
national flag

Guatemala
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side),
white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white
band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the
national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE
SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain)
all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed
swords and framed by a wreath

Guernsey
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of
England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed
cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross

Guinea
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Guinea-Bissau
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green
with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black
five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Guyana
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist
side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow,
black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border
between the yellow and the green

Haiti
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a
centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a
palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing
the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Holy See (Vatican City)
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side)
and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter
centered in the white band

Honduras
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue
with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered
in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former
Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El
Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white
band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a
triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band

Hong Kong
red with a stylized, white, five-petal bauhinia flower in
the center

Howland Island
the flag of the US is used

Hungary
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green

Iceland
blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

India
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange)
(top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel)
centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has
a small orange disk centered in the white band

Indonesia
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar
to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of
Poland, which is white (top) and red

Iran
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red;
the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in
the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in
the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is
repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11
times along the top edge of the red band

Iraq
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in
the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green
Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to
the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the
Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria, which has two
stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that
of Egypt which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white
band; design is based upon the Arab Liberation colors

Ireland
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
orange; similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and
has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors
of green (hoist side), white, and red

Israel
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as
the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal
horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Italy
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green
(hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the
Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side),
white, and green
note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in
1797

Jamaica
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles -
green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

Jan Mayen
the flag of Norway is used

Japan
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without
rays) in the center

Jarvis Island
the flag of the US is used

Jersey
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of
the flag; in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a red
shield with the three lions of England in yellow

Johnston Atoll
the flag of the US is used

Jordan
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the
Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and
green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle
on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and
bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven
verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven
points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national
spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is
based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I

Juan de Nova Island
the flag of France is used

Kazakhstan
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a
gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the
center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold

Kenya
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green;
the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering
crossed spears is superimposed at the center

Kingman Reef
the flag of the US is used

Kiribati
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying
over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three
horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean

Korea, North
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple
width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side
of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star

Korea, South
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the
center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching
(Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field

Kuwait
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red
with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side; design, which dates
to 1961, based on the Arab revolt flag of World War I

Kyrgyzstan
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays
representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run
counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the
sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized
representation of the roof of the traditional Kyrgyz yurt

Laos
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and
red with a large white disk centered in the blue band

Latvia
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width),
and maroon

Lebanon
three horizontal bands consisting of red (top), white
(middle, double width), and red (bottom) with a green cedar tree
centered in the white band

Lesotho
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper half is white, bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield
with crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band
with a green triangle in the corner

Liberia
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue
square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the
US flag

Libya
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the
state religion)

Liechtenstein
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with
a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band

Lithuania
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and
red

Luxembourg
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a
darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France

Macau
light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and
water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one
large in center of arc and four smaller

Macedonia
a yellow sun with eight broadening rays extending to the
edges of the red field

Madagascar
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
vertical white band of the same width on hoist side

Malawi
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green
with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band

Malaysia
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with
white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow 14-pointed star; the
crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design
was based on the flag of the US

Maldives
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a
vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the
hoist side of the flag

Mali
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and
red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Malta
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the
upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross,
edged in red

Man, Isle of
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in
the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the
knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of
the flag, a two-sided emblem is used

Marshall Islands
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower
hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; there is a white star
with four large rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the
two stripes

Martinique
a light blue background is divided into four quadrants by
a white cross; in the center of each rectangle is a white snake; the
flag of France is used for official occasions

Mauritania
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow,
horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the
crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

Mauritius
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow,
and green

Mayotte
the flag of France is used

Mexico
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in
its beak) is centered in the white band

Micronesia, Federated States of
light blue with four white
five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond
pattern

Midway Islands
the flag of the US is used

Moldova
same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of
blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a
Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons
carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its
right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast
is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox
head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow

Monaco
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to
the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which
is white (top) and red

Mongolia
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national
emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)

Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known
as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and
green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red
is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian
gulf; design dates to 1912

Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and
yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the
black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow
five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book

Namibia
a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper
left section and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower
right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is
contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Nauru
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the
center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the
hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to
the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12
original tribes of Nauru

Navassa Island
the flag of the US is used

Nepal
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two
overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a
white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white
12-pointed sun

Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue
and is longer; one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating
with WILLIAM I, Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th
century

Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the
center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five
white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the
center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main
islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten

New Caledonia
the flag of France is used

New Zealand
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in
the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross
constellation

Nicaragua
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE
NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to
the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by
the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in
the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five
blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Niger
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green
with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the
white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked
wheel centered in the white band

Nigeria
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
green

Niue
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars -
a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each
arm of the bold red cross

Norfolk Island
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white,
and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in
the slightly wider white band

Northern Mariana Islands
blue, with a white, five-pointed star
superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional
foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a
wreath

Norway
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Oman
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width
with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed
swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the
vertical band

Pakistan
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of
religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and
star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Palau
light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon)
shifted slightly to the hoist side

Palmyra Atoll
the flag of the US is used

Panama
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are
white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and
plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and
white with a red five-pointed star in the center

Papua New Guinea
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner;
the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise
centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed
stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered

Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue
with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the
emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the
left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star
within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY,
all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears
the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty
and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)

Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red
with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of
quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all
framed by a green wreath

Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top; representing
peace and justice) and red (representing courage); a white
equilateral triangle based on the hoist side represents equality;
the center of the triangle displays a yellow sun with eight primary
rays, each representing one of the first eight provinces that sought
independence from Spain; each corner of the triangle contains a
small, yellow, five-pointed star representing the three major
geographical divisions of the country: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao;
the design of the flag dates to 1897; in wartime the flag is flown
upside down with the red band at the top

Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered
on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green,
and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor

Poland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to
the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

Portugal
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and
red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line

Puerto Rico
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design
initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag,
with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed

Qatar
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on
the hoist side

Reunion
the flag of France is used

Romania
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the
yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also
resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Russia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

Rwanda
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width),
yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end
of the blue band

Saint Helena
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship

Saint Kitts and Nevis
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side
by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the
black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the
lower triangle is red

Saint Lucia
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black
arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist
side rides on a dark blue background with yellow wavy lines under
the ship; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three
parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal
cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing
the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white
background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red
background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one
above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by
colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the
flag of France is used for official occasions

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
three vertical bands of blue (hoist
side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three
green diamonds arranged in a V pattern

Samoa
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant
bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern
Cross constellation

San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue
with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat
of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked
by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word
LIBERTAS (Liberty)

Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow
(double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed
side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles
triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Saudi Arabia
green, a traditional color in Islamic flags, with the
Shahada or Muslim creed in large white Arabic script (translated as
"There is no god but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God") above a
white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); design
dates to the early twentieth century and is closely associated with
the Al Saud family which established the kingdom in 1932

Senegal
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow,
and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow
band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Serbia and Montenegro
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, and red

Seychelles
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red,
white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side

Sierra Leone
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top),
white, and light blue

Singapore
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near
the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent
(closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five
white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle

Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist
side; the cross is white centered on a background of red and blue

Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red,
with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav,
Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the
center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and
rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an
inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the
Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th
and early 15th centuries); the seal is located in the upper hoist
side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands

Solomon Islands
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue
with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the
lower triangle is green

Somalia
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the
center; blue field influenced by the flag of the UN

South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue
separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y,
the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y
embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are
separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are
separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of
the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion
centered; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a
penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the shield, and below
it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the
Lion Protect its Own Land)

Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width),
and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the
yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the
Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and
Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other
panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a
sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow
field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between
the two panels

Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white,
red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a
large, yellow, five-pointed star centered in the red band

Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used

Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width),
and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band
is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff
decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally

Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the
center that does not extend to the edges of the flag

Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black,
colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small green
five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars
represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to
the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has
three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line
centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold
Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the current design
dates to 1980

Taiwan
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of
white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold,
five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green
and the lower triangle is blue

Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double
width), white, and red

Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)
alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red
square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Tokelau
the flag of New Zealand is used

Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner

Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from
the upper hoist side to the lower fly side

Tromelin Island
the flag of France is used

Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent
nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam

Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is
toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just
outside the crescent opening

Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist
side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs)
stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to the olive
branches on the UN flag; a white crescent moon and five white stars
appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the
red stripe

Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer
half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell,
lobster, and cactus

Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country
with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red,
black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center
and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the
hoist side

Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grainfields under a blue sky

United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side

United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron
saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red
cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is
superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron
saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly
called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue
Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including
other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or
provinces, as well as British overseas territories

United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars
arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and
bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent
the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a
number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and
Puerto Rico

Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom)
alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper
hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as
the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy

Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and
12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by
a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele leaves, all in yellow

Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and
red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and
an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band

Vietnam
red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

Virgin Islands
white, with a modified US coat of arms in the center
between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a
yellow eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows
in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white
stripes below a blue panel

Wake Island
the flag of the US is used

Wallis and Futuna
a large white modified Maltese cross - shifted a
little off center toward the fly and slightly downward - on a red
background; the flag of France outlined in white on two sides is in
the upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is used for official
occasions

Yemen
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars and of Iraq
which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a
horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag
of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

Zambia
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist
side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer
edge of the flag

Zimbabwe
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black,
red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in
black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird
representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a
red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which
symbolizes peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral
wealth, red - blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands
for the native people

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2085 Highways (km)

Afghanistan
total: 21,000 km
paved: 2,793 km
unpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.)

Albania
total: 18,000 km
paved: 5,400 km
unpaved: 12,600 km (2002)

Algeria
total: 104,000 km
paved: 71,656 km (including 640 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,344 km (1999)

American Samoa
total: 185 km
paved: 185 km
unpaved: 0 km (2004)

Andorra
total: 269 km
paved: 198 km
unpaved: 71 km

Angola
total: 51,429 km
paved: 5,328 km
unpaved: 46,101 km (2001)

Anguilla
total: 105 km
paved: 65 km
unpaved: 40 km (1997)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 250 km (1999 est.)

Argentina
total: 215,471 km
paved: 63,348 km (including 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 152,123 km (1999)

Armenia
total: 8,431 km
paved: 8,161 km (includes 7,567 km of expressways)
unpaved: 270 km (2002)

Aruba
total: 800 km
paved: 513 km
unpaved: 287 km
note: most coastal roads are paved, while unpaved roads serve large
tracts of the interior (1995)

Australia
total: 811,603 km
paved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)
unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est.)

Austria
total: 200,000 km
paved: 200,000 km (including 1,645 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Azerbaijan
total: 28,030 km
paved: 25,890 km
unpaved: 2,130 km (2002)

Bahamas, The
total: 2,693 km
paved: 1,546 km
unpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)

Bahrain
total: 3,459 km
paved: 2,653 km
unpaved: 806 km (2002)

Bangladesh
total: 207,486 km
paved: 19,773 km
unpaved: 187,713 km (1999)

Barbados
total: 1,600 km
paved: 1,578 km
unpaved: 22 km (2002)

Belarus
total: 79,990 km
paved: 69,351 km
unpaved: 10,639 km (2002)

Belgium
total: 149,028 km
paved: 116,540 km (including 1,729 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,488 km (2002)

Belize
total: 2,872 km
paved: 488 km
unpaved: 2,384 km (1999 est.)

Benin
total: 6,787 km
paved: 1,357 km (including 10 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,430 km (1999 est.)

Bermuda total: 450 km paved: 450 km unpaved: 0 km note: public roads - 209 km; private roads - 241 km (2002)

Bhutan
total: 4,007 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 3,983 km (2002)

Bolivia
total: 60,282 km
paved: 3,979 km
unpaved: 56,303 km (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,424 km
unpaved: 10,422 km (1999 est.)

Botswana
total: 10,217 km
paved: 5,619 km
unpaved: 4,598 km (1999)

Brazil
total: 1,724,929 km
paved: 94,871 km
unpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000)

British Indian Ocean Territory
total: NA km
paved: short section of paved road between port and airfield on
Diego Garcia
unpaved: NA km

British Virgin Islands
total: 177 km
paved: 177 km
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Brunei
total: 2,525 km
paved: 2,525 km
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Bulgaria
total: 37,077 km
paved: 34,111 km (including 328 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,966 km (2002)

Burkina Faso
total: 12,506 km
paved: 2,001 km
unpaved: 10,505 km (1999)

Burma
total: 28,200 km
paved: 3,440 km
unpaved: 24,760 km (1996 est.)

Burundi
total: 14,480 km
paved: 1,028 km
unpaved: 13,452 km (1999 est.)

Cambodia
total: 12,323 km
paved: 1,996 km
unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)

Cameroon
total: 34,300 km
paved: 4,288 km
unpaved: 30,012 km (1999 est.)

Canada
total: 1,408,800 km
paved: 497,306 km (including 16,900 km of expressways)
unpaved: 911,494 km (2002)

Cape Verde
total: 1,350 km
paved: 932 km
unpaved: 418 km (2000)

Cayman Islands total: 785 km paved: 785 km (2000)

Central African Republic
total: 23,810 km
paved: 643 km
unpaved: 23,167 km (1999 est.)

Chad
total: 33,400 km
paved: 267 km
unpaved: 33,133 km (1999 est.)

Chile
total: 79,605 km
paved: 16,080 km (including 407 km of expressways)
unpaved: 63,525 km (2001)

China
total: 1,765,222 km
paved: 395,410 km (with at least 25,130 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,369,812 km (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
total: 240 km
paved: 30 km
unpaved: 210 km (2000)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 15 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (2003)

Colombia
total: 112,998 km
paved: 26,000 km
unpaved: 84,000 km (2000)

Comoros
total: 880 km
paved: 673 km
unpaved: 207 km (1999 est)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the total: 157,000 km (including 30 km of expressways) paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 12,800 km
paved: 1,242 km
unpaved: 11,558 km (1999 est.)

Cook Islands
total: 320 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 287 km (2000)

Costa Rica
total: 35,303 km
paved: 4,236 km
unpaved: 31,067 km (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 50,400 km
paved: 4,889 km
unpaved: 45,511 km (1999 est.)

Croatia
total: 28,344 km
paved: 23,979 km (including 455 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,365 km (2002)

Cuba
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (1999 est.)

Cyprus
total: 13,943 km (Republic of Cyprus: 11,593 km; north
Cyprus: 2,350 km)
paved: Republic of Cyprus: 7,211 km; north Cyprus: 1,370 km
unpaved: Republic of Cyprus: 4,382 km; north Cyprus: 980 km
(2002/1996 est.)

Czech Republic
total: 127,204 km
paved: 127,204 km (including 518 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Denmark
total: 71,847 km
paved: 71,847 km (including 918 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Djibouti
total: 2,890 km
paved: 364 km
unpaved: 2,526 km (1999 est.)

Dominica
total: 780 km
paved: 393 km
unpaved: 387 km (1999 est.)

Dominican Republic
total: 12,600 km
paved: 6,224 km
unpaved: 6,376 km (1999)

East Timor
total: 3,800 km
paved: 428 km
unpaved: 3,372 km (1995)

Ecuador
total: 43,197 km
paved: 8,164 km
unpaved: 35,033 km (2002)

Egypt
total: 64,000 km
paved: 49,984 km
unpaved: 14,016 km (1999 est.)

El Salvador
total: 10,029 km
paved: 1,986 km (including 327 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,043 km (1999 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 2,880 km (1999 est.)

Eritrea
total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (1999 est.)

Estonia
total: 55,944 km
paved: 13,874 km (including 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 42,070 km (2002)

Ethiopia
total: 33,297 km
paved: 3,996 km
unpaved: 29,301 km (2002)

European Union total: 4,634,810 km (including 56,704 km of expressways) paved: 4,161,318 km unpaved: 473,492 km (1999-2000)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 440 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 390 km (2002)

Faroe Islands
total: 463 km
paved: 454 km
unpaved: 9 km (1999)

Fiji
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (1999 est.)

Finland
total: 78,197 km
paved: 50,539 km (including 794 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,658 km (2004)

France
total: 893,100 km
paved: 893,100 km (including 12,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

French Guiana
total: 817 km (1998)

French Polynesia
total: 2,590 km
paved: 1,735 km
unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Gabon
total: 8,464 km
paved: 838 km
unpaved: 7,626 km (2000 est.)

Gambia, The
total: 2,700 km
paved: 956 km
unpaved: 1,744 km (1999)

Gaza Strip total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: small, poorly developed road network

Georgia
total: 20,229 km
paved: 18,914 km
unpaved: 1,315 km (2002)

Germany
total: 230,735 km
paved: 230,735 km (including 11,515 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Ghana
total: 46,176 km
paved: 8,496 km
unpaved: 37,679 km (1999 est.)

Gibraltar
total: 29 km
paved: 29 km
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Greece
total: 117,000 km
paved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,594 km (1999 est.)

Greenland
total: NA (there are no roads between towns) (2003)

Grenada total: 1,040 km paved: 638 km unpaved: 402 km (1999 est.)

Guadeloupe
total: 947 km (2002)

Guam
total: 977 km
paved: 962 km
unpaved: 15 km (2004)

Guatemala
total: 14,118 km
paved: 4,871 km (including 74 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,247 km (1999)

Guernsey
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Guinea
total: 30,500 km
paved: 5,033 km
unpaved: 25,467 km (1999 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 4,400 km
paved: 453 km
unpaved: 3,947 km (1999 est.)

Guyana
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (1999 est.)

Haiti
total: 4,160 km
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (1999 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
none; all city streets

Honduras
total: 13,603 km
paved: 2,775 km
unpaved: 10,828 km (1999 est.)

Hong Kong
total: 1,831 km
paved: 1,831 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Hungary
total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (including 533 km of expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2002)

Iceland
total: 13,004 km
paved/oiled gravel: 4,331 km
unpaved: 8,673 km (2004)

India
total: 2,525,989 km
paved: 1,448,655 km
unpaved: 1,077,334 km (1999)

Indonesia
total: 342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)

Iran
total: 167,157 km
paved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways)
unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)

Iraq
total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,399 km
unpaved: 7,151 km (1999)

Ireland
total: 95,736 km
paved: 95,736 km (including 125 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Israel
total: 16,903 km
paved: 16,903 km (including 56 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Italy
total: 479,688 km
paved: 479,688 km (including 6,621 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Jamaica
total: 18,700 km
paved: 13,109 km
unpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)

Japan
total: 1,171,647 km
paved: 903,340 km (including 6,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 268,307 km (2001)

Jersey
total: 577 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Jordan
total: 7,301 km
paved: 7,301 km
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Kazakhstan
total: 82,980 km
paved: 77,918 km
unpaved: 5,062 km (2002)

Kenya
total: 63,942 km
paved: 7,737 km
unpaved: 56,205 km (2000)

Kiribati
total: 670 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Korea, North
total: 31,200 km
paved: 1,997 km
unpaved: 29,203 km (1999 est.)

Korea, South
total: 86,990 km
paved: 66,721 km (including 1,996 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,269 km (2001)

Kuwait
total: 4,450 km
paved: 3,587 km
unpaved: 863 km (1999 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,854 km (including 140 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,646 km (1999 est.)

Laos
total: 21,716 km
paved: 9,664 km
unpaved: 12,052 km (1999 est.)

Latvia
total: 60,472 km
paved: 57,206 km
unpaved: 3,265 km (2002)

Lebanon
total: 7,300 km
paved: 6,198 km
unpaved: 1,102 km (1999 est.)

Lesotho
total: 5,940 km
paved: 1,087 km
unpaved: 4,853 km (1999)

Liberia
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (1999 est.)

Libya
total: 83,200 km
paved: 47,590 km
unpaved: 35,610 km (1999 est.)

Liechtenstein
total: 250 km
paved: 250 km
unpaved: 0 km

Lithuania
total: 77,148 km
paved: 69,202 km (including 417 km of expressways)
unpaved: 7,946 km (2002)

Luxembourg
total: 5,210 km
paved: 5,210 km (including 126 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Macau
total: 341 km
paved: 341 km
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Macedonia
total: 8,684 km
paved: 5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,144 km (1999 est.)

Madagascar
total: 49,827 km
paved: 5,780 km
unpaved: 44,047 km (1999 est.)

Malawi
total: 28,400 km
paved: 5,254 km
unpaved: 23,146 km (1999 est.)

Malaysia
total: 65,877 km
paved: 51,318 km
unpaved: 14,559 km (2001)

Maldives
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Mali
total: 15,100 km
paved: 1,827 km
unpaved: 13,273 km (1999 est.)

Malta
total: 2,222 km
paved: 2,000 km
unpaved: 222 km (2002)

Man, Isle of
total: 800 km
paved: 800 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Marshall Islands total: 64.5 km paved: 64.5 km unpaved: NA km note: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks (2002)

Martinique total: 2,105 km (2000)

Mauritania
total: 7,660 km
paved: 866 km
unpaved: 6,794 km (1999 est.)

Mauritius
total: 2,000 km
paved: 1,960 km (including 60 km of expressways)
unpaved: 40 km (2002)

Mayotte
total: 93 km
paved: 72 km
unpaved: 21 km

Mexico
total: 329,532 km
paved: 108,087 km (including 6,429 km of expressways)
unpaved: 221,445 km (1999 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 240 km
paved: 42 km
unpaved: 198 km (1999 est.)

Midway Islands
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Moldova
total: 12,719 km
paved: 10,977 km
unpaved: 1,742 km (2002)

Monaco
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Mongolia
total: 49,256 km
paved: 8,874 km
unpaved: 40,376 km (2002)

Montserrat
total: 227 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
note: volcanic eruptions beginning in 1995 destroyed most of the
road system (2003)

Morocco
total: 57,694 km
paved: 32,551 km (including 481 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,143 km (2002)

Mozambique
total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (1999 est.)

Namibia
total: 42,237 km
paved: 5,406 km
unpaved: 36,831 km (2002)

Nauru
total: 30 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 6 km (1999 est.)

Nepal
total: 13,223 km
paved: 4,073 km
unpaved: 9,150 km (1999 est.)

Netherlands
total: 116,500 km
paved: 104,850 km (including 2,235 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,650 km (1999)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 600 km
paved: 300 km
unpaved: 300 km

New Caledonia
total: 5,432 km (2000)

New Zealand
total: 92,382 km
paved: 59,124 km (including at least 169 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,258 km (2002)

Nicaragua
total: 18,712 km
paved: 2,126 km
unpaved: 16,586 km (2002)

Niger
total: 10,100 km
paved: 798 km
unpaved: 9,302 km (1999 est.)

Nigeria
total: 194,394 km
paved: 60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)
unpaved: 134,326 km (1999 est.)

Niue
total: 234 km
paved: 86 km
unpaved: 148 km (2001)

Norfolk Island
total: 80 km
paved: 53 km
unpaved: 27 km (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 362 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1991)

Norway
total: 91,852 km
paved: 71,185 km (including 178 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,667 km (2002)

Oman
total: 34,965 km
paved: 9,673 km (including 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,292 km (2001)

Pakistan
total: 257,683 km
paved: 152,033 km (including 339 km of expressways)
unpaved: 105,650 km (2001)

Palau
total: 61 km
paved: 36 km
unpaved: 25 km

Palmyra Atoll
most of the roads and many causeways built during
World War II are unserviceable and overgrown (2001)

Panama
total: 11,643 km
paved: 4,028 km (including 30 km of expressways)
unpaved: 7,615 km (2000 est.)

Papua New Guinea
total: 19,600 km
paved: 686 km
unpaved: 18,914 km (1999 est.)

Paraguay
total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (1999 est)

Peru
total: 78,230 km
paved: 10,452 km
unpaved: 67,778 km (2001)

Philippines
total: 202,124 km
paved: 19,202 km
unpaved: 182,922 km (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
total: 6.4 km
paved: 0 km
unpaved: 6.4 km

Poland
total: 364,697 km
paved: 249,088 km (including 399 km of expressways)
unpaved: 115,609 km (2001)

Portugal
total: 17,135 km
paved: 14,736 km (including 1,659 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,399 km (2002)

Puerto Rico
total: 25,328 km
paved: 23,665 km (including 426 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,363 km (2004)

Qatar
total: 1,230 km
paved: 1,107 km
unpaved: 123 km (1999 est.)

Reunion
total: 1,214 km (including 88 km of four-lane roads) (2001)

Romania
total: 198,755 km
paved: 100,173 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved: 98,582 km (2002)

Russia
total: 537,289 km
paved: 362,133 km
unpaved: 175,156 km (2001)

Rwanda
total: 12,000 km
paved: 996 km
unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)

Saint Helena
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km,
Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2000)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 320 km
paved: 136 km
unpaved: 184 km (1999 est)

Saint Lucia
total: 1,210 km
paved: 63 km
unpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 114 km
paved: 69 km
unpaved: 45 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 829 km
paved: 580 km
unpaved: 249 km (2002)

Samoa
total: 790 km
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 458 km (1999 est.)

San Marino
total: 220 km
paved: 220 km
unpaved: 0 km (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 320 km
paved: 218 km
unpaved: 102 km (1999 est.)

Saudi Arabia
total: 152,044 km
paved: 45,461 km
unpaved: 106,583 km (2000)

Senegal
total: 14,576 km
paved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expressways
unpaved: 10,305 km (2000)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 45,290 km
paved: 28,261 km (including 374 km of expressways)
unpaved: 17,029 km (2002)

Seychelles
total: 373 km
paved: 315 km
unpaved: 58 km (1997 est.)

Sierra Leone
total: 11,300 km
paved: 904 km
unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Singapore
total: 3,130 km
paved: 3,130 km (including 150 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Slovakia
total: 42,970 km
paved: 37,698 km (including 302 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,272 km (2002)

Slovenia
total: 20,250 km
paved: 20,250 km (including 456 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Solomon Islands
total: 1,360 km
paved: 34 km
unpaved: 1,326 km (1999 est.)

Somalia
total: 22,100 km
paved: 2,608 km
unpaved: 19,492 km (1999 est.)

South Africa
total: 275,971 km
paved: 57,568 km (including 2,032 km of expressways)
unpaved: 218,403 km (2002)

Spain
total: 664,852 km
paved: 658,203 km (including 11,152 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,649 km (2001)

Sri Lanka
total: 11,650 km
paved: 11,068 km
unpaved: 582 km (2002)

Sudan
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.)

Suriname
total: 4,492 km
paved: 1,168 km
unpaved: 3,324 km (2002)

Svalbard
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Swaziland
total: 3,107 km
paved: NA
unpaved: NA (2000)

Sweden
total: 213,237 km
paved: 167,604 km (including 1,542 km of expressways)
unpaved: 45,633 km (2002)

Switzerland
total: 71,212 km
paved: 71,212 km (including 1,706 of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Syria
total: 45,697 km
paved: 6,489 km (including 1,001 km of expressways)
unpaved: 39,208 km (2002)

Taiwan
total: 37,299 km
paved: 35,621 km (including 608 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,678 km (2002)

Tajikistan
total: 27,767 km
paved: NA
unpaved: NA (2000)

Tanzania
total: 88,200 km
paved: 3,704 km
unpaved: 84,496 km (1999 est.)

Thailand
total: 57,403 km
paved: 56,542 km
unpaved: 861 km (2000 est.)

Togo
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)

Tokelau
total: NA
paved: NA
unpaved: NA

Tonga
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 8,320 km
paved: 4,252 km
unpaved: 4,068 km (1999 est.)

Tunisia
total: 18,997 km
paved: 12,424 km (including 142 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,573 km (2001)

Turkey
total: 354,421 km
paved: 147,404 km (including 1,851 km of expressways)
unpaved: 207,017 km (2002)

Turkmenistan
total: 24,000 km
paved: 19,488 km
unpaved: 4,512 km (1999 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km (2000)

Tuvalu
total: 8 km
paved: 0 km
unpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)

Uganda
total: 27,000 km
paved: 1,809 km
unpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)

Ukraine
total: 169,679 km
paved: 164,249 km
unpaved: 5,430 km (2002)

United Arab Emirates
total: 1,088 km
paved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

United Kingdom
total: 392,931 km
paved: 392,931 km (including 3,431 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2003)

United States
total: 6,393,603 km
paved: 4,180,053 km (including 74,406 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,213,550 km (2003)

Uruguay
total: 8,983 km
paved: 8,081 km
unpaved: 902 km (1999 est.)

Uzbekistan
total: 81,600 km
paved: 71,237 km
unpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.)

Vanuatu
total: 1,070 km
paved: 256 km
unpaved: 814 km (1999 est.)

Venezuela
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (1999 est.)

Vietnam
total: 93,300 km
paved: 23,418 km
unpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.)

Virgin Islands total: 1,257 km paved: 1,192 km unpaved: 65 km note: the only US possession where driving on the left side of the road is practiced (2003)

Wallis and Futuna total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20 km) paved: 16 km (all on Ile Uvea) unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)

West Bank
total: 4,500 km
paved: 2,700 km
unpaved: 1,800 km
note: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewish
settlements (1997 est.)

Western Sahara
total: 6,200 km
paved: 1,350 km
unpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est)

World
total: 32,345,165 km
paved: 19,403,061 km
unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002)

Yemen
total: 67,000 km
paved: 7,705 km
unpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)

Zambia
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Zimbabwe
total: 18,338 km
paved: 8,692 km
unpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2086 Illicit drugs

Afghanistan
world's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opium
poppy reached unprecedented level of 206,700 hectares in 2004;
counterdrug efforts largely unsuccessful; potential opium production
of 4,950 metric tons; potential heroin production of 582 metric tons
if all opium was processed; source of hashish; many
narcotics-processing labs throughout the country; drug trade source
of instability and some antigovernment groups profit from the trade;
80-90% of the heroin consumed in Europe comes from Afghan opium;
vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through informal financial
networks

Albania
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for
Western Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;
ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding
in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional
trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Angola
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for
Western Europe and other African states

Anguilla
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Antigua and Barbuda
considered a minor transshipment point for
narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an
offshore financial center

Argentina
used as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for
Europe and the US; some money-laundering activity, especially in the
Tri-Border Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers is
increasing

Armenia
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostly
opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Aruba
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity

Australia
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit
opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of
opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

Austria
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe

Azerbaijan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,
mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;
transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Bahamas, The
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
US and Europe; offshore financial center

Bangladesh
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring
countries

Barbados
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics
bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center

Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and
lightly regulated financial center; new anti-money-laundering
legislation does not meet international standards; few
investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities

Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point for
US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American
cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,
hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a
strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to
money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and
tobacco

Belize
major transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit
producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking and
offshore sector

Benin
transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigerian
trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for Western
Europe and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorly
regulated financial infrastructure

Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 28,450 hectares under cultivation in June
2003, a 23% increase from June 2002; intermediate coca products and
cocaine exported mostly to or through Brazil, Argentina, and Chile
to European and US drug markets; eradication and alternative crop
programs under the MESA administration have been unable to keep pace
with farmers' attempts to increase cultivation; money-laundering
activity related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders
with Brazil and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina
minor transit point for marijuana and opiate
trafficking routes to Western Europe; remains highly vulnerable to
money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and
unregulated economy, weak law enforcement and instances of corruption

Brazil
illicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in the
Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a
large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important
transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine
headed for Europe and the US; also used by traffickers as a way
station for narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia;
upsurge in drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important
market for Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit
narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the
financial system; significant illicit financial activity in the
Tri-Border Area

British Virgin Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial
center makes it vulnerable to money laundering

Brunei
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled
substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory
death penalty

Bulgaria
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the
European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money
laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

Burma
remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium
(estimated production in 2004 - 292 metric tons, down 40% from 2003
due to eradication efforts and drought; cultivation in 2004 - 30,900
hectares, a 34% decline from 2003); lack of government will and
ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious
commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall
antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for
regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force
countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate
money-laundering controls (2005)

Cambodia
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in
the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,
heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for
the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its
cash-based economy and porous borders

Canada
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and
export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point
for heroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable to
narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services
sector

Cape Verde
used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs moving
from Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack of
a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Cayman Islands
offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug
transshipment to the US and Europe

Chile
important transshipment country for cocaine destined for
Europe and the US; economic prosperity and increasing trade have
made Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug
profits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a new
anti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursors
passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising

China
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for
chemical precursors and methamphetamine

Colombia
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;
world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was
144,450 hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production of
opium between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons;
potential production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; the
world's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier
of about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majority
of cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplier
of heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; a
significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are either
laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso
exchange

Congo, Democratic Republic of the illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Costa Rica
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South
America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;
domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising

Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American
cocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampant
corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financial
system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering
center

Croatia
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian
heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for
maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

Cuba
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
primarily for marijuana bound for North America; established the
death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Cyprus
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of
anti-money-laundering legislation, remains highly vulnerable to
money laundering; identification of benefiting owners and reporting
of suspicious transactions by nonresident-controlled companies in
offshore sector remains weak

Czech Republic
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,
organized crime

Dominica
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and
Europe; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement
is weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to money
laundering

Dominican Republic
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for
ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;
substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics
traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial
transactions

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
significant transit country for cocaine originating in
Colombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in
production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for
cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of
dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime, especially
vulnerable along the border with Colombia; increased activity on the
northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents

Egypt
transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin
and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop for
Nigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to lax
financial regulations and enforcement

El Salvador
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of
marijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse on
the rise

Estonia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest
Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America to
Western Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from Western
Europe to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;
possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking; potential money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking is a
concern as is possible use of the gambling sector to launder funds

Ethiopia
Transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and
Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as
cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat
(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti
and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

France
transshipment point for and consumer of South American
cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics

French Guiana
small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption;
minor transshipment point to Europe

Georgia
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

Germany
source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic
drugs; major financial center

Ghana
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a
lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the
US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a
well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility
as a money-laundering center

Greece
a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and
heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and
precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine
transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug
trafficking and organized crime

Grenada
small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point
for marijuana and cocaine to US

Guatemala
major transit country for cocaine and heroin; minor
producer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domestic
consumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging
area for drugs (particularly for cocaine); money laundering is a
serious problem; corruption is a major problem; remains on Financial
Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for
continued failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering
control regime

Guyana
transshipment point for narcotics from South America -
primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis

Haiti
major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to
the US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian
narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial
transactions; pervasive corruption

Honduras
transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit
producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally
for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some
money-laundering activity

Hong Kong
makes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but faces
difficult challenges in controlling transit of heroin and
methamphetamine to regional and world markets; modern banking system
provides conduit for money laundering; rising indigenous use of
synthetic drugs, especially among young people

Hungary
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis
and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited
producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and
methamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking

India
world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit
international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics
produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;
vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system

Indonesia
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle
heroin

Iran
despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domestic
narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and according to
official Iranian statistics there are at least two million drug
users in the country; lax anti-money-laundering regulations

Ireland
transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North
Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic
drugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for
Western Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money
laundering using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies
involving the offshore financial community remains a concern

Israel
increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugs
arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan;
money-laundering center

Italy
important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money
laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

Jamaica
major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to
North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;
government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;
corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering
activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit
financial transactions

Kazakhstan
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS
markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra
(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit
crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia
and the rest of Europe

Kenya
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit
country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North
America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;
significant potential for money-laundering activity given the
country's status as a regional financial center; massive corruption,
and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

Korea, North
for years, from the 1970's into the 2000's, citizens of
the Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of
them diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad
while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December
2004; in recent years, police investigations in Taiwan and Japan
have linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and
methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant
ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003;
all indications point to North Korea emerging as an important
regional source of illicit drugs targeting markets in Japan, Taiwan,
the Russian Far East, and China

Kyrgyzstan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy
for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;
transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the
rest of Europe

Laos
estimated cultivation in 2004 - 10,000 hectares, a 45% decrease
from 2003; estimated potential production in 2004 - 49 metric tons,
a significant decrease from 200 metric tons in 2003 (2005)

Latvia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central and
Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin American
cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; vulnerable
to money laundering despite improved legislation due to nascent
enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of
offshore companies and the gaming industry; organized crime
(including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and
prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds

Lebanon
cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares
in 2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin
American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way
to European markets and for Middle Eastern consumption

Liberia
transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin
and South American cocaine for the European and US markets;
corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade
provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
major money-laundering center

Liechtenstein
has strengthened money-laundering controls, but money
laundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein sophisticated
offshore financial services sector

Lithuania
transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs
from Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to Western
Europe and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine and
ecstasy; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking
legislation

Macedonia
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for
Europe; although most criminal activity is thought to be domestic
and not a financial center, money laundering is a problem due to a
mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement (no arrests or
prosecutions for money laundering to date)

Madagascar
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point
for heroin

Malaysia
transit point for some illicit drugs; drug trafficking
prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties

Malta
minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to
Western Europe

Martinique
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
the US and Europe

Mauritius
minor consumer and transshipment point for heroin from
South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;
significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money
laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the
government appears generally to be committed to regulating its
banking industry

Mexico
illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 -
4,400 hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and of
cannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication efforts
have been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier of
heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine
to the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country for
US-bound cocaine from South America, accounting for about 70 percent
of estimated annual cocaine movement to the US; major drug
syndicates control majority of drug trafficking throughout the
country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant
money-laundering center

Moldova
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and
possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Montserrat
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Morocco
illicit producer of hashish; shipments of hashish mostly
directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South
America destined for Western Europe

Mozambique
Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish
and heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the
European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local
consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);
corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed
financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Nauru
offshore banking recently stopped, remains on Financial Action
Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for
continued failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering
control regime

Nepal
illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and
international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast
Asia to the West

Netherlands
major European producer of ecstasy, illicit
amphetamines, and other synthetic drugs; important gateway for
cocaine, heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of
US-bound ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money
laundering

Netherlands Antilles
transshipment point for South American drugs
bound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center

Nicaragua
transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and
transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Nigeria
a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for
European, East Asian, and North American markets; safehaven for
Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major
money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity;
remains on Financial Action Task Force Non-Cooperative Countries and
Territories List for continued failure to address deficiencies in
money-laundering control regime

Pakistan
opium poppy in Federally Administered Tribal Areas,
North-West Frontier Province, and Balochistan Province has rebounded
since it was nearly eliminated in 2001; key transit point for Afghan
drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for
Western markets, the Gulf States, and Africa; financial crimes
related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling
remain problems

Panama
major cocaine transshipment point and primary
money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering
activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore
financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring
of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains
a major problem

Paraguay
major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is
consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for
Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets,
Europe, and US; corruption and some money-laundering activity,
especially in the Tri-Border Area

Peru
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging
opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15 percent to
31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of 2003; much of the
cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into
cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to
the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and
finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for
use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa

Philippines
exports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to East
Asia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit point
for heroin and crystal methamphetamine; domestic methamphetamine
production is a growing problem; remains on Financial Action Task
Force Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories List for continued
failure to address deficiencies in money-laundering control regime

Poland
major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the
international market; minor transshipment point for Asian and Latin
American illicit drugs to Western Europe

Portugal
gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest
Asian heroin entering the European market (especially from Brazil);
transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;
consumer of Southwest Asian heroin

Romania
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American
cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant
financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable
to laundering which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange
houses, and casinos

Russia
limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as
transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American
cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent
Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source
of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are
key concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market

Saint Kitts and Nevis
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity

Saint Lucia
transit point for South American drugs destined for the
US and Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
transshipment point for South
American drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabis
cultivation

Saudi Arabia
death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption
of heroin, cocaine, and hashish; not a major money-laundering
center, improving anti-money-laundering legislation

Senegal
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin
and South American cocaine moving to Europe and North America;
illicit cultivator of cannabis

Serbia and Montenegro
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to
money laundering

Singapore
as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore
is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to be used as a
transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money
laundering

Slovakia
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for
Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market

Slovenia
minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

South Africa
transshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana,
and cocaine; cocaine consumption on the rise; world's largest market
for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally from India
through various east African countries; illicit cultivation of
marijuana; attractive venue for money launderers given the
increasing level of organized criminal and narcotics activity in the
region

Spain
key European gateway country and consumer for Latin American
cocaine and North African hashish entering the European market;
destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin; money-laundering site for European earnings of Colombian
narcotics trafficking organizations

Suriname
growing transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for Europe and Brazil; transshipment point for
arms-for-drugs dealing

Switzerland
a major international financial center vulnerable to the
layering and integration stages of money laundering; despite
significant legislation and reporting requirements, secrecy rules
persist and nonresidents are permitted to conduct business through
offshore entities and various intermediaries; transit country for
and consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin

Syria
a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and
Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls, bank
privatization may leave it vulnerable to money-laundering

Taiwan
regional transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; major
problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin;
renewal of domestic methamphetamine production is a problem

Tajikistan
major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for
Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited
illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption;
Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured in
Central Asia and stands third worldwide in seizures of opiates
(heroin and raw opium)

Tanzania
growing role in transshipment of southwest and southeast
Asian heroin and south American cocaine destined for south African,
European, and US markets and of south Asian methaqualone bound for
southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem

Thailand
a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicit
transit point for heroin en route to the international drug market
from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of
cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing
indigenous abuse of methamphetamine

Togo
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money
laundering not a significant problem

Trinidad and Tobago
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

Turkey
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western
Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea
routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

Turkmenistan
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian
and Western European markets; transit point for heroin precursor
chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Turks and Caicos Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Ukraine
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the
West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment
point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin
America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; Ukraine has improved
anti-money-laundering controls, resulting in its removal from the
Financial Action Task Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and
Territories List in February 2004; Ukraine's anti-money-laundering
regime continues to be monitored by FATF

United Arab Emirates
the UAE is a drug transshipment point for
traffickers given its proximity to southwest Asian drug producing
countries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes it
vulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering controls
improving

United Kingdom
producer of limited amounts of synthetic drugs and
synthetic precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and synthetic drugs;
money-laundering center

United States
consumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia through
Mexico and the Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, and
increasingly methamphetamine from Mexico; consumer of high-quality
Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana,
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine;
money-laundering center

Uzbekistan
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian
and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for
domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by
government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin
precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Venezuela
small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the
processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large
quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country
from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related
money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia
and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily
targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by
Colombian insurgents on border

Vietnam
minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point
for Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine
addiction problems

World
cocaine: worldwide, coca is grown on an estimated 173,450
hectares - almost exclusively in South America with 70% in Colombia;
potential cocaine production during 2003 is estimated at 728 metric
tons (or 835 metric tons of export quality cocaine); coca
eradication programs continue in Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru; 376
metric tons of export quality cocaine are documented to have been
seized in 2003, and 26 metric tons disrupted (jettisoned or
destroyed); consumption of export quality cocaine is estimated to
have been 800 metric tons
opiates: cultivation of opium poppy occurred on an estimated 137,944
hectares in 2003 - mostly in Southwest and Southeast Asia - with 44%
in Afghanistan, potentially produced 3,775 metric tons of opium,
which conceivably could be converted to the equivalent of 429 metric
tons of pure heroin; opium eradication programs have been undertaken
in Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan, Thailand, and
Vietnam

Zambia
transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone,
small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and
possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled
with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it
an unattractive venue for money launderers

Zimbabwe
transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin,
mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and
European markets

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2087 Imports

Afghanistan
$3.759 billion (FY03-04)

Albania
$2.076 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Algeria
$15.25 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

American Samoa
$123 million (2002)

Andorra
$1.077 billion (1998)

Angola
$4.896 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Anguilla
$80.9 million (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda
$692 million (2002 est.)

Argentina
$22.06 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Armenia
$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Aruba
$841 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Australia
$98.1 billion (2004 est.)

Austria
$101.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
$3.622 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
$1.63 billion (2003)

Bahrain
$5.87 billion (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
$10.03 billion (2004 est.)

Barbados
$1.039 billion (2002)

Belarus
$13.57 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Belgium
$235 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Belize
$579.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Benin
$934.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Bermuda
$5.523 billion (2002)

Bhutan
$196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.)

Bolivia
$1.595 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$5.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Botswana
$2.255 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Brazil
$61 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$187 million (2002 est.)

Brunei
$5.2 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Bulgaria
$12.23 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
$866.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Burma
$1.754 billion f.o.b.
note: import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of
consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from
Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2004 est.)

Burundi
$138.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cambodia
$3.129 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cameroon
$1.979 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Canada
$256.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
$387.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
$457.4 million (1999)

Central African Republic
$136 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chad
$500.7 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Chile
$22.53 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

China
$552.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
$15.34 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Comoros
$88 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$933 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$749.3 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
$50.7 million (2000)

Costa Rica
$7.842 billion (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$3.36 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Croatia
$16.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cuba
$5.296 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: $5.258 billion f.o.b. north Cyprus:
$415.2 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
$68.19 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Denmark
$63.45 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Djibouti
$665 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominica
$98.2 million f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
$8.093 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

East Timor
$167 million (2004 est.)

Ecuador
$7.65 billion (2004 est.)

Egypt
$19.21 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

El Salvador
$5.968 billion (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$1.167 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Eritrea
$622 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Estonia
$7.318 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
$2.104 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

European Union $1.123 trillion note: external imports, excluding intra-EU trade (2003)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$53 million (2002)

Faroe Islands
$466 million c.i.f. (2002)

Fiji
$835 million c.i.f. (2002)

Finland
$45.17 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

France
$419.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

French Guiana
$625 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)

French Polynesia
$1.341 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Gabon
$1.225 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
$180.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes West Bank (2002)

Georgia
$1.806 billion (2004 est.)

Germany
$716.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ghana
$3.699 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
$1.743 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Greece
$54.28 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Greenland
$445 million c.i.f. (2002)

Grenada
$208 million (2002 est.)

Guadeloupe
$1.7 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Guam
$462 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guatemala
$7.77 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$641.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$104 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guyana
$650.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Haiti
$1.085 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Honduras
$3.332 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
$275.9 billion (2004 est.)

Hungary
$58.68 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Iceland
$3.307 billion (2004 est.)

India
$89.33 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Indonesia
$45.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Iran
$31.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Iraq
$9.9 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ireland
$60.65 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Israel
$36.84 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Italy
$329.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Jamaica
$3.624 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Japan
$401.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$7.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$13.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kenya
$4.19 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kiribati
$83 million c.i.f. (2002)

Korea, North
$2.1 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Korea, South
$214.2 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kuwait
$11.12 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$775.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Laos
$579.5 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Latvia
$5.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Lebanon
$8.162 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Lesotho
$730.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Liberia
$5.051 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Libya
$7.224 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
$917.3 million (1996)

Lithuania
$11.02 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
$16.3 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Macau
$2.76 billion c.i.f. (2003)

Macedonia
$2.677 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Madagascar
$1.147 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Malawi
$521.1 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Malaysia
$99.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Maldives
$392 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mali
$927 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Malta
$3.407 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$54 million f.o.b. (2000)

Martinique
$2 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Mauritania
$860 million f.o.b. (2002)

Mauritius
$2.245 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Mayotte
$141.3 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mexico
$190.8 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$149 million f.o.b. (FY99/00 est.)

Moldova
$1.83 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Monaco
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$1 billion c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Montserrat
$17 million (2001)

Morocco
$15.63 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Mozambique
$972.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Namibia
$1.473 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Nauru
$19.8 million c.i.f. (2004 est.)

Nepal
$1.419 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Netherlands
$252.7 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
$2.233 billion f.o.b. (2002)

New Caledonia
$1.007 billion f.o.b. (2002)

New Zealand
$19.77 billion (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
$2.02 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Niger
$400 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nigeria
$17.14 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Niue
$2.38 million (1999)

Norfolk Island
$17.9 million c.i.f. (FY91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
$45.96 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Oman
$6.373 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Pakistan
$14.01 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Palau
$99 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Panama
$7.164 billion f.o.b. (includes the Colon Free Zone) (2004
est.)

Papua New Guinea
$1.353 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Paraguay
$3.33 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Peru
$9.6 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Philippines
$37.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
$81.61 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Portugal
$52.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Qatar
$6.15 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Reunion
$2.5 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Romania
$28.43 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Russia
$92.91 billion (2004 est.)

Rwanda
$260 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
$42 million c.i.f. (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$195 million (2002 est.)

Saint Lucia
$267 million (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$106 million f.o.b. (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$174 million (2002 est.)

Samoa
$113 million f.o.b. (2002)

San Marino
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
$41 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$36.21 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Senegal
$2.128 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$9.538 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Seychelles
$393.4 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
$264 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Singapore
$155.2 billion (2004 est.)

Slovakia
$29.67 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Slovenia
$16.07 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
$67 million f.o.b. (2003)

Somalia
$344 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

South Africa
$39.42 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Spain
$222 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
$7.265 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sudan
$3.496 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Suriname
$604 million f.o.b. (2002)

Svalbard
$NA

Swaziland
$1.14 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Sweden
$97.97 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Switzerland
$121.1 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Syria
$5.042 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Taiwan
$165.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tanzania
$1.972 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Thailand
$80.84 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Togo
$824.9 million f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tokelau
$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)

Tonga
$86 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$4.65 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Tunisia
$11.52 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Turkey
$94.5 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
$2.85 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$175.6 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$79 million c.i.f. (2002)

Uganda
$1.306 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Ukraine
$31.45 billion (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$45.66 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
$439.4 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

United States
$1.476 trillion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Uruguay
$2.071 billion f.o.b. (2003)

Uzbekistan
$2.82 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
$138 million c.i.f. (2002)

Venezuela
$14.98 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Vietnam
$26.31 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
$300,000 f.o.b. (1999)

West Bank
$1.5 billion c.i.f., includes Gaza Strip (2002)

Western Sahara
NA

World
$8.754 trillion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Yemen
$3.734 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Zambia
$1.519 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
$1.599 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2088 Independence

Afghanistan
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign
affairs)

Albania
28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

Algeria
5 July 1962 (from France)

American Samoa
none (territory of the US)

Andorra
1278 (was formed under the joint suzerainty of the French
count of Foix and the Spanish bishop of Urgel)

Angola
11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Anguilla
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981 (from UK)

Argentina
9 July 1816 (from Spain)

Armenia
21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Aruba
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Australia
1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

Austria
1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 12 November 1918 (republic
proclaimed)

Azerbaijan
30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Bahamas, The
10 July 1973 (from UK)

Bahrain
15 August 1971 (from UK)

Bangladesh
16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March
1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December
1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation
of the state of Bangladesh

Barbados
30 November 1966 (from UK)

Belarus
25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Belgium
4 October 1830 (a provisional government declares
independence from the Netherlands); 21 July 1831 (King Leopold I
ascends to the throne)

Belize
21 September 1981 (from UK)

Benin
1 August 1960 (from France)

Bermuda
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Bhutan
8 August 1949 (from India)

Bolivia
6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for
independence was completed 1 March 1992; independence was declared 3
March 1992)

Botswana
30 September 1966 (from UK)

Brazil
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

British Virgin Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei
1 January 1984 (from UK)

Bulgaria
3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the
Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the
Ottoman Empire)

Burkina Faso
5 August 1960 (from France)

Burma
4 January 1948 (from UK)

Burundi
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
administration)

Cambodia
9 November 1953 (from France)

Cameroon
1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Canada
1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11
December 1931 (independence recognized)

Cape Verde
5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Cayman Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Central African Republic
13 August 1960 (from France)

Chad
11 August 1960 (from France)

Chile
18 September 1810 (from Spain)

China
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty); 1 January
1912 (Manchu Dynasty replaced by a Republic); 1 October 1949
(People's Republic established)

Christmas Island
none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Colombia
20 July 1810 (from Spain)

Comoros
6 July 1975 (from France)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
30 June 1960 (from Belgium)

Congo, Republic of the
15 August 1960 (from France)

Cook Islands
none (became self-governing in free association with
New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move
to full independence by unilateral action)

Costa Rica
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Cote d'Ivoire
7 August 1960 (from France)

Croatia
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Cuba
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the
US from 1898 to 1902)

Cyprus
16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed
self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these
proclamations are only recognized by Turkey

Czech Republic
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia)

Denmark
first organized as a unified state in 10th century; in 1849
became a constitutional monarchy

Djibouti
27 June 1977 (from France)

Dominica
3 November 1978 (from UK)

Dominican Republic
27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

East Timor
28 November 1975 (date of proclamation of independence
from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of
international recognition of East Timor's independence from Indonesia

Ecuador
24 May 1822 (from Spain)

Egypt
28 February 1922 (from UK)

El Salvador
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Equatorial Guinea
12 October 1968 (from Spain)

Eritrea
24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)

Estonia
20 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Ethiopia
oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest
in the world - at least 2,000 years

European Union
7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed
establishing the EU); 1 November 1993 (Maastricht Treaty entered
into force)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (overseas territory of the
UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Fiji
10 October 1970 (from UK)

Finland
6 December 1917 (from Russia)

France
486 (unified by Clovis)

French Guiana
none (overseas department of France)

French Polynesia
none (overseas lands of France)

Gabon
17 August 1960 (from France)

Gambia, The
18 February 1965 (from UK)

Georgia
9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Germany
18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into
four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945
following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West
Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and
French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany)
proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone;
unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October
1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

Ghana
6 March 1957 (from UK)

Gibraltar
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Greece
1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Greenland
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; foreign affairs is
the responsibility of Denmark, but Greenland actively participates
in international agreements relating to Greenland)

Grenada
7 February 1974 (from UK)

Guadeloupe
none (overseas department of France)

Guam
none (territory of the US)

Guatemala
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Guernsey
none (British crown dependency)

Guinea
2 October 1958 (from France)

Guinea-Bissau
24 September 1973 (unilaterally declared by
Guinea-Bissau); 10 September 1974 (recognized by Portugal)

Guyana
26 May 1966 (from UK)

Haiti
1 January 1804 (from France)

Holy See (Vatican City)
11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the
three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged,
among other things, the full sovereignty of the Vatican and
established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal
States, which over the years have varied considerably in extent, may
be traced back to the 8th century

Honduras
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Hong Kong
none (special administrative region of China)

Hungary
1001 (unification by King Stephen I)

Iceland
1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish
Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)

India
15 August 1947 (from UK)

Indonesia
17 August 1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949
(Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence)

Iran
1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

Iraq
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional
Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government

Ireland
6 December 1921 (from UK by treaty)

Israel
14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Italy
17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not
finally unified until 1870)

Jamaica
6 August 1962 (from UK)

Japan
660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor JIMMU)

Jersey
none (British crown dependency)

Jordan
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Kazakhstan
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Kenya
12 December 1963 (from UK)

Kiribati
12 July 1979 (from UK)

Korea, North
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Korea, South
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Kuwait
19 June 1961 (from UK)

Kyrgyzstan
31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Laos
19 July 1949 (from France)

Latvia
21 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Lebanon
22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under
French administration)

Lesotho
4 October 1966 (from UK)

Liberia
26 July 1847

Libya
24 December 1951 (from Italy)

Liechtenstein
23 January 1719 (Principality of Liechtenstein
established); 12 July 1806 (independence from the Holy Roman Empire)

Lithuania
11 March 1990 (independence declared from Soviet Union); 6
September 1991 (Soviet Union recognizes Lithuania's independence)

Luxembourg
1839 (from the Netherlands)

Macau
none (special administrative region of China)

Macedonia
8 September 1991 (referendum by registered voters
endorsing independence from Yugoslavia)

Madagascar
26 June 1960 (from France)

Malawi
6 July 1964 (from UK)

Malaysia
31 August 1957 (from UK)

Maldives
26 July 1965 (from UK)

Mali
22 September 1960 (from France)

Malta
21 September 1964 (from UK)

Man, Isle of
none (British crown dependency)

Marshall Islands 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Martinique
none (overseas department of France)

Mauritania
28 November 1960 (from France)

Mauritius
12 March 1968 (from UK)

Mayotte
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Mexico
16 September 1810 (from Spain)

Micronesia, Federated States of
3 November 1986 (from the
US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Moldova
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Monaco
1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)

Mongolia
11 July 1921 (from China)

Montserrat
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Morocco
2 March 1956 (from France)

Mozambique
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

Namibia
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

Nauru
31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered
UN trusteeship)

Nepal
1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)

Netherlands
23 January 1579 (the northern provinces of the Low
Countries conclude the Union of Utrecht breaking with Spain; it was
not until 1648 that Spain recognized their independence)

Netherlands Antilles
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

New Caledonia
none (overseas territory of France); note - a
referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new
referendum is scheduled for 2014

New Zealand
26 September 1907 (from UK)

Nicaragua
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Niger
3 August 1960 (from France)

Nigeria
1 October 1960 (from UK)

Niue
on 19 October 1974, Niue became a self-governing parliamentary
government in free association with New Zealand

Norfolk Island
none (territory of Australia)

Northern Mariana Islands
none (commonwealth in political union with
the US)

Norway
7 June 1905 (Norway declared the union with Sweden
dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the
union)

Oman
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)

Pakistan
14 August 1947 (from UK)

Palau
1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Panama
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain
28 November 1821)

Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered
UN trusteeship)

Paraguay
14 May 1811 (from Spain)

Peru
28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Philippines
12 June 1898 (from Spain)

Pitcairn Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland
11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)

Portugal
1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910
(independent republic proclaimed)

Puerto Rico
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Qatar
3 September 1971 (from UK)

Reunion
none (overseas department of France)

Romania
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire;
independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin;
kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881); 30 December 1947 (republic
proclaimed)

Russia
24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Rwanda
1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

Saint Helena
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983 (from UK)

Saint Lucia
22 February 1979 (from UK)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979 (from UK)

Samoa
1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)

San Marino
3 September 301

Sao Tome and Principe
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Saudi Arabia
23 September 1932 (unification of the kingdom)

Senegal
4 April 1960 (from France); note - complete independence was
achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960

Serbia and Montenegro
27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
or FRY - now Serbia and Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed
successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

Seychelles
29 June 1976 (from UK)

Sierra Leone
27 April 1961 (from UK)

Singapore
9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)

Slovakia
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia)

Slovenia
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Solomon Islands
7 July 1978 (from UK)

Somalia
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which
became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian
Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered
UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)

South Africa
31 May 1910 (from UK); note - South Africa became a
republic in 1961 following an October 1960 referendum

Spain
the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of
independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in
the early 8th century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the
small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost
immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this
event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is
traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

Sri Lanka
4 February 1948 (from UK)

Sudan
1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

Suriname
25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)

Svalbard
none (territory of Norway)

Swaziland
6 September 1968 (from UK)

Sweden
6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

Switzerland
1 August 1291 (founding of the Swiss Confederation)

Syria
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French
administration)

Tajikistan
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Tanzania
26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December
1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became
independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with
Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and
Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

Thailand
1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

Togo
27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Tokelau
none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga
4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

Trinidad and Tobago
31 August 1962 (from UK)

Tunisia
20 March 1956 (from France)

Turkey
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Turkmenistan
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Turks and Caicos Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu
1 October 1978 (from UK)

Uganda
9 October 1962 (from UK)

Ukraine
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971 (from UK)

United Kingdom
England has existed as a unified entity since the
10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284
with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an
Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland
agreed to permanently join as Great Britain; the legislative union
of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the
adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of
Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United
Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in
1927

United States
4 July 1776 (from Great Britain)

Uruguay
25 August 1825 (from Brazil)

Uzbekistan
1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Vanuatu
30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

Venezuela
5 July 1811 (from Spain)

Vietnam
2 September 1945 (from France)

Wallis and Futuna
none (overseas territory of France)

Yemen
22 May 1990 (Republic of Yemen established with the merger of
the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the
Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]); note - previously North Yemen had become
independent in November of 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South
Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

Zambia
24 October 1964 (from UK)

Zimbabwe
18 April 1980 (from UK)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2089 Industrial production growth rate (%)

Afghanistan
NA

Albania
3.1% (2004 est.)

Algeria
6% (2004 est.)

American Samoa
NA%

Andorra
NA%

Angola
1% (2000)

Anguilla
3.1% (1997 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
6% (1997 est.)

Argentina
12% (2004 est.)

Armenia
15% (2002 est.)

Aruba
NA%

Australia
1.9% (2004 est.)

Austria
3.3% (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
4% (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
2% (2000 est.)

Bangladesh
6.5% (2004 est.)

Barbados
-3.2% (2000 est.)

Belarus
4% (2004 est.)

Belgium
3.5% (2004 est.)

Belize
4.6% (1999)

Benin
8.3% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
NA%

Bhutan
9.3% (1996 est.)

Bolivia
5.7% (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
5.5% (2003 est.)

Botswana
4.4% (2004 est.)

Brazil
6% (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA%

Brunei
5% (2002 est.)

Bulgaria
5.2% (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
14% (2001 est.)

Burma
NA

Burundi
18% (2001)

Cambodia
22% (2002 est.)

Cameroon
4.2% (1999 est.)

Canada
2% (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
NA

Cayman Islands
NA%

Central African Republic
3% (2002)

Chad
5% (1995)

Chile
7.8% (2004 est.)

China
17.1% (2004 est.)

Colombia
4% (2004 est.)

Comoros
-2% (1999 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Congo, Republic of the
0% (2002 est.)

Cook Islands
1% (2002)

Costa Rica
3.1% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
15% (1998 est.)

Croatia
2.7% (2004 est.)

Cuba
1.4% (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 0.4% (2002); north Cyprus: -0.3% (2002)

Czech Republic
4.7% (2004 est.)

Denmark
1.7% (2004 est.)

Djibouti
3% (1996 est.)

Dominica
-10% (1997 est.)

Dominican Republic
2% (2001 est.)

East Timor
8.5%

Ecuador
10% (2004 est.)

Egypt
2.5% (2004 est.)

El Salvador
0.7% (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
30% (2002 est.)

Eritrea
NA

Estonia
5% (2000 est.)

Ethiopia
6.7% (2001 est.)

European Union
2.4% (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA%

Faroe Islands
8% (1999 est.)

Fiji
NA

Finland
2% (2004 est.)

France
1.7% (2004 est.)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA%

Gabon
1.6% (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
NA

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
3% (2000)

Germany
2.2% (2004 est.)

Ghana
3.8% (2000 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
4.1% (2004 est.)

Greenland
NA%

Grenada
0.7% (1997 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
NA

Guatemala
4.1% (1999)

Guernsey
NA%

Guinea
3.2% (1994)

Guinea-Bissau
2.6% (1997 est.)

Guyana
7.1% (1997 est.)

Haiti
NA

Honduras
7.7% (2003 est.)

Hong Kong
1% (2004 est.)

Hungary
9.6% (2004 est.)

Iceland
8.8% (2004 est.)

India
7.4% (2004 est.)

Indonesia
10.5% (2004 est.)

Iran
3.5% excluding oil (2004 est.)

Iraq
NA

Ireland
7% (2004 est.)

Israel
4.5% (2004 est.)

Italy
0.7% (2004 est.)

Jamaica
-2% (2000 est.)

Japan
6.6% (2004 est.)

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
5% (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
10.6% (2004 est.)

Kenya
2.6% (2004 est.)

Kiribati
0.7% (1991 est.)

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
10.1% (2004 est.)

Kuwait
-5% (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
6% (2000 est.)

Laos
9.7% (2001 est.)

Latvia
8.5% (2004 est.)

Lebanon
NA

Lesotho
15.5% (1999)

Liberia
NA

Libya
NA

Liechtenstein
NA%

Lithuania
12% (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
2.9% (2004 est.)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
0% (2004 est.)

Madagascar
3% (2000 est.)

Malawi
1.4% (2004 est.)

Malaysia
10.2% (2004 est.)

Maldives
4.4% (1996 est.)

Mali
NA (FY96/97)

Malta
NA%

Man, Isle of
3.2% (FY96/97)

Marshall Islands
NA

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
2% (2000 est.)

Mauritius
8% (2000 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
3.8% (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Moldova
17% (2003 est.)

Monaco
NA%

Mongolia
4.1% (2002 est.)

Montserrat
NA%

Morocco
NA

Mozambique
3.4% (2000)

Namibia
NA

Nauru
NA

Nepal
8.7% (FY99/00)

Netherlands
0.8% (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA%

New Caledonia
-0.6% (1996)

New Zealand
5.9% (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
4.4% (2000 est.)

Niger
NA (2001 est.)

Nigeria
1.8% (2004 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
5.2% (2004 est.)

Oman
-1.2% (2004 est.)

Pakistan
13.1% (2004 est.)

Palau
NA

Panama
5.4% (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
NA

Paraguay
0% (2000 est.)

Peru
5.2% (2004 est.)

Philippines
5% (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
10% (2004 est.)

Portugal
1.1% (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
NA%

Qatar
10% (2003 est.)

Reunion
NA%

Romania
4% (2004 est.)

Russia
6.4% (2004 est.)

Rwanda
7% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA%

Saint Lucia
-8.9% (1997 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
-0.9% (1997 est.)

Samoa
2.8% (2000)

San Marino
6% (1997 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
2.8% (2004 est.)

Senegal
4.7% (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
1.7% (2002 est.)

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
NA

Singapore
11.1% (2004 est.)

Slovakia
5.1% (2004 est.)

Slovenia
3.9% (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
NA

South Africa
5.5% (2004 est.)

Spain
3% (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
7.1% (2004 est.)

Sudan
8.5% (1999 est.)

Suriname
6.5% (1994 est.)

Swaziland
3.7% (FY95/96)

Sweden
5.5% (2004 est.)

Switzerland
4.7% (2004 est.)

Syria
7% (2002 est.)

Taiwan
12.2% (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
8.2% (2002 est.)

Tanzania
8.4% (1999 est.)

Thailand
8.5% (2004 est.)

Togo
NA

Tokelau
NA%

Tonga
8.6% (FY98/99)

Trinidad and Tobago
7.2% (2004 est.)

Tunisia
4.4% (2004 est.)

Turkey
16.5% (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
official government estimate: 22% (2003 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA%

Tuvalu
NA%

Uganda
5.6% (2004 est.)

Ukraine
16.5% (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
4% (2000)

United Kingdom
0.9% (2004 est.)

United States
4.4% (2004 est.)

Uruguay
22% (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
6.2% (2003 est.)

Vanuatu
1% (1997 est.)

Venezuela
12.3% (2004 est.)

Vietnam
16% (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA%

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
NA

Western Sahara
NA

World
3% (2003 est.)

Yemen
3% (2003 est.)

Zambia
6.9% (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
-7.8% (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2090 Industries

Afghanistan
small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture,
shoes, fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal,
copper

Albania
food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement,
chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Algeria
petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining,
electrical, petrochemical, food processing

American Samoa
tuna canneries (largely supplied by foreign fishing
vessels), handicrafts

Andorra
tourism (particularly skiing), cattle raising, timber,
banking

Angola
petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite,
uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing;
food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles, ship
repair

Anguilla
tourism, boat building, offshore financial services

Antigua and Barbuda
tourism, construction, light manufacturing
(clothing, alcohol, household appliances)

Argentina
food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables,
textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Armenia
diamond-processing, metal-cutting machine tools,
forging-pressing machines, electric motors, tires, knitted wear,
hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments,
microelectronics, jewelry manufacturing, software development, food
processing, brandy

Aruba
tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining

Australia
mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food
processing, chemicals, steel

Austria
construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals,
chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard,
communications equipment, tourism

Azerbaijan
petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield
equipment; steel, iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals;
textiles

Bahamas, The
tourism, banking, cement, oil transshipment, salt, rum,
aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral-welded steel pipe

Bahrain
petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron
pelletization, fertilizers, offshore banking, ship repairing; tourism

Bangladesh
cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper
newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar

Barbados
tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for
export

Belarus
metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers,
motorcycles, televisions, chemical fibers, fertilizer, textiles,
radios, refrigerators

Belgium
engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly,
transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and
beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Belize
garment production, food processing, tourism, construction

Benin
textiles, food processing, construction materials, cement
(2001)

Bermuda
tourism, international business, light manufacturing

Bhutan
cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages,
calcium carbide

Bolivia
mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco,
handicrafts, clothing

Bosnia and Herzegovina
steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese,
bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden
furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil
refining (2001)

Botswana
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock
processing; textiles

Brazil
textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin,
steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and
equipment

British Virgin Islands
tourism, light industry, construction, rum,
concrete block, offshore financial center

Brunei
petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas,
construction

Bulgaria
electricity, gas and water; food, beverages and tobacco;
machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke,
refined petroleum, nuclear fuel

Burkina Faso
cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap,
cigarettes, textiles, gold

Burma
agricultural processing; knit and woven apparel; wood and wood
products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials;
pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; cement

Burundi
light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly
of imported components; public works construction; food processing

Cambodia
tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood
products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Cameroon
petroleum production and refining, aluminum production,
food processing, light consumer goods, textiles, lumber, ship repair

Canada
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and
unprocessed minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish
products, petroleum and natural gas

Cape Verde
food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments,
salt mining, ship repair

Cayman Islands
tourism, banking, insurance and finance,
construction, construction materials, furniture

Central African Republic
gold and diamond mining, logging, brewing,
textiles, footwear, assembly of bicycles and motorcycles

Chad
oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium
carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Chile
copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and
steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

China
mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other
metals; coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel;
petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products,
including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing;
transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and
locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment,
commercial space launch vehicles and satellites

Christmas Island
tourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
copra products and tourism

Colombia
textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear,
beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds

Comoros
tourism, perfume distillation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the mining (diamonds, copper, zinc), mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, cigarettes, processed foods and beverages), cement, commercial ship repair

Congo, Republic of the
petroleum extraction, cement, lumber,
brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes

Cook Islands
fruit processing, tourism, fishing, clothing,
handicrafts

Costa Rica
microprocessors, food processing, textiles and clothing,
construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products

Cote d'Ivoire
foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining,
truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials,
electricity, ship construction and repair

Croatia
chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal,
electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper,
wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding,
petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages; tourism

Cuba
sugar, petroleum, tobacco, construction, nickel, steel, cement,
agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals

Cyprus
tourism, food and beverage processing; cement and gypsum
production; ship repair and refurbishment; textiles; light
chemicals; metal products; wood, paper, stone, and clay products

Czech Republic
metallurgy, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles,
glass, armaments

Denmark
iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing,
machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing,
electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products,
shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills

Dhekelia
none

Djibouti
construction, agricultural processing, salt

Dominica
soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement
blocks, shoes

Dominican Republic
tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold
mining, textiles, cement, tobacco

East Timor
printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth

Ecuador
petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products,
chemicals

Egypt
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons,
construction, cement, metals

El Salvador
food processing, beverages, petroleum, chemicals,
fertilizer, textiles, furniture, light metals

Equatorial Guinea
petroleum, fishing, sawmilling, natural gas

Eritrea
food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles, salt,
cement, commercial ship repair

Estonia
engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textile;
information technology, telecommunications

Ethiopia
food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals
processing, cement

Europa Island
none

European Union
among the world's largest and most technologically
advanced, the European Union industrial base includes: ferrous and
non-ferrous metal production and processing, metal products,
petroleum, coal, cement, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, rail
transportation equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles,
construction equipment, industrial equipment, shipbuilding,
electrical power equipment, machine tools and automated
manufacturing systems, electronics and telecommunications equipment,
fishing, food and beverage processing, furniture, paper, textiles,
tourism

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fish and wool processing; tourism

Faroe Islands
fishing, fish processing, small ship repair and
refurbishment, handicrafts

Fiji
tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small
cottage industries

Finland
metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and
scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs,
chemicals, textiles, clothing

France
machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft,
electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism

French Guiana
construction, shrimp processing, forestry products,
rum, gold mining

French Polynesia
tourism, pearls, agricultural processing,
handicrafts, phosphates

Gabon
petroleum extraction and refining; manganese, and gold mining;
chemicals; ship repair; food and beverage; textile; lumbering and
plywood; cement

Gambia, The
processing peanuts, fish, and hides; tourism; beverages;
agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking; clothing

Gaza Strip
generally small family businesses that produce textiles,
soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the
Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in an
industrial center

Georgia
steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances,
mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine

Germany
among the world's largest and most technologically advanced
producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery,
vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages;
shipbuilding; textiles

Ghana
mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting,
food processing, cement, small commercial ship building

Gibraltar
tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Greece
tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles; chemicals,
metal products; mining, petroleum

Greenland
fish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut);
gold, niobium, tantalite, uranium, iron and diamond mining;
handicrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards

Grenada
food and beverages, textiles, light assembly operations,
tourism, construction

Guadeloupe
construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism

Guam
US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services,
concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Guatemala
sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals,
petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism

Guernsey
tourism, banking

Guinea
bauxite, gold, diamonds; alumina refining; light
manufacturing and agricultural processing industries

Guinea-Bissau
agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks

Guyana
bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining

Haiti
sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, light
assembly industries based on imported parts

Holy See (Vatican City) printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

Honduras
sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products

Hong Kong
textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping,
electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks

Hungary
mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods,
textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Iceland
fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production,
geothermal power; tourism

India
textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation
equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software

Indonesia
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear,
mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Iran
petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other
construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining
and vegetable oil production), metal fabrication, armaments

Iraq
petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food
processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing

Ireland
steel, lead, zinc, silver, aluminum, barite, and gypsum
mining processing; food products, brewing, textiles, clothing;
chemicals, pharmaceuticals; machinery, rail transportation
equipment, passenger and commercial vehicles, ship construction and
refurbishment; glass and crystal; software, tourism

Israel
high-technology projects (including aviation, communications,
computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics, fiber
optics), wood and paper products, potash and phosphates, food,
beverages, and tobacco, caustic soda, cement, construction, metals
products, chemical products, plastics, diamond cutting, textiles and
footwear

Italy
tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food
processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Jamaica
tourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing
apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical
products, telecommunications

Japan
among world's largest and technologically advanced producers
of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and
nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods

Jersey
tourism, banking and finance, dairy

Jordan
phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining,
cement, potash, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing, tourism

Kazakhstan
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,
copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron
and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric
motors, construction materials

Kenya
small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products; oil
refining, aluminum, steel, lead, cement; commercial ship repair,
tourism

Kiribati
fishing, handicrafts

Korea, North
military products; machine building, electric power,
chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper,
zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food
processing; tourism

Korea, South
electronics, telecommunications, automobile production,
chemicals, shipbuilding, steel

Kuwait
petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair,
desalination, food processing, construction materials

Kyrgyzstan
small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement,
shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold,
rare earth metals

Laos
tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural
processing, construction, garments, tourism

Latvia
buses, vans, street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers,
agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios,
electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles; note -
dependent on imports for energy and raw materials

Lebanon
banking, food processing, jewelry, cement, textiles, mineral
and chemical products, wood and furniture products, oil refining,
metal fabricating

Lesotho
food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts;
construction; tourism

Liberia
rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber, diamonds

Libya
petroleum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles,
handicrafts, cement

Liechtenstein
electronics, metal manufacturing, dental products,
ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments,
tourism, optical instruments

Lithuania
metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television
sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding
(small ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing,
fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic
components, computers, amber

Luxembourg
banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals,
metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, information
technology, tourism and banking

Macau
tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear,
toys

Macedonia
coal, metallic chromium, lead, zinc, ferronickel,
textiles, wood products, tobacco, food processing, buses, steel

Madagascar
meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar,
textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper,
petroleum, tourism

Malawi
tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and
manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah - logging,
petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging

Maldives
fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, coconut
processing, garments, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand
mining

Mali
food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Malta
tourism; electronics, ship building and repair, construction;
food and beverages, textiles, footwear, clothing, tobacco

Man, Isle of
financial services, light manufacturing, tourism

Marshall Islands
copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items from
shell, wood, and pearls

Martinique
construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism

Mauritania
fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Mauritius
food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles,
clothing; chemicals, metal products, transport equipment,
nonelectrical machinery; tourism

Mayotte
newly created lobster and shrimp industry, construction

Mexico
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel,
petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer
durables, tourism

Micronesia, Federated States of
tourism, construction, fish
processing, specialized aquaculture, craft items from shell, wood,
and pearls

Moldova
food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment,
refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar,
vegetable oil, shoes, textiles

Monaco
tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer
products

Mongolia
construction and construction materials; mining (coal,
copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages;
processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber
manufacturing

Montserrat
tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Morocco
phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,
leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism

Mozambique
food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),
aluminum, petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos,
tobacco

Namibia
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining
(diamond, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Nauru
phosphate mining, offshore banking, coconut products

Nepal
tourism, carpet, textile; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed
mills; cigarette; cement and brick production

Netherlands
agroindustries, metal and engineering products,
electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum,
construction, microelectronics, fishing

Netherlands Antilles
tourism (Curacao, Sint Maarten, and Bonaire),
petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities
(Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing (Curacao)

New Caledonia
nickel mining and smelting

New Zealand
food processing, wood and paper products, textiles,
machinery, transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism,
mining

Nicaragua
food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products,
textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages,
footwear, wood

Niger
uranium mining, cement, brick, soap, textiles, food
processing, chemicals, slaughterhouses

Nigeria
crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton,
rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other
construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals,
fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel, small commercial ship
construction and repair

Niue
tourism, handicrafts, food processing

Norfolk Island
tourism, light industry, ready mixed concrete

Northern Mariana Islands
tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts

Norway
petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and
paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing

Oman
crude oil production and refining, natural and liquefied
natural gas (LNG) production, construction, cement, copper, steel,
chemicals, optic fiber

Pakistan
textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals,
construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Palau
tourism, craft items (from shell, wood, pearls), construction,
garment making

Panama
construction, brewing, cement and other construction
materials, sugar milling

Papua New Guinea
copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood
production, wood chip production; mining of gold, silver, and
copper; crude oil production; construction, tourism

Paraguay
sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products, steel,
metallurgic, electric power

Peru
mining and refining of minerals and metals, petroleum
extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish processing,
textiles, clothing, food processing, steel, metal fabrication

Philippines
electronics assembly, garments, footwear,
pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,
petroleum refining, fishing

Pitcairn Islands
postage stamps, handicrafts, beekeeping, honey

Poland
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Portugal
textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metals
and metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; rubber and
plastic products; ceramics; electronics and communications
equipment; rail transportation equipment; aerospace equipment; ship
construction and refurbishment; wine; tourism

Puerto Rico
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products,
tourism

Qatar
crude oil production and refining, ammonia, fertilizers,
petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement, commercial ship
repair

Reunion
sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil
extraction

Romania
textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly,
mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food
processing, petroleum refining

Russia
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing
coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building
from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles;
defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced
electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Rwanda
cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap,
furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Saint Helena
construction, crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy
woodwork), fishing

Saint Kitts and Nevis
sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt,
copra, clothing, footwear, beverages

Saint Lucia
clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages,
corrugated cardboard boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut
processing

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fish processing and supply base for
fishing fleets; tourism

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
food processing, cement, furniture,
clothing, starch

Samoa
food processing, building materials, auto parts

San Marino
tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics,
cement, wine

Sao Tome and Principe
light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fish
processing; timber

Saudi Arabia
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic
petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic
soda), cement, construction, fertilizer, plastics, commercial ship
repair, commercial aircraft repair

Senegal
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,
fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials,
ship construction and repair

Serbia and Montenegro
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and
automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural
machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc,
chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite,
nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles,
footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products,
chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Seychelles
fishing; tourism; processing of coconuts and vanilla,
coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture;
beverages

Sierra Leone
diamonds mining; small-scale manufacturing (beverages,
textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining, small
commercial ship repair

Singapore
electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling
equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber
products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, offshore
platform construction, life sciences, entrepot trade

Slovakia
metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity,
gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers;
machinery; paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics; transport
vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products

Slovenia
ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc
smelting, electronics (including military electronics), trucks,
electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals,
machine tools

Solomon Islands
fish (tuna), mining, timber

Somalia
a few light industries, including sugar refining, textiles,
wireless communication

South Africa
mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold,
chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile,
iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, commercial ship
repair

Spain
textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages,
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles,
machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear,
pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Sri Lanka
rubber processing, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural
commodities; telecommunications, insurance, and banking; clothing,
cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco

Sudan
oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar,
soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals,
armaments, automobile/light truck assembly

Suriname
bauxite and gold mining, alumina production, oil,
lumbering, food processing, fishing

Swaziland
mining (coal, raw asbestos), wood pulp, sugar, soft drink
concentrates, textile and apparel

Sweden
iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed
foods, motor vehicles

Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision
instruments

Syria
petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco,
phosphate rock mining

Taiwan
electronics, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals,
textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing,
vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals

Tajikistan
aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement,
vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and
freezers

Tanzania
agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
twine), diamond, gold and iron mining, soda ash, oil refining,
shoes, cement, apparel, wood products, fertilizer, salt

Thailand
tourism, textiles and garments, agricultural processing,
beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing such as jewelry,
electric appliances and components, computers and parts, integrated
circuits, furniture, plastics, world's second-largest tungsten
producer, and third-largest tin producer

Togo
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts,
textiles, beverages

Tokelau
small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking,
plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing

Tonga
tourism, fishing

Trinidad and Tobago
petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing,
cement, beverage, cotton textiles

Tunisia
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore),
tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages

Turkey
textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite,
copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Turkmenistan
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food
processing

Turks and Caicos Islands
tourism, offshore financial services

Tuvalu
fishing, tourism, copra

Uganda
sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement, steel
production

Ukraine
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing
(especially sugar)

United Arab Emirates
petroleum, fishing, aluminum, cement,
fertilizers, commercial ship repair, petrochemicals, construction
materials, some boat building, handicrafts, textiles

United Kingdom
machine tools, electric power equipment, automation
equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor
vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment,
metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food
processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods

United States
leading industrial power in the world, highly
diversified and technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor
vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics,
food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

Uruguay
food processing, electrical machinery, transportation
equipment, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals, beverages

Uzbekistan
textiles, food processing, machine building, metallurgy,
gold petroleum, natural gas, chemicals

Vanuatu
food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning

Venezuela
petroleum, iron ore mining, construction materials, food
processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly

Vietnam
food processing, garments, shoes, machine-building, mining,
cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper

Virgin Islands
tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum
distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics

Wallis and Futuna
copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber

West Bank
generally small family businesses that produce cement,
textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs;
the Israelis have established some small-scale, modern industries in
the settlements and industrial centers

Western Sahara
phosphate mining, handicrafts

World
dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in
computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical
equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a
small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly
adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development
of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating
already grim environmental problems

Yemen
crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale
production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing;
handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement; commercial
ship repair

Zambia
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs,
beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture

Zimbabwe
mining (coal, gold, platinum, copper, nickel, tin, clay,
numerous metallic and nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products,
cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs,
beverages

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2091 Infant mortality rate (deaths/1,000 live births)

Afghanistan
total: 163.07 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 167.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 158.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Albania
total: 21.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.96 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Algeria
total: 31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.83 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

American Samoa
total: 9.27 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Andorra
total: 4.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Angola
total: 191.19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 203.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 178.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Anguilla
total: 21.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 19.46 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 23.43 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Argentina
total: 15.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.07 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Armenia
total: 23.28 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Aruba
total: 5.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Australia
total: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Austria
total: 4.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
total: 81.74 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 83.58 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
total: 25.21 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 31.02 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bahrain
total: 17.27 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
total: 62.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Barbados
total: 12.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Belarus
total: 13.37 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Belgium
total: 4.68 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Belize
total: 25.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Benin
total: 85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 90 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bermuda
total: 8.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bhutan
total: 100.44 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 98.19 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 102.81 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bolivia
total: 53.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 49.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 21.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 23.62 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Botswana
total: 54.58 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 53.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Brazil
total: 29.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
total: 18.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.02 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Brunei
total: 12.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
total: 20.55 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
total: 97.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 89.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Burma
total: 67.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 73.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Burundi
total: 69.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 75.87 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 62.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cambodia
total: 71.48 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 80.13 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 62.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cameroon
total: 68.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Canada
total: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
total: 47.77 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 52.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 42.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
total: 8.19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.39 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
total: 91 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 97.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 83.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Chad
total: 93.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 103.03 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 84.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Chile
total: 8.8 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

China
total: 24.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 27.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Colombia
total: 20.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Comoros
total: 74.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 83.48 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 66.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 92.87 deaths/1,000 live
births
male: 101.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 84.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 92.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 98.48 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 86.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Costa Rica
total: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 90.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 107.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 73.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Croatia
total: 6.84 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cuba
total: 6.33 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Cyprus
total: 7.18 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
total: 3.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Denmark
total: 4.56 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Djibouti
total: 104.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 111.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 96.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Dominica
total: 14.15 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 18.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
total: 32.38 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

East Timor
total: 47.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Ecuador
total: 23.66 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 28.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Egypt
total: 32.59 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 31.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

El Salvador
total: 25.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.98 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 85.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 91.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Eritrea
total: 74.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 82.28 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Estonia
total: 7.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
total: 95.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 85.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

European Union
total: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA (2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
total: 6.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Fiji
total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Finland
total: 3.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.89 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

France
total: 4.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

French Guiana
total: 12.07 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
total: 8.44 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Gabon
total: 53.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.21 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 43.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
total: 72.02 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 78.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
total: 22.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Georgia
total: 18.59 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Germany
total: 4.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.61 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Ghana
total: 51.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 54.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
total: 5.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.71 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Greece
total: 5.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Greenland
total: 15.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Grenada
total: 14.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
total: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guam
total: 6.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.61 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guatemala
total: 35.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 35.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guernsey
total: 4.71 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guinea
total: 90.37 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 84.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 107.17 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 117.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 96.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Guyana
total: 33.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Haiti
total: 73.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 79.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 66.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Honduras
total: 29.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
total: 2.97 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Hungary
total: 8.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Iceland
total: 3.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.45 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

India
total: 56.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.86 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 55.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Indonesia
total: 35.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 40.72 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 30.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Iran
total: 41.58 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 41.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 41.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Iraq
total: 50.25 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 56.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 44.14 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Ireland
total: 5.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Israel
total: 7.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.77 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Italy
total: 5.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Jamaica
total: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Japan
total: 3.26 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Jersey
total: 5.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Jordan
total: 17.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
total: 29.21 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 24.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Kenya
total: 61.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 64.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 58.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Kiribati
total: 48.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 43.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Korea, North
total: 24.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.77 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Korea, South
total: 7.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Kuwait
total: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.96 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 35.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 40.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 30.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Laos
total: 85.22 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.04 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 75.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Latvia
total: 9.55 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 11.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Lebanon
total: 24.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.19 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Lesotho
total: 84.23 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 89.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 79.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Liberia
total: 128.87 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 135.64 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 121.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Libya
total: 24.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
total: 4.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.34 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Lithuania
total: 6.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
total: 4.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.79 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Macau
total: 4.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Macedonia
total: 10.09 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Madagascar
total: 76.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 85.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 68.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Malawi
total: 103.32 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 107.44 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 99.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Malaysia
total: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 20.49 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 14.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Maldives
total: 56.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 57.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mali
total: 116.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 123.32 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 110.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Malta
total: 3.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.38 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
total: 5.93 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
total: 29.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Martinique
total: 7.09 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mauritania
total: 70.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 73.81 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mauritius
total: 15.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mayotte
total: 62.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 68.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 56.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mexico
total: 20.91 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 30.21 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 33.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Moldova
total: 40.42 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 43.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Monaco
total: 5.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.29 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mongolia
total: 53.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 57.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 50.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Montserrat
total: 7.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Morocco
total: 41.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 45.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Mozambique
total: 130.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 135.91 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 125.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Namibia
total: 48.98 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 44.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Nauru
total: 9.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Nepal
total: 66.98 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 65.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 68.79 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Netherlands
total: 5.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.62 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 10.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 10.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
total: 7.72 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.42 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

New Zealand
total: 5.85 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
total: 29.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Niger
total: 121.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 125.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 117.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Nigeria
total: 98.8 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 105.69 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 91.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Niue
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Norfolk Island
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 7.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Norway
total: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.07 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Oman
total: 19.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 16.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Pakistan
total: 72.44 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72.84 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 72.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Palau
total: 14.84 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Panama
total: 20.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
total: 51.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 47.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Paraguay
total: 25.63 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 30.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Peru
total: 31.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Philippines
total: 23.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.34 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 20.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Poland
total: 8.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Portugal
total: 5.05 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
total: 8.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Qatar
total: 18.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.95 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Reunion
total: 7.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.52 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Romania
total: 26.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 29.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 23.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Russia
total: 15.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Rwanda
total: 91.23 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 96.37 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 85.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
total: 19 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 14.49 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 16.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
total: 13.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 7.54 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 14.78 deaths/1,000 live
births
male: 16.09 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Samoa
total: 27.71 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 32.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.48 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

San Marino
total: 5.73 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 6.16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 43.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 45.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 41.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
total: 13.24 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.19 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Senegal
total: 55.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 59.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 51.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 12.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Seychelles
total: 15.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 19.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
total: 143.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 161.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 125.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Singapore
total: 2.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Slovakia
total: 7.41 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 8.65 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Slovenia
total: 4.45 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
total: 21.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 24.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Somalia
total: 116.7 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 126.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 107.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

South Africa
total: 61.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 65.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 57.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Spain
total: 4.42 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
total: 14.35 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 15.57 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Sudan
total: 62.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 63.29 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 61.67 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Suriname
total: 23.57 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.57 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Svalbard
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Swaziland
total: 69.27 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 72.51 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Sweden
total: 2.77 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 2.93 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Switzerland
total: 4.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Syria
total: 29.53 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 29.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Taiwan
total: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.09 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
total: 110.76 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 122.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 98.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Tanzania
total: 98.54 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 107.85 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 88.95 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Thailand
total: 20.48 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.83 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Togo
total: 66.61 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 74.24 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 58.76 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Tokelau
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Tonga
total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 24.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.23 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 22.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Tunisia
total: 24.77 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 21.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Turkey
total: 41.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 44.68 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
total: 73.08 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 76.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 69.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 15.67 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 18.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 13.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
total: 20.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 22.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.02 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Uganda
total: 67.83 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 71.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.37 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Ukraine
total: 20.34 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
total: 14.51 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.05 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
total: 5.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

United States
total: 6.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Uruguay
total: 11.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 13.27 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 10.58 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
total: 71.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 74.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
total: 55.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 57.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 52.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Venezuela
total: 22.2 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 25.31 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Vietnam
total: 25.95 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 26.35 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
total: 8.03 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.11 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 6.88 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

West Bank
total: 19.62 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 17.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
total: NA
male: NA
female: NA

World
total: 50.11 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 52.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 48.01 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Yemen
total: 61.5 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 66.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 56.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Zambia
total: 88.29 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 95.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 80.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
total: 67.69 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 70.32 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2092 Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%)

Afghanistan
10.3% (2003)

Albania
3.2% (2004 est.)

Algeria
3.1% (2004 est.)

American Samoa
NA%

Andorra
4.3% (2000)

Angola
43.8% (2004 est.)

Anguilla
2.3%

Antigua and Barbuda
0.4% (2000 est.)

Argentina
6.1% (2004 est.)

Armenia
3.5% (2004 est.)

Aruba
3.2% (2002 est.)

Australia
2.3% (2004 est.)

Austria
1.8% (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
4.6% (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
1.2% (year ending September 2004)

Bahrain
2.1% (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
6% (2004 est.)

Barbados
-0.5% (2003 est.)

Belarus
17.4% (2004 est.)

Belgium
1.9% (2004 est.)

Belize
2.9% (2004 est.)

Benin
2.8% (2004 est.)

Bermuda
3.3% (mid-2003 est.)

Bhutan
3% (2002 est.)

Bolivia
4.9% (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.1% (2004 est.)

Botswana
7% (2004 est.)

Brazil
7.6% (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
2.5% (2003)

Brunei
0.3% (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
6.1% (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
2.4% (2004 est.)

Burma
17.2% (2004 est.)

Burundi
8.5% (2004 est.)

Cambodia
3.1% (2004 est.)

Cameroon
1% (2004 est.)

Canada
1.9% (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
1.5% (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands
2.8% (2002)

Central African Republic
3.6% (2001 est.)

Chad
8% (2004 est.)

Chile
2.4% (2004 est.)

China
4.1% (2004 est.)

Colombia
5.9% (2004 est.)

Comoros
3.5% (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
14% (2003 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
1.8% (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
3.2% (2000 est.)

Costa Rica
11.5% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.4% (2004 est.)

Croatia
2.5% (2004 est.)

Cuba
3.1% (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 2.4% (2003 est.); north Cyprus: 12.6%
(2003 est.)

Czech Republic
3.2% (2004 est.)

Denmark
1.4% (2004 est.)

Djibouti
2% (2002 est.)

Dominica
1% (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic
55% (2004 est.)

East Timor
4% (2003 est.)

Ecuador
2% (2004 est.)

Egypt
9.5% (2004 est.)

El Salvador
5.4% (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
8.5% (2004 est.)

Eritrea
10% (2004 est.)

Estonia
3% (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
2.4% (2004 est.)

European Union
2.1% (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
3.6% (1998)

Faroe Islands
5.1% (1999)

Fiji
1.6% (2002 est.)

Finland
0.7% (2004 est.)

France
2.3% (2004 est.)

French Guiana
1.5% (2002 est.)

French Polynesia
1.5% (2002 est.)

Gabon
1.5% (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
7% (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip
2.2% (includes West Bank) (2001 est.)

Georgia
5.5% (2004 est.)

Germany
1.6% (2004 est.)

Ghana
13% (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
1.5% (1998)

Greece
2.9% (2004 est.)

Greenland
1.6% (1999 est.)

Grenada
2.8% (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
0% (1999 est.)

Guatemala
7.2% (2004 est.)

Guernsey
4.9% (2004 est.)

Guinea
18% (2004 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
4% (2002 est.)

Guyana
4.5% (2004 est.)

Haiti
22% (2004 est.)

Honduras
7% (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
-0.3% (2004 est.)

Hungary
7% (2004 est.)

Iceland
4% (2004 est.)

India
4.2% (2004 est.)

Indonesia
6.1% (2004 est.)

Iran
15.5% (2004 est.)

Iraq
25.4% (2004 est.)

Ireland
2.2% (2004 est.)

Israel
0% (2004 est.)

Italy
2.3% (2004 est.)

Jamaica
12.4% (2004 est.)

Japan
-0.1% (2004 est.)

Jersey
5.3% (2004)

Jordan
3.2% (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
6.9% (2004 est.)

Kenya
9% (2004 est.)

Kiribati
2.5% (2001 est.)

Korea, North
NA (2003 est.)

Korea, South
3.6% (2004 est.)

Kuwait
2.3% (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
3.2% (2004 est.)

Laos
12.3% (2004 est.)

Latvia
6% (2004 est.)

Lebanon
2% (2004 est.)

Lesotho
5.3% (2004 est.)

Liberia
15% (2003 est.)

Libya
2.9% (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
1% (2001)

Lithuania
1.1% (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
2.4% (2004 est.)

Macau
2% (3rd quarter, 2004)

Macedonia
0.4% (2004 est.)

Madagascar
7.5% (2004 est.)

Malawi
12% (2004 est.)

Malaysia
1.3% (2004 est.)

Maldives
1% (2002 est.)

Mali
4.5% (2002 est.)

Malta
2.9% (2004 est.)

Man, Isle of
3.6% (March 2003 est.)

Marshall Islands
2% (2001 est.)

Martinique
3.9% (1990)

Mauritania
7% (2003 est.)

Mauritius
4.5% (2004 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
5.4% (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
1% (2002 est.)

Moldova
11.5% (2004 est.)

Monaco
1.9% (2000)

Mongolia
11% (2004 est.)

Montserrat
2.6% (2002 est.)

Morocco
2.1% (2004 est.)

Mozambique
12.8% (2004 est.)

Namibia
4.2% (2004 est.)

Nauru
-3.6% (1993)

Nepal
2.9% (2002 est.)

Netherlands
1.4% (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
2.1% (2003 est.)

New Caledonia
-0.6% (2000 est.)

New Zealand
2.4% (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
9.3% (2004 est.)

Niger
3% (2002 est.)

Nigeria
16.5% (2004 est.)

Niue
1% (1995)

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
1.2% (1997 est.)

Norway
1% (2004 est.)

Oman
0.2% (2004 est.)

Pakistan
4.8% (FY03/04 est.)

Palau
3.4% (2000 est.)

Panama
2% (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
4.2% (2004 est.)

Paraguay
5.1% (2004 est.)

Peru
3.8% (2004 est.)

Philippines
5.5% (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
3.4% (2004 est.)

Portugal
2.1% (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
6.5% (2003 est.)

Qatar
3% (2004 est.)

Reunion
NA%

Romania
9.6% (2004 est.)

Russia
11.5% (2004 est.)

Rwanda
7% (2004 est.)

Saint Helena
3.2% (1997 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
1.7% (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia
3% (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2.1% (1991-96 average)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
-0.4% (2001 est.)

Samoa
4% (2001 est.)

San Marino
3.3% (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe
14% (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
0.8% (2004 est.)

Senegal
0.8% (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
8.8% (2004 est.)

Seychelles
5% (2004 est.)

Sierra Leone
1% (2002 est.)

Singapore
1.7% (2004 est.)

Slovakia
7.5% (2004 est.)

Slovenia
3.3% (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
10% (2003 est.)

Somalia
note - businesses print their own money, so inflation rates
cannot be sensibly determined (2004 est.)

South Africa
4.5% (2004 est.)

Spain
3.2% (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
5.8% (2004 est.)

Sudan
9% (2004 est.)

Suriname
23% (2003 est.)

Swaziland
5.4% (2004 est.)

Sweden
0.7% (2004 est.)

Switzerland
0.9% (2004 est.)

Syria
2.1% (2004 est.)

Taiwan
1.7% (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
8% (2004 est.)

Tanzania
5.4% (2004 est.)

Thailand
2.8% (2004 est.)

Togo
1% (2004 est.)

Tokelau
NA%

Tonga
10.3% (2002 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
3.3% (2004 est.)

Tunisia
4.1% (2004 est.)

Turkey
9.3% (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
9% (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4% (1995)

Tuvalu
5% (2000 est.)

Uganda
3.5% (2004 est.)

Ukraine
12% (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
3.2% (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
1.4% (2004 est.)

United States
2.5% (2004 est.)

Uruguay
7.6% (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
3% (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
3.1% (2003 est.)

Venezuela
22.4% (2004 est.)

Vietnam
9.5% (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
2.2% (2003)

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
2.2% (includes Gaza Strip) (2001 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries
5% to 60% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in
individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation
in several Third World countries (2004 est.)

Yemen
12.2% (2004 est.)

Zambia
18.3% (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
133% (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2093 Waterways (km)

Afghanistan 1,200 km note: chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT (2004)

Albania
43 km (2004)

Angola
1,300 km (2004)

Argentina
11,000 km (2004)

Australia
2,000 km (mainly used for recreation on Murray and
Murray-Darling river systems) (2004)

Austria
358 km (2003)

Bangladesh
8,372 km
note: includes 2,575 km main cargo routes (2004)

Belarus
2,500 km (use limited by location on perimeter of country
and by shallowness) (2003)

Belgium
2,043 km (1,528 km in regular commercial use) (2003)

Belize
825 km (navigable only by small craft) (2004)

Benin
150 km (on River Niger along northern border) (2004)

Bolivia
10,000 km (commercially navigable) (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sava River (northern border) open to shipping
but use limited because of no agreement with neighboring countries
(2004)

Brazil
50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population)
(2004)

Brunei
209 km (navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m) (2004)

Bulgaria
470 km (2004)

Burma
12,800 km (2004)

Burundi
mainly on Lake Tanganyika (2004)

Cambodia
2,400 km (mainly on Mekong River) (2004)

Cameroon
navigation mainly on Benue River; limited during rainy
season (2004)

Canada
631 km
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint
Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2003)

Central African Republic
2,800 km (primarily on the Oubangui and
Sangha rivers) (2004)

Chad
Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season (2002)

China
121,557 km (2002)

Colombia
9,187 km (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 15,000 km (navigation on the Congo curtailed by fighting) (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
4,385 km (on Congo and Oubanqui rivers) (2004)

Costa Rica
730 km (seasonally navigable by small craft) (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
980 km (navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal
lagoons) (2003)

Croatia
785 km (2004)

Cuba
240 km (2004)

Czech Republic
664 km (on Elbe, Vltava, and Oder rivers) (2004)

Denmark
417 km (2001)

Ecuador
1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2003)

Egypt
3,500 km
note: includes Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway,
and numerous smaller canals in delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including
approaches) navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m
(2004)

El Salvador
Rio Lempa partially navigable (2004)

Estonia
500 km (2003)

European Union
53,512 km

Fiji
203 km
note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges
(2004)

Finland
7,842 km
note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased
from Russia (2004)

France
8,500 km (1,686 km accessible to craft of 3,000 metric tons)
(2000)

French Guiana
3,760 km
note: 460 km navigable by small oceangoing vessels and coastal and
river steamers, 3,300 km by native craft (2004)

Gabon
1,600 km (310 km on Ogooue River) (2003)

Gambia, The
390 km (on River Gambia; small ocean-going vessels can
reach 190 km) (2004)

Germany
7,300 km
note: Rhine River carries most goods; Main-Danube Canal links North
Sea and Black Sea (2004)

Ghana
1,293 km
note: 168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano
rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta
(2003)

Greece
6 km
note: Corinth Canal (6 km) crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; shortens
sea voyage by 325 km (2004)

Guatemala
990 km
note: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable
during high-water season (2004)

Guinea
1,295 km (navigable by shallow-draft native craft) (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
4 largest rivers are navigable for some distance; many
inlets and creeks give shallow-water access to much of interior
(2004)

Guyana
1,077 km
note: Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers are navigable by
oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km respectively (2004)

Honduras
465 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2004)

Hungary
1,622 km (most on Danube River) (2004)

India
14,500 km
note: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable for
mechanized vessels (2004)

Indonesia
21,579 km
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460
km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004)

Iran
850 km (on Karun River and Lake Urmia) (2004)

Iraq
5,275 km (not all navigable)
note: Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,895 km), and Third
River (565 km) are principal waterways (2004)

Ireland
753 km (pleasure craft only) (2004)

Italy
2,400 km
note: used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared
to road and rail (2004)

Japan
1,770 km (seagoing vessels use inland seas) (2004)

Kazakhstan
4,000 km
note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers (2004)

Kenya
part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya
(2004)

Kiribati
5 km (small network of canals in Line Islands) (2003)

Korea, North
2,250 km
note: most navigable only by small craft (2004)

Korea, South
1,608 km
note: most navigable only by small craft (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
600 km (2004)

Laos
4,600 km
note: primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional km are
intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m (2003)

Latvia
300 km (2004)

Liechtenstein
28 km (2004)

Lithuania
600 km (2004)

Luxembourg
37 km (on Moselle River) (2003)

Madagascar
600 km (2004)

Malawi
700 km
note: on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire River (2003)

Malaysia
7,200 km
note: Peninsular Malaysia 3,200 km, Sabah 1,500 km, Sarawak 2,500 km
(2004)

Mali
1,815 km (2004)

Mauritania
some ferry traffic on Senegal River (2004)

Mexico 2,900 km note: navigable rivers and coastal canals (2004)

Moldova
424 km (2004)

Mongolia
580 km
note: only waterway in operation is Lake Khovsgol (135 km); Selenge
River (270 km) and Orkhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry
little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May
to September (2004)

Mozambique
460 km (Zambezi River navigable to Tete and along Cahora
Bassa Lake) (2004)

Netherlands
5,046 km (navigable for ships of 50 tons) (2004)

Nicaragua
2,220 km (including lakes Managua and Nicaragua) (1997)

Niger
300 km
note: Niger River is navigable to Gaya between September and March
(2004)

Nigeria
8,600 km (Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and
creeks) (2004)

Panama
800 km (includes 82 km Panama Canal) (2004)

Papua New Guinea
10,940 km (2003)

Paraguay
3,100 km (2004)

Peru
8,808 km
note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km
of Lago Titicaca (2004)

Philippines 3,219 km note: limited to vessels with draft less than 1.5 m (2004)

Poland
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2003)

Portugal
210 km (on Douro River from Porto) (2003)

Romania
1,731 km (2004)

Russia
96,000 km
note: 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White
Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2004)

Rwanda
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
(2004)

Senegal
1,000 km (primarily on Senegal, Saloum, and Casamance
rivers) (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro
587 km
note: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon bridge at Novi Sad;
plan to replace by summer of 2005 (2004)

Sierra Leone
800 km (2003)

Slovakia
172 km (on Danube River) (2004)

Spain
1,045 km (2003)

Sri Lanka
160 km (primarily on rivers in southwest) (2004)

Sudan
4,068 km (1,723 km open year round on White and Blue Nile
rivers) (2004)

Suriname
1,200 km (most navigable by ships with drafts up to 7 m)
(2003)

Switzerland
65 km
note: Rhine River between Basel-Rheinfelden and
Schaffhausen-Bodensee, some canals, and 12 navigable lakes (2003)

Syria
900 km (not economically significant) (2002)

Tajikistan
200 km (along Vakhsh River) (2003)

Tanzania
Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa principal
avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; rivers not navigable
(2004)

Thailand 4,000 km note: 3,701 km navigable by boats with drafts up to 0.9 m (2003)

Togo
50 km (seasonally on Mono River depending on rainfall) (2003)

Turkey
1,200 km (2003)

Turkmenistan
1,300 km (Amu Darya and Kara Kum canal important inland
waterways) (2003)

Uganda
300 km (on Lake Victoria, 200 km on Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga,
and parts of Albert Nile) (2004 est.)

Ukraine
1,672 km (most on Dnieper River) (2004)

United Kingdom
3,200 km (620 km used for commerce) (2004)

United States
41,009 km (19,312 km used for commerce)
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint
Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with Canada (2004)

Uruguay
1,600 km (2002)

Uzbekistan
1,100 km (2004)

Venezuela
7,100 km
note: Orinoco River and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing
vessels, Orinoco for 400 km (2004)

Vietnam
17,702 km (5,000 km navigable by vessels up to 1.8 m draft)
(2004)

World
671,886 km (2004)

Zambia
2,250 km
note: includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula rivers
(2003)

Zimbabwe
on Lake Kariba, length small (2003)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2094 Judicial branch

Afghanistan
the new constitution establishes a nine-member Stera
Mahkama or Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for
10-year terms by the president with approval of the Wolesi Jirga)
and subordinate High Courts and Appeals Courts; there is also a
Minister of Justice; a separate Afghan Independent Human Rights
Commission established by the Bonn Agreement is charged with
investigating human rights abuses and war crimes

Albania
Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by
the People's Assembly for a four-year term), and multiple appeals
and district courts

Algeria
Supreme Court or Court Supreme

American Samoa
High Court (chief justice and associate justices are
appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior)

Andorra
Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the
Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or
Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice
or Consell Superior de la Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri
Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional

Angola
Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao (judges are appointed by
the president)

Anguilla
High Court (judge provided by Eastern Caribbean Supreme
Court)

Antigua and Barbuda
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint
Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands
and presides over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction)

Argentina
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the nine Supreme Court
judges are appointed by the president with approval by the Senate)

Armenia
Constitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)

Aruba
Common Court of Justice of Aruba (judges are appointed by the
monarch)

Australia
High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are
appointed by the governor general)

Austria
Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof;
Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court
or Verfassungsgerichtshof

Azerbaijan
Supreme Court

Bahamas, The
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; magistrates courts

Bahrain
High Civil Appeals Court

Bangladesh
Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are
appointed by the president)

Barbados
Supreme Court of Judicature (judges are appointed by the
Service Commissions for the Judicial and Legal Services)

Belarus
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president);
Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president
and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)

Belgium
Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or
Cour de Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the
Government; candidacies have to be submitted by the High Justice
Council)

Belize
Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor
general on the advice of the prime minister)

Benin
Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle; Supreme Court
or Cour Supreme; High Court of Justice

Bermuda
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts

Bhutan
Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges
appointed by the monarch)

Bolivia
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year
terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each
department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine
members: four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's
House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's
National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of
the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of
nine judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and
Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law
and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities;
note - a War Crimes Chamber may be added at a future date)
note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a
number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the
Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska
has five municipal courts

Botswana
High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in
each district)

Brazil
Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed for life
by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of
Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life);
note - though appointed "for life," judges, like all federal
employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70

British Virgin Islands
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting
of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of
the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the
High Court); Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court; Court of Summary
Jurisdiction

Brunei
Supreme Court (chief justice and judges are sworn in by the
monarch for three-year terms)

Bulgaria
Supreme Administrative Court; Supreme Court of Cassation;
Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year
terms); Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the
two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members;
responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and
investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the
Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by
the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)

Burkina Faso
Supreme Court; Appeals Court

Burma
remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but
there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not
independent of the executive

Burundi
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts
of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of
First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local
tribunals)

Cambodia
Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the
constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower
courts) exercises judicial authority

Cameroon
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); High
Court of Justice (consists of 9 judges and 6 substitute judges,
elected by the National Assembly)

Canada
Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime
minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada;
Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named
variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court,
Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)

Cape Verde
Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia

Cayman Islands
Summary Court; Grand Court; Cayman Islands Court of
Appeal

Central African Republic
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme;
Constitutional Court (3 judges appointed by the president, 3 by the
president of the National Assembly, and 3 by fellow judges); Court
of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Inferior Courts

Chad
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate
Courts

Chile
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the
president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates
provided by the court itself; the president of the Supreme Court is
elected by the 21-member court); Constitutional Tribunal

China
Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National
People's Congress); Local Peoples Courts (comprise higher,
intermediate and local courts); Special Peoples Courts (primarily
military, maritime, and railway transport courts)

Christmas Island
Supreme Court; District Court; Magistrate's Court

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court

Colombia
four roughly coequal, supreme judicial organs; Supreme
Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (highest court of
criminal law; judges are selected by their peers from the nominees
of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms); Council of
State (highest court of administrative law; judges are selected from
the nominees of the Superior Judicial Council for eight-year terms);
Constitutional Court (guards integrity and supremacy of the
constitution; rules on constitutionality of laws, amendments to the
constitution, and international treaties); Superior Judicial Council
(administers and disciplines the civilian judiciary; resolves
jurisdictional conflicts arising between other courts; members are
elected by three sister courts and Congress for eight-year terms)

Comoros
Supreme Court or Cour Supremes (two members appointed by the
president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one elected
by the Council of each island, and others are former presidents of
the republic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Congo, Republic of the
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Cook Islands
High Court

Costa Rica
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected
for eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)

Cote d'Ivoire
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four
chambers: Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for
financial cases, Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases,
and Administrative Chamber for civil cases; there is no legal limit
to the number of members

Croatia
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts
appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the
Republic, which is elected by the Assembly

Cuba
People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president,
vice president, and other judges are elected by the National
Assembly)

Cyprus
Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president
and vice president)
note: there is also a Supreme Court in north Cyprus

Czech Republic
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; chairman and
deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for a 10-year term

Denmark
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch for life)

Djibouti
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Dominica
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the Court of
Appeal and the High Court (located in Saint Lucia; one of the six
judges must reside in Dominica and preside over the Court of Summary
Jurisdiction)

Dominican Republic
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are
appointed by a the National Judicial Council comprised of the
President, the leaders of both chambers of congress, the President
of the Supreme Court, and an opposition or non-governing party
member)

East Timor
Supreme Court of Justice - constitution calls for one
judge to be appointed by National Parliament and rest appointed by
Superior Council for Judiciary; note - until Supreme Court is
established, Court of Appeals is highest court

Ecuador
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (according to the
Constitution, new justices are elected by the full Supreme Court; in
December 2004, however, Congress successfully replaced the entire
court via a simple-majority resolution)

Egypt
Supreme Constitutional Court

El Salvador
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are selected by
the Legislative Assembly)

Equatorial Guinea
Supreme Tribunal

Eritrea
High Court - regional, subregional, and village courts; also
have military and special courts

Estonia
National Court (chairman appointed by Parliament for life)

Ethiopia
Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of
the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and
appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other
federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's
Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal
Judicial Administrative Council)

European Union
Court of Justice of the European Communities (ensures
that the treaties are interpreted and applied correctly) - 25
justices (one from each member state) appointed for a six-year term;
note - for the sake of efficiency, the court can sit with 11
justices known as the "Grand Chamber"; Court of First Instance - 25
justices appointed for a six-year term

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Supreme Court (chief justice is a nonresident); Magistrates Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Faroe Islands
none

Fiji
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of
Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts

Finland
Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the
president)

France
Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are
appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of
the Judiciary); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel
(three members appointed by the president, three appointed by the
president of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the
president of the Senate); Council of State or Conseil d'Etat

French Guiana
Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel (highest local court
based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe,
and French Guiana)

French Polynesia
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court of the First
Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative
Law or Tribunal Administratif

Gabon
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers -
Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts
of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts

Gambia, The
Supreme Court

Georgia
Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the
president's recommendation); Constitutional Court; first and second
instance courts

Germany
Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht
(half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the
Bundesrat)

Ghana
Supreme Court

Gibraltar
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

Greece
Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges
appointed for life by the president after consultation with a
judicial council

Greenland
High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre
Landsret or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in
Copenhagen)

Grenada
West Indies Associate States Supreme Court (an associate
judge resides in Grenada)

Guadeloupe
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel with jurisdiction over
Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique

Guam
Federal District Court (judge is appointed by the president);
Territorial Superior Court (judges appointed for eight-year terms by
the governor)

Guatemala
Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitutcionalidad is
Guatemala's highest court (five judges are elected for concurrent
five-year terms by Congress, each serving one year as president of
the Constitutional Court; one is elected by Congress, one elected by
the Supreme Court of Justice, one appointed by the President, one
elected by Superior Counsel of Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala,
and one by Colegio de Abogados); Supreme Court of Justice or Corte
Suprema de Justicia (13 members serve concurrent five-year terms and
elect a president of the Court each year from among their number;
the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial
judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms)

Guernsey
Royal Court

Guinea
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Guinea-Bissau
Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists
of nine justices appointed by the president and serve at his
pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases);
Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals
for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases
valued at over $1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not
necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases under $1,000 and
misdemeanor criminal cases)

Guyana
Supreme Court of Judicature; Judicial Court of Appeal; High
Court

Haiti
Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation

Holy See (Vatican City)
there are three tribunals responsible for
civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other
tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See
note: judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pius
XII on 1 May 1946

Honduras
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia
(judges are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress)

Hong Kong
Court of Final Appeal in the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region

Hungary
Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National
Assembly for nine-year terms)

Iceland
Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for
life by the Minister of Justice); eight district courts (justices
are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)

India
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president and
remain in office until they reach the age of 65)

Indonesia
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the
president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a
separate Constitutional Court or Makhama Konstitusi was invested by
the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court
assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower
court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights

Iran
Supreme Court - above a special clerical court, a revolutionary
court, and a special administrative court

Iraq
Supreme Court appointed by the Prime Minister, confirmed by the
Presidency Council

Ireland
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister and cabinet)

Israel
Supreme Court (justices appointed for life by the president)

Italy
Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15
judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by
parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative
Supreme Courts)

Jamaica
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal

Japan
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the monarch after
designation by the cabinet; all other justices are appointed by the
cabinet)

Jersey
Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the
bailiff)

Jordan
Court of Cassation; Supreme Court (court of final appeal)

Kazakhstan
Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7
members)

Kenya
Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president);
High Court

Kiribati
Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges
at all levels are appointed by the president

Korea, North
Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme
People's Assembly)

Korea, South
Supreme Court (justices appointed by president with
consent of National Assembly); Constitutional Court (justices
appointed by president based partly on nominations by National
Assembly and Chief Justice of the court)

Kuwait
High Court of Appeal

Kyrgyzstan
Supreme Court (judges are appointed for 10-year terms by
the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president);
Constitutional Court; Higher Court of Arbitration

Laos
People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme
Court is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of
the National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the
People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National
Assembly Standing Committee)

Latvia
Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by
Parliament)

Lebanon
four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and
commercial cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional
Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of
laws); Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and
prime minister as needed)

Lesotho
High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch acting on
the advice of the Prime Minister); Court of Appeal; Magistrate's
Court; customary or traditional court

Liberia
Supreme Court

Libya
Supreme Court

Liechtenstein
Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Court of Appeal
or Obergericht

Lithuania
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal;
judges for all courts appointed by the President

Luxembourg
judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2
district courts, and 1 Supreme Court of Appeals); administrative
courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, administrative
courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges for all
courts are appointed for life by the monarch

Macau
Court of Final Appeal in Macau Special Administrative Region

Macedonia
Supreme Court - the Assembly appoints the judges;
Constitutional Court - the Assembly appoints the judges; Republican
Judicial Council - the Assembly appoints the judges

Madagascar
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court
or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle

Malawi
Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed
by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the
Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts

Malaysia
Federal Court (judges appointed by the paramount ruler on
the advice of the prime minister)

Maldives
High Court

Mali
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Malta
Constitutional Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts
are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

Man, Isle of
High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the
Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant
governor)

Marshall Islands
Supreme Court; High Court

Martinique
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Mauritania
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower
courts

Mauritius
Supreme Court

Mayotte
Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Mexico
Supreme Court of Justice or Suprema Corte de Justicia
Nacional (justices or ministros are appointed by the president with
consent of the Senate)

Micronesia, Federated States of
Supreme Court

Moldova
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for
constitutional judicature)

Monaco
Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the
monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)

Mongolia
Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and
provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts;
judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved
by the president)

Montserrat
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia,
one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and
presides over the High Court)

Morocco
Supreme Court (judges are appointed on the recommendation of
the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the monarch)

Mozambique
Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its
professional judges are appointed by the president and some are
elected by the Assembly); other courts include an Administrative
Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts
note: although the constitution provides for a separate
Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence
the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases

Namibia
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

Nauru
Supreme Court

Nepal
Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (chief justice is appointed
by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the
other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the Judicial Council)

Netherlands
Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for
life by the monarch)

Netherlands Antilles
Joint High Court of Justice (judges appointed
by the monarch)

New Caledonia
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint
Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court

New Zealand
Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; High Court; note -
Judges appointed by the Governor-General

Nicaragua
Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for
five-year terms by the National Assembly)

Niger
State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Nigeria
Supreme Court (judges appointed by the President); Federal
Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on
the advice of the Advisory Judicial Committee)

Niue
Supreme Court of New Zealand; High Court of Niue

Norfolk Island
Supreme Court; Court of Petty Sessions

Northern Mariana Islands
Commonwealth Supreme Court; Superior Court;
Federal District Court

Norway
Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the
monarch)

Oman
Supreme Court
note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has
judges who practice secular and Sharia (Islamic) law

Pakistan
Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president);
Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court

Palau
Supreme Court; National Court; Court of Common Pleas

Panama
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine
judges appointed for 10-year terms); five superior courts; three
courts of appeal

Papua New Guinea
Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by
the governor general on the proposal of the National Executive
Council after consultation with the minister responsible for
justice; other judges are appointed by the Judicial and Legal
Services Commission)

Paraguay
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia
(judges appointed on the proposal of the Council of Magistrates or
Consejo de la Magistratura)

Peru
Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges
are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Philippines
Supreme Court (15 justices are appointed by the
president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and
serve until 70 years of age); Court of Appeals; Sandigan-bayan
(special court for hearing corruption cases of government officials)

Pitcairn Islands
Magistrate's Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal;
Judicial Officers are appointed by the Governor

Poland
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an
indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by
the Sejm for nine-year terms)

Portugal
Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges
appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

Puerto Rico
Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance
composed of two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court
(justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the
consent of the Senate)

Qatar
Court of Appeal
note: under the new judiciary law issued in 2003, the former two
court systems, civil and Islamic law, were merged under a higher
court, the Court of Cassation, established for appeals

Reunion
Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel

Romania
Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the
president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of
Magistrates, a board of eleven judges and six prosecutors elected by
parliament)

Russia
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of
Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the
Federation Council on the recommendation of the president

Rwanda
Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial
Courts; District Courts; mediation committees

Saint Helena
Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court; Small Debts Court;
Juvenile Court

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on
Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Kitts
and Nevis)

Saint Lucia
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (jurisdiction extends to
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica,
Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal
Superieur d'Appel

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
(based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Samoa
Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; District Court; Land and
Titles Court

San Marino
Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII

Sao Tome and Principe
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the
National Assembly)

Saudi Arabia
Supreme Council of Justice

Senegal
Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final
Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial
system was reformed in 1992

Serbia and Montenegro
The Court of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are
elected by the Serbia and Montenegro Parliament for six-year terms
note: since the promulgation of the 2003 Constitution, the Federal
Court has constitutional and administrative functions; it has an
equal number of judges from each republic

Seychelles
Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts
are appointed by the president

Sierra Leone
Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court

Singapore
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president
with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by
the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals

Slovakia
Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council);
Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of
nominees approved by the National Council)

Slovenia
Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly
on the recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court
(judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and
nominated by the president)

Solomon Islands
Court of Appeal

Somalia
following the breakdown of the central government, most
regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either
secular, traditional clan-based arbitration, or Islamic (Shari'a)
law with a provision for appeal of all sentences

South Africa
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High
Courts; Magistrate Courts

Spain
Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo

Sri Lanka
Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts
are appointed by the president

Sudan
Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts

Suriname
Cantonal Courts and a Court of Justice as an appellate
court (justices are nominated for life)

Swaziland
High Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are
appointed by the monarch

Sweden
Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by
the prime minister and the cabinet)

Switzerland
Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms
by the Federal Assembly)

Syria
Supreme Constitutional Court (justices are appointed for
four-year terms by the president); High Judicial Council; Court of
Cassation; State Security Courts

Taiwan
Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with
consent of the Legislative Yuan)

Tajikistan
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Tanzania
Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court
of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court
(consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the
president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts;
Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the
higher courts)

Thailand
Supreme Court or Sandika (judges appointed by the monarch)

Togo
Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Tokelau
Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminal
jurisdiction in Tokelau

Tonga
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of
Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief
justice of the Supreme Court)

Trinidad and Tobago
Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the
High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is
appointed by the president after consultation with the prime
minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are
appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal
Service Commission); High Court of Justice; Court of Appeals; the
highest court of appeal is the Privy Council in London

Tunisia
Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation

Turkey
Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay);
Council of State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military
High Court of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court

Turkmenistan
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Turks and Caicos Islands
Supreme Court

Tuvalu
High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside
over its sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of
Appeal in Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)

Uganda
Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and
approved by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by
the president)

Ukraine
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court

United Arab Emirates
Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by
the president)

United Kingdom
House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several
Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life);
Supreme Courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising
the Courts of Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown
Courts); Scotland's Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary

United States
Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for
life on condition of good behavior by the president with
confirmation by the Senate); United States Courts of Appeal; United
States District Courts; State and County Courts

Uruguay
Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and
elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)

Uzbekistan
Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and
confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)

Vanuatu
Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president
after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the
opposition, three other justices are appointed by the president on
the advice of the Judicial Service Commission)

Venezuela
Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia
(magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single
12-year term)

Vietnam
Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a
five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the
president)

Virgin Islands
US District Court of the Virgin Islands (under Third
Circuit jurisdiction); Territorial Court (judges appointed by the
governor for 10-year terms)

Wallis and Futuna
none; justice generally administered under French
law by the high administrator, but the three traditional kings
administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu

Yemen
Supreme Court

Zambia
Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are
appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction
to hear civil and criminal cases)

Zimbabwe
Supreme Court; High Court

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2095 Labor force

Afghanistan
11.8 million (2001 est.)

Albania
1.09 million (not including 352,000 emigrant workers) (2004
est.)

Algeria
9.91 million (2004 est.)

American Samoa
14,000 (1996)

Andorra
33,000 (2001 est.)

Angola
5.41 million (2004 est.)

Anguilla
6,049 (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
30,000

Argentina
15.04 million (2004 est.)

Armenia
1.4 million (2001)

Aruba
41,500 (1997 est.)

Australia
10.35 million (2004 est.)

Austria
3.45 million (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
5.09 million (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
156,000 (1999)

Bahrain
370,000
note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national
(2004 est.)

Bangladesh
65.49 million
note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman,
Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion
in 1998-99 (2004 est.)

Barbados
128,500 (2001 est.)

Belarus
4.305 million (31 December 2003)

Belgium
4.75 million (2004 est.)

Belize
90,000
note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel
(2001 est.)

Benin
NA (1996)

Bermuda
37,470 (2000)

Bhutan
NA
note: massive lack of skilled labor

Bolivia
3.8 million (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.026 million (2001)

Botswana
264,000 formal sector employees (2000)

Brazil
89 million (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
12,770 (2004)

Brunei
158,000
note: includes foreign workers and military personnel; temporary
residents make up about 40% of labor force (2002 est.)

Bulgaria
3.398 million (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
5 million
note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to
neighboring countries for seasonal employment (2003)

Burma
27.01 million (2004 est.)

Burundi
2.99 million (2002)

Cambodia
7 million (2003 est.)

Cameroon
6.68 million (2004 est.)

Canada
17.37 million (2004)

Cape Verde
NA

Cayman Islands
19,820 (1995)

Central African Republic
NA

Chad
NA

Chile
6.2 million (2004 est.)

China
760.8 million (2003)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
20.7 million (2004 est.)

Comoros
144,500 (1996 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
14.51 million (1993 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
NA

Cook Islands
8,000 (1996)

Costa Rica
1.81 million (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
6.7 million (68% agricultural) (2004 est.)

Croatia
1.71 million (2004 est.)

Cuba
4.55 million
note: state sector 78%, non-state sector 22% (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 330,000, north Cyprus: 95,025 (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
5.25 million (2004 est.)

Denmark
2.87 million (2004 est.)

Djibouti
282,000 (2000)

Dominica
25,000 (1999 est.)

Dominican Republic
2.3 million - 2.6 million (2000 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
4.53 million (urban) (2004 est.)

Egypt
20.71 million (2004 est.)

El Salvador
2.75 million (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
NA

Eritrea
NA

Estonia
660,000 (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
NA (2001 est.)

European Union
215 million (various)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1,100 (est.)

Faroe Islands
24,250 (October 2000)

Fiji
137,000 (1999)

Finland
2.66 million (2004 est.)

France
27.7 million (2004 est.)

French Guiana
58,800 (1997)

French Polynesia
70,000 (1996)

Gabon
650,000 (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
400,000 (1996)

Gaza Strip
725,000 (2004)

Georgia
2.1 million (2001 est.)

Germany
42.63 million (2004 est.)

Ghana
10.24 million (2004 est.)

Gibraltar
14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers) (1999)

Greece
4.4 million (2004 est.)

Greenland
24,500 (1999 est.)

Grenada
42,300 (1996)

Guadeloupe
125,900 (1997)

Guam
60,000 (2000 est.)

Guatemala
3.68 million (2004 est.)

Guernsey
32,290 (2001)

Guinea
3 million (1999)

Guinea-Bissau
480,000 (1999)

Guyana
418,000 (2001 est.)

Haiti
3.6 million
note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1995)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
2.47 million (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
3.54 million (October 2004 est.)

Hungary
4.17 million (2004 est.)

Iceland
158,100 (2004 est.)

India
482.2 million (2004 est.)

Indonesia
111.5 million (2004 est.)

Iran 23 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2004 est.)

Iraq
6.7 million (2004 est.)

Ireland
1.92 million (2004 est.)

Israel
2.68 million (2004 est.)

Italy
24.27 million (2004 est.)

Jamaica
1.14 million (2004 est.)

Japan
66.97 million (2004 est.)

Jersey
52,790 (2004)

Jordan
1.41 million (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
7.95 million (2004 est.)

Kenya
11.4 million (2004 est.)

Kiribati
7,870 economically active, not including subsistence
farmers (2001 est.)

Korea, North
9.6 million

Korea, South
22.9 million (2004 est.)

Kuwait 1.42 million note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 80% of the labor force (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
2.7 million (2000)

Laos
2.6 million (2001 est.)

Latvia
1.17 million (2004 est.)

Lebanon
2.6 million
note: in addition, there are as many as 1 million foreign workers
(2001 est.)

Lesotho
838,000 (2000)

Libya
1.59 million (2004 est.)

Liechtenstein
29,000 of whom 19,000 are foreigners; 13,000 commute
from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany to work each day (31 December
2001)

Lithuania
1.63 million (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
293,700 (of whom 105,000 are foreign cross-border workers
commuting primarily from France, Belgium, and Germany) (2004 est.)

Macau
231,500 (3rd Quarter, 2004)

Macedonia
855,000 (2004 est.)

Madagascar
7.3 million (2000)

Malawi
4.5 million (2001 est.)

Malaysia
10.49 million (2004 est.)

Maldives
88,000 (2000)

Mali
3.93 million (2001 est.)

Malta
160,000 (2002 est.)

Man, Isle of
39,690 (2001)

Marshall Islands
28,700 (1996 est.)

Martinique
165,900 (1998)

Mauritania
786,000 (2001)

Mauritius
560,000 (2004 est.)

Mayotte
48,800 (2000)

Mexico
34.73 million (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Moldova
1.36 million (2004 est.)

Monaco
30,540 (January 1994)

Mongolia
1.488 million (2003)

Montserrat
4,521 (lowered by flight of people from volcanic
activity) (2000 est.)

Morocco
11.02 million (2004 est.)

Mozambique
9.2 million (2000 est.)

Namibia
840,000 (2004 est.)

Nepal 10 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (1996 est.)

Netherlands
7.53 million (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
89,000 (2000)

New Caledonia
79,400 (including 15,018 unemployed) (1996)

New Zealand
2.05 million (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
1.93 million (2004 est.)

Niger
70,000 receive regular wages or salaries (2002 est.)

Nigeria
55.67 million (2004 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
1,345

Northern Mariana Islands 6,006 total indigenous labor force; 2,699 unemployed; 28,717 foreign workers (June 1995)

Norway
2.38 million (2004 est.)

Oman
920,000 (2002 est.)

Pakistan
45.43 million
note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use
of child labor (2004 est.)

Palau
9,845 (2000)

Panama
1.32 million
note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled
labor (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
3.32 million (2004 est.)

Paraguay
2.66 million (2004 est.)

Peru
11 million (2004 est.)

Philippines
35.86 million (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
15 able-bodied men (2004)

Poland
17.02 million (2004 est.)

Portugal
5.48 million (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
1.3 million (2000)

Qatar
140,000 (2004 est.)

Reunion
309,900 (2000)

Romania
9.66 million (2004 est.)

Russia
71.83 million (2004 est.)

Rwanda
4.6 million (2000)

Saint Helena 3,500 note: 1,200 work offshore (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
18,170 (June 1995)

Saint Lucia
43,800 (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3,261 (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
67,000 (1984 est.)

Samoa
90,000 (2000 est.)

San Marino
18,500 (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
6.62 million
note: more than 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group is
non-national (2004 est.)

Senegal
4.65 million (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
3.2 million (2004 est.)

Seychelles
30,900 (1996)

Sierra Leone
1.369 million (1981 est.)

Singapore
2.18 million (2004 est.)

Slovakia
2.2 million (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)

Slovenia
870,000 (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
26,840 (1999)

Somalia
3.7 million (very few are skilled laborers)

South Africa
16.63 million economically active (2004 est.)

Spain
19.33 million (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
7.26 million (2004 est.)

Sudan
11 million (1996 est.)

Suriname
104,000 (2003)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
383,200 (2000)

Sweden
4.46 million (2004 est.)

Switzerland
3.77 million (2004 est.)

Syria
5.12 million (2004 est.)

Taiwan
10.22 million (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
3.187 million (2000)

Tanzania
19 million (2004 est.)

Thailand
36.43 million (November 2004 est.)

Togo
1.74 million (1996)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
33,910 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago
590,000 (2004 est.)

Tunisia
3.55 million
note: shortage of skilled labor (2004 est.)

Turkey
25.3 million
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2003 est.)

Turkmenistan
2.32 million (2003 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4,848 (1990 est.)

Tuvalu
7,000 (2001 est.)

Uganda
12.41 million (2004 est.)

Ukraine
21.11 million (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2.36 million
note: 73.9% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national
(2004 est.)

United Kingdom
29.78 million (2004 est.)

United States
147.4 million (includes unemployed) (2004 est.)

Uruguay
1.56 million (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
14.64 million (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
12.25 million (2004 est.)

Vietnam
42.98 million (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
48,900 (2003 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA

West Bank
364,000 (2004)

Western Sahara
12,000

World
NA

Yemen
5.98 million (2004 est.)

Zambia
4.63 million (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
4.23 million (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2096 Land boundaries (km)

Afghanistan
total: 5,529 km
border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km,
Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Akrotiri
total: 47.4 km
border countries: Cyprus 47.4 km

Albania
total: 720 km
border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and
Montenegro 287 km

Algeria
total: 6,343 km
border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km,
Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

American Samoa
0 km

Andorra
total: 120.3 km
border countries: France 56.6 km, Spain 63.7 km

Angola
total: 5,198 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of
which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province),
Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km

Anguilla
0 km

Antarctica 0 km note: see entry on Disputes - international

Antigua and Barbuda
0 km

Argentina
total: 9,665 km
border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km,
Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

Armenia
total: 1,254 km
border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan
exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

Aruba
0 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
0 km

Australia
0 km

Austria
total: 2,562 km
border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366
km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330
km, Switzerland 164 km

Azerbaijan
total: 2,013 km
border countries: Armenia (with Azerbaijan-proper) 566 km, Armenia
(with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran
(with Azerbaijan-proper) 432 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan
exclave) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 km

Bahamas, The
0 km

Bahrain
0 km

Baker Island
0 km

Bangladesh total: 4,246 km border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km

Barbados
0 km

Bassas da India
0 km

Belarus
total: 2,900 km
border countries: Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 407 km,
Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km

Belgium
total: 1,385 km
border countries: France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km,
Netherlands 450 km

Belize
total: 516 km
border countries: Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km

Benin
total: 1,989 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km,
Togo 644 km

Bermuda
0 km

Bhutan
total: 1,075 km
border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km

Bolivia
total: 6,743 km
border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km,
Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 1,459 km
border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km

Botswana
total: 4,013 km
border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe
813 km

Bouvet Island
0 km

Brazil
total: 14,691 km
border countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia
1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km,
Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

British Indian Ocean Territory
0 km

British Virgin Islands
0 km

Brunei
total: 381 km
border countries: Malaysia 381 km

Bulgaria
total: 1,808 km
border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km

Burkina Faso
total: 3,193 km
border countries: Benin 306 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Ghana 549 km,
Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km

Burma
total: 5,876 km
border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km,
Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km

Burundi
total: 974 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda
290 km, Tanzania 451 km

Cambodia
total: 2,572 km
border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

Cameroon
total: 4,591 km
border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km,
Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298
km, Nigeria 1,690 km

Canada total: 8,893 km border countries: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

Cape Verde
0 km

Cayman Islands
0 km

Central African Republic
total: 5,203 km
border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic
Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, Sudan
1,165 km

Chad
total: 5,968 km
border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197
km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

Chile
total: 6,171 km
border countries: Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km

China
total: 22,117 km
border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km,
India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km,
Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km,
Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40
km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km
regional borders: Hong Kong 30 km, Macau 0.34 km

Christmas Island
0 km

Clipperton Island
0 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
0 km

Colombia
total: 6,004 km
border countries: Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km,
Peru 1,496 km (est.), Venezuela 2,050 km

Comoros
0 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 10,730 km
border countries: Angola 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary
of Angola's discontiguous Cabinda Province), Burundi 233 km, Central
African Republic 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda
217 km, Sudan 628 km, Tanzania 459 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km

Congo, Republic of the
total: 5,504 km
border countries: Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African
Republic 467 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Gabon
1,903 km

Cook Islands
0 km

Coral Sea Islands
0 km

Costa Rica
total: 639 km
border countries: Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 3,110 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km,
Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km

Croatia
total: 2,197 km
border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km,
Serbia and Montenegro (north) 241 km, Serbia and Montenegro (south)
25 km, Slovenia 670 km

Cuba
total: 29 km
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km
note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains
part of Cuba

Cyprus
total: NA; note - boundary with Dhekelia is being resurveyed
border countries: Akrotiri 47.4 km, Dhekelia NA

Czech Republic
total: 1,881 km
border countries: Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km,
Slovakia 215 km

Denmark total: 68 km border countries: Germany 68 km

Dhekelia total: NA; note - boundary with Cyprus is being resurveyed

Djibouti total: 516 km border countries: Eritrea 109 km, Ethiopia 349 km, Somalia 58 km

Dominica 0 km

Dominican Republic
total: 360 km
border countries: Haiti 360 km

East Timor
total: 228 km
border countries: Indonesia 228 km

Ecuador
total: 2,010 km
border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km

Egypt
total: 2,665 km
border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya 1,115 km,
Sudan 1,273 km

El Salvador
total: 545 km
border countries: Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km

Equatorial Guinea
total: 539 km
border countries: Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km

Eritrea
total: 1,626 km
border countries: Djibouti 109 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km

Estonia
total: 633 km
border countries: Latvia 339 km, Russia 294 km

Ethiopia
total: 5,328 km
border countries: Djibouti 349 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 861 km,
Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 1,606 km

Europa Island
0 km

European Union
total: 11,214.8 km
border countries: Albania 282 km, Andorra 120.3 km, Belarus 1,050
km, Bulgaria 494 km, Croatia 999 km, Holy See 3.2 km, Liechtenstein
34.9 km, Macedonia 246 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Norway 2,348 km, Romania
443 km, Russia 2,257 km, San Marino 39 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151
km, Switzerland 1,811 km, Turkey 206 km, Ukraine 726 km
note: data for European Continent only

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 km

Faroe Islands
0 km

Fiji
0 km

Finland
total: 2,681 km
border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km

France
total: 2,889 km
border countries: Andorra 56.6 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km,
Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km,
Switzerland 573 km

French Guiana total: 1,183 km border countries: Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km

French Polynesia
0 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
0 km

Gabon
total: 2,551 km
border countries: Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903 km,
Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Gambia, The
total: 740 km
border countries: Senegal 740 km

Gaza Strip
total: 62 km
border countries: Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km

Georgia
total: 1,461 km
border countries: Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km,
Turkey 252 km

Germany
total: 3,621 km
border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646
km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577
km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

Ghana
total: 2,094 km
border countries: Burkina Faso 549 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo
877 km

Gibraltar total: 1.2 km border countries: Spain 1.2 km

Glorioso Islands
0 km

Greece
total: 1,228 km
border countries: Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km,
Macedonia 246 km

Greenland
0 km

Grenada
0 km

Guadeloupe total: 10.2 km border countries: Netherlands Antilles (Sint Maarten) 10.2 km

Guam
0 km

Guatemala
total: 1,687 km
border countries: Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256
km, Mexico 962 km

Guernsey
0 km

Guinea
total: 3,399 km
border countries: Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km,
Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km

Guinea-Bissau
total: 724 km
border countries: Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km

Guyana
total: 2,462 km
border countries: Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km

Haiti
total: 360 km
border countries: Dominican Republic 360 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
0 km

Holy See (Vatican City)
total: 3.2 km
border countries: Italy 3.2 km

Honduras
total: 1,520 km
border countries: Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua
922 km

Hong Kong total: 30 km regional border: China 30 km

Howland Island
0 km

Hungary
total: 2,171 km
border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Slovakia 677 km, Slovenia 102 km,
Ukraine 103 km

Iceland
0 km

India
total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463
km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km

Indonesia
total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New
Guinea 820 km

Iran
total: 5,440 km
border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km,
Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq
1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

Iraq
total: 3,650 km
border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi
Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km

Ireland
total: 360 km
border countries: UK 360 km

Israel
total: 1,017 km
border countries: Egypt 266 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km,
Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km

Italy
total: 1,932.2 km
border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican
City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 km

Jamaica
0 km

Jan Mayen
0 km

Japan
0 km

Jarvis Island
0 km

Jersey
0 km

Johnston Atoll
0 km

Jordan
total: 1,635 km
border countries: Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 744 km,
Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km

Juan de Nova Island
0 km

Kazakhstan
total: 12,012 km
border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846
km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Kenya
total: 3,477 km
border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km,
Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km

Kingman Reef
0 km

Kiribati
0 km

Korea, North
total: 1,673 km
border countries: China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km

Korea, South
total: 238 km
border countries: North Korea 238 km

Kuwait
total: 462 km
border countries: Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km

Kyrgyzstan
total: 3,878 km
border countries: China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870
km, Uzbekistan 1,099 km

Laos
total: 5,083 km
border countries: Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km,
Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km

Latvia
total: 1,150 km
border countries: Belarus 141 km, Estonia 339 km, Lithuania 453 km,
Russia 217 km

Lebanon
total: 454 km
border countries: Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km

Lesotho
total: 909 km
border countries: South Africa 909 km

Liberia
total: 1,585 km
border countries: Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone
306 km

Libya
total: 4,348 km
border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km,
Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km

Liechtenstein
total: 76 km
border countries: Austria 34.9 km, Switzerland 41.1 km

Lithuania
total: 1,273 km
border countries: Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km,
Russia (Kaliningrad) 227 km

Luxembourg
total: 359 km
border countries: Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Macau
total: 0.34 km
regional border: China 0.34 km

Macedonia
total: 766 km
border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 221 km

Madagascar
0 km

Malawi
total: 2,881 km
border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km

Malaysia
total: 2,669 km
border countries: Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km

Maldives
0 km

Mali
total: 7,243 km
border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea
858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km,
Senegal 419 km

Malta
0 km

Man, Isle of
0 km

Marshall Islands
0 km

Martinique
0 km

Mauritania
total: 5,074 km
border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km,
Western Sahara 1,561 km

Mauritius
0 km

Mayotte
0 km

Mexico total: 4,353 km border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 km

Micronesia, Federated States of
0 km

Midway Islands
0 km

Moldova
total: 1,389 km
border countries: Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km

Monaco
total: 4.4 km
border countries: France 4.4 km

Mongolia
total: 8,220 km
border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

Montserrat
0 km

Morocco
total: 2,017.9 km
border countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km, Spain
(Ceuta) 6.3 km, Spain (Melilla) 9.6 km

Mozambique
total: 4,571 km
border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland
105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km

Namibia
total: 3,936 km
border countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa
967 km, Zambia 233 km

Nauru
0 km

Navassa Island
0 km

Nepal
total: 2,926 km
border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km

Netherlands
total: 1,027 km
border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Netherlands Antilles
total: 10.2 km
border countries: Guadeloupe (Saint-Martin) 10.2 km

New Caledonia
0 km

New Zealand
0 km

Nicaragua
total: 1,231 km
border countries: Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km

Niger
total: 5,697 km
border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina Faso 628 km,
Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km

Nigeria
total: 4,047 km
border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger
1,497 km

Niue
0 km

Norfolk Island
0 km

Northern Mariana Islands
0 km

Norway
total: 2,542 km
border countries: Finland 727 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km

Oman
total: 1,374 km
border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km

Pakistan
total: 6,774 km
border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912
km, Iran 909 km

Palau
0 km

Palmyra Atoll
0 km

Panama
total: 555 km
border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Papua New Guinea
total: 820 km
border countries: Indonesia 820 km

Paracel Islands
0 km

Paraguay
total: 3,920 km
border countries: Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km

Peru
total: 5,536 km
border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km,
Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km

Philippines
0 km

Pitcairn Islands
0 km

Poland
total: 2,788 km
border countries: Belarus 407 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456
km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Slovakia
444 km, Ukraine 526 km

Portugal total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Puerto Rico 0 km

Qatar total: 60 km border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km

Reunion
0 km

Romania
total: 2,508 km
border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east)
169 km

Russia
total: 20,017 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China
(southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finland
1,340 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km,
Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485
km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576
km

Rwanda
total: 893 km
border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Saint Helena
0 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 km

Saint Lucia
0 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 km

Samoa
0 km

San Marino total: 39 km border countries: Italy 39 km

Sao Tome and Principe
0 km

Saudi Arabia
total: 4,431 km
border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman
676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

Senegal
total: 2,640 km
border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau
338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km,
Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km,
Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Seychelles
0 km

Sierra Leone total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Singapore
0 km

Slovakia
total: 1,524 km
border countries: Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 677
km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 97 km

Slovenia
total: 1,334 km
border countries: Austria 330 km, Croatia 670 km, Italy 232 km,
Hungary 102 km

Solomon Islands
0 km

Somalia
total: 2,340 km
border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km

South Africa
total: 4,862 km
border countries: Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491
km, Namibia 967 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
0 km

Spain
total: 1,917.8 km
border countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km,
Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km

Spratly Islands
0 km

Sri Lanka
0 km

Sudan
total: 7,687 km
border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km,
Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605
km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km

Suriname total: 1,707 km border countries: Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km

Svalbard 0 km

Swaziland
total: 535 km
border countries: Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km

Sweden
total: 2,233 km
border countries: Finland 614 km, Norway 1,619 km

Switzerland
total: 1,852 km
border countries: Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km,
Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km

Syria
total: 2,253 km
border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon
375 km, Turkey 822 km

Taiwan
0 km

Tajikistan
total: 3,651 km
border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870
km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Tanzania
total: 3,861 km
border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217
km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Thailand
total: 4,863 km
border countries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km,
Malaysia 506 km

Togo
total: 1,647 km
border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Tokelau
0 km

Tonga
0 km

Trinidad and Tobago
0 km

Tromelin Island
0 km

Tunisia
total: 1,424 km
border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Turkey
total: 2,648 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km

Turkmenistan
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379
km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 km

Tuvalu
0 km

Uganda
total: 2,698 km
border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933
km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km

Ukraine
total: 4,663 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km,
Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia
1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km

United Arab Emirates
total: 867 km
border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

United Kingdom
total: 360 km
border countries: Ireland 360 km

United States
total: 12,034 km
border countries: Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska),
Mexico 3,141 km
note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and
is part of Cuba; the base boundary is 29 km

Uruguay
total: 1,564 km
border countries: Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km

Uzbekistan
total: 6,221 km
border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km,
Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Vanuatu
0 km

Venezuela
total: 4,993 km
border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Vietnam
total: 4,639 km
border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km

Virgin Islands
0 km

Wake Island
0 km

Wallis and Futuna
0 km

West Bank
total: 404 km
border countries: Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km

Western Sahara
total: 2,046 km
border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

World
the land boundaries in the world total 250,472 km (not
counting shared boundaries twice); two nations, China and Russia,
each border 14 other countries
note: 43 nations and other areas are landlocked, these include:
Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic,
Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay,
Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe; two
of these, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked

Yemen
total: 1,746 km
border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Zambia
total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania
338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Zimbabwe
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2097 Land use (%)

Afghanistan
arable land: 12.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 87.65% (2001)

Albania
arable land: 21.09%
permanent crops: 4.42%
other: 74.49% (2001)

Algeria
arable land: 3.22%
permanent crops: 0.25%
other: 96.53% (2001)

American Samoa
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 15%
other: 75% (2001)

Andorra
arable land: 2.22%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.78% (2001)

Angola
arable land: 2.41%
permanent crops: 0.24%
other: 97.35% (2001)

Anguilla
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some
commercial salt ponds) (2001)

Antarctica
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
arable land: 18.18%
permanent crops: 4.55%
other: 77.27% (2001)

Argentina
arable land: 12.31%
permanent crops: 0.48%
other: 87.21% (2001)

Armenia
arable land: 17.55%
permanent crops: 2.3%
other: 80.15% (2001)

Aruba
arable land: 10.53% (including aloe 0.01%)
permanent crops: 0%
other: 89.47% (2001)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all grass and sand) (2001)

Australia
arable land: 6.55% (includes about 27 million hectares of
cultivated grassland)
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 93.41% (2001)

Austria
arable land: 16.91%
permanent crops: 0.86%
other: 82.23% (2001)

Azerbaijan
arable land: 19.63%
permanent crops: 2.71%
other: 77.66% (2001)

Bahamas, The
arable land: 0.8%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 98.8% (2001)

Bahrain
arable land: 2.82%
permanent crops: 5.63%
other: 91.55% (2001)

Baker Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Bangladesh
arable land: 62.11%
permanent crops: 3.07%
other: 34.82% (2001)

Barbados
arable land: 37.21%
permanent crops: 2.33%
other: 60.46% (2001)

Bassas da India
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all rock) (2001)

Belarus
arable land: 29.55%
permanent crops: 0.6%
other: 69.85% (2001)

Belgium
arable land: 23.28%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 76.32%
note: includes Luxembourg (2001)

Belize
arable land: 2.85%
permanent crops: 1.71%
other: 95.44% (2001)

Benin
arable land: 18.08%
permanent crops: 2.4%
other: 79.52% (2001)

Bermuda
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 80% (55% developed, 45% rural/open space) (2001)

Bhutan
arable land: 3.09%
permanent crops: 0.43%
other: 96.48% (2001)

Bolivia
arable land: 2.67%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 97.14% (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
arable land: 13.6%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 83.44% (2001)

Botswana
arable land: 0.65%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 99.34% (2001)

Bouvet Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (93% ice) (2001)

Brazil
arable land: 6.96%
permanent crops: 0.9%
other: 92.15% (2001)

British Indian Ocean Territory
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

British Virgin Islands
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 6.67%
other: 73.33% (2001)

Brunei
arable land: 0.57%
permanent crops: 0.76%
other: 98.67% (2001)

Bulgaria
arable land: 40.02%
permanent crops: 1.92%
other: 58.06% (2001)

Burkina Faso
arable land: 14.43%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 85.38% (2001)

Burma
arable land: 15.19%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 83.84% (2001)

Burundi
arable land: 35.05%
permanent crops: 14.02%
other: 50.93% (2001)

Cambodia
arable land: 20.96%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 78.43% (2001)

Cameroon
arable land: 12.81%
permanent crops: 2.58%
other: 84.61% (2001)

Canada
arable land: 4.96%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 95.02% (2001)

Cape Verde
arable land: 9.68%
permanent crops: 0.5%
other: 89.82% (2001)

Cayman Islands
arable land: 3.85%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 96.15% (2001)

Central African Republic
arable land: 3.1%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.76% (2001)

Chad
arable land: 2.86%
permanent crops: 0.02%
other: 97.12% (2001)

Chile
arable land: 2.65%
permanent crops: 0.42%
other: 96.93% (2001)

China
arable land: 15.4%
permanent crops: 1.25%
other: 83.35% (2001)

Christmas Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100%
note: mainly tropical rainforest; 63% of the island is a national
park (2001)

Clipperton Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all coral) (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Colombia
arable land: 2.42%
permanent crops: 1.67%
other: 95.91% (2001)

Comoros
arable land: 35.87%
permanent crops: 23.32%
other: 40.81% (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
arable land: 2.96%
permanent crops: 0.52%
other: 96.52% (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
arable land: 0.51%
permanent crops: 0.13%
other: 99.36% (2001)

Cook Islands
arable land: 17.39%
permanent crops: 13.04%
other: 69.57% (2001)

Coral Sea Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) (2001)

Costa Rica
arable land: 4.41%
permanent crops: 5.88%
other: 89.71% (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
arable land: 9.75%
permanent crops: 13.84%
other: 76.41% (2001)

Croatia
arable land: 26.09%
permanent crops: 2.27%
other: 71.65% (2001)

Cuba
arable land: 33.05%
permanent crops: 7.6%
other: 59.35% (2001)

Cyprus
arable land: 7.79%
permanent crops: 4.44%
other: 87.77% (2001)

Czech Republic
arable land: 39.8%
permanent crops: 3.05%
other: 57.15% (2001)

Denmark
arable land: 54.02%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 45.79% (2001)

Djibouti
arable land: 0.04%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.96% (2001)

Dominica
arable land: 6.67%
permanent crops: 20%
other: 73.33% (2001)

Dominican Republic
arable land: 22.65%
permanent crops: 10.33%
other: 67.02% (2001)

East Timor
arable land: 4.71%
permanent crops: 0.67%
other: 94.62% (2001)

Ecuador
arable land: 5.85%
permanent crops: 4.93%
other: 89.22% (2001)

Egypt
arable land: 2.87%
permanent crops: 0.48%
other: 96.65% (2001)

El Salvador
arable land: 31.85%
permanent crops: 12.07%
other: 56.08% (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
arable land: 4.63%
permanent crops: 3.57%
other: 91.8% (2001)

Eritrea
arable land: 4.95%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 95.02% (2001)

Estonia
arable land: 16.04%
permanent crops: 0.45%
other: 83.51% (2001)

Ethiopia
arable land: 10.71%
permanent crops: 0.75%
other: 88.54% (2001)

Europa Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (mangrove forests and woodlands) (2001)

European Union
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (2001)

Faroe Islands
arable land: 2.14%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.86% (2001)

Fiji
arable land: 10.95%
permanent crops: 4.65%
other: 84.4% (2001)

Finland
arable land: 7.19%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 92.78% (2001)

France
arable land: 33.53%
permanent crops: 2.07%
other: 64.4% (2001)

French Guiana
arable land: 0.14%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 99.81% (90% forest, 10% other) (2001)

French Polynesia
arable land: 0.82%
permanent crops: 5.46%
other: 93.72% (2001)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Gabon
arable land: 1.26%
permanent crops: 0.66%
other: 98.08% (2001)

Gambia, The
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 0.5%
other: 74.5% (2001)

Gaza Strip
arable land: 28.95%
permanent crops: 21.05%
other: 50% (2001)

Georgia
arable land: 11.44%
permanent crops: 3.86%
other: 84.7% (2001)

Germany
arable land: 33.85%
permanent crops: 0.59%
other: 65.56% (2001)

Ghana
arable land: 16.26%
permanent crops: 9.67%
other: 74.07% (2001)

Gibraltar
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Glorioso Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) (2001)

Greece
arable land: 21.1%
permanent crops: 8.78%
other: 70.12% (2001)

Greenland
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Grenada
arable land: 5.88%
permanent crops: 29.41%
other: 64.71% (2001)

Guadeloupe
arable land: 11.24%
permanent crops: 3.55%
other: 85.21% (2001)

Guam
arable land: 9.09%
permanent crops: 16.36%
other: 74.55% (2001)

Guatemala
arable land: 12.54%
permanent crops: 5.03%
other: 82.43% (2001)

Guernsey
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%

Guinea
arable land: 3.63%
permanent crops: 2.58%
other: 93.79% (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
arable land: 10.67%
permanent crops: 8.82%
other: 80.51% (2001)

Guyana
arable land: 2.44%
permanent crops: 0.15%
other: 97.41% (2001)

Haiti
arable land: 28.3%
permanent crops: 11.61%
other: 60.09% (2001)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City)
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (urban area) (2001)

Honduras
arable land: 9.55%
permanent crops: 3.22%
other: 87.23% (2001)

Hong Kong
arable land: 5.05%
permanent crops: 1.01%
other: 93.94% (2001)

Howland Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Hungary
arable land: 50.09%
permanent crops: 2.06%
other: 47.85% (2001)

Iceland
arable land: 0.07%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.93% (2001)

India
arable land: 54.4%
permanent crops: 2.74%
other: 42.86% (2001)

Indonesia
arable land: 11.32%
permanent crops: 7.23%
other: 81.45% (2001)

Iran
arable land: 8.72%
permanent crops: 1.39%
other: 89.89% (2001)

Iraq
arable land: 13.15%
permanent crops: 0.78%
other: 86.07% (2001)

Ireland
arable land: 15.2%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 84.77% (2001)

Israel
arable land: 16.39%
permanent crops: 4.17%
other: 79.44% (2001)

Italy
arable land: 27.79%
permanent crops: 9.53%
other: 62.68% (2001)

Jamaica
arable land: 16.07%
permanent crops: 10.16%
other: 73.77% (2001)

Jan Mayen
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Japan
arable land: 12.19%
permanent crops: 0.96%
other: 86.85% (2001)

Jarvis Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Jersey
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Johnston Atoll
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Jordan
arable land: 2.67%
permanent crops: 1.83%
other: 95.5% (2001)

Juan de Nova Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (90% forest) (2001)

Kazakhstan
arable land: 7.98%
permanent crops: 0.05%
other: 91.97% (2001)

Kenya
arable land: 8.08%
permanent crops: 0.98%
other: 90.94% (2001)

Kingman Reef
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Kiribati
arable land: 2.74%
permanent crops: 50.68%
other: 46.58% (2001)

Korea, North
arable land: 20.76%
permanent crops: 2.49%
other: 76.75% (2001)

Korea, South
arable land: 17.18%
permanent crops: 1.95%
other: 80.87% (2001)

Kuwait
arable land: 0.73%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 99.16% (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
arable land: 7.3%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 92.35%
note: Kyrgyzstan has the world's largest natural growth walnut
forest (2001)

Laos
arable land: 3.8%
permanent crops: 0.35%
other: 95.85% (2001)

Latvia
arable land: 29.67%
permanent crops: 0.47%
other: 69.86% (2001)

Lebanon
arable land: 16.62%
permanent crops: 13.98%
other: 69.4% (2001)

Lesotho
arable land: 10.87%
permanent crops: 0.13%
other: 89% (2001)

Liberia
arable land: 3.95%
permanent crops: 2.28%
other: 93.77% (2001)

Libya
arable land: 1.03%
permanent crops: 0.19%
other: 98.78% (2001)

Liechtenstein
arable land: 25%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 75% (2001)

Lithuania
arable land: 45.22%
permanent crops: 0.91%
other: 53.87% (2001)

Luxembourg
arable land: 23.28%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 76.32% (includes Belgium) (2001)

Macau
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100%
note: "green areas" represent 22.4% (2001)

Macedonia
arable land: 22.26%
permanent crops: 1.81%
other: 75.93% (2001)

Madagascar
arable land: 5.07%
permanent crops: 1.03%
other: 93.91% (2001)

Malawi
arable land: 23.38%
permanent crops: 1.49%
other: 75.13% (2001)

Malaysia
arable land: 5.48%
permanent crops: 17.61%
other: 76.91% (2001)

Maldives
arable land: 13.33%
permanent crops: 16.67%
other: 70% (2001)

Mali
arable land: 3.82%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 96.15% (2001)

Malta
arable land: 28.13%
permanent crops: 3.13%
other: 68.74% (2001)

Man, Isle of
arable land: 9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 91% (permanent pastures, forests, mountain, and heathland)
(2002)

Marshall Islands
arable land: 16.67%
permanent crops: 38.89%
other: 44.44% (2001)

Martinique
arable land: 10.38%
permanent crops: 9.43%
other: 80.19% (2001)

Mauritania
arable land: 0.48%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 99.51% (2001)

Mauritius
arable land: 49.26%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 47.78% (2001)

Mayotte
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%

Mexico
arable land: 12.99%
permanent crops: 1.31%
other: 85.7% (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of
arable land: 5.71%
permanent crops: 45.71%
other: 48.58% (2001)

Midway Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Moldova
arable land: 55.3%
permanent crops: 10.79%
other: 33.91% (2001)

Monaco
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (urban area) (2001)

Mongolia
arable land: 0.77%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.23% (2001)

Montserrat
arable land: 20%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 80% (2001)

Morocco
arable land: 19.61%
permanent crops: 2.17%
other: 78.22% (2001)

Mozambique
arable land: 5.1%
permanent crops: 0.3%
other: 94.6% (2001)

Namibia
arable land: 0.99%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.01% (2001)

Nauru
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Navassa Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Nepal
arable land: 21.68%
permanent crops: 0.64%
other: 77.68% (2001)

Netherlands
arable land: 26.71%
permanent crops: 0.97%
other: 72.32% (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
arable land: 10%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 90% (2001)

New Caledonia
arable land: 0.38%
permanent crops: 0.33%
other: 99.29% (2001)

New Zealand
arable land: 5.6%
permanent crops: 6.99%
other: 87.41% (2001)

Nicaragua
arable land: 15.94%
permanent crops: 1.94%
other: 82.12% (2001)

Niger
arable land: 3.54%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 96.45% (2001)

Nigeria
arable land: 31.29%
permanent crops: 2.96%
other: 65.75% (2001)

Niue
arable land: 15.38%
permanent crops: 11.54%
other: 73.08% (2001)

Norfolk Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands
arable land: 13.04%
permanent crops: 4.35%
other: 82.61% (2001)

Norway
arable land: 2.87%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.13% (2001)

Oman
arable land: 0.12%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 99.74% (2001)

Pakistan
arable land: 27.87%
permanent crops: 0.87%
other: 71.26% (2001)

Palau
arable land: 8.7%
permanent crops: 4.35%
other: 86.95% (2001)

Palmyra Atoll
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (forests and woodlands) (2005)

Panama
arable land: 7.36%
permanent crops: 1.98%
other: 90.66% (2001)

Papua New Guinea
arable land: 0.46%
permanent crops: 1.44%
other: 98.1% (2001)

Paracel Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Paraguay
arable land: 7.6%
permanent crops: 0.23%
other: 92.17% (2001)

Peru
arable land: 2.89%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 96.71% (2001)

Philippines
arable land: 18.95%
permanent crops: 16.77%
other: 64.28% (2001)

Pitcairn Islands
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
other: NA%

Poland
arable land: 45.91%
permanent crops: 1.12%
other: 52.97% (2001)

Portugal
arable land: 21.75%
permanent crops: 7.81%
other: 70.44% (2001)

Puerto Rico
arable land: 3.95%
permanent crops: 5.52%
other: 90.53% (2001)

Qatar
arable land: 1.64%
permanent crops: 0.27%
other: 98.09% (2001)

Reunion
arable land: 13.6%
permanent crops: 1.2%
other: 85.2% (2001)

Romania
arable land: 40.82%
permanent crops: 2.25%
other: 56.93% (2001)

Russia
arable land: 7.33%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 92.56% (2001)

Rwanda
arable land: 40.54%
permanent crops: 12.16%
other: 47.3% (2001)

Saint Helena
arable land: 12.9%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 87.1% (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
arable land: 19.44%
permanent crops: 2.78%
other: 77.78% (2001)

Saint Lucia
arable land: 6.56%
permanent crops: 22.95%
other: 70.49% (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
arable land: 13.04%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 86.96% (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
arable land: 17.95%
permanent crops: 17.95%
other: 64.1% (2001)

Samoa
arable land: 21.2%
permanent crops: 24.38%
other: 54.42% (2001)

San Marino
arable land: 16.67%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 83.33% (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe
arable land: 6.25%
permanent crops: 48.96%
other: 44.79% (2001)

Saudi Arabia
arable land: 1.67%
permanent crops: 0.09%
other: 98.24% (2001)

Senegal
arable land: 12.78%
permanent crops: 0.21%
other: 87.01% (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
arable land: 33.35%
permanent crops: 3.2%
other: 63.45% (2001)

Seychelles
arable land: 2.22%
permanent crops: 13.33%
other: 84.45% (2001)

Sierra Leone
arable land: 6.98%
permanent crops: 0.89%
other: 92.13% (2001)

Singapore
arable land: 1.64%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 98.36% (2001)

Slovakia
arable land: 30.16%
permanent crops: 2.62%
other: 67.22% (2001)

Slovenia
arable land: 8.6%
permanent crops: 1.49%
other: 89.91% (2001)

Solomon Islands
arable land: 0.64%
permanent crops: 2%
other: 97.36% (2001)

Somalia
arable land: 1.67%
permanent crops: 0.04%
other: 98.29% (2001)

South Africa
arable land: 12.08%
permanent crops: 0.79%
other: 87.13% (2001)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some
sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) (2001)

Spain
arable land: 26.07%
permanent crops: 9.87%
other: 64.06% (2001)

Spratly Islands
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Sri Lanka
arable land: 13.86%
permanent crops: 15.7%
other: 70.44% (2001)

Sudan
arable land: 6.83%
permanent crops: 0.18%
other: 92.99% (2001)

Suriname
arable land: 0.37%
permanent crops: 0.06%
other: 99.57% (2001)

Svalbard
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (no trees, and the only bushes are crowberry and
cloudberry) (2001)

Swaziland
arable land: 10.35%
permanent crops: 0.7%
other: 88.95% (2001)

Sweden
arable land: 6.54%
permanent crops: 0.01%
other: 93.45% (2001)

Switzerland
arable land: 10.42%
permanent crops: 0.61%
other: 88.97% (2001)

Syria
arable land: 25.22%
permanent crops: 4.43%
other: 70.35% (2001)

Taiwan
arable land: 24%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 75% (2001)

Tajikistan
arable land: 6.61%
permanent crops: 0.92%
other: 92.47% (2001)

Tanzania
arable land: 4.52%
permanent crops: 1.08%
other: 94.4% (2001)

Thailand
arable land: 29.36%
permanent crops: 6.46%
other: 64.18% (2001)

Togo
arable land: 46.15%
permanent crops: 2.21%
other: 51.64% (2001)

Tokelau
arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile)
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Tonga
arable land: 23.61%
permanent crops: 43.06%
other: 33.33% (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
arable land: 14.62%
permanent crops: 9.16%
other: 76.22% (2001)

Tromelin Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (grasses; scattered bushes) (2001)

Tunisia
arable land: 17.86%
permanent crops: 13.74%
other: 68.4% (2001)

Turkey
arable land: 30.93%
permanent crops: 3.31%
other: 65.76% (2001)

Turkmenistan
arable land: 3.72%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 96.14% (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
arable land: 2.33%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 97.67% (2001)

Tuvalu
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Uganda
arable land: 25.88%
permanent crops: 10.65%
other: 63.47% (2001)

Ukraine
arable land: 56.21%
permanent crops: 1.61%
other: 42.18% (2001)

United Arab Emirates
arable land: 0.6%
permanent crops: 2.25%
other: 97.15% (2001)

United Kingdom
arable land: 23.46%
permanent crops: 0.21%
other: 76.33% (2001)

United States
arable land: 19.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 80.65% (2001)

Uruguay
arable land: 7.43%
permanent crops: 0.23%
other: 92.34% (2001)

Uzbekistan
arable land: 10.83%
permanent crops: 0.83%
other: 88.34% (2001)

Vanuatu
arable land: 2.46%
permanent crops: 7.38%
other: 90.16% (2001)

Venezuela
arable land: 2.95%
permanent crops: 0.92%
other: 96.13% (2001)

Vietnam
arable land: 19.97%
permanent crops: 5.95%
other: 74.08% (2001)

Virgin Islands
arable land: 11.76%
permanent crops: 2.94%
other: 85.3% (2001)

Wake Island
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 100% (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
arable land: 5%
permanent crops: 25%
other: 70% (2001)

West Bank
arable land: 16.9%
permanent crops: 18.97%
other: 64.13% (2001)

Western Sahara
arable land: 0.02%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.98% (2001)

World
arable land: 10.73%
permanent crops: 1%
other: 88.27% (2001)

Yemen
arable land: 2.78%
permanent crops: 0.24%
other: 96.98% (2001)

Zambia
arable land: 7.08%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 92.9% (2001)

Zimbabwe
arable land: 8.32%
permanent crops: 0.34%
other: 91.34% (2001)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2098 Languages (%)

Afghanistan
Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official)
35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor
languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Akrotiri
English, Greek

Albania
Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek,
Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects

Algeria
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

American Samoa
Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other
Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific
islander 2.1%, other 2%
note: most people are bilingual (2000 census)

Andorra
Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Angola
Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages

Anguilla
English (official)

Antigua and Barbuda
English (official), local dialects

Argentina
Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Armenia
Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001
census)

Aruba
Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch,
English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Australia
English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%,
unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census)

Austria
German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in
Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official
in Burgenland)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other
6% (1995 est.)

Bahamas, The
English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

Bahrain
Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Bangladesh
Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English

Barbados
English

Belarus
Belarusian, Russian, other

Belgium
Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German
(official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Belize
English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole

Benin
French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in
south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)

Bermuda
English (official), Portuguese

Bhutan
Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects,
Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Bolivia
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian

Botswana
Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English
2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census)

Brazil
Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

British Virgin Islands
English (official)

Brunei
Malay (official), English, Chinese

Bulgaria
Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and
unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Burkina Faso
French (official), native African languages belonging
to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population

Burma
Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Burundi
Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake
Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)

Cambodia
Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Cameroon
24 major African language groups, English (official),
French (official)

Canada
English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%

Cape Verde
Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West
African words)

Cayman Islands
English

Central African Republic
French (official), Sangho (lingua franca
and national language), tribal languages

Chad
French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more
than 120 different languages and dialects

Chile
Spanish

China
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing
dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan
(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages
(see Ethnic groups entry)

Christmas Island
English (official), Chinese, Malay

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Malay (Cocos dialect), English

Colombia
Spanish

Comoros
Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of
Swahili and Arabic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
French (official), Lingala (a
lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or
Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba

Congo, Republic of the
French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba
(lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects
(of which Kikongo is the most widespread)

Cook Islands
English (official), Maori

Costa Rica
Spanish (official), English

Cote d'Ivoire
French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the
most widely spoken

Croatia
Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9%
(including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001
census)

Cuba
Spanish

Cyprus
Greek, Turkish, English

Czech Republic
Czech

Denmark
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German
(small minority)
note: English is the predominant second language

Dhekelia
English, Greek

Djibouti
French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Dominica
English (official), French patois

Dominican Republic
Spanish

East Timor
Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian,
English
note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole,
Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people

Ecuador
Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

Egypt
Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by
educated classes

El Salvador
Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)

Equatorial Guinea
Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin
English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo

Eritrea
Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic
languages

Estonia
Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%,
unknown 0.7% (2000 census)

Ethiopia
Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic,
other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in
schools)

European Union
Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish,
French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian,
Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note
- only official languages are listed; Irish (Gaelic) will become the
twenty-first language on 1 January 2007

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
English

Faroe Islands
Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Fiji
English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Finland
Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4%
(small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003)

France
French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and
languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque,
Flemish)

French Guiana
French

French Polynesia
French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4%
(official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002
census)

Gabon
French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira,
Bandjabi

Gambia, The
English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other
indigenous vernaculars

Gaza Strip
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many
Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Georgia
Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%,
other 7%
note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

Germany
German

Ghana
English (official), African languages (including Akan,
Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)

Gibraltar
English (used in schools and for official purposes),
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Greece
Greek 99% (official), English, French

Greenland
Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English

Grenada
English (official), French patois

Guadeloupe
French (official) 99%, Creole patois

Guam
English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%,
other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other
languages 3.5% (2000 census)

Guatemala
Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially
recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel,
Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)

Guernsey
English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country
districts

Guinea
French (official), each ethnic group has its own language

Guinea-Bissau
Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages

Guyana
English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu

Haiti
French (official), Creole (official)

Holy See (Vatican City)
Italian, Latin, French, various other
languages

Honduras
Spanish, Amerindian dialects

Hong Kong
Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official

Hungary
Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census)

Iceland
Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken

India
English enjoys associate status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commercial communication;
Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the
people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu,
Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi,
Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular
variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is
not an official language

Indonesia
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is
Javanese

Iran
Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects
26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Iraq
Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian,
Armenian

Ireland
English (official) is the language generally used, Irish
(official) (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along
the western seaboard

Israel
Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority,
English most commonly used foreign language

Italy
Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige
region are predominantly German speaking), French (small
French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene
(Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Jamaica
English, patois English

Japan
Japanese

Jersey
English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001
census)

Jordan
Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and
middle classes

Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official,
used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic
communication") 95% (2001 est.)

Kenya
English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous
languages

Kiribati
I-Kiribati, English (official)

Korea, North
Korean

Korea, South
Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high
school

Kuwait
Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz (official), Russian (official)

Laos
Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages

Latvia
Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other
4.3% (2000 census)

Lebanon
Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

Lesotho
Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Liberia
English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of
which a few can be written and are used in correspondence

Libya
Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the
major cities

Liechtenstein
German (official), Alemannic dialect

Lithuania
Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other
and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census)

Luxembourg
Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative
language), French (administrative language)

Macau
Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese
dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census)

Macedonia
Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%,
Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census)

Madagascar
French (official), Malagasy (official)

Malawi
Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%,
Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other
3.6% (1998 census)

Malaysia
Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects
(Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil,
Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai
note: in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are
spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan

Maldives
Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from
Arabic), English spoken by most government officials

Mali
French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Malta
Maltese (official), English (official)

Man, Isle of
English, Manx Gaelic

Marshall Islands
Marshallese 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999
census)
note: English widely spoken as a second language; both Marshallese
and English are official languages

Martinique
French, Creole patois

Mauritania
Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya,
Wolof

Mauritius
Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4% (official),
other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census)

Mayotte
Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language)
spoken by 35% of the population

Mexico
Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional
indigenous languages

Micronesia, Federated States of
English (official and common
language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian,
Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi

Moldova
Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian
language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)

Monaco
French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Mongolia
Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)

Montserrat
English

Morocco
Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the
language of business, government, and diplomacy

Mozambique
Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8%
(official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe
7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%,
other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census)

Namibia
English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of
the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%,
indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Nauru
Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language),
English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and
commercial purposes

Nepal
Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu
(Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi
2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census)
note: many in government and business also speak English

Netherlands
Dutch (official), Frisian (official)

Netherlands Antilles
Papiamento 65.4% (a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely
spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other
1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

New Caledonia
French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

New Zealand
English (official), Maori (official)

Nicaragua
Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995
census)
note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast

Niger
French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Nigeria
English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

Niue
Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and
Samoan; English

Norfolk Island
English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century
English and ancient Tahitian

Northern Mariana Islands
Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%,
Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%,
other 9.6% (2000 census)

Norway
Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official),
small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Oman
Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Pakistan
Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%,
Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%,
English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most
government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Palau
Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral
(Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are
official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official),
Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%,
Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census)

Panama
Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians
bilingual

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca,
English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region
note: 715 indigenous languages - many unrelated

Paraguay
Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

Peru
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large
number of minor Amazonian languages

Philippines
two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and
English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano,
Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan

Pitcairn Islands
English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th
century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)

Poland
Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

Portugal
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally
used)

Puerto Rico
Spanish, English

Qatar
Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Reunion
French (official), Creole widely used

Romania
Romanian (official), Hungarian, German

Russia
Russian, many minority languages

Rwanda
Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French
(official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in
commercial centers

Saint Helena
English

Saint Kitts and Nevis
English

Saint Lucia
English (official), French patois

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
French (official)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
English, French patois

Samoa
Samoan (Polynesian), English

San Marino
Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
Portuguese (official)

Saudi Arabia
Arabic

Senegal
French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka

Serbia and Montenegro
Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Seychelles
Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%,
unspecified 0.2% (2002 census)

Sierra Leone
English (official, regular use limited to literate
minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne
(principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole,
spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled
in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10%
of the population but understood by 95%)

Singapore
Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%,
Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects
1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census)

Slovakia
Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%,
Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census)

Slovenia
Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified
4.4% (2002 census)

Solomon Islands
Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua
franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the
population
note: 120 indigenous languages

Somalia
Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

South Africa
IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi
9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%,
other 7.2% (2001 census)

Spain
Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%;
note - Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other
languages are official regionally

Sri Lanka
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil
(national language) 18%, other 8%
note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken
competently by about 10% of the population

Sudan
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of
Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
note: program of "Arabization" in process

Suriname
Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo
(Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca
among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Svalbard
Norwegian, Russian

Swaziland
English (official, government business conducted in
English), siSwati (official)

Sweden
Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Switzerland
German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%,
Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%,
Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch 0.5%, other 2.8%
(2000 census)
note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national
languages, but only the first three are official languages

Syria
Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian
widely understood; French, English somewhat understood

Taiwan
Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Tajikistan
Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and
business

Tanzania
Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili
in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in
Zanzibar), many local languages
note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people
living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili
is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety
of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the
lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of
most people is one of the local languages

Thailand
Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and
regional dialects

Togo
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina
(the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes
spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the
north)

Tokelau
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Tonga
Tongan, English

Trinidad and Tobago
English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish,
Chinese

Tunisia
Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce),
French (commerce)

Turkey
Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Turks and Caicos Islands
English (official)

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)

Uganda
English (official national language, taught in grade schools,
used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio
broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo
languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital
and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages,
Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic

Ukraine
Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%; small Romanian-,
Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities

United Arab Emirates
Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

United Kingdom
English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of
Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

United States
English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European
3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census)

Uruguay
Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on
the Brazilian frontier)

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%

Vanuatu
local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as
Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%,
unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census)

Venezuela
Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Vietnam
Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a
second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area
languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Virgin Islands
English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%,
French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census)

Wallis and Futuna
Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language),
Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census)

West Bank
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many
Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Western Sahara
Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

World
Chinese, Mandarin 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi
2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese
1.99%, German, Standard 1.49%, Chinese, Wu 1.21% (2004 est.)
note: percents are for "first language" speakers only

Yemen
Arabic

Zambia
English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi,
Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Zimbabwe
English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the
Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal
dialects

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2100 Legal system

Afghanistan
according to the new constitution, no law should be
"contrary to Islam"; the state is obliged to create a prosperous and
progressive society based on social justice, protection of human
dignity, protection of human rights, realization of democracy, and
to ensure national unity and equality among all ethnic groups and
tribes; the state shall abide by the UN charter, international
treaties, international conventions that Afghanistan signed, and the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Akrotiri
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Albania
has a civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction; has accepted jurisdiction of the International
Criminal Court for its citizens

Algeria
socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review
of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of
various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review
of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Angola
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law;
recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased
use of free markets

Anguilla
based on English common law

Antarctica
Antarctica is administered through meetings of the
consultative member nations; decisions from these meetings are
carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own
nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national
laws; US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US
nationals, such as murder, may apply extra-territorially; some US
laws directly apply to Antarctica; for example, the Antarctic
Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and
criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized
by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the
introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into
specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants;
and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica;
violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up
to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison; the National Science
Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement
responsibilities; Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation
Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to
Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805,
Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans
to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty; for more
information, contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs,
National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone:
(703) 292-8030, or visit their website at www.nsf.gov; more
generally, access to the Antarctic Treaty area, that is to all areas
between 60 and 90 degrees latitude South, is subject to a number of
relevant legal instruments and authorization procedures adopted by
the states party to the Antarctic Treaty.

Antigua and Barbuda
based on English common law

Argentina
mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Armenia
based on civil law system

Aruba
based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law
influence

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the laws of the Commonwealth of
Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where
applicable, apply

Australia
based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Austria
civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of
legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate
administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Azerbaijan
based on civil law system

Bahamas, The
based on English common law

Bahrain
based on Islamic law and English common law

Baker Island
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Bangladesh
based on English common law

Barbados
English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

Bassas da India
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Belarus
based on civil law system

Belgium
civil law system influenced by English constitutional
theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Belize
English law

Benin
based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bermuda
English law

Bhutan
based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bolivia
based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bosnia and Herzegovina
based on civil law system

Botswana
based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial
review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bouvet Island
the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Brazil
based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

British Indian Ocean Territory
the laws of the UK, where applicable,
apply

British Virgin Islands
English law

Brunei
based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law
supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Bulgaria
civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burkina Faso
based on French civil law system and customary law

Burma
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burundi
based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cambodia
primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes
from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)
period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences
of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing
influence of common law in recent years

Cameroon
based on French civil law system, with common law
influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Canada
based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil
law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Cape Verde
derived from the legal system of Portugal

Cayman Islands
British common law and local statutes

Central African Republic
based on French law

Chad
based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Chile
based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent
codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
note: Chile is in the process of completely overhauling its criminal
justice system; a new, US-style adversarial system is being
gradually implemented throughout the country with the final stage of
implementation in the Santiago metropolitan region expected in June
2005

China
a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law;
rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal
codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being
made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

Christmas Island
under the authority of the governor general of
Australia and Australian law

Clipperton Island
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
based upon the laws of Australia and local
laws

Colombia
based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US
procedures was enacted into law in 2004; judicial review of
executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations

Comoros
French and Sharia (Islamic) law in a new consolidated code

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
based on Belgian civil law system
and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Congo, Republic of the
based on French civil law system and
customary law

Cook Islands
based on New Zealand law and English common law

Coral Sea Islands
the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Costa Rica
based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Cote d'Ivoire
based on French civil law system and customary law;
judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Croatia
based on civil law system

Cuba
based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of
Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cyprus
based on common law, with civil law modifications

Czech Republic
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to
bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal
theory

Denmark
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Dhekelia
the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

Djibouti
based on French civil law system, traditional practices,
and Islamic law

Dominica
based on English common law

Dominican Republic
based on French civil codes; undergoing
modification in 2004 towards an accusatory system

East Timor
UN-drafted legal system based on Indonesian law remains
in place but will be replaced by civil and penal codes based on
Portuguese law (2004)

Ecuador
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Egypt
based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic
codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State
(oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

El Salvador
based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Equatorial Guinea
partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom

Eritrea
primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957, with
revisions; new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been
promulgated; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted
laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Sharia law

Estonia
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative
acts

Ethiopia
currently transitional mix of national and regional courts

Europa Island
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
English common law

Faroe Islands
Danish

Fiji
based on British system

Finland
civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may
request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

France
civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of
administrative but not legislative acts

French Guiana
French legal system

French Polynesia
based on French system

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the laws of France, where
applicable, apply

Gabon
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gambia, The
based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law,
and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Georgia
based on civil law system

Germany
civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Ghana
based on English common law and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gibraltar
English law

Glorioso Islands
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Greece
based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil,
criminal, and administrative courts

Greenland
Danish

Grenada
based on English common law

Guadeloupe
French legal system

Guam
modeled on US; US federal laws apply

Guatemala
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Guernsey
English law and local statutes; justice is administered by
the Royal Court

Guinea
based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree;
legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Guinea-Bissau
NA

Guyana
based on English common law with certain admixtures of
Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Haiti
based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
the laws of Australia, where
applicable, apply

Holy See (Vatican City)
based on Code of Canon Law and revisions to
it

Honduras
rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law with increasing
influence of English common law; recent judicial reforms include
abandoning Napoleonic legal codes in favor of the oral adversarial
system; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Hong Kong
based on English common law

Howland Island
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Hungary
rule of law based on Western model

Iceland
civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

India
based on English common law; limited judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims,
Christians, and Hindus

Indonesia
based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election
codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Iran
the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

Iraq
based on civil and Islamic law under the Iraqi Interim
Government (IG) and Transitional Administrative Law (TAL)

Ireland
based on English common law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Israel
mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations,
and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal
systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that
it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Italy
based on civil law system; appeals treated as new trials;
judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Jamaica
based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Jan Mayen
the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Japan
modeled after European civil law system with English-American
influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Jarvis Island
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Jersey
English law and local statute; justice is administered by the
Royal Court

Johnston Atoll
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Jordan
based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of
legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Juan de Nova Island
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Kazakhstan
based on civil law system

Kenya
based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law,
tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional
amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in
1991

Kingman Reef
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
based on German civil law system with Japanese
influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Korea, South
combines elements of continental European civil law
systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

Kuwait
civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal
matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Kyrgyzstan
based on civil law system

Laos
based on traditional customs, French legal norms and
procedures, and socialist practice

Latvia
based on civil law system

Lebanon
mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and
civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Lesotho
based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial
review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Liberia
dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common
law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten
tribal practices for indigenous sector

Libya
based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate
religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Liechtenstein
local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Lithuania
based on civil law system; legislative acts can be
appealed to the constitutional court

Luxembourg
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Macau
based on Portuguese civil law system

Macedonia
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative
acts

Madagascar
based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malawi
based on English common law and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malaysia
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the
federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Maldives
based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law
primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Mali
based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was
formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Malta
based on English common law and Roman civil law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Man, Isle of
English common law and Manx statute

Marshall Islands
based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the
legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Martinique
French legal system

Mauritania
a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil
law

Mauritius
based on French civil law system with elements of English
common law in certain areas

Mayotte
French law

Mexico
mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Micronesia, Federated States of based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Midway Islands
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Moldova
based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews
legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of
resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents

Monaco
based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Mongolia
blend of Soviet, German, and US systems that combine
"continental" or "civil" code and case-precedent; constitution
ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Montserrat
English common law and statutory law

Morocco
based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law
system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Chamber of Supreme Court

Mozambique
based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

Namibia
based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

Nauru
acts of the Nauru Parliament and British common law

Navassa Island
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Nepal
based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Netherlands
civil law system incorporating French penal theory;
constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States
General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Netherlands Antilles
based on Dutch civil law system with some
English common law influence

New Caledonia
the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy
to the islands; formerly under French law

New Zealand
based on English law, with special land legislation and
land courts for the Maori; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations

Nicaragua
civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative
acts

Niger
based on French civil law system and customary law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Nigeria
based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (in 12
northern states), and traditional law

Niue
English common law
note: Niue is self-governing, with the power to make its own laws

Norfolk Island
based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances and
acts; English common law applies in matters not covered by either
Australian or Norfolk Island law

Northern Mariana Islands
based on US system, except for customs,
wages, immigration laws, and taxation

Norway
mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law
traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature
when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Oman
based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to
the monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Pakistan
based on English common law with provisions to accommodate
Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Palau
based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature,
municipal, common, and customary laws

Palmyra Atoll
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Panama
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Papua New Guinea
based on English common law

Paraguay
based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes;
judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice

Peru
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Philippines
based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Pitcairn Islands
local island by-laws

Poland
mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover
Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part
of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of
legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are
final; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of
Justice in Strasbourg

Portugal
civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Puerto Rico
based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal
system of justice

Qatar
discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although
civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law dominates family and
personal matters

Reunion
French law

Romania
former mixture of civil law system and communist legal
theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic

Russia
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Rwanda
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary
law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
based on English common law

Saint Lucia
based on English common law

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
French law with special adaptations for
local conditions, such as housing and taxation

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
based on English common law

Samoa
based on English common law and local customs; judicial review
of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the
citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

San Marino
based on civil law system with Italian law influences;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sao Tome and Principe
based on Portuguese legal system and customary
law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Saudi Arabia
based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been
introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Senegal
based on French civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State
audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Serbia and Montenegro
based on civil law system

Seychelles
based on English common law, French civil law, and
customary law

Sierra Leone
based on English law and customary laws indigenous to
local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Singapore
based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Slovakia
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply
with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Slovenia
based on civil law system

Solomon Islands
English common law, which is widely disregarded

Somalia
no national system; Shari'a and secular courts are in some
localities

South Africa
based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
the laws of the UK,
where applicable, apply; the senior magistrate from the Falkland
Islands presides over the Magistrates Court

Spain
civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sri Lanka
a highly complex mixture of English common law,
Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sudan
based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January
1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic
law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of
the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate
religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations

Suriname
based on Dutch legal system incorporating French penal
theory

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts
and Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sweden
civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Switzerland
civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees
of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Syria
based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious
courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Taiwan
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

Tajikistan
based on civil law system; no judicial review of
legislative acts

Tanzania
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Thailand
based on civil law system, with influences of common law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Togo
French-based court system

Tokelau
New Zealand and local statutes

Tonga
based on English law

Trinidad and Tobago
based on English common law; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction

Tromelin Island
the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Tunisia
based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint
session

Turkey
civil law system derived from various European continental
legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights
(ECHR), although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified
European Convention on Human Rights

Turkmenistan
based on civil law system

Turks and Caicos Islands
based on laws of England and Wales, with a
few adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one
based on English common law and customary law; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Ukraine
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative
acts

United Arab Emirates
federal court system introduced in 1971;
applies to all emirates except Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah,
which are not fully integrated into the federal system; all emirates
have secular courts to adjudicate criminal, civil, and commercial
matters and Islamic courts to review family and religious disputes

United Kingdom
common law tradition with early Roman and modern
continental influences; has judicial review of Acts of Parliament
under the Human Rights Act of 1998; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations

United States
federal court system based on English common law; each
state has its own unique legal system, of which all but one
(Louisiana's) is based on English common law; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations

Uruguay
based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Uzbekistan
evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent
judicial system

Vanuatu
unified system being created from former dual French and
British systems

Venezuela
open, adversarial court system

Vietnam
based on communist legal theory and French civil law system

Virgin Islands
based on US laws

Wake Island
the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Wallis and Futuna
French legal system

World
all members of the UN are parties to the statute that
established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court

Yemen
based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and
local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Zambia
based on English common law and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Zimbabwe
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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@2101 Legislative branch

Afghanistan
nonfunctioning as of January 2004; government is
empowered by the constitution to issue legislation by decree until
the new assembly is seated; under the new constitution, the
bicameral National Assembly will consist of the Wolesi Jirga or
House of People (no more than 249 seats), directly elected for a
five-year term, and the Meshrano Jirga or House of Elders (102
seats, one third elected from provincial councils for a four-year
term, one third elected from local district councils for a
three-year term, and one third presidential appointees for a
five-year term; the presidential appointees will include two
representatives of Kuchis and two representatives of the disabled;
half of the presidential appointees will be women)
note: on rare occasions the government may convene the Loya Jirga on
issues of independence, national sovereignty, and territorial
integrity; it can amend the provisions of the constitution and
prosecute the president; it is made up of members of the National
Assembly and chairpersons of the provincial and district councils
elections: scheduled for spring 2005

Albania
unicameral People's Assembly or Kuvendi Popullor (140 seats;
100 are elected by direct popular vote and 40 by proportional vote
for four-year terms)
elections: last held 4 July 2005 (next to be held July 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PD 55, PS 40, PR 11, PSD 7, LSI 5, other 22

Algeria
bicameral Parliament consists of the National People's
Assembly or Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani (389 seats - changed from
380 seats in the 2002 elections; members elected by popular vote to
serve five-year terms) and the Council of Nations (Senate) (144
seats; one-third of the members appointed by the president,
two-thirds elected by indirect vote; members serve six-year terms;
the constitution requires half the council to be renewed every three
years)
elections: National People's Assembly - last held 30 May 2002 (next
to be held NA 2007); Council of Nations (Senate) - last held 30
December 2003 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: National People's Assembly - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - FLN 199, RND 48, Islah 43, MSP 38, PT
21, FNA 8, EnNahda 1, PRA 1, MEN 1, independents 29; Council of
Nations - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party NA%

American Samoa
bicameral Fono or Legislative Assembly consists of
the House of Representatives (21 seats - 20 of which are elected by
popular vote and 1 is an appointed, nonvoting delegate from Swains
Island; members serve two-year terms) and the Senate (18 seats;
members are elected from local chiefs and serve four-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2006); Senate - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2008)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Senate - percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - independents 18
note: American Samoa elects one nonvoting representative to the US
House of Representatives; election last held 2 November 2004 (next
to be held November 2006); results - Eni F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA
(Democrat) reelected as delegate

Andorra
unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General
de las Valls (28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote,
14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of
the 7 parishes; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held March-April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLA 41.2%, PS 38.1%,
CDA 11%, other 9.7%; seats by party - PLA 14, PS 12, CDA 2

Angola
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220
seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held September
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%,
others 12%; seats by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD
3, others 7

Anguilla
unicameral House of Assembly (11 seats total, 7 elected by
direct popular vote, 2 ex officio members, and 2 appointed; members
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 21 February 2005 (next to be held 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - AUF 38.9%, ANSA 19.2%,
AUM 19.4%, APP 9.5 %, independents 13%; seats by party - AUF 4, ANSA
2, AUM 1

Antigua and Barbuda
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate
(17-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of
Representatives (17 seats; members are elected by proportional
representation to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 23 March 2004 (next
to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
ALP 4, UPP 13

Argentina
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists
of the Senate (72 seats; members are elected by direct vote;
presently one-third of the members elected every two years to a
six-year term) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members are
elected by direct vote; one-half of the members elected every two
years to a four-year term)
elections: Senate - last held intermittently by province during the
2nd half of 2003 (next to be held NA 2005); Chamber of Deputies -
last held intermittently by province during the 2nd half of 2003
(next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%;
seats by bloc or party - PJ 41, UCR 16, provincial parties 15;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%; seats
by bloc or party - PJ 133, UCR 46, IF 23, ARI 11, Socialist 6,
other/provincial parties 38

Armenia
unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov
(131 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year
terms; 75 members elected by party list, 56 by direct vote)
elections: last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held in the spring of
2007)
note: percent of vote by party - Republican Party 23.5%, Justice
Bloc 13.6%, Rule of Law 12.3%, ARF (Dashnak) 11.4%, National Unity
Party 8.8%, United Labor Party 5.7%; seats by party - Republican
Party 23, Justice Bloc 14, Rule of Law 12, ARF (Dashnak) 11,
National Unity 9, United Labor 6; note - seats by party change
frequently as deputies switch parties or announce themselves
independent

Aruba
unicameral Legislature or Staten (21 seats; members elected by
direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 23 September 2005 (next to be held by NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - MEP 43%, AVP 32%, MPA
7%, RED 7%, PDR 6%, OLA 4%, PPA 2%; seats by party - MEP 11, AVP 8,
MPA 1, RED 1

Australia
bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76
seats - 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two
mainland territories; one-half of state members are elected every
three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms while all
territory members are elected every three years) and the House of
Representatives (150 seats; members elected by popular preferential
voting to serve terms of up to three-years; no state can have fewer
than five representatives)
elections: Senate - last held 9 October 2004 (next to be held no
later than June 2008); House of Representatives - last held 9
October 2004 (next to be called no later than November 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party (for session beginning on 1 July 2005) - Liberal
Party-National Party coalition 39, Australian Labor Party 28,
Democrats 4, Australian Greens 4, Family First Party 1; House of
Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Liberal Party-National Party coalition 87, Australian Labor Party
60, independents 3

Austria
bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of
Federal Council or Bundesrat (62 members; members represent each of
the states on the basis of population, but with each state having at
least three representatives; members serve a five- or six-year term)
and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members elected
by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: National Council - last held 24 November 2002 (next to be
held in the fall of 2006)
election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP
42.3%, SPOe 36.5%, FPOe 10.0%, Greens 9.5%; seats by party - OeVP
79, SPOe 69, FPOe 18, Greens 17; seating as of May 2005 after split
within the Freedom Party: OeVP 79, SPOe 69, Greens 17, BZOe 11, FPOe
7

Azerbaijan
unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 4 November 2000 (next to be held NA November
2005)
note: 100 members of the current parliament were elected on the
basis of single mandate constituencies, while 25 were elected based
on proportional balloting; as a result of a 24 August 2002 national
referendum on changes to the constitution, all 125 members of the
next parliament will be elected from single mandate constituencies
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NAP and allies 108, APF "Reform" 6, CSP 3, PNIA 2, Musavat Party 2,
CPA 2, APF "Classic" 1, Compatriot Party 1
note: PNIA, Musavat, and APF "Classic" parties refused to take their
seats

Bahamas, The
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (16-member
body appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime
minister and the opposition leader for five-year terms) and the
House of Assembly (40 seats; members elected by direct popular vote
to serve five-year terms); the government may dissolve the
parliament and call elections at any time
elections: last held 1 May 2002 (next to be held by May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 50.8%, FNM 41.1%,
independents 5.2%; seats by party - PLP 29, FNM 7, independents 4

Bahrain
bicameral Parliament consists of Shura Council (40 members
appointed by the King) and House of Deputies (40 members directly
elected to serve four-year terms)
elections: House of Deputies - last held 31 October 2002 (next
election to be held NA 2006)
election results: House of Deputies - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - independents 21, Sunni Islamists 9, other 10
note: first elections since 7 December 1973; unicameral National
Assembly dissolved 26 August 1975; National Action Charter created
bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14
February 2001; first legislative session of Parliament held on 25
December 2002

Bangladesh
unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300
seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies
(the constitutional amendment reserving 30 seats for women over and
above the 300 regular parliament seats expired in May 2001); members
serve five-year terms
elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held before October
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - BNP and alliance
partners 47%, AL 40%; seats by party - BNP 195, AL 58, JI 17, JP
(Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 3, JP (Naziur) 4, other 9; note - the
election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP government aligned
with three other smaller parties - Jamaat-e-Islami, Islami Oikya
Jote, and Jatiya Party (Manzur)

Barbados
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (21-member body
appointed by the governor general) and the House of Assembly (30
seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: House of Assembly - last held 21 May 2003 (next to be
held by May 2008)
election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - BLP 23, DLP 7

Belarus
bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobranie
consists of the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64
seats; 56 members elected by regional councils and 8 members
appointed by the president, all for 4-year terms) and the Chamber of
Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members elected
by universal adult suffrage to serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held 18 March and 1 April 2001 and 17 and 31 October
2004; international observers widely denounced the October 2004
elections as flawed and undemocratic, based on massive government
falsification; pro-Lukashenko candidates won every seat, after many
opposition candidates were disqualified for technical reasons
election results: Soviet Respubliki - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Belgium
bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in
Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members are directly elected by
popular vote, 31 are indirectly elected; members serve four-year
terms) and a Chamber of Deputies or Kamer van
Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in
French (150 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on
the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate and Chamber of Deputies - last held 18 May 2003
(next to be held no later than May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - SP.A-Spirit
15.5%, VLD 15.4%, CD & V 12.7%, PS 12.8%, MR 12.1%, VB 9.4%, CDH
5.6%; seats by party - SP.A-Spirit 7, VLD 7, CD & V 6, PS 6, MR 5,
VB 5, CDH 2, other 2 (note - there are also 31 indirectly elected
senators); Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - VLD
15.4%, SP.A-Spirit 14.9%, CD & V 13.3%, PS 13.0%, VB 11.6%, MR
11.4%, CDH 5.5%, Ecolo 3.1%; seats by party - VLD 25, SP.A-Spirit
23, CD & V 21, PS 25, VB 18, MR 24, CDH 8 Ecolo 4, other 2
note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered
devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of
government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a
complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six
governments each with its own legislative assembly

Belize
bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (12
members appointed by the governor general - six on the advice of the
prime minister, three on the advice of the leader of the opposition,
and one each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and
Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce
and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, and the National
Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee;
members are appointed for five-year terms) and the House of
Representatives (29 seats; members are elected by direct popular
vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 5 March 2003 (next
to be held March 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PUP 21, UDP 8

Benin
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (83 seats;
members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 30 March 2003 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Presidential Movement 52, opposition (PRB, PRD, E'toile, and 5 other
small parties) 31

Bermuda
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (an 11-member
body appointed by the governor, the premier, and the opposition) and
the House of Assembly (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote
to serve up to five-year terms)
elections: last general election held 24 July 2003 (next to be held
July 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 51.7%, UBP 48%;
seats by party - PLP 22, UBP 14

Bhutan
unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105
elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies,
and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and
other secular interests; members serve three-year terms)
elections: local elections last held November 2002 (next to be held
NA 2005)
election results: NA

Bolivia
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of
Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are
elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve
five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130
seats; 68 are directly elected from their districts and 62 are
elected by proportional representation from party lists to serve
five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held
30 June 2002 (next to be held June 2007)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - MNR 11, MAS 8, MIR 5, NFR 2, other 1; Chamber
of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNR
36, MAS 27, MIR 26, NFR 25, others 16

Bosnia and Herzegovina
bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina
consists of the National House of Representatives or Predstavnicki
Dom (42 seats - elected by proportional representation, 28 seats
allocated from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats
from the Republika Srpska; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms); and the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats -
5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat
Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's
National Assembly to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's
election law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order
administrative division entity legislatures
elections: National House of Representatives - elections last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held in NA 2006); House of Peoples - last
constituted NA January 2003 (next to be constituted in 2007)
election results: National House of Representatives - percent of
vote by party/coalition - SDA 21.9%, SDS 14.0%, SBiH 10.5%, SDP
10.4%, SNSD 9.8%, HDZ 9.5%, PDP 4.6%, others 19.3%; seats by
party/coalition - SDA 10, SDS 5, SBiH 6, SDP 4, SNSD 3, HDZ 5, PDP
2, others 7; House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition -
NA%; seats by party/coalition - NA
note: the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that
consists of a House of Representatives (98 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006); percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 32, HDZ-BiH 16, SDP 15,
SBiH 15, other 20; and a House of Peoples (60 seats - 30 Bosniak, 30
Croat); last constituted December 2002; the Republika Srpska has a
National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms); elections last held 5 October 2002 (next to
be held in the fall of 2006); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party/coalition - SDS 26, SNSD 19, PDP 9, SDA 6, SRS 4, SPRS 3,
DNZ 3, SBiH 4, SDP 3, others 6; as a result of the 2002
constitutional reform process, a 28-member Republika Srpska Council
of Peoples (COP) was established in the Republika Srpska National
Assembly including 8 Croats, 8 Bosniaks, 8 Serbs, and 4 members of
the smaller communities

Botswana
bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a
largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the
eight principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three members
selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (61
seats, 57 members are directly elected by popular vote and four are
appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly elections last held 30 October 2004
(next to be held October 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 52%, BNF 26%, BCP
17%, other 5%; seats by party - BDP 44, BNF 12, BCP 1

Brazil
bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of
the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from
each state and federal district elected according to the principle
of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a
four-year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year
period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513
seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Federal Senate - last held 6 October 2002 for two-thirds
of the Senate (next to be held October 2006 for one-third of the
Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 October 2002 (next to be
held October 2006)
election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PMBD 19, PFL 19, PT 14, PSDB 11, PDT 5, PSB 4, PL
3, PTB 3, PPS 1, PSD 1, PP 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - PT 91, PFL 84, PMDB 74, PSDB 71, PP
49, PL 26, PTB 26, PSB 22, PDT 21, PPS 15, PCdoB 12, PRONA 6, PV 5,
other 11; note - many congressmen have changed party affiliation
since the most recent election

British Virgin Islands
unicameral Legislative Council (13 seats;
members are elected by direct popular vote, one member from each of
9 electoral districts, four at-large members; members serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 16 May 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NDP 8, VIP 5

Brunei
Legislative Council met on 25 September 2004 for first time
in 20 years with 21 members appointed by the Sultan; passed
constitutional amendments calling for a 45-seat council with 15
elected members; Sultan dissolved council on 1 September 2005 and
appointed a new council with 29 members as of 2 September 2005
elections: last held in March 1962 (date of next election NA)

Bulgaria
unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sobranie (240
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 25 June 2005 (next to be held June 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - CfB 31.1%, NMS2 19.9%,
MRF 12.7%, ATAKA 8.2%, UDF 7.7%, DSB 6.5%, BPU 5.2%; seats by party
- CfB 83, NMS2 53, MRF 33, ATAKA 21, UDF 20, DSB 17, BPU 13

Burkina Faso
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
(111 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: National Assembly election last held 5 May 2002 (next to
be held May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
CDP 57, RDA-ADF 17, PDP/PS 10, CFD 5, PAI 5, others 17

Burma
unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never allowed by
junta to convene
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NLD 392 (opposition), SNLD 23 (opposition), NUP 10 (pro-government),
other 60

Burundi
bicameral, consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (expanded from 121 to approximately 140 seats under the
transitional government inaugurated 1 November 2001; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and a Senate (54
seats; term length is undefined, the current senators will likely
serve out the three-year transition period)
elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in
1998, but was suspended by presidential decree in 1996; elections
are currently planned to be held by April 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA
21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16,
civilians 27, other parties 13

Cambodia
bicameral, consists of the National Assembly (123 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the
Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected
by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional
constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be
held in July 2008); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (scheduled to be
held in 2004 but delayed)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP
47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73,
FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (July 2003)

Cameroon
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180
seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year
terms; note - the president can either lengthen or shorten the term
of the legislature)
elections: last held 23 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RDCP 133, SDF 21, UDC 5, other 21
note: the constitution calls for an upper chamber for the
legislature, to be called a Senate, but it has yet to be established

Canada
bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or
Senat (members appointed by the governor general with the advice of
the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age; its
normal limit is 105 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre
des Communes (308 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to
serve for up to five-year terms)
elections: House of Commons - last held 28 June 2004 (next to be
held by NA 2009)
election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party -
Liberal Party 36.7%, Conservative Party 29.6%, New Democratic Party
15.7%, Bloc Quebecois 12.4%, Greens 4.3%, independents 0.4%, other
0.9%; seats by party - Liberal Party 134, Conservative Party 99,
Bloc Quebecois 54, New Democratic Party 19, independent 2

Cape Verde
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held December 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAICV 47.3%, MPD 39.8%,
ADM 6%, other 6.9%; seats by party - PAICV 40, MPD 30, ADM 2

Cayman Islands
unicameral Legislative Assembly (18 seats, three
appointed members from the Executive Council and 15 elected by
popular vote; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 11 May 2005 (next to be held 2009)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - PPM 9, UDP 5,
independent 1

Central African Republic
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (109 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms
elections: last held 22-23 November and 13 December 1998 (next to be
held 13 March 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - MLPC 43%, RDC 18%, MDD
9%, FPP 6%, PSD 5%, ADP 4%, PUN 3%, FODEM 2%, PLD 2%, UPR 1%, FC 1%,
independents 6%; seats by party - MLPC 47, RDC 20, MDD 8, FPP 7, PSD
6, ADP 5, PUN 3, FODEM 2, PLD 2, UPR 1, FC 1, independents 7

Chad
bicameral according to constitution, consists of a National
Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms) and a Senate (not yet created and size unspecified,
members to serve six-year terms, one-third of membership renewable
every two years)
elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be
held in April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11

Chile
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of
the Senate or Senado (48 seats, 38 elected by popular vote, 9
designated members, and 1 former president who has served a full
six-year term and is senator for life); elected members serve
eight-year terms (one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber
of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held
December 2005); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 December 2001
(next to be held December 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - CPD 20 (PDC 12, PS 5, PPD 3), APC 16 (UDI 9, RN 7),
independents 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - CPD 62 (PDC 24, PPD 21, PS 11, PRSD 6), UDI
35, RN 22, independent 1

China
unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin
Daibiao Dahui (2,985 seats; members elected by municipal, regional,
and provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held December 2002-February 2003 (next to be held
late 2007-February 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA

Christmas Island
unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: held every two years with half the members standing for
election; last held 3 May 2003 (next to be held in 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire
Council (7 seats)
elections: held every two years with half the members standing for
election; last held NA

Colombia
bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or
Senado (102 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de
Representantes (166 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held March
2006); House of Representatives - last held 10 March 2002 (next to
be held March 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PL 28, PSC 13, independents and smaller parties (many
aligned with conservatives) 61; House of Representatives - percent
of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PL 54, PSC 21, independents
and other parties 91

Comoros
unicameral Assembly of the Union (33 seats; 15 deputies are
selected by the individual islands' local assemblies and the 18 by
universal suffrage; deputies serve for five years);
elections: last held 18 and 25 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
a 300-member Transitional
Constituent Assembly established in August 2000
elections: NA; members of the Transitional Constituent Assembly were
appointed by former President Laurent Desire KABILA

Congo, Republic of the
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate
(66 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms) and the National Assembly (137 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 11 July 2002 (next to be held July
2007); National Assembly - last held 27 May and 26 June 2002 (next
to be held by NA May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - FDP 56, other 10; National Assembly - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - FDP 83, UDR 6, UPADS 3, other 45

Cook Islands
unicameral Parliament (25 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 7 September 2004 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
CIP 10, DAP 9, Demo Tumu 4, independent 1; note - one seat undecided
pending by-election
note: the House of Ariki (chiefs) advises on traditional matters and
maintains considerable influence, but has no legislative powers

Costa Rica
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa
(57 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 3 February 2002 (next to be held 3 February
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PUSC 19, PLN 17, PAC 14, PML 6, PRC 1; note - seats by party as of
January 2005 - PUSC 19, PLN 16, PAC 8, PML 5, PRC 1, Patriotic Union
3, Homeland First 1, Authentic Member from Heredia 1, Democratic
National Alliance 1, independent 2

Cote d'Ivoire
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
(225 seats; members are elected in single- and multi-district
elections by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: elections last held 10 December 2000 with by-elections on
14 January 2001 (next to be held October 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
FPI 96, PDCI-RDA 94, RDR 5, PIT 4, other 2, independents 22, vacant 2
note: a Senate is scheduled to be created in the next full election
in 2005

Croatia
unicameral Assembly or Sabor (152 seats; note - one seat was
added in the November 2003 parliamentary elections; members elected
from party lists by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Assembly - last held 23 November 2003 (next to be held in
2007)
election results: Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; number
of seats by party - HDZ 66, SDP 34, HSS 10, HNS 10, HSP 8, IDS 4,
Libra 3, HSU 3, SDSS 3, other 11
note: minority government coalition - HDZ, DC, HSLS, HSU, SDSS

Cuba
unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea
Nacional del Poder Popular (609 seats, elected directly from slates
approved by special candidacy commissions; members serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 19 January 2003 (next to be held in NA 2008)
election results: percent of vote - PCC 97.6%; seats - PCC 609

Cyprus
unicameral - Republic of Cyprus: House of Representatives or
Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24
to Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots
are filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms); north Cyprus: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi
(50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: Republic of Cyprus: last held 27 May 2001 (next to be
held May 2006); north Cyprus: last held 14 December 2003 (next to be
held NA 2008)
election results: Republic of Cyprus: House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - AKEL 34.71%, DISY 34%, DIKO 14.84%, KISOS
6.51%, others 9.94%; seats by party - AKEL (Communist) 20, DISY 19,
DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; north Cyprus: Assembly of the Republic -
percent of vote by party - CTP 35.8%, UBP 32.3%, Peace and
Democratic Movement 13.4%, DP 12.3%; seats by party - CTP 19, UBP
18, Peace and Democratic Movement 6, DP 7

Czech Republic
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the
Senate or Senat (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the
Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held in two rounds 5-6 November and 12-13
November 2004 (next to be held November 2006); Chamber of Deputies -
last held 14-15 June 2002 (next to be held by June 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - ODS 37, KDU-CSL 14, Open Democracy 13, CSSD 7, Caucus Open
Democracy 7, independents 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - CSSD 30.2%, ODS 24.5%, KSCM 18.5%, KDU-CSL & US-DEU
coalition 14.3%, other minor 12.5%; seats by party - CSSD 70, ODS
57, KSCM 41, KDU-CSL 21, US-DEU 10, independent 1

Denmark
unicameral People's Assembly or Folketinget (179 seats,
including 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members are
elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 8 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 29%,
Social Democrats 25.9%, Danish People's Party 13.2%, Conservative
Party 10.3%, Social Liberal Party 9.2%, Socialist People's Party 6%,
Unity List 3.4%; seats by party - Liberal Party 52, Social Democrats
47, Danish People's Party 24, Conservative Party 18, Social Liberal
Party 17, Socialist People's Party 11, Unity List 6; note - does not
include the 2 seats from Greenland and the 2 seats from the Faroe
Islands

Djibouti
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (65
seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)
elections: last held 10 January 2003 (next to be held January 2008)
election results: percent of vote - RPP 62.2%, FRUD 36.9%; seats -
RPP 65, FRUD 0; note - RPP (the ruling party) dominated the election

Dominica
unicameral House of Assembly (30 seats, 9 appointed
senators, 21 elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 5 May 2005 (next to be held by 5 August 2010);
note - tradition dictates that the election will be held within five
years of the last election, but technically it is five years from
the first seating of parliament (12 May 2005) plus a 90-day grace
period
election results: percent of vote by party - DLP 52.08%, UWP 43.6%,
DFP 3.15%; seats by party - DLP 12, UWP 8, independent 1

Dominican Republic
bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional
consists of the Senate or Senado (32 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies
or Camara de Diputados (150 seats; members are elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held May
2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held
May 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PRD 29, PLD 2, PRSC 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 73, PLD 41, PRSC 36

East Timor
unicameral National Parliament (number of seats can vary,
minimum requirement of 52 and a maximum of 65 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - for its first term
of office, the National Parliament is comprised of 88 members on an
exceptional basis
elections: (next to be held August 2006); direct elections for
national parliament were never held; elected delegates to the
national convention named themselves legislators instead of having
elections; hence the exceptional numbers for this term of the
national parliament.
election results: percent of vote by party - FRETILIN 57.37%, PD
8.72%, PSD 8.18%, ASDT 7.84%, UDT 2.36%, PNT 2.21%, KOTA 2.13%, PPT
2.01%, PDC 1.98%, PST 1.78%, independents/other 5.42%; seats by
party - FRETILIN 55, PD 7, PSD 6, ASDT 6, PDC 2, UDT 2, KOTA 2, PNT
2, PPT 2, UDC/PDC 1, PST 1, PL 1, independent 1

Ecuador
unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (100
seats; members are popularly elected by province to serve four-year
terms)
elections: last held 20 October 2002 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PSC 25, PRE 15, ID 16, PRIAN 10, PSP 9, Pachakutik Movement 6, MPD
5, DP 4, PS-FA 3, independents 7; note - defections by members of
National Congress are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in
the numbers of seats held by the various parties

Egypt
bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis
al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by
the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory
Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative
role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the
president; members serve six-year terms; mid-term elections for half
the members)
elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19
October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held
October-November 2005); Advisory Council - last held May-June 2004
(next to be held May-June 2007)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA;
seats by party - NDP 388, Tagammu 6, NWP 7, Nasserists 3, Al-Ahrar
1, independents 37 (2 seats determined by a later byelection, 10
seats appointed by President); Advisory Council - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - NA

El Salvador
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa
(84 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
three-year terms)
elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
FMLN 31, ARENA 28, PCN 15, PDC 5, CD 5

Equatorial Guinea
unicameral House of People's Representatives or
Camara de Representantes del Pueblo (80 seats; members directly
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 25 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
PDGE 98, NA 2
note: Parliament has little power since the constitution vests all
executive authority in the president

Eritrea
unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; term limits not
established)
elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new
constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old
Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member
Constituent Assembly, that had been established in 1997 to discuss
and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans
living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to
serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections
to a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of
the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution
stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the
National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible
voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were
postponed indefinitely

Estonia
unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - Center Party 25.4%, Res
Publica 24.6%, Reform Party 17.7%, Estonian People's Union 13%, Pro
Patria Union (Fatherland League) 7.3% People's Party Moodukad 7%;
seats by party - Center Party 28, Res Publica 28, Reform Party 19,
Estonian People's Union 13, Pro Patria Union 7, People's Party
Moodukad 6

Ethiopia
bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation or
upper chamber (108 seats; members are chosen by state assemblies to
serve five-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives or
lower chamber (548 seats; members are directly elected by popular
vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 15 May 2005 (next to be held NA 2010)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - OPDO 177,
ANDM 134, TPLF 38, WGGPDO 27, EPRDF 19, SPDO 18, GNDM 15, KSPDO 10,
ANDP 8, GPRDF 7, SOPDM 7, BGPDUF 6, BMPDO 5, KAT 4, other regional
political groupings 22, independents 8; note - 43 seats unconfirmed
note: irregularities and violence at some polling stations
necessitated the rescheduling of voting in certain constituencies;
voting postponed in Somali regional state because of severe drought

European Union
Council of the European Union (25 member-state
ministers having 321 votes; the number of votes is roughly
proportional to member-states' population); note - the Council is
the main decision-making body of the EU; European Parliament (732
seats; seats allocated among member states by proportion to
population); members elected by direct universal suffrage for a
five-year term
elections: last held 10-13 June 2004 (next to be held June 2009)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - EPP-ED
268, PES 202, ALDE 88, Greens/EFA 42, EUL/NGL 41, IND/DEM 36, UEN
27, independents 28

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) unicameral Legislative Council (10 seats - 2 ex officio, 8 elected by popular vote, members serve four-year terms); presided over by the governor elections: last held 22 November 2001 (next to be held November 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 8; note - 71% voter turnout

Faroe Islands
unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (32 seats;
members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis from the
seven constituencies to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than
January 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - Union Party 23.7%,
Social Democrats 21.8%, Republican Party 21.7%, People's Party
20.6%, Center Party 5.2%, Independence Party 4.6%; seats by party -
Union Party 7, Social Democrats 7, Republican Party 8, People's
Party 7, Center Party 2, Independence Party 1
note: election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on
8 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009); results - percent
of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 1, People's
Party 1

Fiji
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (34 seats; 24
appointed by the President on the advice of the Great Council of
Chiefs, nine appointed by the president, and one appointed by the
council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23
reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, three
reserved for other ethnic groups, one reserved for the council of
Rotuma constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open
seats; members serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 25 August through 1
September and 19 September 2001 (next to be held not later than
September 2006)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - FLP 26.5%, SDL 27.5%, NFP 1.2%, MV 4.2%, NLUP 1.3%, UGP .3%,
independents 1.4%; seats by party - FLP 27, SDL 32, MV 6, NFP 1,
NLUP 2, UGP 1, independents 2

Finland
unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are
elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year
terms)
elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 24.7%, SDP 24.5%,
Kok 18.5%, VAS 9.9%, VIHR 8%, KD 5.3%, SFP 4.6%; seats by party -
Kesk 55, SDP 53, Kok 40, VAS 19, VIHR 14, KD 7, SFP 8, others 4

France
bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or
Senat (321 seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas
departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad;
members are indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve
nine-year terms; elected by thirds every three years); note -
between now and 2010, 25 new seats will be added to the Senate for a
total of 346 seats - 326 for metropolitan France and overseas
departments, 2 for New Caledonia, 2 for Mayotte, 1 for Saint-Pierre
and Miquelon, 3 for overseas territories, and 12 for French
nationals abroad; members will be indirectly elected by an electoral
college to serve six-year terms, with one-half the seats being
renewed every three years; and the National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (577 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a
single-member majority system to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 26 September 2004 (next to be held
September 2007); National Assembly - last held 8-16 June 2002 (next
to be held not later than June 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - UMP 156, PS 97, UDF 33, PCF 23, RDSE 15, other 7; National
Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 355,
PS 140, UDF 29, PCF 21, Radical Party 7, Greens 3, other 22

French Guiana
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
and a unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (31 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be
held NA 2006); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to
be held NA 2004)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PSG 5, various left-wing parties 5, independents 7,
other 2; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - PS 28.28%,
various left parties 22.56%, RPR 15.91%, independents 8.6%, Walwari
Committee 6%; seats by party - PS 11, various left parties 9, RPR 6,
independents 3, Walwari Committee 2
note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998
(next to be held September 2007); results - percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - NA; 2 seats were elected to the French
National Assembly on 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);
results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP/RPR
1, Walwari Committee 1

French Polynesia
unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee
Territoriale (57 seats - changed from 49 seats for May 2004
election; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 23 May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 28, Union for Democracy
27, New Star 1, This Country is Yours 1; after by-elections of 13
February 2005 seating was as follows: People's Rally for the
Republic 27, Union for Democracy 27, and Alliance for a New
Democracy 3
note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998
(next to be held September 2007); results - percent of vote by party
- NA%; seats by party - NA; two seats were elected to the French
National Assembly on 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);
results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP/RPR
1, UMP 1

Gabon
bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats;
members elected by members of municipal councils and departmental
assemblies) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120
seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 9 and 23 December 2001
(next to be held December 2006); Senate - last held 26 January and 9
February 2003 (next to be held by January 2009)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - PDG 86, RNB-RPG 8, PGP 3, ADERE 3, CLR 2, PUP
1, PSD 1, independents 13, others 3; Senate - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1,
CLR 1, independents 9

Gambia, The
unicameral National Assembly (53 seats; 48 elected by
popular vote, five appointed by the president; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 17 January 2002 (next to be held February 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
APRC 45, PDOIS 2, NRP 1,

Georgia
unicameral Supreme Council (commonly referred to as
Parliament) or Umaghiesi Sabcho (235 seats - 150 elected by party
lists); members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held spring 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - National
Movement-Democrats 67.6%, Rightist Opposition 7.6%, all other
parties received less than 7% each; seats by party - National
Movement-Democrats 135, Rightist Opposition 15

Germany
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Federal
Assembly or Bundestag (613 seats; elected by popular vote under a
system combining direct and proportional representation; a party
must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain
representation; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal
Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly
represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on population
and are required to vote as a block)
elections: Federal Assembly - last held 18 September 2005 (next to
be held September 2009); note - there are no elections for the
Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the
state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the
potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election
election results: Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party -
CDU/CSU 35.2%, SPD 34.3%, FDP 9.8%, Left 8.7%, Greens 8.1%; seats by
party - CDU/CSU 225, SPD 222, FDP 61, Left 54, Greens 51; Federal
Council - current composition - NA

Ghana
unicameral Parliament (230 seats; note - increased from 200
seats in last election; members are elected by direct, popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 December 2004 (next to be held December 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NPP 128, NDC 92, other 10

Gibraltar
unicameral House of Assembly (18 seats - 15 elected by
popular vote, one appointed for the Speaker, and two ex officio
members; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 November 2003 (next to be held not later
than February 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - GSD 58%, GSLP 41%;
seats by party - GSD 8, GSLP 7

Greece
unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats;
members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: elections last held 7 March 2004 (next to be held by
March 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - ND 45.4%, PASOK 40.6%,
KKE 5.9%, Synaspismos 3.3%; seats by party - ND 165, PASOK 117, KKE
12, Synaspismos 6

Greenland
unicameral Parliament or Landstinget (31 seats; members
are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional
representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 3 December 2002 (next to be held by December
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Siumut 28.7%, Inuit
Ataqatigiit 25.5%, Atassut Party 20.4%, Demokratiit 15.6%,
Katusseqatigiit 5.3%; seats by party - Siumut 10, Inuit Ataqatigiit
8, Atassut 7, Demokratiit 5, Katusseqatigiit 1
note: two representatives were elected to the Danish Parliament or
Folketing on 8 February 2005 (next to be held February 2009);
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Siumut 1, Inuit
Ataqatigiit 1

Grenada
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 13-member
body, 10 appointed by the government and three by the leader of the
opposition) and the House of Representatives (15 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 27 November 2003 (next to be held by
November 2008)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NNP 8, NDC 7

Guadeloupe
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (42 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the
unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held March 2004 (next to be held
by NA 2010); Regional Council - last held 28 March 2004 (next to be
held NA 2010)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - left-wing candidates 11, PS 8, RPR 8, PPDG 6,
right-wing candidates 5, PCG 3, UDF 1; Regional Council (second
round) - percent of vote by party - PS 58.4%, UMP 41.6%; seats by
party - PS 29, UMP 12
note: Guadeloupe elects two representatives to the French Senate;
elections last held September 2004 (next to be held September 2013);
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA, Guadeloupe
elects four representatives to the French National Assembly;
elections last held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007);
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 2, PS 1,
different right parties 1

Guam
unicameral Legislature (15 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Democratic Party 6, Republican Party 9
note: Guam elects one nonvoting delegate to the US House of
Representatives; election last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2006); results - Madeleine BORDALLO (Democratic Party) was
elected as delegate; percent of vote by party - Democratic Party
64.6%, Republican Party 35.4%; seats by party - Democratic Party 1

Guatemala
unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la
Republica (158 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 9 November 2003 (next to be held November 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
GANA 49, FRG 41, UNE 33, PAN 17, other 18
note: for the 9 November 2003 election, the number of congressional
seats increased from 113 to 158

Guernsey
unicameral States of Deliberation (45 seats; members are
elected by popular vote for 4 years); note - Alderney and Sark have
their own parliaments
elections: last held 21 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Guinea
unicameral People's National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale
Populaire (114 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PUP 61.6%, UPR 26.6%,
other 11.8%; seats by party - PUP 85, UPR 20, other 9

Guinea-Bissau
unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia
Nacional Popular (100 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve a maximum of four years)
elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAIGC 31.5%, PRS 24.8%,
PUSD 16.1%, UE 4.1%, APU 1.3%, 13 other parties 22.2%; seats by
party - PAIGC 45, PRS 35, PUSD 17, UE 2, APU 1

Guyana
unicameral National Assembly (68 seats, 65 elected by popular
vote, 1 elected Speaker of the National Assembly, and 2 nonvoting
members appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 19 March 2001 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PPP/C 34, PNC 27, GAP and WPA 2, ROAR 1, TUF 1

Haiti
bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale consists of
the Senate (27 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber
of Deputies (83 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms); note - the National Assembly stopped functioning
in January 2004 when the terms of all Deputies and two-thirds of
sitting Senators expired; no replacements have been elected; the
President is currently ruling by decree
elections: Senate - last held for two-thirds of seats 21 May 2000
with runoffs on 9 July boycotted by the opposition; seven seats
still disputed; election for remaining one-third held on 26 November
2000 (next to be held in 2005); Chamber of Deputies - last held 21
May 2000 with runoffs on 30 July boycotted by the opposition; one
vacant seat rerun 26 November 2000 (next to be held in November 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - FL 26, independent 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote
by party - NA%; seats by party - FL 73, MOCHRENA 3, PLB 2, OPL 1,
vacant 1, other minor parties and independents 3

Holy See (Vatican City)
unicameral Pontifical Commission

Honduras
unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (128
seats; members are elected proportionally to the number of votes
their party's presidential candidate receives to serve four-year
terms)
elections: last held 25 November 2001 (next to be held 27 November
2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PN 61, PL 55, PUD 5, PDC 4, PINU-SD 3

Hong Kong
unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (60 seats; in 2004
30 seats indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 30 elected
by popular vote; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 12 September 2004 (next to be held in September
2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - pro-democracy group
62%; seats by party - (pro-Beijing 34) DAB 12, Liberal Party 10,
independents 11, FTU 1; (pro-democracy 25) independents 11,
Democratic Party 9, CTU 2, ADPL 1, Frontier Party 1, NWSC 1; other 1

Hungary
unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats;
members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional
and direct representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 7 and 21 April 2002 (next to be held NA April
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote
required for parliamentary representation in the first round) -
Fidesz/MDF 48.70%, MSzP 46.11%, SzDSz 4.92%, other 0.27%; seats by
party - Fidesz 164, MSzP 178, MDF 24, SzDSz 20

Iceland
unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 10 May 2003 (next to be held by May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - Independence Party
33.7%, Social Democratic Alliance 31.0%, Progressive Party 17.7%,
Left-Green Alliance 8.8%, Liberal Party 7.4%; seats by party -
Independence Party 22, Social Democratic Alliance 20, Progressive
Party 12, Left-Green Alliance 5, Liberal Party 4

India
bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of
States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250
members, up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president, the
remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and
territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the
People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular
vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April through 10 May
2004 (next to be held 2009)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - INC 145, BJP 138, CPI(M) 43, SP 36, RJD 24,
BSP 19, DMK 16, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 9, JDU 8, SAD 8, PMK 6,
TDP 5, TRS 5, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, independents 5, other 30

Indonesia
unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms);
House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),
constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input
to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly
(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and
impeaching President and in amending constitution; consists of
popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate
national policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P
18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others
19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN
53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not
always follow the number of votes received by parties

Iran
unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or
Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats
with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 February 2004 with a runoff held 7 May 2004
(next to be held February 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party -
conservatives/Islamists 190, reformers 50, independents 43,
religious minorities 5, and 2 seats unaccounted for

Iraq
unicameral National Assembly or Mejlis Watani (consisting of
275 members elected by a closed-list, proportional-representation
system for the period between the National Assembly election and the
formation of a permanent Iraqi government pursuant to the
establishment of a permanent constitution)
elections: held 30 January 2005 to elect a 275-member Transitional
National Assembly that will draft a permanent constitution and pave
the way for new national elections at the end of 2005
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
United Iraqi Alliance 48.2%, Democratic Patriotic Alliance of
Kurdistan 25.7%, Iraqi List 13.8%, others 12.3%; number of seats by
party - United Iraqi Alliance 140, Democratic Patriotic Alliance of
Kurdistan 75, Iraqi List 40, others 20

Ireland
bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or
Seanad Eireann (60 seats - 49 elected by the universities and from
candidates put forward by five vocational panels, 11 are nominated
by the prime minister; members serve five-year terms) and the House
of Representatives or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members are elected
by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 16 and 17 July 2002 (next to be held
by July 2007); House of Representatives - last held 17 May 2002
(next to be held by May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Fianna Fail 30, Fine Gael 15, Labor Party 5, Progressive
Democrats 4, independents and others 6; House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - Fianna Fail 41.5%, Fine Gael 22.5%, Labor
Party 10.8%, Sinn Fein 6.5%, Progressive Democrats 4.0%, Green Party
3.8%, others 10.9%; seats by party - Fianna Fail 81, Fine Gael 31,
Labor Party 21, Progressive Democrats 8, Green Party 6, Sinn Fein 5,
others 14

Israel
unicameral Knesset (120 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 28 January 2003 (next scheduled to be held fall
of 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Likud Party 29.4%,
Labor 14.5%, Shinui 12.3%, Shas 8.2%, National Union 5.5%, Meretz
5.2%, United Torah Judaism 4.3%, National Religious Party 4.2%,
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3.0%, One Nation 2.8%,
National Democratic Assembly 2.3%, Yisra'el Ba'Aliya (YBA) 2.2%,
United Arab List 2.1%, Green Leaf Party 1.2%, Herut 1.2%, other
1.6%; seats by party - Likud 38, Labor 19, Shinui 15, Shas 11,
National Union 7, Meretz 6, National Religious Party 6, United Torah
Judaism 5, Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, One Nation 3,
National Democratic Assembly 3, YBA 2, United Arab List 2

Italy
bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or
Senato della Repubblica (315 seats elected by popular vote of which
232 are directly elected and 83 are elected by regional proportional
representation; in addition, there are a small number of
senators-for-life including former presidents of the republic;
members serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera
dei Deputati (630 seats; 475 are directly elected, 155 by regional
proportional representation; members serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held 2006);
Chamber of Deputies - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held May
2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - House of Liberties 172 (Forza Italia 77, National Alliance
47, UDC 31, Lega Padana 17), Olive Tree 108 (Democrats of the Left
63, Daisy Alliance 35, Greens 10), Per le Autonomie 10, other 25;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- House of Liberties 337 (Forza Italia 176, National Alliance 97,
UDC 36, Northern League 28), Olive Tree 214 (Democrats of the Left
135, Daisy Alliance 79), Rifondazione Communista (Italian Communist
Party) 11, other 68

Jamaica
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member
body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the
prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is
allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and
the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held in October
2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%;
seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26

Japan
bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of the House of Councillors
or Sangi-in (242 seats - members elected for six-year terms; half
reelected every three years; 144 members in multi-seat
constituencies and 98 by proportional representation) and the House
of Representatives or Shugi-in (480 seats - members elected for
four-year terms; 300 in single-seat constituencies; 180 members by
proportional representation in 11 regional blocs)
elections: House of Councillors - last held 11 July 2004 (next to be
held in July 2007); House of Representatives - last held 11
September 2005 (next election by September 2009)
election results: House of Councillors - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - LDP 115, DPJ 82, Komeito 24, JCP 9, SDP 5,
others 7; distribution of seats as of October 2004 - LDP 114, DPJ
84, Komeito 24, JCP 9, SDP 5, others 6
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - LDP 47.8%, DPJ
36.4%, others 15.8%; seats by party - LDP 296, DPJ 113, Komeito 31,
JCP 9, SDP 7, others 24 (2005)

Jersey
unicameral Assembly of the States (55 voting members - 12
senators (elected for 6-year terms), 12 constables or heads of
parishes (elected for 3-year terms), 29 deputies (elected for 3-year
terms); the bailiff and the deputy bailiff; and 3 non-voting members
- the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General, and the Solicitor
General all appointed by the monarch)
elections: last held NA (next to be held NA)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 53

Jordan
bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of
the Senate, also called the House of Notables (Majlis al-Ayan) (55
seats; members appointed by the monarch from designated categories
of public figures; members serve four-year terms) and the House of
Representatives, also called the House of Deputies (Majlis
al-Nuwaab) (110 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis
of proportional representation to serve four-year terms; note - six
seats are reserved for women and are allocated by a special
electoral panel if no women are elected)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 17 June 2003 (next
to be held NA 2007)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - independents and others 89.6%, Islamic Action Front (IAF)
10.4%; seats by party - independents and others 92, Islamic Action
Front 18; note - one of the six quota seats was given to a female
IAF candidate
note: the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved
by the monarch several times since 1974; in November 1989, the first
parliamentary elections in 22 years were held; political parties
were not legalized until 1992; King ABDALLAH delayed the 2001
elections until 2003

Kazakhstan
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (39 seats; 7
senators are appointed by the president; other members are popularly
elected, two from each of the 14 oblasts, the capital of Astana, and
the city of Almaty, to serve six-year terms; note - formerly
composed of 47 seats) and the Majilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77
Majilis members are elected from the winning party's lists; members
are popularly elected to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next to
be held December 2005); Majilis - last held 19 September and 3
October 2004 (next to be held September 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; candidates nominated by local councils; Majilis -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Otan 42, AIST 11,
ASAR (All Together) 4, Ak Zhol (Bright Path) 1, Democratic Party 1,
independent 18; note - most independent candidates are affiliated
with parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions

Kenya
unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (224 seats; 210 members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called
"nominated" members who are appointed by the president but selected
by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2
ex-officio members)
elections: last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held by early 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NARC 125, KANU 64, FORD-P 14, other 7; ex-officio 2; seats appointed
by the president - NARC 7, KANU 4, FORD-P 1

Kiribati
unicameral House of Parliament or Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (42
seats; 39 elected by popular vote, one ex officio member - the
attorney general, one appointed to represent Banaba, and one other;
members serve four-year terms)
elections: first round elections last held 29 November 2002; second
round elections held 6 December 2002 (next to be held by November
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
BTK 17, MTM 16, independents 7, other 2 (includes attorney general)
note: legislative elections were held in two rounds - the first
round on 9 May 2003 and the second round on 14 May 2003

Korea, North
unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin
Hoeui (687 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 3 August 2003 (next to be held in August 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
NA; ruling party approves a list of candidates who are elected
without opposition; some seats are held by minor parties

Korea, South
unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (299 seats -
members elected for four-year terms; 243 in single-seat
constituencies, 56 by proportional representation
elections: last held 15 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2008;
byelections held on 30 April 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - Uri 51%, GNP 41%, DLP
3%, DP 3%, others 2%; seats by party - Uri 146, GNP 125, DLP 10, DP
9, ULD 3, independents 6
note: percent of vote is for 2004 general election; seats by party
reflect results of 2005 byelections involving six seats; MDP became
DP in May 2005 (2005)

Kuwait
unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (50 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 6 July 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - Islamists 21,
government supporters 14, liberals 3, and independents 12; note -
all cabinet ministers are also ex officio members of the National
Assembly

Kyrgyzstan
bicameral Supreme Council or Jorgorku Kenesh consists of
the Assembly of People's Representatives (70 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the
Legislative Assembly (35 seats; members are elected by popular vote
to serve five-year terms); note - in accordance with a 2003
referendum, the Parliament is slated to become unicameral with 75
deputies after the 27 February 2005 elections
elections: Assembly of People's Representatives - last held 20
February and 12 March 2000; Legislative Assembly - last held 20
February and 12 March 2000; elections for the new unicameral body or
Jorgorku Kenesh were held 27 February 2005, but the vast majority of
positions remained undecided and were to be contested in a runoff
election scheduled for 13 March 2005; election irregularities caused
widespread protests that resulted in the president being forced to
flee the country; new legislative elections have not yet been
rescheduled
election results: Assembly of People's Representatives - percent of
vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; and Legislative Assembly -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - total
seats by party in the Supreme Council were as follows: Union of
Democratic Forces 12, Communists 6, My Country Party of Action 4,
independents 73, other 10
note: the legislature became bicameral for the 5 February 1995
elections; the 2000 election results include both the Assembly of
People's Representatives and the Legislative Assembly

Laos
unicameral National Assembly (109 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - total number of seats
increased from 99 to 109 for the 2002 election)
elections: last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held in 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
LPRP or LPRP-approved (independent, non-party members) 109

Latvia
unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members are
elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - JL 23.9%, PCTVL 18.9%,
TP 16.7%, ZZS 9.5%, First Party 7.6%, LNNK 5.4%; seats by party - JL
26, PCTVL 24, TP 21, ZZS 12, First Party 10, LNNK 7

Lebanon
unicameral National Assembly or Majlis Alnuwab (Arabic) or
Assemblee Nationale (French) (128 seats; members elected by popular
vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held in four rounds on 29 May, 5, 12, 19 June 2005
(next to be held 2009)
election results: percent of vote by group - NA; seats by group -
Future Movement Bloc 36; Democratic Gathering 15; Development and
Resistance Bloc 15; Loyalty to the Resistance 14; Free Patriotic
Movement 14; Lebanese Forces 6; Qornet Shewan 5; Popular Bloc 4;
Tripoli Independent Bloc 3; Syrian National Socialist Party 2;
Kataeb Reform Movement 2; Tachnaq Party 2; Democratic Renewal
Movement 1; Democratic Left 1; Nasserite Popular Movement 1; Ba'th
Party 1; Kataeb Party 1; independent 5

Lesotho
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22
principal chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party)
and the Assembly (120 seats, 80 by direct popular vote and 40 by
proportional vote; members elected by popular vote for five-year
terms); note - number of seats in the Assembly rose from 80 to 120
in the May 2002 election
elections: last held 25 May 2002 (next to be held May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - LCD 54%, BNP 21%, LPC
7%, other 18%; seats by party - LCD 76, BNP 21, LPC 5, other 18

Liberia
bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (26
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve nine-year terms) and
the House of Representatives (64 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held 11
October 2005); House of Representatives - last held 19 July 1997
(next to be held 11 October 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NPP 21, UP 3, ALCOP 2; House of Representatives - percent of
vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 49, UP 7, ALCOP 3,
Alliance of Political Parties 2, UPP 2, LPP 1

Libya
unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members
elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees)

Liechtenstein
unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members
are elected by direct, popular vote under proportional
representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 11 and 13 March 2005 (next to be held by NA
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 48.7%, VU 38.2%, FL
13%; seats by party - FBP 12, VU 10, FL 3

Lithuania
unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats, 71 members are
directly elected by popular vote, 70 are elected by proportional
representation; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 10 and 24 October 2004 (next to be held October
2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - Labor 28.6%, Working
for Lithuania (Social Democrats and Social Liberals) 20.7%, Homeland
Union (Conservatives) 14.6%, For Order and Justice (Liberal
Democrats and Lithuanian People's Union) 11.4%, Liberal and Center
Union 9.1%, Union of Farmers and New Democracy 6.6%; seats by
faction - Labor 39, Homeland Union 25, Social Democrats 20, Liberal
and Center Union 18, Social Liberals 11, Union of Farmers and New
Democracy Parties 10, Liberal Democrats 10, Electoral Action 2,
independents 6

Luxembourg
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60
seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 13 June 2004 (next to be held by June 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 36.1%, LSAP 23.4%,
DP 16.1%, Green Party 11.6%, ADR 10%; seats by party - CSV 24, LSAP
14, DP 10, Green Party 7, ADR 5
note: there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory
body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21 members
appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister

Macau
unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (29 seats; 12 elected
by popular vote, 10 by indirect vote, and seven appointed by the
chief executive; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 26 September 2005 (next in September 2009)
election results: percent of vote - Development Union 12.8%, Macau
Development Alliance 9%, Macau United Citizens' Association 16%, New
Democratic Macau Association 18.2%, others na; seats by political
group - Development Union 2, Macau Development Alliance 1, Macau
United Citizens' Association 2, New Democratic Macau Association 2,
New Hope 1, Union Forces 2, others 2; 10 seats filled by
professional and business groups; seven members appointed by chief
executive

Macedonia
unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (120 seats - members
elected by popular vote from party lists based on the percentage of
the overall vote the parties gain in each of six electoral
districts; all serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Together for Macedonia coalition 60 (SDSM 43, LDP 12, others 5),
VMRO-DPMNE 33 (VMRO 28 and LDT 5), Democratic Union for Integration
16, Democratic Party of Albanians 7, Party for Democratic Prosperity
2, National Democratic Party 1, Socialist Party of Macedonia 1

Madagascar
bicameral legislature consists of a National Assembly or
Assemblee Nationale (160 seats; members are directly elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms) and a Senate or Senat (100
seats; two-thirds of the seats filled by regional assemblies whose
members will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of
the seats appointed by the president; all members will serve
four-year terms)
elections: National Assembly - last held 15 December 2002 (next to
be held NA 2006)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - TIM 103, FP 22, AREMA 3, LEADER/Fanilo 2, RPSD
5, others 3, independents 22

Malawi
unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 20 May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
UDF 74, MCP 60, Independents 24, RP 16, others 18, vacancies 1

Malaysia
bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of the Senate or
Dewan Negara (70 seats; 44 appointed by the paramount ruler, 26
appointed by the state legislatures) and the House of
Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (219 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 21 March 2004 (next
must be held by 2009)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - BN 91%, DAP 5%, PAS 3%, other 1%; seats by party - BN 199,
DAP 12, PAS 6, PKR 1, independent 1

Maldives
unicameral People's Council or Majlis (50 seats; 42 elected
by popular vote, 8 appointed by the president; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 22 January 2005 (next to be held NA 2010)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 50

Mali
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 July and 28 July 2002 (next to be held July
2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Hope 2002 coalition 66, ADEMA 51, other 30

Malta
unicameral House of Representatives (usually 65 seats; note -
additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular
vote to ensure a legislative majority; members are elected by
popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held by April 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - PN 51.7%, MLP 47.6%, AD
0.7%; seats by party - PN 34, MLP 31

Man, Isle of
bicameral Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council
(an 11-member body composed of the President of Tynwald, the Lord
Bishop of Sodor and Man, a nonvoting attorney general, and 8 others
named by the House of Keys) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Keys - last held 22 November 2001 (next to be
held November 2006)
election results: House of Keys - percent of vote by party - Man
Labor Party 17.3%, Alliance for Progressive Government 14.6%; seats
by party - Man Labor Party 2, Alliance for Progressive Government 3,
independents 19

Marshall Islands
unicameral Parliament or Nitijela (33 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 17 November 2003 (next to be held not later
than November 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
note: the Council of Chiefs is a 12-member body that advises on
matters affecting customary law and practice

Martinique
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (45 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a
unicameral Regional Assembly or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be
held NA 2006); Regional Assembly - last held on 28 March 2004 (next
to be held by March 2010)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - left-wing candidates 13, PPM 11, RPR 6, right-wing
candidates 5, PCM 3, UDF 3, PMS 2, independents 2; note - the PPM
won a plurality; Regional Assembly (second round) - percent of vote
by party - MIM 53.8%, PPM 30.6%; seats by party - MIM 28, PPM 9,
other 4
note: Martinique elects 2 seats to the French Senate; elections last
held NA September 2001 (next to be held September 2004); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPM 2; Martinique
also elects 4 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last
held, first round - 9 June 2002, second round - 16 June 2002 (next
to be held not later than June 2007); results - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, PS 1, MIM 1, left-wing
candidate 1 (candidacy of the left-wing candidate was found invalid
by the Constitutional Council; new elections will be called)

Mauritania
bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis
al-Shuyukh (56 seats, a part of the seats up for election every two
years; members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms)
and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (81 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 9 and 16 April 2004 (next to be held
April 2006); National Assembly - last held 19 and 26 October 2001
(next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PRDS 79%,
RDU 3.5%, UDP 3.5%, AC 5%, UFP 3.5%, FP 1.5%; seats by party - PRDS
64, UDP 3, RDU 3, AC 4, RFD 3, UFP 3, and FP 1

Mauritius
unicameral National Assembly (66 seats; 62 elected by
popular vote, 4 appointed by the election commission from the losing
political parties to give representation to various ethnic
minorities; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 11 September 2000 (next to be held September
2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - MSM/MMM 52.3%, MLP/PMSD
36.9%, OPR 10.8%; seats by party - MSM/MMM 54, MLP/PMSD 6, OPR 2

Mayotte
unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 21 and 28 March 2004 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - MDM 23.3%, UMP 22.8%,
PS 10.2%, MRC 8.9%, FRAP 6.5%, MPM 1.2%; seats by party - MDM 6, UMP
9, MRC 2, MPM 1, diverse left 1
note: Mayotte elects one member of the French Senate; elections last
held 24 September 2001 (next to be held September 2007); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Mayotte also
elects one member to the French National Assembly; elections last
held 16 June 2002 (next to be held as a special election in June
2005); results - percent of vote by party - UMP-RPR 55.08%, UDF
44.92%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1

Mexico
bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists
of the Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 are elected by
popular vote to serve six-year terms, and 32 are allocated on the
basis of each party's popular vote) and the Federal Chamber of
Deputies or Camara Federal de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members are
directly elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms;
remaining 200 members are allocated on the basis of each party's
popular vote, also for three-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 July 2000 for all of the seats (next
to be held 2 July 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 July 2003
(next to be held 2 July 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PRI 60, PAN 46, PRD 16, PVEM 5, unassigned 1; Chamber of
Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRI 222,
PAN 151, PRD 95, PVEM 17, PT 6, CD 5, unassigned 4; note - special
elections were held in December 2003; the PRI and the PRD each won
one seat and were each assigned one additional proportional
representation seat

Micronesia, Federated States of unicameral Congress (14 seats; four - one elected from each state to serve four-year terms and 10 - elected from single-member districts delineated by population to serve two-year terms; members elected by popular vote) elections: elections for four-year term seats last held 4 March 2003 (next to be held March 2007); elections for two-year term seats last held 8 March 2005 (next to be held March 2007) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 14

Moldova
unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and
electoral blocs elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 6 March 2005 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - PCRM 46.1%, Democratic
Moldova Bloc 28.4%, PPCD 9.1%, other parties 16.4%; seats by party -
PCRM 56, Democratic Moldova Bloc 34, PPCD 11

Monaco
unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16
members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional
representation; to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held February 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
UNAM 21, UND 3

Mongolia
unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms
elections: last held 27 June 2004 (next to be held in June 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPRP 48.78%, MDC 44.8%,
independents 3.5%, Republican Party 1.5%, others 1.42%; seats by
party - MPRP 36, MDC 34, others 4; note - following June 2004
election, two seats in dispute and unoccupied

Montserrat
unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 9 popularly
elected; members serve five-year terms)
note: expanded in 2001 from 7 to 9 elected members with attorney
general and financial secretary sitting as ex-officio members
elections: last held April 2001 (next to be held by November 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NPLM 7, NPP 2
note: in 2001, the Elections Commission instituted a single
constituency/voter-at-large system whereby all eligible voters cast
ballots for all nine seats of the Legislative Council

Morocco
bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Chamber
of Counselors (270 seats; members elected indirectly by local
councils, professional organizations, and labor syndicates for
nine-year terms; one-third of the members are renewed every three
years) and a lower house or Chamber of Representatives (325 seats;
295 by multi-seat constituencies and 30 from national lists of
women; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Counselors - last held 6 October 2003 (next to
be held NA 2006); Chamber of Representatives - last held 27
September 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: Chamber of Counselors - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - RNI 42, MDS 33, UC 28, MP 27, PND 21, PI 21,
USFP 16, MNP 15, PA 13, FFD 12, other 42; Chamber of Representatives
- percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - USFP 50, PI 48,
PJD 42, RNI 41, MP 27, MNP 18, UC 16, PND 12, PPS 11, UD 10, other 50

Mozambique
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da
Republica (250 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote
on a secret ballot to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 1-2 December 2004 (next to be held December
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Frelimo 62%, Renamo
29.7%; seats by party - Frelimo 160, Renamo 90

Namibia
bicameral legislature consists of the National Council (26
seats; two members are chosen from each regional council to serve
six-year terms) and the National Assembly (72 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: National Council - elections for regional councils, to
determine members of the National Council, held 15-16 November 2004
(next to be held November 2009); National Assembly - last held 15-16
November 2004 (next to be held November 2009)
election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - SWAPO 55, COD 5, DTA 4, UDF 3, MAG 1, other 4
note: the National Council is primarily an advisory body

Nauru
unicameral Parliament (18 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 3 May 2003 (next to be held not later than May
2006)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - Nauru First Party
3, independents 15

Nepal

bicameral Parliament consists of the National Council (60 seats; 35
appointed by the House of Representatives, 10 by the king, and 15
elected by an electoral college; one-third of the members elected
every two years to serve six-year terms) and the House of
Representatives (205 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 3 and 17 May 1999
(next election NA); note - Nepal's Parliament was dissolved on 22
May 2002
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - NC 37.3%, CPN/UML 31.6%, NDP 10.4%, NSP 3.2%, Rastriya Jana
Morcha 1.4%, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 0.8%, NWPP 0.5%, others 14.8%;
seats by party - NC 113, CPN/UML 69, NDP 11, NSP 5, Rastriya Jana
Morcha 5, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 1, NWPP 1

Netherlands
bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of
the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly
elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms)
and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held
May 2007); Second Chamber - last held 22 January 2003 (next to be
held May 2007)
election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - CDA 23, PvdA 19, VVD 15, Green Party 5, Socialist
Party 4, D66 3, other 6; Second Chamber - percent of vote by party -
CDA 28.6%, PvdA 27.3%, VVD 12.9%, Socialist Party 6.3%, List Pim
Fortuyn 5.7%, Green Party 5.1%, D66 4.1%; seats by party - CDA 44,
PvdA 42, VVD 28, Socialist Party 9, List Pim Fortuyn 8, Green Party
8, D66 6, other 5

Netherlands Antilles
unicameral States or Staten (22 seats - Curacao
14, Bonaire 3, St. Maarten 3, St. Eustatius 1, Saba 1; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 18 January 2002 (next to be held in 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PAR 4, PNP 3, PLKP 2, DP St. M 2, UP Bonaire 2, WIPM 1, DP
note: the government of Prime Minister Etienne YS is a coalition of
several parties; current government formed after collapse of FOL led
government on 4 April 2004

New Caledonia
unicameral Territorial Congress or Congres Territorial
(54 seats; members belong to the three Provincial Assemblies or
Assemblees Provinciales elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
elections: last held 9 May 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPCR-UMP 16, AE 16, UNI-FLNKS 8, UC 7, FN 4, others 3
note: New Caledonia currently holds 1 seat in the French Senate;
elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held not later
than September 2007; between now and 2010 New Caledonia will gain a
second seat in the French Senate); results - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA; New Caledonia also elects 2 seats
to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 and 16 June
2002 (next to be held by June 2007); results - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 2

New Zealand
unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called
Parliament (120 seats; 69 members elected by popular vote in
single-member constituencies including 7 Maori constituencies, and
51 proportional seats chosen from party lists, all to serve
three-year terms)
elections: last held 17 September 2005 (next to be held not later
than 15 November 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NZLP 41.1%, NP 39.1%,
NZFP 5.72%, Green Party 5.3%, Maori 2.12%, UF 2.67%, ACT New Zealand
1.51%, Progressive 1.16%; seats by party - NZLP 50, NP 48, NZFP 7,
Green Party 6, Maori 4, UF 3, ACT New Zealand 2, Progressive 1
note: results of 2005 election saw the total number of seats
increase to 121 because the Maori Party won one more electorate seat
than its entitlement under the party vote

Nicaragua
unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (92
seats; members are elected by proportional representation and party
lists to serve five-year terms; one seat for previous President, one
seat for runner-up in previous Presidential election
elections: last held 4 November 2001 (next to be held by November
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance
(ruling party - includes PCCN, PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%,
FSLN 36.55%, PCN 2.12%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 53, FSLN
38, PCN 1

Niger
unicameral National Assembly (113 seats; note - expanded from
83 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)
elections: last held 4 December 2004 (next to be held December 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
MNSD 47, CDS 22, PNDS 17, RSD 7, RDP 6, ANDP 5, Party for Socialism
and Democracy in Niger 1, other 8

Nigeria
bicameral National Assembly consists of Senate (109 seats -
3 from each state plus one from Abuja, members elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (346
seats, members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held NA
2007); House of Representatives - last held 12 April 2003 (next to
be held NA 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 53.7%,
ANPP 27.9%, AD 9.7%; seats by party - PDP 76, ANPP 27, AD 6; House
of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.5%, ANPP
27.4%, AD 8.8%, other 9.3%; seats by party - PDP 223, ANPP 96, AD
34, other 6; note - one seat is vacant

Niue
unicameral Legislative Assembly (20 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve three-year terms; six elected from a common
roll and 14 are village representatives)
elections: last held 30 April 2005 (next to be held April 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA

Norfolk Island
unicameral Legislative Assembly (9 seats; members
elected by electors who have nine equal votes each but only four
votes can be given to any one candidate; members serve three-year
terms)
elections: last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held by December
2007)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9
(note - no political parties)

Northern Mariana Islands
bicameral Legislature consists of the
Senate (9 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year staggered terms) and the House of Representatives (18
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 1 November 2003 (next to be held 5
November 2005); House of Representatives - last held 1 November 2003
(next to be held 5 November 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - Covenant Party 9, Republican Party 7,
Democratic Party 1, independent 1
note: the Northern Mariana Islands does not have a nonvoting
delegate in the US Congress; instead, it has an elected official or
"resident representative" located in Washington, DC; seats by party
- Republican Party 1 (Pedro A. TENORIO)

Norway
modified unicameral Parliament or Storting (169 seats;
members are elected by popular vote by proportional representation
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 12 September 2005 (next to be held September
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Labor Party 32.7%,
Progress Party 22.1%, Conservative Party 14.1%, Socialist Left Party
8.8%, Christian People's Party 6.8%, Center Party 6.5%, Liberal
Party 5.9%, Red Electoral Alliance 1.2%, other 1.9%; seats by party
- Labor Party 61, Progress Party 38, Conservative Party 23,
Socialist Left Party 15, Christian People's Party 11, Center Party
11, Liberal Party 10
note: for certain purposes, the parliament divides itself into two
chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership to an upper house
or Lagting

Oman
bicameral Majlis Oman consists of an upper chamber or Majlis
al-Dawla (58 seats; members appointed by the monarch; has advisory
powers only) and a lower chamber or Majlis al-Shura (83 seats;
members elected by universal suffrage for four-year term; body has
some limited power to propose legislation, but otherwise has only
advisory powers)
elections: last held 4 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: NA

Pakistan
bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the
Senate (100 seats - formerly 87; members indirectly elected by
provincial assemblies to serve four-year terms; and the National
Assembly (342 seats - formerly 217; 60 seats represent women; 10
seats represent minorities; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 24 and 27 February 2003 (next to be
held by February 2007); National Assembly - last held 10 October
2002 (next to be held by October 2006)
election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - PML/Q 40, PPPP 11, MMA 21, MQM/A 6, PML/N 4, NA 3,
PML/F 1, PkMAP 2, ANP 2, PPP/S 2, JWP 1, BNP-Awami 1, BNP-Mengal 1,
BNM/H 1, independents 4; National Assembly results - percent of
votes by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63,
PML/N 19, MQM/A 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1,
PAT 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, MQM/H 1, PkMAP 1, independents 3

Palau
bicameral Parliament or Olbiil Era Kelulau (OEK) consists of
the Senate (9 seats; members elected by popular vote on a population
basis to serve four-year terms) and the House of Delegates (16
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2008); House of Delegates - last held 2 November 2004 (next
to be held November 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote - NA%; seats -
independents 9 (four new members elected); House of Delegates -
percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 16 (one new member
elected)

Panama
unicameral National Assembly (formerly called Legislative
Assembly) or Asamblea Nacional (78 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - in 2009, the number of
seats will change to 71)
elections: last held 2 May 2004 (next to be held 3 May 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PRD 40, PA 17, PS 8, MOLIRENA 3, CD 2, PP 2, PLN 1, other 5
note: legislators from outlying rural districts are chosen on a
plurality basis while districts located in more populous towns and
cities elect multiple legislators by means of a proportion-based
formula

Papua New Guinea
unicameral National Parliament - sometimes referred
to as the House of Assembly (109 seats, 89 elected from open
electorates and 20 from provincial electorates; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 15-29 June 2002 and April and May 2003;
completed in May 2003 (voting in the Southern Highlands was not
completed during the June 2002 election period); next to be held not
later than June 2007
election results: percent of vote by party - National Alliance 18%,
URP 13%, PDM 12%, PPP 8%, Pangu 6%, PAP 5%, PLP 4%, others 34%;
seats by party - National Alliance 19, URP 14, PDM 13, PPP 8, PANGU
6, PAP 5, PLP 4, others 40; note - association with political
parties is fluid (2003)

Paraguay
bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Chamber of
Senators or Camara de Senadores (45 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies
or Camara de Diputados (80 seats; members are elected by popular
vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 27 April 2003 (next to be
held April 2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held 27 April 2003
(next to be held April 2008)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - ANR 16, PLRA 12, UNACE 7, PQ 7, PPS 2, PEN 1;
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- ANR 37, PLRA 21, UNACE 10, PQ 10, PPS 2

Peru
unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la
Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote
to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - PP 26.3%, APRA 19.7%,
UN 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - PP 47, APRA 28,
UN 17, FIM 11, others 17

Philippines
bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or
Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three years; members
elected at large by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the
House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (212 members
representing districts plus 24 sectoral party-list members; members
elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note - the
Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more
than 250 members)
elections: Senate - last held 10 May 2004 (next to be held in May
2007); House of Representatives - elections last held 10 May 2004
(next to be held in May 2007)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - Lakas 30%, LP
13%, KNP 13%, independents 17%, others 27%; seats by party - Lakas
7, LP 3, KNP (coalition) 3, independents 4, others 6; note - there
are 23 rather than 24 sitting senators because one senator was
elected Vice President; 14 senators are pro-government, 9 are in
opposition; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - Lakas 93, NPC 53, LP 34, LDP 11, others 20;
party-listers 24; note - there are 211 rather than 212 sitting
representatives because one was appointed Secretary of Tourism (2004)

Pitcairn Islands
unicameral Island Council (10 seats - 5 elected by
popular vote, 1 nominated by the 5 elected members, 2 appointed by
the governor including 1 seat for the Island Secretary, the Island
Mayor, and a commissioner liaising between the governor and council;
elected members serve one-year terms)
elections: last held 15 December 2004 (next to be held December 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Poland
bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house, the
Senate or Senat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote
on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and a lower house,
the Sejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of
proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the
designation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only
used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly
elections: Senate - last held 25 September 2005 (next to be held by
September 2009); Sejm elections last held September 25 2005 (next to
be held by September 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - PiS 49, PO 34, LPR 7, SO 3, PSL 2, independents 5; Sejm -
percent of vote by party - PiS 27%, PO 24.1%, SO 11.4%, SLD 11.3%,
LPR 8%, PSL 7%, other 11.2%; seats by party - PiS 155, PO 133, SO
56, SLD 55, LPR 34, PSL 25, German minorities 2
note: two seats are assigned to ethnic minority parties in the Sejm
only

Portugal
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da
Republica (230 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 February 2005 (next to be held February
2009); note - President SAMPAIO called for early elections after
dissolving parliament on 10 December 2004 because he lacked
confidence in the four-month center-right government
election results: percent of vote by party - PS 45.1%, PSD 28.7%,
CDU 7.6%, PP 7.3%, BE 6.4%; seats by party - PS 121, PSD 75, CDU 14,
PP 12, BE 8

Puerto Rico
bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate
(at least 27 seats - currently 29; members are directly elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of
Representatives (51 seats; members are directly elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2008); House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PNP 43.4%, PPD
40.3%, PIP 9.4%; seats by party - PNP 17, PPD 9, PIP 1; House of
Representatives - percent of vote by party - PNP 46.3%, PPD 43.1%,
PIP 9.7%; seats by party - PNP 32, PPD 18, PIP 1
note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissioner
to serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the US
House of Representatives; aside from not voting on the House floor,
he enjoys all the rights of a member of Congress; elections last
held 2 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008); results -
percent of vote by party - PNP 48.6%; seats by party - PNP 1; Luis
FORTUNO elected resident commissioner

Qatar
unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (35 seats;
members appointed)
note: no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there
were partial elections to the body; Council members have had their
terms extended every four years since; the new constitution, which
came into force on 8 June 2004, provides for a 45-member
Consultative Council, or Majlis al-Shura; the public would elect
two-thirds of the Majlis al-Shura; the amir would appoint the
remaining members

Reunion
unicameral General Council (49 seats; members are elected by
direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral
Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct, popular
vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: General Council - last held 15 and 22 March 1998 (next to
be held NA); Regional Council - last held 28 March 2004 (next to be
held NA 2010)
election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - various right-wing candidates 13, PCR 10, PS 10,
UDF 8, RPR 6, other left-wing candidates 2; Regional Council (second
round) - percent of vote by party - PCR 44.9%, UMP 32.8%, PS-Greens
22.3%; seats by party - PCR 27, UMP 11, PS-Greens 7
note: Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate;
elections last held NA 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Reunion also
elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last
held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, UMP 1,
PCR 1

Romania
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or
Senat (137 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a
proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the
Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (332 seats; members are
elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation
basis to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 28 November 2004 (next to be held 28
November 2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held 28 November 2004
(next to be held 28 November 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party -
PSD-PUR 37.1%, PNL-PD 31.8%, PRM 13.6%, UDMR 6.2%; seats by party -
PSD 46, PNL 28, PD 21, PRM 21, PUR 11, UMDR 10; Chamber of Deputies
- percent of vote by alliance/party - PSD-PUR 36.6%, PNL-PD 31.3%%,
PRM 12.9%, UDMR 6.2%; seats by party - PSD 113, PNL 64, PD 48, PRM
48, UDMR 22, PUR 19, ethnic minorities 18

Russia
bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists
of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July
2000, members appointed by the top executive and legislative
officials in each of the 89 federal administrative units - oblasts,
krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal
cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year
terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats;
currently 225 seats elected by proportional representation from
party lists winning at least 5% of the vote, and 225 seats from
single-member constituencies; members are elected by direct, popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 7 December 2003 (next to be held
NA December 2007)
election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by parties
clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of
the 225 party list seats - United Russia 37.1%, CPRF 12.7%, LDPR
11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats by party - United Russia 222, CPRF 53,
LDPR 38, Motherland 37, People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, SPS 2, other
7, independents 65, repeat election required 3

Rwanda
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53
seats; members elected by direct vote)
elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held Chamber of
Deputies - NA 2008; Senate - NA 2011)
election results: seats by party under the 2003 Constitution - RPF
40, PSD 7, PL 6

Saint Helena
unicameral Legislative Council (16 seats, including the
speaker, 3 ex officio and 12 elected members; members are elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 June 2001 (next to be held June 2005)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Saint Kitts and Nevis
unicameral National Assembly (14 seats, 3
appointed and 11 popularly elected from single-member
constituencies; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 25 October 2004 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
SKNLP 7, CCM 2, NRP 1, PAM 1

Saint Lucia
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (11 seats;
six members appointed on the advice of the prime minister, three on
the advice of the leader of the opposition, and two after
consultation with religious, economic, and social groups) and the
House of Assembly (17 seats; members are elected by popular vote
from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Assembly - last held 3 December 2001 (next to be
held in December 2006)
election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - SLP
55%, UWP 37%, NA 3.5%; seats by party - SLP 14, UWP 3

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
unicameral General Council or Conseil
General (19 seats - 15 from Saint Pierre and 4 from Miquelon;
members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
elections: elections last held 19 and 26 March 2000 (next to be held
NA April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
PS 12, PRG 2, UDF-RPR 5
note: Saint Pierre and Miquelon elect 1 seat to the French Senate;
elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September
2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPR 1; Saint Pierre and Miquelon also elects 1 seat to the French
National Assembly; elections last held, first round - 9 June 2002,
second round - 16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UDF 1

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines unicameral House of Assembly (21 seats, 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators; representatives are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 28 March 2001 (next to be held by July 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ULP 12, NDP 3

Samoa
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (49 seats - 47 elected
by voters affiliated with traditional village-based electoral
districts, 2 elected by independent, mostly non-Samoan or
part-Samoan, voters who cannot, (or choose not to) establish a
village affiliation; only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to
the Fono from the 47 village-based electorates; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: election last held 3 March 2001 (next election to be held
not later than March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
HRPP 30, SNDP 13, independents 6

San Marino
unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande
e Generale (60 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 10 June 2001 (next to be held by June 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - PDCS 41.4%, PSS 24.2%,
PD 20.8%, APDS 8.2%, RC 3.4%, AN 1.9%; seats by party - PDCS 25, PSS
15, PD 12, APDS 5, RC 2, AN 1

Sao Tome and Principe
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia
Nacional (55 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 3 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MLSTP 39.6%, Force for
Change Democratic Movement 39.4%, Ue-Kedadji coalition 16.2%; seats
by party - MLSTP 24, Force for Change Democratic Movement 23,
Ue-Kedadji coalition 8

Saudi Arabia
Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (120 members
and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms)

Senegal
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120
seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001,
had 140 seats
elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10

Serbia and Montenegro
unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian,
35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for
the first two years, after which the Constitutional Charter calls
for direct elections
elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Serbian parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13, G17 Plus 12, SPO-NS 8, SPS
8; Montenegrin parties: DPS 15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS 2, LSCG 2

Seychelles
unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34
seats - 25 elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional
basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote; members serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 4-6 December 2002 (next to be held by 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - SPPF 54.3%, SNP 42.6%,
DP 3.1%; seats by party - SPPF 23, SNP 11
note: the 9 awarded seats are apportioned according to the
percentage that each party won of the total vote

Sierra Leone
unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by
popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate
elections; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held May 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 70.06%, APC
22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83, APC 27, PLP 2

Singapore
unicameral Parliament (84 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - in addition, there
are up to nine nominated members; the losing opposition candidate
who came closest to winning a seat may be appointed as a
"nonconstituency" member
elections: last held 3 November 2001 (next to be held not later than
25 June 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 75.3% (in contested
constituencies), other 24.7%; seats by party - PAP 82, WP 1, SPP 1

Slovakia
unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic or
Narodna Rada Slovenskej Republiky (150 seats; members are elected on
the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 20-21 September 2002 (next to be held September
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - HZDS-LS 19.5%, SDKU
15.1%, Smer 13.5%, SMK 11.2%, KDH 8.3%, ANO 8%, KSS 6.3%; seats by
party - governing coalition 69 (SDKU 22, SMK 20, KDH 15, ANO 12),
opposition 81 (HZDS 26, Smer 25, KSS 9, Free Forum 6, People's Union
5, and independents 10)

Slovenia
bicameral Parliament consisting of a National Assembly or
Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 40 are directly elected and 50 are selected
on a proportional basis; note - the numbers of directly elected and
proportionally elected seats varies with each election; members are
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the National
Council or Drzavni Svet (this is primarily an advisory body
organized on corporatist principles with limited legislative powers;
it may propose laws, ask to review any National Assembly decisions,
and call national referenda; members are indirectly elected to
five-year terms by an electoral college)
elections: National Assembly - last held 3 October 2004 (next to be
held October 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - SDS 29.1%, LDS 22.8%,
ZLSD 10.2%, NSi 9%, SLS 6.8%, SNS 6.3%, DeSUS 4.1%, other 11.7%;
seats by party - SDS 29, LDS 23, ZLSD 10, NSi 9, SLS 7, SNS 6, DeSUS
4, Hungarian and Italian minorities 1 each

Solomon Islands
unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members
elected from single-member constituencies by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 5 December 2001 (next to be held not later than
December 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 40%, SIACC 40%, PPP
20%; seats by party - PAP 16, SIACC 13, PPP 2, SILP 1, independents
18

Somalia
unicameral National Assembly
note: fledgling parliament; a 275-member Transitional Federal
Assembly; the new parliament consists of 61 seats assigned to each
of four large clan groups (Darod, Digil-Mirifle, Dir, and Hawiye)
with the remaining 31 seats divided between minority clans

South Africa
bicameral Parliament consisting of the National
Assembly (400 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a
system of proportional representation to serve five-year terms) and
the National Council of Provinces (90 seats, 10 members elected by
each of the nine provincial legislatures for five-year terms; has
special powers to protect regional interests, including the
safeguarding of cultural and linguistic traditions among ethnic
minorities); note - following the implementation of the new
constitution on 3 February 1997 the former Senate was disbanded and
replaced by the National Council of Provinces with essentially no
change in membership and party affiliations, although the new
institution's responsibilities have been changed somewhat by the new
constitution
elections: National Assembly and National Council of Provinces -
last held 14 April 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - ANC
69.7%, DA 12.4%, IFP 7%, UDM 2.3%, NNP 1.7%, ACDP 1.6%, other 5.3%;
seats by party - ANC 279, DA 50, IFP 28, UDM 9, NNP 7, ACDP 6, other
21; National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - NA

Spain
bicameral; General Courts or National Assembly or Las Cortes
Generales consists of the Senate or Senado (259 seats - 208 members
directly elected by popular vote and the other 51 appointed by the
regional legislatures to serve four-year terms) and the Congress of
Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; members are
elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional
representation to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 14 March 2004 (next to be held March
2008); Congress of Deputies - last held 14 March 2004 (next to be
held March 2008)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PP 49%, PSOE
38.9%, Entesa Catalona de Progress 5.7%, CiU 1.99%, PNV 2.8%, CC
1.4%; seats by party - PP 102, PSOE 81, Entesa Catalona de Progress
12, CiU 4, PNV 6, CC 3; Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by
party - PSOE 43.3%, PP 37.8%, CiU 3.2%, ERC 2.5%, PNV 1.6%, IU 3.2%,
CC 0.9%; seats by party - PSOE 164, PP 148, CiU 10, ERC 8, PNV 7, IU
2, CC 3, other 8

Sri Lanka
unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by
popular vote on the basis of a modified proportional representation
system by district to serve six-year terms)
elections: last held 2 April 2004 (next to be held by 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party or electoral alliance -
SLFP and JVP 45.6%, UNP 37.83%, TNA 6.84%, JHU 5.97%, SLMC 2.02%,
UPF 0.54%, EPDP 0.27%, others 0.93%; seats by party or electoral
alliance - SLFP and JVP 105, UNP 82, TNA 22, JHU 9, SLMC 5, UPF 1,
EPDP 1

Sudan
unicameral National Assembly (360 seats; 270 popularly
elected, 90 elected by supra assembly of interest groups known as
National Congress; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 13-22 December 2000 (next to be held NA)
election results: NCP 355, others 5

Suriname
unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 25 May 2005 (next to be held May 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - NF 41.2%, NDP 23.1%,
VVV 14.5%, A-Com 7.3%, A1 6.2%, other 5.9%; seats by party - NF 23,
NDP 15, VVV 5, A-Com 5, A1 3

Swaziland
bicameral Parliament or Libandla, an advisory body,
consists of the Senate (30 seats - 10 appointed by the House of
Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; members serve five-year
terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats - 10 appointed by the
monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; members serve five-year
terms)
elections: House of Assembly - last held 18 October 2003 (next to be
held October 2008)
election results: House of Assembly - balloting is done on a
nonparty basis; candidates for election are nominated by the local
council of each constituency and for each constituency the three
candidates with the most votes in the first round of voting are
narrowed to a single winner by a second round

Sweden
unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are
elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to
serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held September
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 39.8%,
Moderates 15.2%, Liberal Party 13.3%, Christian Democrats 9.1%, Left
Party 8.3%, Center Party 6.1%, Greens 4.6%; seats by party - Social
Democrats 144, Moderates 55, Liberal Party 48, Christian Democrats
33, Left Party 30, Center Party 22, Greens 17

Switzerland
bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung (in
German), Assemblee Federale (in French), Assemblea Federale (in
Italian) consists of the Council of States or Standerat (in German),
Conseil des Etats (in French), Consiglio degli Stati (in Italian)
(46 seats - members serve four-year terms) and the National Council
or Nationalrat (in German), Conseil National (in French), Consiglio
Nazionale (in Italian) (200 seats - members are elected by popular
vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year
terms)
elections: Council of States - last held in most cantons 19 October
2003 (each canton determines when the next election will be held);
National Council - last held 19 October 2003 (next to be held
October 2007)
election results: Council of States - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - CVP 15, FDP 14, SVP 8, SPS 6, other 3;
National Council - percent of vote by party - SVP 26.6%, SPS 23.3%,
FDP 17.3%, CVP 14.4%, Greens 7.4%, other small parties all under 5%;
seats by party - SVP 55, SPS 54, FDP 36, CVP 28, Green Party 13,
other small parties 14

Syria
unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 2-3 March 2003 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NPF 67%, independents
33%; seats by party - NPF 167, independents 83; note - the
constitution guarantees that the Ba'th Party (part of the NPF
alliance) receives one-half of the seats

Taiwan
unicameral Legislative Yuan (225 seats - 168 elected by
popular vote, 41 elected on basis of proportion of islandwide votes
received by participating political parties, 8 elected from overseas
Chinese constituencies on basis of proportion of island-wide votes
received by participating political parties, 8 elected by popular
vote among aboriginal populations; members serve three-year terms)
and unicameral National Assembly (300 seat nonstanding body;
delegates nominated by parties and elected by proportional
representation six to nine months after Legislative Yuan calls to
amend Constitution, impeach president, or change national borders)
note: as a result of constitutional amendments approved by the
National Assembly on 7 June 2005, the number of seats in the
legislature will be reduced from 225 to 113 beginning with the
election in 2007; the amendments also eliminate the National
Assembly, thus giving Taiwan a unicameral legislature
elections: Legislative Yuan - last held 11 December 2004 (next to be
held in December 2007); National Assembly - last held 14 May 2005
election results: Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - DPP
38%, KMT 35%, PFP 15%, TSU 8%, other parties and independents 4%;
seats by party - DPP 89, KMT 79, PFP 34, TSU 12, other parties 7,
independents 4; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - DPP
42.5%, KMT 38.9%, TSU 7%, PFP 6%, others 6.6%; seats by party - DPP
127, KMT 117, TSU 21, PFP 18, others 17 (2005)

Tajikistan
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the
Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyandagon
(63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms) and the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy
(33 seats; members are indirectly elected, 25 selected by local
deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 February and 13 March 2000 for the Assembly
of Representatives (next to be held NA 2010) and 23 March 2000 for
the National Assembly (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Assembly of Representatives - percent of vote by
party - PDPT 74%, CPT 13%, Islamic Revival Party 8%, other 5%; seats
by party - PDPT 49, CPT 4, Islamic Revival Party 2, independents 5,
vacant 3; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
by party - NA

Tanzania
unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (274 seats - 232
elected by popular vote, 37 allocated to women nominated by the
president, five to members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives;
members serve five-year terms); note - in addition to enacting laws
that apply to the entire United Republic of Tanzania, the Assembly
enacts laws that apply only to the mainland; Zanzibar has its own
House of Representatives to make laws especially for Zanzibar (the
Zanzibar House of Representatives has 50 seats, directly elected by
universal suffrage to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held 30 October
2005)
election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - CCM 244, CUF 16, CHADEMA 4, TLP 3, UDP 2,
Zanzibar representatives 5; Zanzibar House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CCM 34, CUF 16

Thailand
bicameral National Assembly or Rathasapha consists of the
Senate or Wuthisapha (200 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Sapha
Phuthaen Ratsadon (500 seats; members elected by popular vote to
serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 4 March, 29 April, 4 June, 9 July, and
22 July 2000 (next to be held by March 2006); House of
Representatives - last held 6 February 2005 (next to be held in
February 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - TRT 376, DP 97, TNP 25, PP 2

Togo
unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 October 2002 (next to be held NA 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPT 72, RSDD 3, UDPS 2, Juvento 2, MOCEP 1, independents 1
note: two opposition parties boycotted the election, the Union of
the Forces for Change, and the Action Committee for Renewal

Tokelau
unicameral General Fono (21 seats; based upon proportional
representation from the three islands elected by popular vote to
serve three-year terms; Nukunonu has 6 seats, Fakaofo has 7 seats,
Atafu has 8 seats); note - the Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers
limited legislative power on the General Fono
elections: last held January 2002 (next to be held January 2005)

Tonga
unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12
reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles
selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular
vote; members serve three-year terms)
elections: last held 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008)
election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT
70%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2

Trinidad and Tobago
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (31
seats; 16 members appointed by the ruling party, 9 by the President,
6 by the opposition party for a maximum term of five years) and the
House of Representatives (36 seats; members are elected by popular
vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: House of Representatives - last held 7 October 2002 (next
to be held by October 2007)
election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - PNM
55.5%, UNC 44.5%; seats by party - PNM 20, UNC 16
note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly with 12 members
serving four-year terms

Tunisia
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (189
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 24 October 2004 (next to be held October 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
RCD 152, MDS 14, PUP 11, UDU 7, Al-Tajdid 3, PSL 2

Turkey
unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk
Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 3 November 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); note
- a special rerun of the General Election in the province of Siirt
on 9 March 2003 resulted in the election of Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN to
a seat in parliament, a prerequisite for becoming prime minister, on
14 March 2003
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 34.3%, CHP 19.4%,
DYP 9.6%, MHP 8.3%, ANAP 5.1%, DSP 1.1%, and others; seats by party
- AKP 363, CHP 178, independents 9; note - parties surpassing the
10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary seats; seats by party as
of 1 December 2004 - AKP 368, CHP 171, DYP 4, LDP 1, independents 5,
vacant 1

Turkmenistan
under the 1992 constitution, there are two
parliamentary bodies, a unicameral People's Council or Halk
Maslahaty (supreme legislative body of up to 2,500 delegates, some
of whom are elected by popular vote and some of whom are appointed;
meets at least yearly) and a unicameral Parliament or Mejlis (50
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Council - last held in April 2003; Mejlis - last
held 19 December 2004 (next to be held December 2009)
election results: Mejlis - DPT 100%; seats by party - DPT 50; note -
all 50 elected officials are members of the Democratic Party of
Turkmenistan and are preapproved by President NIYAZOV
note: in late 2003, a new law was adopted, reducing the powers of
the Mejlis and making the Halk Maslahaty the supreme legislative
organ; the Halk Maslahaty can now legally dissolve the Mejlis, and
the president is now able to participate in the Mejlis as its
supreme leader; the Mejlis can no longer adopt or amend the
constitution, or announce referendums or its elections; since the
president is both the "Chairman for Life" of the Halk Maslahaty and
the supreme leader of the Mejlis, the 2003 law has the effect of
making him the sole authority of both the executive and legislative
branches of government

Turks and Caicos Islands
unicameral Legislative Council (19 seats of
which 13 are popularly elected; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 24 April 2003 (next to be held in 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - PDM 53.8%, PNP 46.2%;
seats by party - PDM 7, PNP 6; note - in by-elections held 7 August
2003, the PNP gained two seats for a majority of 8 seats; PDM now
has 5

Tuvalu
unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of
Assembly (15 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 25 July 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Uganda
unicameral National Assembly (303 members - 214 directly
elected by popular vote, 81 nominated by legally established special
interest groups [women 56, army 10, disabled 5, youth 5, labor 5], 8
ex officio members; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 26 June 2001 (next to be held by June 2006);
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
NA; note - election campaigning by party was not permitted

Ukraine
unicameral Supreme Council or Verkhovna Rada (450 seats;
under recent amendments to Ukraine's election law, the Rada's seats
are allocated on a proportional basis to those parties that gain 3%
or more of the national electoral vote; members serve five-year
terms beginning with the next election in 2006)
elections: last held 31 March 2002 (next to be held March 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party/bloc - Our Ukraine 24%,
CPU 20%, United Ukraine 12%, SPU 7%, Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc 7%,
United Social Democratic Party 6%, other 24%; seats by party/bloc -
Our Ukraine 101, Regions of Ukraine 61, CPU 59, Working Ukraine 14,
United Social Democratic Party 33, Agrarian Party 22, SPU 20, Yuliya
Tymoshenko Bloc 19, United Ukraine 19, People's Democratic
Party-Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 16, Center Group 15,
Democratic Initiatives 14, unaffiliated 57 (December 2004)
note: following the election, United Ukraine splintered into the
Agrarian Party, European Choice, People's Choice, People's
Democratic Party, Regions of Ukraine, and Working
Ukraine-Industrialists and Entrepreneurs; these factions have since
undergone a number of changes

United Arab Emirates
unicameral Federal National Council (FNC) or
Majlis al-Ittihad al-Watani (40 seats; members appointed by the
rulers of the constituent states to serve two-year terms)
elections: none
note: reviews legislation, but cannot change or veto

United Kingdom
bicameral Parliament comprised of House of Lords
(consists of approximately 500 life peers, 92 hereditary peers and
26 clergy) and House of Commons (646 seats since 2005 elections;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms unless
the House is dissolved earlier)
elections: House of Lords - no elections (note - in 1999, as
provided by the House of Lords Act, elections were held in the House
of Lords to determine the 92 hereditary peers who would remain
there; pending further reforms, elections are held only as vacancies
in the hereditary peerage arise); House of Commons - last held 5 May
2005 (next to be held by May 2010)
election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party -
Labor 35.2%, Conservative 32.3%, Liberal Democrats 22%, other 10.5%;
seats by party - Labor 356, Conservative 197, Liberal Democrat 62,
other 31; note - as of 30 September 2005 the seats by party - Labor
354, Conservative 196, Liberal Democrat 62, other 34
note: in 1998 elections were held for a Northern Ireland Assembly
(because of unresolved disputes among existing parties, the transfer
of power from London to Northern Ireland came only at the end of
1999 and has been suspended four times the latest occurring in
October 2002); in 1999 there were elections for a new Scottish
Parliament and a new Welsh Assembly

United States
bicameral Congress consists of the Senate (100 seats,
one-third are renewed every two years; two members are elected from
each state by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of
Representatives (435 seats; members are directly elected by popular
vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 2 November 2004 (next to be held
November 2006); House of Representatives - last held 2 November 2004
(next to be held November 2006)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Republican Party 55, Democratic Party 44, independent 1;
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - Republican Party 231, Democratic Party 200, undecided 4

Uruguay
bicameral General Assembly or Asamblea General consists of
Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (30 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of
Representatives or Camara de Representantes (99 seats; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 31 October 2004 (next to
be held October 2009); Chamber of Representatives - last held 31
October 2004 (next to be held October 2009)
election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats by party - EP-FA 16, Blanco 11, Colorado Party 3; Chamber
of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
- EP-FA 52, Blanco 36, Colorado Party 10, Independent Party 1

Uzbekistan
bicameral Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an
Upper House or Senate (100 seats; 84 members are elected by regional
governing councils to serve five-year terms and 16 are appointed by
the president) and a Lower House or Legislative Chamber (120 seats;
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 26 December 2004 and 9 January 2005 (next to be
held December 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - NA; Legislative Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - LDPU 41, NDP 32, Fidokorlar 17, MTP 11, Adolat 9,
unaffiliated 10
note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support President KARIMOV

Vanuatu
unicameral Parliament (52 seats; members elected by popular
vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 6 July 2004 (next to be held 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
UMP 8, VP 8, NUP 10, VRP 4, MPP 3, VGP 3, other and independent 16;
note - political party associations are fluid
note: the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of culture
and language

Venezuela
unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (165
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms;
three seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela)
elections: last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held July 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
pro-government 108 (MVR 92, MAS 6, indigenous 3, other 7),
opposition 57 (AD 33, COPEI 6, Justice First 5, other 13)

Vietnam
unicameral National Assembly or Quoc-Hoi (498 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 19 May 2002 (next to be held 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - CPV 90%, other 10% (the
10% are not CPV members but are approved by the CPV to stand for
election); seats by party - CPV 447, CPV-approved 51

Virgin Islands
unicameral Senate (15 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve two-year terms)
elections: last held 6 November 2002 (next to be held 2 November
2004)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
Democratic Party 10, ICM 2, independent 3
note: the Virgin Islands elects one non-voting representative to the
US House of Representatives; election last held 6 November 2002
(next to be held 2 November 2004); results - Donna M.
CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSON (Democrat) reelected

Wallis and Futuna
unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee
Territoriale (20 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 11 March 2002 (next to be held March 2007)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
RPR and affiliates 13, Socialists and affiliates 7
note: Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and
one deputy to the French National Assembly; French Senate -
elections last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held by September
2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats - RPR (now
UMP) 1; French National Assembly - elections last held 16 June 2002
(next to be held by NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party -
NA%; seats - RPR (UMP) 1

Yemen
a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001
created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111
seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of
Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
six-year terms)
elections: last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held NA April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
GPC 228, Islah 47, YSP 7, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab
Socialist Ba'th Party 2, independents 14

Zambia
unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held December 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MMD 45.9%, UPND 32.4%,
UNIP 8.8%, FDD 8.1%, HP 2.7%, PF 0.7%, ZRP 0.7%, independents 0.7%;
seats by party - MMD 68, UPND 48, UNIP 13, FDD 12, HP 4, PF 1, ZRP
1, independents 1; seats not determined 2

Zimbabwe
unicameral House of Assembly (150 seats - 120 elected by
popular vote for five-year terms, 12 nominated by the president, 10
occupied by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied
by provincial governors appointed by the president)
elections: last held 31 March 2005 (next to be held NA 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 59.6%, MDC
39.5%, other 0.9%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 78, MDC 41, Independents
1

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2102 Life expectancy at birth (years)

Afghanistan
total population: 42.9 years
male: 42.71 years
female: 43.1 years (2005 est.)

Albania
total population: 77.24 years
male: 74.6 years
female: 80.15 years (2005 est.)

Algeria
total population: 73 years
male: 71.45 years
female: 74.63 years (2005 est.)

American Samoa
total population: 75.84 years
male: 72.27 years
female: 79.62 years (2005 est.)

Andorra
total population: 83.51 years
male: 80.6 years
female: 86.6 years (2005 est.)

Angola
total population: 38.43 years
male: 37.28 years
female: 39.64 years (2005 est.)

Anguilla
total population: 77.11 years
male: 74.18 years
female: 80.12 years (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
total population: 71.9 years
male: 69.53 years
female: 74.38 years (2005 est.)

Argentina
total population: 75.91 years
male: 72.17 years
female: 79.85 years (2005 est.)

Armenia
total population: 71.55 years
male: 67.97 years
female: 75.75 years (2005 est.)

Aruba
total population: 79.14 years
male: 75.8 years
female: 82.65 years (2005 est.)

Australia
total population: 80.39 years
male: 77.52 years
female: 83.4 years (2005 est.)

Austria
total population: 78.92 years
male: 76.03 years
female: 81.96 years (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
total population: 63.35 years
male: 59.24 years
female: 67.66 years (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
total population: 65.54 years
male: 62.11 years
female: 69.04 years (2005 est.)

Bahrain
total population: 74.23 years
male: 71.76 years
female: 76.78 years (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
total population: 62.08 years
male: 62.13 years
female: 62.02 years (2005 est.)

Barbados
total population: 72.59 years
male: 70.6 years
female: 74.6 years (2005 est.)

Belarus
total population: 68.72 years
male: 63.03 years
female: 74.69 years (2005 est.)

Belgium
total population: 78.62 years
male: 75.44 years
female: 81.94 years (2005 est.)

Belize
total population: 68.44 years
male: 66.54 years
female: 70.44 years (2005 est.)

Benin
total population: 52.66 years
male: 51.53 years
female: 53.82 years (2005 est.)

Bermuda
total population: 77.79 years
male: 75.7 years
female: 79.91 years (2005 est.)

Bhutan
total population: 54.39 years
male: 54.65 years
female: 54.11 years (2005 est.)

Bolivia
total population: 65.5 years
male: 62.89 years
female: 68.25 years (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total population: 77.83 years
male: 74.21 years
female: 81.72 years (2005 est.)

Botswana
total population: 33.87 years
male: 33.89 years
female: 33.84 years (2005 est.)

Brazil
total population: 71.69 years
male: 67.74 years
female: 75.85 years (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
total population: 76.49 years
male: 75.41 years
female: 77.62 years (2005 est.)

Brunei
total population: 74.8 years
male: 72.36 years
female: 77.36 years (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
total population: 72.03 years
male: 68.41 years
female: 75.87 years (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
total population: 48.45 years
male: 46.96 years
female: 49.99 years (2005 est.)

Burma
total population: 60.7 years
male: 57.8 years
female: 63.78 years (2005 est.)

Burundi
total population: 50.29 years
male: 49.61 years
female: 50.99 years (2005 est.)

Cambodia
total population: 58.92 years
male: 56.98 years
female: 60.95 years (2005 est.)

Cameroon
total population: 50.89 years
male: 50.71 years
female: 51.08 years (2005 est.)

Canada
total population: 80.1 years
male: 76.73 years
female: 83.63 years (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
total population: 70.45 years
male: 67.13 years
female: 73.86 years (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
total population: 79.95 years
male: 77.33 years
female: 82.6 years (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
total population: 43.39 years
male: 43.27 years
female: 43.52 years (2005 est.)

Chad
total population: 47.18 years
male: 45.55 years
female: 48.87 years (2005 est.)

Chile
total population: 76.58 years
male: 73.3 years
female: 80.03 years (2005 est.)

China
total population: 72.27 years
male: 70.65 years
female: 74.09 years (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Colombia
total population: 71.72 years
male: 67.88 years
female: 75.7 years (2005 est.)

Comoros
total population: 61.96 years
male: 59.65 years
female: 64.33 years (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total population: 51.1 years
male: 49.68 years
female: 52.56 years (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
total population: 52.26 years
male: 51.17 years
female: 53.39 years (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Costa Rica
total population: 76.84 years
male: 74.26 years
female: 79.55 years (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
total population: 48.62 years
male: 46.05 years
female: 51.27 years (2005 est.)

Croatia
total population: 74.45 years
male: 70.79 years
female: 78.31 years (2005 est.)

Cuba
total population: 77.23 years
male: 74.94 years
female: 79.65 years (2005 est.)

Cyprus
total population: 77.65 years
male: 75.29 years
female: 80.13 years (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
total population: 76.02 years
male: 72.74 years
female: 79.49 years (2005 est.)

Denmark
total population: 77.62 years
male: 75.34 years
female: 80.03 years (2005 est.)

Djibouti
total population: 43.1 years
male: 41.84 years
female: 44.39 years (2005 est.)

Dominica
total population: 74.65 years
male: 71.73 years
female: 77.71 years (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
total population: 71.44 years
male: 69.94 years
female: 73.03 years (2005 est.)

East Timor
total population: 65.9 years
male: 63.63 years
female: 68.29 years (2005 est.)

Ecuador
total population: 76.21 years
male: 73.35 years
female: 79.22 years (2005 est.)

Egypt
total population: 71 years
male: 68.5 years
female: 73.62 years (2005 est.)

El Salvador
total population: 71.22 years
male: 67.61 years
female: 75.01 years (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
total population: 49.7 years
male: 48.01 years
female: 51.44 years (2005 est.)

Eritrea
total population: 58.47 years
male: 56.96 years
female: 60.02 years (2005 est.)

Estonia
total population: 71.77 years
male: 66.28 years
female: 77.6 years (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
total population: 48.83 years
male: 47.67 years
female: 50.03 years (2005 est.)

European Union
total population: 78.3 years
male: 75.1 years
female: 81.6 years (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years (2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
total population: 79.21 years
male: 75.77 years
female: 82.67 years (2005 est.)

Fiji
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.05 years
female: 72.14 years (2005 est.)

Finland
total population: 78.35 years
male: 74.82 years
female: 82.02 years (2005 est.)

France
total population: 79.6 years
male: 75.96 years
female: 83.42 years (2005 est.)

French Guiana
total population: 77.09 years
male: 73.77 years
female: 80.58 years (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
total population: 75.9 years
male: 73.5 years
female: 78.42 years (2005 est.)

Gabon
total population: 55.02 years
male: 53.63 years
female: 56.45 years (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
total population: 53.75 years
male: 51.91 years
female: 55.64 years (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
total population: 71.79 years
male: 70.5 years
female: 73.15 years (2005 est.)

Georgia
total population: 75.88 years
male: 72.59 years
female: 79.67 years (2005 est.)

Germany
total population: 78.65 years
male: 75.66 years
female: 81.81 years (2005 est.)

Ghana
total population: 58.47 years
male: 57.7 years
female: 59.26 years (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
total population: 79.67 years
male: 76.8 years
female: 82.7 years (2005 est.)

Greece
total population: 79.09 years
male: 76.59 years
female: 81.76 years (2005 est.)

Greenland
total population: 69.65 years
male: 66.07 years
female: 73.31 years (2005 est.)

Grenada
total population: 64.53 years
male: 62.74 years
female: 66.31 years (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
total population: 77.9 years
male: 74.74 years
female: 81.21 years (2005 est.)

Guam
total population: 78.4 years
male: 75.34 years
female: 81.64 years (2005 est.)

Guatemala
total population: 69.06 years
male: 67.37 years
female: 70.84 years (2005 est.)

Guernsey
total population: 80.3 years
male: 77.3 years
female: 83.41 years (2005 est.)

Guinea
total population: 49.36 years
male: 48.19 years
female: 50.57 years (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total population: 46.61 years
male: 44.77 years
female: 48.52 years (2005 est.)

Guyana
total population: 65.5 years
male: 62.86 years
female: 68.28 years (2005 est.)

Haiti
total population: 52.92 years
male: 51.58 years
female: 54.31 years (2005 est.)

Honduras
total population: 69.3 years
male: 67.71 years
female: 70.97 years (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
total population: 81.5 years
male: 78.81 years
female: 84.41 years (2005 est.)

Hungary
total population: 72.4 years
male: 68.18 years
female: 76.89 years (2005 est.)

Iceland
total population: 80.19 years
male: 78.13 years
female: 82.34 years (2005 est.)

India
total population: 64.35 years
male: 63.57 years
female: 65.16 years (2005 est.)

Indonesia
total population: 69.57 years
male: 67.13 years
female: 72.13 years (2005 est.)

Iran
total population: 69.96 years
male: 68.58 years
female: 71.4 years (2005 est.)

Iraq
total population: 68.7 years
male: 67.49 years
female: 69.97 years (2005 est.)

Ireland
total population: 77.56 years
male: 74.95 years
female: 80.34 years (2005 est.)

Israel
total population: 79.32 years
male: 77.21 years
female: 81.55 years (2005 est.)

Italy
total population: 79.68 years
male: 76.75 years
female: 82.81 years (2005 est.)

Jamaica
total population: 73.33 years
male: 71.63 years
female: 75.12 years (2005 est.)

Japan
total population: 81.15 years
male: 77.86 years
female: 84.61 years (2005 est.)

Jersey
total population: 79.24 years
male: 76.77 years
female: 81.91 years (2005 est.)

Jordan
total population: 78.24 years
male: 75.75 years
female: 80.88 years (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
total population: 66.55 years
male: 61.21 years
female: 72.2 years (2005 est.)

Kenya
total population: 47.99 years
male: 48.87 years
female: 47.09 years (2005 est.)

Kiribati
total population: 61.71 years
male: 58.71 years
female: 64.86 years (2005 est.)

Korea, North
total population: 71.37 years
male: 68.65 years
female: 74.22 years (2005 est.)

Korea, South
total population: 76.85 years
male: 73.42 years
female: 80.57 years (2005 est.)

Kuwait
total population: 77.03 years
male: 76.01 years
female: 78.1 years (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
total population: 68.16 years
male: 64.16 years
female: 72.38 years (2005 est.)

Laos
total population: 55.08 years
male: 53.07 years
female: 57.17 years (2005 est.)

Latvia
total population: 71.05 years
male: 65.78 years
female: 76.6 years (2005 est.)

Lebanon
total population: 72.63 years
male: 70.17 years
female: 75.21 years (2005 est.)

Lesotho
total population: 34.47 years
male: 35.49 years
female: 33.42 years (2005 est.)

Liberia
total population: 38.89 years
male: 37.03 years
female: 40.81 years (2005 est.)

Libya
total population: 76.5 years
male: 74.29 years
female: 78.82 years (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
total population: 79.55 years
male: 75.96 years
female: 83.16 years (2005 est.)

Lithuania
total population: 73.97 years
male: 68.94 years
female: 79.28 years (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
total population: 78.74 years
male: 75.45 years
female: 82.24 years (2005 est.)

Macau
total population: 82.12 years
male: 79.29 years
female: 85.09 years (2005 est.)

Macedonia
total population: 73.73 years
male: 71.28 years
female: 76.37 years (2005 est.)

Madagascar
total population: 56.95 years
male: 54.57 years
female: 59.4 years (2005 est.)

Malawi
total population: 41.43 years
male: 41.66 years
female: 41.2 years (2005 est.)

Malaysia
total population: 72.24 years
male: 69.56 years
female: 75.11 years (2005 est.)

Maldives
total population: 64.06 years
male: 62.76 years
female: 65.42 years (2005 est.)

Mali
total population: 48.64 years
male: 46.68 years
female: 50.66 years (2005 est.)

Malta
total population: 78.86 years
male: 76.7 years
female: 81.15 years (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
total population: 78.34 years
male: 74.98 years
female: 81.87 years (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
total population: 70.01 years
male: 68.05 years
female: 72.06 years (2005 est.)

Martinique
total population: 79.04 years
male: 79.43 years
female: 78.64 years (2005 est.)

Mauritania
total population: 52.73 years
male: 50.52 years
female: 55 years (2005 est.)

Mauritius
total population: 72.38 years
male: 68.4 years
female: 76.41 years (2005 est.)

Mayotte
total population: 61.39 years
male: 59.22 years
female: 63.62 years (2005 est.)

Mexico
total population: 75.19 years
male: 72.42 years
female: 78.1 years (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total population: 69.75 years
male: 67.96 years
female: 71.62 years (2005 est.)

Moldova
total population: 65.18 years
male: 61.12 years
female: 69.43 years (2005 est.)

Monaco
total population: 79.57 years
male: 75.7 years
female: 83.63 years (2005 est.)

Mongolia
total population: 64.52 years
male: 62.3 years
female: 66.86 years (2005 est.)

Montserrat
total population: 78.71 years
male: 76.54 years
female: 80.98 years (2005 est.)

Morocco
total population: 70.66 years
male: 68.35 years
female: 73.07 years (2005 est.)

Mozambique
total population: 40.32 years
male: 39.9 years
female: 40.75 years (2005 est.)

Namibia
total population: 43.93 years
male: 44.71 years
female: 43.13 years (2005 est.)

Nauru
total population: 62.73 years
male: 59.16 years
female: 66.48 years (2005 est.)

Nepal
total population: 59.8 years
male: 60.09 years
female: 59.5 years (2005 est.)

Netherlands
total population: 78.81 years
male: 76.25 years
female: 81.51 years (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
total population: 75.83 years
male: 73.58 years
female: 78.2 years (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
total population: 74.04 years
male: 71.07 years
female: 77.16 years (2005 est.)

New Zealand
total population: 78.66 years
male: 75.67 years
female: 81.78 years (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
total population: 70.33 years
male: 68.27 years
female: 72.49 years (2005 est.)

Niger
total population: 43.5 years
male: 43.54 years
female: 43.45 years (2005 est.)

Nigeria
total population: 46.74 years
male: 46.21 years
female: 47.29 years (2005 est.)

Niue
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Norfolk Island
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Northern Mariana Islands
total population: 75.88 years
male: 73.31 years
female: 78.61 years (2005 est.)

Norway
total population: 79.4 years
male: 76.78 years
female: 82.17 years (2005 est.)

Oman
total population: 73.13 years
male: 70.92 years
female: 75.46 years (2005 est.)

Pakistan
total population: 63 years
male: 62.04 years
female: 64.01 years (2005 est.)

Palau
total population: 70.14 years
male: 66.98 years
female: 73.48 years (2005 est.)

Panama
total population: 75.25 years
male: 72.68 years
female: 77.93 years (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
total population: 64.93 years
male: 62.76 years
female: 67.21 years (2005 est.)

Paraguay
total population: 74.89 years
male: 72.35 years
female: 77.55 years (2005 est.)

Peru
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.77 years
female: 71.37 years (2005 est.)

Philippines
total population: 69.91 years
male: 67.03 years
female: 72.92 years (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA

Poland
total population: 74.74 years
male: 70.71 years
female: 79.03 years (2005 est.)

Portugal
total population: 77.53 years
male: 74.25 years
female: 81.03 years (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
total population: 78.29 years
male: 74.35 years
female: 82.43 years (2005 est.)

Qatar
total population: 73.67 years
male: 71.15 years
female: 76.32 years (2005 est.)

Reunion
total population: 73.95 years
male: 70.55 years
female: 77.52 years (2005 est.)

Romania
total population: 71.35 years
male: 67.86 years
female: 75.06 years (2005 est.)

Russia
total population: 67.1 years
male: 60.55 years
female: 74.04 years (2005 est.)

Rwanda
total population: 46.96 years
male: 45.92 years
female: 48.03 years (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
total population: 77.76 years
male: 74.86 years
female: 80.81 years (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total population: 72.15 years
male: 69.31 years
female: 75.16 years (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
total population: 73.61 years
male: 70.05 years
female: 77.42 years (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total population: 78.46 years
male: 76.13 years
female: 80.9 years (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total population: 73.62 years
male: 71.78 years
female: 75.51 years (2005 est.)

Samoa
total population: 70.72 years
male: 67.93 years
female: 73.65 years (2005 est.)

San Marino
total population: 81.62 years
male: 78.13 years
female: 85.43 years (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
total population: 66.99 years
male: 65.43 years
female: 68.59 years (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
total population: 75.46 years
male: 73.46 years
female: 77.55 years (2005 est.)

Senegal
total population: 58.9 years
male: 57.37 years
female: 60.47 years (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
total population: 74.73 years
male: 72.15 years
female: 77.51 years (2005 est.)

Seychelles
total population: 71.82 years
male: 66.41 years
female: 77.4 years (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
total population: 39.87 years
male: 37.74 years
female: 42.06 years (2005 est.)

Singapore
total population: 81.62 years
male: 79.05 years
female: 84.39 years (2005 est.)

Slovakia
total population: 74.5 years
male: 70.52 years
female: 78.68 years (2005 est.)

Slovenia
total population: 76.14 years
male: 72.42 years
female: 80.1 years (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
total population: 72.66 years
male: 70.16 years
female: 75.28 years (2005 est.)

Somalia
total population: 48.09 years
male: 46.36 years
female: 49.87 years (2005 est.)

South Africa
total population: 43.27 years
male: 43.47 years
female: 43.06 years (2005 est.)

Spain
total population: 79.52 years
male: 76.18 years
female: 83.08 years (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
total population: 73.17 years
male: 70.6 years
female: 75.86 years (2005 est.)

Sudan
total population: 58.54 years
male: 57.33 years
female: 59.8 years (2005 est.)

Suriname
total population: 68.96 years
male: 66.75 years
female: 71.27 years (2005 est.)

Svalbard
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

Swaziland
total population: 33.22 years
male: 32.49 years
female: 33.98 years (2005 est.)

Sweden
total population: 80.4 years
male: 78.19 years
female: 82.74 years (2005 est.)

Switzerland
total population: 80.39 years
male: 77.58 years
female: 83.36 years (2005 est.)

Syria
total population: 70.03 years
male: 68.75 years
female: 71.38 years (2005 est.)

Taiwan
total population: 77.26 years
male: 74.49 years
female: 80.28 years (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
total population: 64.56 years
male: 61.68 years
female: 67.59 years (2005 est.)

Tanzania
total population: 45.24 years
male: 44.56 years
female: 45.94 years (2005 est.)

Thailand
total population: 71.95 years
male: 69.65 years
female: 74.37 years (2005 est.)

Togo
total population: 57.01 years
male: 55.02 years
female: 59.06 years (2005 est.)

Tokelau
total population: NA
male: -9 years
female: -9 years (2005 est.)

Tonga
total population: 69.53 years
male: 67.05 years
female: 72.14 years (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
total population: 66.73 years
male: 65.6 years
female: 67.91 years (2005 est.)

Tunisia
total population: 74.89 years
male: 73.2 years
female: 76.71 years (2005 est.)

Turkey
total population: 72.36 years
male: 69.94 years
female: 74.91 years (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
total population: 61.39 years
male: 58.02 years
female: 64.93 years (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total population: 74.51 years
male: 72.28 years
female: 76.84 years (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
total population: 68.01 years
male: 65.79 years
female: 70.33 years (2005 est.)

Uganda
total population: 51.59 years
male: 50.74 years
female: 52.46 years (2005 est.)

Ukraine
total population: 69.68 years
male: 64.39 years
female: 75.31 years (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
total population: 75.24 years
male: 72.73 years
female: 77.87 years (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
total population: 78.38 years
male: 75.94 years
female: 80.96 years (2005 est.)

United States
total population: 77.71 years
male: 74.89 years
female: 80.67 years (2005 est.)

Uruguay
total population: 76.13 years
male: 72.92 years
female: 79.45 years (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
total population: 64.19 years
male: 60.82 years
female: 67.73 years (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
total population: 62.49 years
male: 61 years
female: 64.05 years (2005 est.)

Venezuela
total population: 74.31 years
male: 71.27 years
female: 77.58 years (2005 est.)

Vietnam
total population: 70.61 years
male: 67.82 years
female: 73.6 years (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
total population: 78.91 years
male: 75.08 years
female: 82.96 years (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

West Bank
total population: 73.08 years
male: 71.33 years
female: 74.95 years (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years

World
total population: 64.33 years
male: 62.73 years
female: 66.04 years (2005 est.)

Yemen
total population: 61.75 years
male: 59.89 years
female: 63.71 years (2005 est.)

Zambia
total population: 39.7 years
male: 39.43 years
female: 39.98 years (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
total population: 39.13 years
male: 40.2 years
female: 38.03 years (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2103 Literacy (%)

Afghanistan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 36%
male: 51%
female: 21% (1999 est.)

Albania
definition: age 9 and over can read and write
total population: 86.5%
male: 93.3%
female: 79.5% (2003 est.)

Algeria
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70%
male: 78.8%
female: 61% (2003 est.)

American Samoa
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 98%
female: 97% (1980 est.)

Andorra
definition: NA
total population: 100%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Angola
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 66.8%
male: 82.1%
female: 53.8% (2001 est.)

Anguilla
definition: age 12 and over can read and write
total population: 95%
male: 95%
female: 95% (1984 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
definition: age 15 and over has completed five
or more years of schooling
total population: 89%
male: 90%
female: 88% (1960 est.)

Argentina
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.1%
male: 97.1%
female: 97.1% (2003 est.)

Armenia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99.4%
female: 98% (2003 est.)

Aruba
definition:
total population: 97%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Australia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (1980 est.)

Austria
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Azerbaijan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.5%
female: 98.2% (1999 est.)

Bahamas, The
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 95.6%
male: 94.7%
female: 96.5% (2003 est.)

Bahrain
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89.1%
male: 91.9%
female: 85% (2003 est.)

Bangladesh
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 43.1%
male: 53.9%
female: 31.8% (2003 est.)

Barbados
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.7% (2002 est.)

Belarus
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.5% (2003 est.)

Belgium
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Belize
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.1%
male: 94.1%
female: 94.1% (2003 est.)

Benin
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 33.6%
male: 46.4%
female: 22.6% (2002 est.)

Bermuda
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 99% (1970 est.)

Bhutan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.2%
male: 56.2%
female: 28.1% (1995 est.)

Bolivia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.2%
male: 93.1%
female: 81.6% (2003 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.6%
male: 98.4%
female: 91.1% (2000 est.)

Botswana
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.8%
male: 76.9%
female: 82.4% (2003 est.)

Brazil
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 86.1%
female: 86.6% (2003 est.)

British Virgin Islands
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8% (1991 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Brunei
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.9%
male: 96.3%
female: 91.4% (2002)

Bulgaria
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99.1%
female: 98.2% (2003 est.)

Burkina Faso
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 26.6%
male: 36.9%
female: 16.6% (2003 est.)

Burma
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.3%
male: 89.2%
female: 81.4% (2002)

Burundi
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.6%
male: 58.5%
female: 45.2% (2003 est.)

Cambodia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 73.6%
male: 84.7%
female: 64.1% (2004 est.)

Cameroon
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79%
male: 84.7%
female: 73.4% (2003 est.)

Canada
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97% (1986 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Cape Verde
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.6%
male: 85.8%
female: 69.2% (2003 est.)

Cayman Islands
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 98% (1970 est.)

Central African Republic
definition: age 15 and over can read and
write
total population: 51%
male: 63.3%
female: 39.9% (2003 est.)

Chad
definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
total population: 47.5%
male: 56%
female: 39.3% (2003 est.)

Chile
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.2%
male: 96.4%
female: 96.1% (2003 est.)

China
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.9%
male: 95.1%
female: 86.5% (2002)

Christmas Island
NA

Colombia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 92.4%
female: 92.6% (2003 est.)

Comoros
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 56.5%
male: 63.6%
female: 49.3% (2003 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
definition: age 15 and over can
read and write French, Lingala, Kingwana, or Tshiluba
total population: 65.5%
male: 76.2%
female: 55.1% (2003 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.8%
male: 89.6%
female: 78.4% (2003 est.)

Cook Islands
definition: NA
total population: 95%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Costa Rica
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96%
male: 95.9%
female: 96.1% (2003 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50.9%
male: 57.9%
female: 43.6% (2003 est.)

Croatia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.5%
male: 99.4%
female: 97.8% (2003 est.)

Cuba
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97.2%
female: 96.9% (2003 est.)

Cyprus
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.6%
male: 98.9%
female: 96.3% (2003 est.)

Czech Republic
definition: NA
total population: 99.9% (1999 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Denmark
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Djibouti
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 67.9%
male: 78%
female: 58.4% (2003 est.)

Dominica
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 94%
male: 94%
female: 94% (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84.7%
male: 84.6%
female: 84.8% (2003 est.)

East Timor
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58.6% (2002)

Ecuador
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 94%
female: 91% (2003 est.)

Egypt
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.7%
male: 68.3%
female: 46.9% (2003 est.)

El Salvador
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 80.2%
male: 82.8%
female: 77.7% (2003 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.7%
male: 93.3%
female: 78.4% (2003 est.)

Eritrea
definition: NA
total population: 58.6%
male: 69.9%
female: 47.6% (2003 est.)

Estonia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2003 est.)

Ethiopia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.7%
male: 50.3%
female: 35.1% (2003 est.)

Faroe Islands definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% note: probably the same as Denmark proper

Fiji
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.7%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.9% (2003 est.)

Finland
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100% (2000 est.)
male: 100%
female: 100%

France
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (1980 est.)

French Guiana
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83%
male: 84%
female: 82% (1982 est.)

French Polynesia
definition: age 14 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 98% (1977 est.)

Gabon
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 63.2%
male: 73.7%
female: 53.3% (1995 est.)

Gambia, The
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.1%
male: 47.8%
female: 32.8% (2003 est.)

Gaza Strip
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.9%
male: 96.3%
female: 87.4% (2003 est.)

Georgia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 100%
female: 98% (1999 est.)

Germany
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1997 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Ghana
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 74.8%
male: 82.7%
female: 67.1% (2003 est.)

Gibraltar
definition: NA
total population: above 80%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Greece
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.6%
female: 96.5% (2003 est.)

Greenland definition: NA total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA% note: similar to Denmark proper

Grenada
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 98%
female: 98% (1970 est.)

Guadeloupe
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90%
male: 90%
female: 90% (1982 est.)

Guam
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (1990 est.)

Guatemala
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70.6%
male: 78%
female: 63.3% (2003 est.)

Guernsey
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Guinea
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 35.9%
male: 49.9%
female: 21.9% (1995 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.4%
male: 58.1%
female: 27.4% (2003 est.)

Guyana
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.1%
female: 98.5% (2003 est.)

Haiti
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 52.9%
male: 54.8%
female: 51.2% (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
definition: NA
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Honduras
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.2%
male: 76.1%
female: 76.3% (2003 est.)

Hong Kong
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 93.5%
male: 96.9%
female: 89.6% (2002)

Hungary
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

Iceland
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.9% (1997 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

India
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 59.5%
male: 70.2%
female: 48.3% (2003 est.)

Indonesia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002 est.)

Iran
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.4%
male: 85.6%
female: 73% (2003 est.)

Iraq
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.4%
male: 55.9%
female: 24.4% (2003 est.)

Ireland
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98% (1981 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Israel
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 95.4%
male: 97.3%
female: 93.6% (2003 est.)

Italy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99%
female: 98.3% (2003 est.)

Jamaica
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 87.9%
male: 84.1%
female: 91.6% (2003 est.)

Japan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2002)

Jersey
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Jordan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.3%
male: 95.9%
female: 86.3% (2003 est.)

Kazakhstan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.4%
male: 99.1%
female: 97.7% (1999 est.)

Kenya
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.1%
male: 90.6%
female: 79.7% (2003 est.)

Kiribati
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Korea, North
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99%

Korea, South
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.9%
male: 99.2%
female: 96.6% (2002)

Kuwait
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 83.5%
male: 85.1%
female: 81.7% (2003 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.7%
male: 99.3%
female: 98.1% (1999 est.)

Laos
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 66.4%
male: 77.4%
female: 55.5% (2002)

Latvia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.8% (2003 est.)

Lebanon
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.4%
male: 93.1%
female: 82.2% (2003 est.)

Lesotho
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84.8%
male: 74.5%
female: 94.5% (2003 est.)

Liberia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 57.5%
male: 73.3%
female: 41.6% (2003 est.)

Libya
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 82.6%
male: 92.4%
female: 72% (2003 est.)

Liechtenstein
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Lithuania
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2003 est.)

Luxembourg
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (2000 est.)

Macau
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.5%
male: 97.2%
female: 92% (2003 est.)

Macedonia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.1%
male: 98.2%
female: 94.1% (2002 est.)

Madagascar
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 68.9%
male: 75.5%
female: 62.5% (2003 est.)

Malawi
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 62.7%
male: 76.1%
female: 49.8% (2003 est.)

Malaysia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.7%
male: 92%
female: 85.4% (2002)

Maldives
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.2%
male: 97.1%
female: 97.3% (2003 est.)

Mali
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 46.4%
male: 53.5%
female: 39.6% (2003 est.)

Malta
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 92.8%
male: 92%
female: 93.6% (2003 est.)

Man, Isle of
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Marshall Islands
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.7%
male: 93.6%
female: 93.7% (1999)

Martinique
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.7%
male: 97.4%
female: 98.1% (2003 est.)

Mauritania
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 41.7%
male: 51.8%
female: 31.9% (2003 est.)

Mauritius
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 85.6%
male: 88.6%
female: 82.7% (2003 est.)

Mayotte
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Mexico
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.2%
male: 94%
female: 90.5% (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
definition: age 15 and over can read
and write
total population: 89%
male: 91%
female: 88% (1980 est.)

Moldova
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.1%
male: 99.6%
female: 98.7% (2003 est.)

Monaco
definition: NA
total population: 99%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Mongolia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8%
male: 98%
female: 97.5% (2002)

Montserrat
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97% (1970 est.)

Morocco
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.7%
male: 64.1%
female: 39.4% (2003 est.)

Mozambique
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 47.8%
male: 63.5%
female: 32.7% (2003 est.)

Namibia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84%
male: 84.4%
female: 83.7% (2003 est.)

Nauru
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Nepal
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 45.2%
male: 62.7%
female: 27.6% (2003 est.)

Netherlands
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (2000 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Netherlands Antilles
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.7%
male: 96.7%
female: 96.8% (2003 est.)

New Caledonia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91%
male: 92%
female: 90% (1976 est.)

New Zealand
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1980 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Nicaragua
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 67.5%
male: 67.2%
female: 67.8% (2003 est.)

Niger
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 17.6%
male: 25.8%
female: 9.7% (2003 est.)

Nigeria
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 68%
male: 75.7%
female: 60.6% (2003 est.)

Niue
definition: NA
total population: 95%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
definition: age 15 and over can read and
write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 96% (1980 est.)

Norway
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100%

Oman
definition: NA
total population: 75.8%
male: 83.1%
female: 67.2% (2003 est.)

Pakistan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 48.7%
male: 61.7%
female: 35.2% (2004 est.)

Palau
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92%
male: 93%
female: 90% (1980 est.)

Panama
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 93.2%
female: 91.9% (2003 est.)

Papua New Guinea
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 64.6%
male: 71.1%
female: 57.7% (2002)

Paraguay
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94%
male: 94.9%
female: 93% (2003 est.)

Peru
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.7%
male: 93.5%
female: 82.1% (2004 est.)

Philippines
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 92.5%
female: 92.7% (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.8%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2003 est.)

Portugal
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.3%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.3% (2003 est.)

Puerto Rico
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.1%
male: 93.9%
female: 94.4% (2002 est.)

Qatar
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 89%
male: 89.1%
female: 88.6% (2004 est.)

Reunion
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.9%
male: 87%
female: 90.8% (2003 est.)

Romania
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.4%
male: 99.1%
female: 97.7% (2003 est.)

Russia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.5% (2003 est.)

Rwanda
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 70.4%
male: 76.3%
female: 64.7% (2003 est.)

Saint Helena
definition: age 20 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98% (1987 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended
school
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 98% (1980 est.)

Saint Lucia
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
total population: 90.1%
male: 89.5%
female: 90.6% (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
definition: age 15 and over can read and
write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (1982 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
definition: age 15 and over has
ever attended school
total population: 96%
male: 96%
female: 96% (1970 est.)

Samoa
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.6%
female: 99.7% (2003 est.)

San Marino
definition: age 10 and over can read and write
total population: 96%
male: 97%
female: 95% (1976 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.3%
male: 85%
female: 62% (1991 est.)

Saudi Arabia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 78.8%
male: 84.7%
female: 70.8% (2003 est.)

Senegal
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.2%
male: 50%
female: 30.7% (2003 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.4%
male: 98.9%
female: 94.1% (2002 est.)

Seychelles
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.9%
male: 91.4%
female: 92.3% (2003 est.)

Sierra Leone
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English,
Mende, Temne, or Arabic
total population: 29.6%
male: 39.8%
female: 20.5% (2000 est.)

Singapore
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.5%
male: 96.6%
female: 88.6% (2002)

Slovakia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2001 est.)

Slovenia
definition: NA
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2003 est.)

Solomon Islands
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Somalia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 37.8%
male: 49.7%
female: 25.8% (2001 est.)

South Africa
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 87%
female: 85.7% (2003 est.)

Spain
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.9%
male: 98.7%
female: 97.2% (2003 est.)

Sri Lanka
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.3%
male: 94.8%
female: 90% (2003 est.)

Sudan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 61.1%
male: 71.8%
female: 50.5% (2003 est.)

Suriname
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88%
male: 92.3%
female: 84.1% (2000 est.)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 81.6%
male: 82.6%
female: 80.8% (2003 est.)

Sweden
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1979 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Switzerland
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99% (1980 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

Syria
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 76.9%
male: 89.7%
female: 64% (2003 est.)

Taiwan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.1% (2003)

Tajikistan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.6%
female: 99.1% (2003 est.)

Tanzania
definition: age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili
(Swahili), English, or Arabic
total population: 78.2%
male: 85.9%
female: 70.7% (2003 est.)

Thailand
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 92.6%
male: 94.9%
female: 90.5% (2002)

Togo
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 60.9%
male: 75.4%
female: 46.9% (2003 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English
total population: 98.9%
male: 98.8%
female: 99% (1996 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.6%
male: 99.1%
female: 98% (2003 est.)

Tunisia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 74.3%
male: 83.4%
female: 65.3% (2004 est.)

Turkey
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.5%
male: 94.3%
female: 78.7% (2003 est.)

Turkmenistan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.8%
male: 99.3%
female: 98.3% (1995 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
definition: age 15 and over has ever
attended school
total population: 98%
male: 99%
female: 98% (1970 est.)

Tuvalu
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Uganda
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 69.9%
male: 79.5%
female: 60.4% (2003 est.)

Ukraine
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.6% (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 77.9%
male: 76.1%
female: 81.7% (2003 est.)

United Kingdom
definition: age 15 and over has completed five or
more years of schooling
total population: 99% (2000 est.)
male: NA%
female: NA%

United States
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 97%
female: 97% (1999 est.)

Uruguay
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 97.6%
female: 98.4% (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.3%
male: 99.6%
female: 99% (2003 est.)

Vanuatu
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 74%
male: NA%
female: NA% (1999 est.)

Venezuela
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.4%
male: 93.8%
female: 93.1% (2003 est.)

Vietnam
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.3%
male: 93.9%
female: 86.9% (2002)

Virgin Islands
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

Wallis and Futuna
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50%
male: 50%
female: 50% (1969 est.)

West Bank
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.9%
male: 96.3%
female: 87.4% (2003 est.)

Western Sahara
definition: NA
total population: NA%
male: NA%
female: NA%

World
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 82%
male: 87%
female: 77%
note: over two-thirds of the world's 785 million illiterate adults
are found in only eight countries (India, China, Bangladesh,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and Egypt); of all the
illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women; extremely low
literacy rates are concentrated in three regions, South and West
Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arab states, where around
one-third of the men and half of all women are illiterate (2005 est.)

Yemen
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 50.2%
male: 70.5%
female: 30% (2003 est.)

Zambia
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 80.6%
male: 86.8%
female: 74.8% (2003 est.)

Zimbabwe
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 90.7%
male: 94.2%
female: 87.2% (2003 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2105 Manpower available for military service

Afghanistan
males age 22-49: 4,952,812 (2005 est.)

Albania
males age 19-49: 809,524 (2005 est.)

Algeria
males age 19-49: 8,033,049 (2005 est.)

Angola
males age 17-49: 2,423,221 (2005 est.)

Argentina
males age 18-49: 8,981,886 (2005 est.)

Armenia
males age 18-49: 722,836 (2005 est.)

Australia
males age 16-49: 4,943,676 (2005 est.)

Austria
males age 18-49: 1,914,800 (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
males age 18-49: 1,961,973 (2005 est.)

Bahrain
males age 18-49: 202,126 (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
males age 18-49: 35,170,019 (2005 est.)

Barbados
males age 18-49: 71,330 (2005 est.)

Belarus
males age 18-49: 2,520,644 (2005 est.)

Belgium
males age 16-49: 2,436,736 (2005 est.)

Belize
males age 18-49: 60,750 (2005 est.)

Benin
males age 21-49: 1,207,071
females age 21-49: 1,216,180 (2005 est.)

Bhutan
males age 18-49: 483,860 (2005 est.)

Bolivia
males age 18-49: 1,923,234 (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
males age 18-49: 1,034,367 (2005 est.)

Botswana
males age 18-49: 350,649 (2005 est.)

Brazil
males age 19-49: 45,586,036 (2005 est.)

Brunei
males age 18-49: 103,885 (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
males age 18-49: 1,661,211 (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
males age 18-49: 2,664,572 (2005 est.)

Burma
males age 18-49: 11,254,374
females age 18-49: 11,303,100 (2005 est.)

Burundi
males age 16-49: 1,379,793 (2005 est.)

Cambodia
males age 18-49: 2,981,823 (2005 est.)

Cameroon
males age 18-49: 3,410,440 (2005 est.)

Canada
males age 16-49: 8,216,510 (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
males age 18-49: 84,641 (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
males age 18-49: 758,103 (2005 est.)

Chad
males age 20-49: 1,559,382 (2005 est.)

Chile
males age 18-49: 3,815,761 (2005 est.)

China
males age 18-49: 342,956,265 (2005 est.)

Colombia
males age 18-49: 10,212,456 (2005 est.)

Comoros
males age 18-49: 138,940 (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the males age 18-49: 11,052,696 (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
males age 18-49: 686,123 (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
males age 18-49: 997,690 (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
males age 18-49: 3,696,106 (2005 est.)

Croatia
males age 18-49: 1,005,058 (2005 est.)

Cuba
males age 17-49: 2,967,865
females age 17-49: 2,913,559 (2005 est.)

Cyprus
males age 18-49: 184,352 (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
males age 18-49: 2,414,728 (2005 est.)

Denmark
males age 18-49: 1,175,108 (2005 est.)

Djibouti
males age 18-49: 95,328 (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
males age 18-49: 2,108,197 (2005 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
males age 20-49: 2,792,770 (2005 est.)

Egypt
males age 18-49: 18,347,560 (2005 est.)

El Salvador
males age 18-49: 1,391,278 (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
males age 18-49: 106,571 (2005 est.)

Estonia
males age 18-49: 291,696 (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
males age 18-49: 14,568,277 (2005 est.)

Fiji
males age 18-49: 215,104 (2005 est.)

Finland
males age 18-49: 1,121,275 (2005 est.)

France
males age 17-49: 13,676,509 (2005 est.)

French Guiana
males age 18-49: 47,809 (2005 est.)

Gabon
males age 18-49: 276,310 (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
males age 18-49: 309,279 (2005 est.)

Georgia
males age 18-49: 1,038,736 (2005 est.)

Germany
males age 18-49: 18,917,537 (2005 est.)

Ghana
males age 18-49: 4,761,226 (2005 est.)

Greece
males age 18-49: 2,459,988 (2005 est.)

Guatemala
males age 18-49: 3,020,292 (2005 est.)

Guinea
males age 18-49: 1,853,316 (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
males age 18-49: 288,770 (2005 est.)

Guyana
males age 18-49: 206,098 (2005 est.)

Haiti
males age 18-49: 1,626,491 (2005 est.)

Honduras
males age 18-49: 1,448,369 (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
males age 18-49: 1,743,972 (2005 est.)

Hungary
males age 18-49: 2,303,116 (2005 est.)

Iceland
males age 18-49: 69,038 (2005 est.)

India
males age 16-49: 287,551,111 (2005 est.)

Indonesia
males age 18-49: 60,543,028 (2005 est.)

Iran
males age 18-49: 18,319,545 (2005 est.)

Iraq
males age 18-49: 5,870,640 (2005 est.)

Ireland
males age 17-49: 977,092 (2005 est.)

Israel
males age 17-49: 1,492,125
females age 17-49: 1,443,916 (2005 est.)

Italy
males age 18-49: 13,491,260 (2005 est.)

Jamaica
males age 18-49: 696,900 (2005 est.)

Japan
males age 18-49: 27,003,112 (2005 est.)

Jordan
males age 17-49: 1,573,995 (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
males age 18-49: 3,758,255 (2005 est.)

Kenya
males age 18-49: 7,303,153 (2005 est.)

Korea, North
males age 17-49: 5,851,801 (2005 est.)

Korea, South
males age 20-49: 12,458,257 (2005 est.)

Kuwait
males age 18-49: 864,745 (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
males age 18-49: 1,193,529 (2005 est.)

Laos
males age 15-49: 1,500,625 (2005 est.)

Latvia
males age 19-49: 517,713 (2005 est.)

Lebanon
males age 18-49: 974,363 (2005 est.)

Lesotho
males age 18-49: 400,457 (2005 est.)

Liberia
males age 18-49: 659,795 (2005 est.)

Libya
males age 17-49: 1,505,675 (2005 est.)

Lithuania
males age 19-49: 830,368 (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
males age 17-49: 110,867 (2005 est.)

Macau
males age 18-49: 112,744 (2005 est.)

Macedonia
males age 18-49: 498,259 (2005 est.)

Madagascar
males age 18-49: 3,542,797 (2005 est.)

Malawi
males age 18-49: 2,320,190 (2005 est.)

Malaysia
males age 18-49: 5,584,231 (2005 est.)

Maldives
males age 18-49: 71,774 (2005 est.)

Mali
males age 18-49: 2,206,728 (2005 est.)

Malta
males age 18-49: 90,651 (2005 est.)

Mauritania
males age 18-49: 606,463 (2005 est.)

Mauritius
males age 18-49: 313,271 (2005 est.)

Mexico
males age 18-49: 24,488,008 (2005 est.)

Moldova
males age 18-49: 1,066,459 (2005 est.)

Mongolia
males age 18-49: 736,182 (2005 est.)

Morocco
males age 18-49: 7,908,864 (2005 est.)

Mozambique
males age 18-49: 3,793,373 (2005 est.)

Namibia
males age 18-49: 441,293 (2005 est.)

Nauru
males age 18-49: 2,874 (2005 est.)

Nepal
males age 18-49: 6,107,091 (2005 est.)

Netherlands
males age 20-49: 3,557,918 (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
males age 16-49: 54,200 (2005 est.)

New Zealand
males age 17-49: 984,700 (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
males age 17-49: 1,309,970 (2005 est.)

Niger
males age 18-49: 2,135,680 (2005 est.)

Nigeria
males age 18-49: 26,804,314 (2005 est.)

Norway
males age 18-49: 1,014,592 (2005 est.)

Oman
males age 18-49: 719,871 (2005 est.)

Pakistan
males age 16-49: 39,028,014 (2005 est.)

Panama
males age 18-49: 733,031 (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
males age 18-49: 1,264,728 (2005 est.)

Paraguay
males age 18-49: 1,345,022 (2005 est.)

Peru
males age 18-49: 6,647,874 (2005 est.)

Philippines
males age 18-49: 20,131,179 (2005 est.)

Poland
males age 17-49: 9,673,712 (2005 est.)

Portugal
males age 18-49: 2,435,042 (2005 est.)

Qatar
males age 18-49: 302,873
note: includes non-nationals (2005 est.)

Reunion
males age 18-49: 183,421 (2005 est.)

Romania
males age 20-49: 5,061,984 (2005 est.)

Russia
males age 18-49: 35,247,049 (2005 est.)

Rwanda
males age 16-49: 2,004,750 (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
males age 18-49: 33,438 (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
males age 18-49: 7,648,999 (2005 est.)

Senegal
males age 18-49: 2,183,343 (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
males age 19-49: 2,389,729 (2005 est.)

Seychelles
males age 18-49: 21,612 (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
males age 18-49: 1,110,077 (2005 est.)

Singapore
males age 18-49: 1,215,568 (2005 est.)

Slovakia
males age 18-49: 1,351,848 (2005 est.)

Slovenia
males age 17-49: 496,929 (2005 est.)

Somalia
males age 18-49: 1,787,727 (2005 est.)

South Africa
males age 18-49: 10,354,769 (2005 est.)

Spain
males age 20-49: 9,366,588 (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
males age 18-49: 4,933,217 (2005 est.)

Sudan
males age 18-49: 8,291,695 (2005 est.)

Suriname
males age 18-49: 111,582 (2005 est.)

Swaziland
males age 18-49: 248,676 (2005 est.)

Sweden
males age 19-49: 1,838,427 (2005 est.)

Switzerland
males age 19-49: 1,707,694 (2005 est.)

Syria
males age 18-49: 4,356,413 (2005 est.)

Taiwan
males age 19-49: 5,883,828 (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
males age 18-49: 1,556,415 (2005 est.)

Tanzania
males age 18-49: 7,422,869 (2005 est.)

Thailand
males age 21-49: 14.984 million (2005 est.)

Togo
males age 18-49: 1,148,890 (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
males age 18-49: 293,094 (2005 est.)

Tunisia
males age 20-49: 2,441,741 (2005 est.)

Turkey
males age 20-49: 16,756,323 (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
males age 18-49: 1,132,833 (2005 est.)

Uganda
males age 18-49: 5,012,620 (2005 est.)

Ukraine
males age 18-49: 11,067,239 (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates males age 18-49: 653,181 note: includes non-nationals (2005 est.)

United Kingdom males age 16-49: 14,607,724 (2005 est.)

United States males age 18-49: 67,742,879 females age 18-49: 67,070,144 (2005 est.)

Uruguay
males age 18-49: 764,408 (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
males age 18-49: 6,340,220 (2005 est.)

Venezuela
males age 18-49: 6,236,012 (2005 est.)

Vietnam
males age 18-49: 21,341,813 (2005 est.)

Yemen
males age 18-49: 4,058,223 (2005 est.)

Zambia
males age 18-49: 2,219,739 (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
males age 18-49: 2,840,053 (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2106 Maritime claims

Afghanistan
none (landlocked)

Albania
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Algeria
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm

American Samoa
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Andorra
none (landlocked)

Angola
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Anguilla
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Antarctica
Australia, Chile, and Argentina claim Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) rights or similar over 200 nm extensions seaward from
their continental claims, but like the claims themselves, these
zones are not accepted by other countries; 20 of 27 Antarctic
consultative nations have made no claims to Antarctic territory
(although Russia and the US have reserved the right to do so) and do
not recognize the claims of the other nations; also see the Disputes
- international entry

Antigua and Barbuda
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Argentina
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Armenia
none (landlocked)

Aruba
territorial sea: 12 nm

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Australia
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Austria
none (landlocked)

Azerbaijan
none (landlocked)

Bahamas, The
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Bahrain
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined

Baker Island
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Bangladesh
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: up to the outer limits of the continental margin

Barbados
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Bassas da India
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Belarus
none (landlocked)

Belgium
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limit
continental shelf: median line with neighbors

Belize
territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south; note
- from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's
territorial sea is 3 nm; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act,
1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for
negotiating a definitive agreement on territorial differences with
Guatemala
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Benin
territorial sea: 200 nm

Bermuda
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Bhutan
none (landlocked)

Bolivia
none (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
no data available

Botswana
none (landlocked)

Bouvet Island
territorial sea: 4 nm

Brazil
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

British Indian Ocean Territory
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

British Virgin Islands
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Brunei
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line

Bulgaria
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Burkina Faso
none (landlocked)

Burma
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Burundi
none (landlocked)

Cambodia
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Cameroon
territorial sea: 50 nm

Canada
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Cape Verde
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Cayman Islands territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Central African Republic
none (landlocked)

Chad
none (landlocked)

Chile
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200/350 nm

China
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Christmas Island territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Clipperton Island
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Colombia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Comoros
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: boundaries with neighbors

Congo, Republic of the
territorial sea: 200 nm

Cook Islands territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Coral Sea Islands territorial sea: 3 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Costa Rica
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Cote d'Ivoire
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Croatia
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Cuba
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Cyprus
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Czech Republic
none (landlocked)

Denmark
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Djibouti
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Dominica
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Dominican Republic
territorial sea: 6 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

East Timor
territorial sea: NA
exclusive economic zone: NA
continental shelf: NA
exclusive fishing zone: NA

Ecuador
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 100 nm from 2,500 meter isobath

Egypt
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

El Salvador
territorial sea: 200 nm

Equatorial Guinea territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Eritrea
territorial sea: 12 nm

Estonia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: limits fixed in coordination with
neighboring states

Ethiopia
none (landlocked)

Europa Island
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

European Union
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Faroe Islands
territorial sea: 3 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

Fiji
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation;
rectilinear shelf claim added

Finland
territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary
with Sweden

France
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean)
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

French Guiana
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

French Polynesia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen (does not
include the rest of French Southern and Antarctic Lands)

Gabon
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Gambia, The
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
continental shelf: not specified
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Gaza Strip
Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the
Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be
determined through further negotiation

Georgia
NA

Germany
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Ghana
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Gibraltar
territorial sea: 3 nm

Glorioso Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Greece
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Greenland
territorial sea: 3 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

Grenada
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Guadeloupe
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Guam
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Guatemala
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Guernsey
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Guinea
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Guinea-Bissau
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Guyana
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental
margin

Haiti
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Heard Island and McDonald Islands territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Holy See (Vatican City)
none (landlocked)

Honduras
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm

Hong Kong
territorial sea: 3 nm

Howland Island territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Hungary
none (landlocked)

Iceland
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

India
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Indonesia
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Iran
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the
Persian Gulf
continental shelf: natural prolongation

Iraq
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: not specified

Ireland
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Israel
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Italy
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Jamaica
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Jan Mayen
territorial sea: 4 nm
contiguous zone: 10 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Japan
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the
international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and
Eastern and Western Channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Jarvis Island
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Jersey
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Johnston Atoll
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Jordan
territorial sea: 3 nm

Juan de Nova Island territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Kazakhstan
none (landlocked)

Kenya
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Kingman Reef
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Kiribati
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Korea, North
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
note: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the
exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign
vessels and aircraft without permission are banned

Korea, South
territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the
Korea Strait
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: not specified

Kuwait
territorial sea: 12 nm

Kyrgyzstan
none (landlocked)

Laos
none (landlocked)

Latvia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Lebanon
territorial sea: 12 nm

Lesotho
none (landlocked)

Liberia
territorial sea: 200 nm

Libya
territorial sea: 12 nm
note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north

Liechtenstein
none (landlocked)

Lithuania
territorial sea: 12 nm

Luxembourg
none (landlocked)

Macau
not specified

Macedonia
none (landlocked)

Madagascar
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m deep isobath

Malawi
none (landlocked)

Malaysia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation;
specified boundary in the South China Sea

Maldives
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Mali
none (landlocked)

Malta
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm

Man, Isle of territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

Marshall Islands territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Martinique territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Mauritania
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Mauritius
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Mayotte
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Mexico
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Micronesia, Federated States of
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Midway Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Moldova
none (landlocked)

Monaco
territorial sea: 12 nm

Mongolia
none (landlocked)

Montserrat
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Morocco
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Mozambique
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Namibia
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Nauru
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Navassa Island territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Nepal none (landlocked)

Netherlands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Netherlands Antilles
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm

New Caledonia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

New Zealand
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Nicaragua territorial sea: 200 nm continental shelf: natural prolongation

Niger
none (landlocked)

Nigeria
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Niue
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Norfolk Island
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Northern Mariana Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Norway
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 10 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Oman
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Pakistan
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Palau
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Palmyra Atoll
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Panama
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Papua New Guinea
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Paracel Islands
NA

Paraguay
none (landlocked)

Peru
territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Philippines
territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100
nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has
also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm
in breadth
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: to depth of exploitation

Pitcairn Islands
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Poland
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties

Portugal
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Puerto Rico
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Qatar
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements or
the median line

Reunion
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Romania
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Russia
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Rwanda
none (landlocked)

Saint Helena territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Saint Kitts and Nevis
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Saint Lucia
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Saint Pierre and Miquelon territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Samoa
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

San Marino
none (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Saudi Arabia
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
continental shelf: not specified

Senegal
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Serbia and Montenegro
NA

Seychelles
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Sierra Leone
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm

Singapore
territorial sea: 3 nm
exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as
defined in treaties and practice

Slovakia
none (landlocked)

Slovenia
NA

Solomon Islands measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm

Somalia territorial sea: 200 nm

South Africa territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Spain
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)

Spratly Islands
NA

Sri Lanka
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Sudan
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 18 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Suriname
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Svalbard
territorial sea: 4 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway but
not recognized by Russia

Swaziland
none (landlocked)

Sweden
territorial sea: 12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion
of straits to high seas)
exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlines
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Switzerland
none (landlocked)

Syria
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 41 nm

Taiwan
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Tajikistan
none (landlocked)

Tanzania
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Thailand
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Togo
territorial sea: 30 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Tokelau
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Tonga
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Trinidad and Tobago measured from claimed archipelagic baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin

Tromelin Island territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Tunisia
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm

Turkey
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea
and in Mediterranean Sea
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary
agreed upon with the former USSR

Turkmenistan
none (landlocked)

Turks and Caicos Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Tuvalu
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Uganda
none (landlocked)

Ukraine
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation

United Arab Emirates
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

United Kingdom
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in
accordance with agreed upon boundaries

United States
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: not specified

Uruguay
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Uzbekistan
none (doubly landlocked)

Vanuatu
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Venezuela
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 15 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Vietnam
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Virgin Islands
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Wake Island
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Wallis and Futuna
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

West Bank
none (landlocked)

Western Sahara
contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

World
a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries
make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline
as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea:
territorial sea - 12 nm , contiguous zone - 24 nm , and exclusive
economic zone - 200 nm ; additional zones provide for exploitation
of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone;
boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries
from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm

Yemen
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Zambia
none (landlocked)

Zimbabwe
none (landlocked)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2107 International organization participation

Afghanistan
AsDB, CP, ECO, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA,
NAM, OIC, OPCW, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO (observer), WToO

Albania
ACCT, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE,
PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIG, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Algeria
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BIS, FAO, G-15, G-24,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, LAS, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC,
OSCE (partner), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

American Samoa
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU

Andorra
CE, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE,
UN, UNESCO, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Angola
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Anguilla
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), OECS
(associate), UPU

Antigua and Barbuda
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO (subscriber), ITU, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Argentina
AfDB, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-6, G-15,
G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NSG, OAS, OPANAL,
OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Armenia
BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE,
PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Aruba
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, UNESCO (associate), UPU, WCL, WToO
(associate)

Australia
ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner),
Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD,
OPCW, Paris Club, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNMEE, UNMISET, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO, ZC

Austria
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CE, CEI,
CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO, ZC

Azerbaijan
AsDB, BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE,
PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Bahamas, The
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOM,
IOC, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Bahrain
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Bangladesh
AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
ONUB, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Barbados
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Belarus
CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Belgium
ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN,
EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB
(nonregional), WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Belize
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Benin
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH,
MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary),
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Bermuda
Caricom (associate), ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU,
WCO, Egmont Group, Caribbean Financial Action Task Force

Bhutan
AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC,
IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), SAARC, SACEP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Bolivia
CAN, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA,
MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Bosnia and Herzegovina
BIS, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), OAS (observer), OIC
(observer), OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Botswana
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Brazil
AfDB, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA,
MINUSTAH, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN
Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

British Virgin Islands
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol
(subbureau), IOC, OECS (associate), UNESCO (associate), UPU

Brunei
APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, C, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB, IFRCS,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Bulgaria
ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC,
EBRD, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer),
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO, ZC

Burkina Faso
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WADB
(regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Burma
APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM,
OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO

Burundi
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Cambodia
ACCT, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Cameroon
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, C, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, MONUC,
NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Canada
ACCT, AfDB, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner),
Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESA
(cooperating state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM
(guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Cape Verde
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Cayman Islands
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol (subbureau), IOC,
UNESCO (associate), UPU

Central African Republic
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC (observer), OPCW
(signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Chad
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Chile
APEC, BIS, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate),
MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

China
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS,
CDB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA
(observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), ONUB,
OPCW, PCA, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNTSO, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
BCIE, CAN, CDB, CSN, FAO, G-3, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur
(associate), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Comoros
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AMF, AU, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF,
IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WMO

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO,
G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent),
ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Congo, Republic of the
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Cook Islands
ACP, AsDB, FAO, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFRCS, IOC, OPCW,
PIF, Sparteca, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Costa Rica
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS,
OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Cote d'Ivoire
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional),
WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Croatia
ABEDA, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM
(observer), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UPU,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Cuba
ACP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM, OAS
(excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL, OPCW, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Cyprus
Australia Group, C, CE, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer),
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WEU (observer affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Czech Republic
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN,
EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU
(member affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Denmark
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC,
EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security
Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE,
UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU
(observer), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Djibouti
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Dominica
ACCT, ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Dominican Republic
ACP, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer),
MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

East Timor
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICCt, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS
(observer), ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, MIGA, OPCW, PIF (observer), UN,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO

Ecuador
CAN, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA,
MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Egypt
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU,
EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC,
OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

El Salvador
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Equatorial Guinea
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Eritrea
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), IGAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Estonia
Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new
member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA,
NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Ethiopia
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO (observer)

European Union
European Union: ASEAN (dialogue member), ARF
(dialogue member), EBRD, IDA, OAS (observer), OECD, WTO
European Commission: Australian Group, CBSS, CERN, FAO, G-10, NSG
(observer), UN (observer)
European Central Bank: BIS
European Investment Bank: WADB (nonregional member)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
ICFTU, UPU

Faroe Islands
IMO (associate), NC, NIB, UPU

Fiji
ACP, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO

Finland
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC,
EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNTSO,
UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

France
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, BSEC
(observer), CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FZ, G- 5,
G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN
Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WADB
(nonregional), WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

French Guiana
UPU, WCL, WFTU

French Polynesia
FZ, ICFTU, PIF (observer), UPU, WMO

Gabon
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Gambia, The
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Georgia
BSEC, CE, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Germany
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS,
CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8,
G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE,
Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE,
UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU, WADB (nonregional), WCO, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Ghana
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM,
OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Gibraltar
Interpol (subbureau), UPU

Greece
Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU,
EU, FAO, G- 6, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UPU, WCO, WEU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Greenland
NC, NIB, UPU

Grenada
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW
(signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO

Guadeloupe
WCL, WFTU

Guam
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU

Guatemala
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA,
MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Guernsey
UPU

Guinea
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, ONUB,
OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Guinea-Bissau
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory),
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Guyana
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA,
RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO

Haiti
ACCT, ACP, Caricom (suspended), FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, MIGA, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory),
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Holy See (Vatican City)
CE (observer), IAEA, ICFTU, IOM (observer),
ITU, NAM (guest), OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, UN (observer), UNCTAD,
UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WToO (observer), WTO (observer)

Honduras
ABEDA, BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO,
NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW (signatory), PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Hong Kong
APEC, AsDB, BIS, ICC, ICFTU, IHO, IMF, IMO (associate),
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), UPU, WCL, WCO, WMO,
WToO (associate), WTO

Hungary
Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA
(cooperating state), EU (new member), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member
affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Iceland
Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO

India
AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, C, CERN
(observer), CP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS
(observer), ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Indonesia
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC,
NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL,
UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Iran
CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO

Iraq
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU,
LAS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), WToO

Ireland
Australia Group, BIS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU,
FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO,
MONUC, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE,
Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNIFIL, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Israel
BIS, BSEC (observer), CE (observer), CERN (observer), EBRD,
FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (observer), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, MIGA, OAS (observer), OPCW (signatory), OSCE (partner), PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Italy
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CDB, CE,
CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 7, G- 8, G-10,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA
(observer), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
(observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Jamaica
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM,
OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Japan
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner),
Australia Group, BIS, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CP, EBRD, FAO,
G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, LAIA, MIGA, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW,
OSCE (partner), Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMOVIC,
UNRWA, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Jordan
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Kazakhstan
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP,
SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Kenya
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM,
ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Kiribati
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO

Korea, North
ARF, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IOC,
ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO

Korea, South
AfDB, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner),
Australia Group, BIS, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Kuwait
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC,
OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Kyrgyzstan
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Laos
ACCT, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Latvia
Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new
member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA,
NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Lebanon
ABEDA, ACCT, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS
(observer), OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Lesotho
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, The Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Liberia
ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Libya
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
(observer), WToO

Liechtenstein
CE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol,
IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO, WTO

Lithuania
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC,
EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member
affiliate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Luxembourg
ACCT, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, CE, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Macau
IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (sub-bureau), ISO
(correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO, WToO
(associate), WTO

Macedonia
ACCT, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Madagascar
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Malawi
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Malaysia
ABEDA, APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, FAO, G-15,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO,
MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Maldives
AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Mali
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Malta
Australia Group, C, CE, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (observer affiliate), WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Man, Isle of
UPU

Marshall Islands
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, IDA,
IFC, IMF, IMO, Interpol, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, WHO

Martinique
UPU, WCL, WFTU

Mauritania
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, CAEU, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO
(pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAS, MIGA,
NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO

Mauritius
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Mayotte
UPU

Mexico
APEC, BCIE, BIS, CDB, CE (observer), EBRD, FAO, G-3, G-6,
G-15, G-19, G-24, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, NAM (observer), NEA, OAS, OECD,
OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMOVIC, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Micronesia, Federated States of
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO, WMO

Moldova
ACCT, BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OPCW,
OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Monaco
ACCT, CE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM,
IFRCS, IHO, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Mongolia
ARF, AsDB, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Montserrat
Caricom, CDB, ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), OECS, UPU

Morocco
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA,
MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner),
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Mozambique
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA,
MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMISET, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Namibia
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SACU,
SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Nauru
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, ICAO, ICCt, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF,
Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Nepal
AsDB, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MICAH, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, SAARC,
SACEP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMISET, UNOCI, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
WToO, WTO (observer)

Netherlands
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CE, CERN,
EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Netherlands Antilles
ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, UNESCO (associate),
UPU, WCL, WCO, WMO, WToO (associate)

New Caledonia
FZ, ICFTU, PIF (observer), UPU, WFTU, WMO

New Zealand
ANZUS (US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11
August 1986), APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia
Group, BIS, C, CP, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NSG, OECD, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca,
SPC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET,
UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Nicaragua
BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL,
OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Niger
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, ONUB,
OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional),
WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Nigeria
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC,
ONUB, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Niue
ACP, FAO, PIF, Sparteca, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Norfolk Island
UPU

Northern Mariana Islands
Interpol (subbureau)

Norway
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EFTA, ESA, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO,
ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
ZC

Oman
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WToO

Pakistan
ARF, AsDB, C (reinstated 2004), CP, ECO, FAO, G-24, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC,
NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL,
UNMISET, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO

Palau
ACP, AsDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF,
IOC, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO

Panama
FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Papua New Guinea
ACP, APEC, ARF, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF,
Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO

Paraguay
CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC,
NAM (observer), OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO

Peru
APEC, CAN, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur
(associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW,
PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Philippines
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-24, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA,
MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET,
UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Pitcairn Islands
UPU

Poland
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS,
CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest),
NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNOMIG,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO, ZC

Portugal
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WToO, WTO, ZC

Puerto Rico
ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WToO
(associate)

Qatar
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC,
OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO, WToO

Reunion
InOC, UPU, WFTU

Romania
ACCT, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU
(applicant), FAO, G- 9, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS
(observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council
(temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WEU (associate affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO, ZC

Russia
APEC, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE,
CERN (observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA,
MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE,
Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOVIC, UNOCI,
UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer),
ZC

Rwanda
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Saint Helena
ICFTU, UPU

Saint Kitts and Nevis
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
MIGA, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WTO

Saint Lucia
ACCT, ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
UPU, WFTU

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WTO

Samoa
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

San Marino
CE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WToO

Sao Tome and Principe
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Saudi Arabia
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, BIS, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC,
OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Senegal
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC,
NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMIL,
UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Serbia and Montenegro
BSEC, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer),
ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL,
UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Seychelles
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC,
Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Sierra Leone
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Singapore
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Slovakia
Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU
(new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA,
NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA,
UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNTSO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Slovenia
Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU (new
member), FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM
(guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (member affiliate), WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Solomon Islands
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU,
OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Somalia
ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LAS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

South Africa
ACP, AfDB, AU, BIS, C, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, NSG, ONUB,
OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMEE, UNMIL, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Spain
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NATO,
NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Sri Lanka
AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS
(observer), ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Sudan
ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Suriname
ACP, Caricom, CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDB, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU,
LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Svalbard
none

Swaziland
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Sweden
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NC, NEA,
NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP,
UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMISET, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer),
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Switzerland
ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CERN, EAPC,
EBRD, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNTSO,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Syria
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Taiwan
APEC, AsDB, BCIE, ICC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WTO

Tajikistan
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(subscriber), ITU, MIGA, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Tanzania
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G- 6, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UN Security
Council (temporary), UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE,
UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Thailand
APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM,
OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Togo
ABEDA, ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Tokelau
UNESCO (associate), UPU

Tonga
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Trinidad and Tobago
ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB,
IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Tunisia
ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BSEC (observer),
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA,
MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, OSCE (partner),
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Turkey
AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN (observer), EAPC,
EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNOMIG,
UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC

Turkmenistan
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO

Turks and Caicos Islands
Caricom (associate), CDB, Interpol
(subbureau), UPU

Tuvalu
ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, IFRCS (observer), IMO, ITU, OPCW, PIF,
Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Uganda
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, EADB, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO

Ukraine
BSEC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer),
NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer), ZC

United Arab Emirates
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC,
OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

United Kingdom
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE, CERN,
EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM
(guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris
Club, PCA, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA,
UPU, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

United States
AfDB, ANZUS, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue
partner), Australia Group, BIS, CE (observer), CERN (observer), CP,
EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-5, G-7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM (guest),
NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, UN, UN
Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK,
UNMIL, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO, ZC

Uruguay
CSN, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,
LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM
(observer), OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMOGIP, UNMOT, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Uzbekistan
AsDB, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol,
IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Vanuatu
ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, MIGA, NAM, PIF, Sparteca, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Venezuela
CAN, CDB, CSN, FAO, G-3, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate),
MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Vietnam
ACCT (observer), APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTO (observer)

Virgin Islands
Interpol (subbureau), IOC, UPU

Wallis and Futuna
FZ, UPU

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAS
(observer), OIC, ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNOCI, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer)

Zambia
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Zimbabwe
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2108 Merchant marine

Albania
total: 25 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 40,878 GRT/62,676 DWT
by type: cargo 24, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Denmark 1, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Algeria
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 837,676 GRT/929,847 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 14, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas
10, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 3 (United Kingdom 3)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Andorra
registered in other countries: 1

Angola
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 26,123 GRT/42,879 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1
registered in other countries: 4 (2005)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 980 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,873,626
GRT/7,683,143 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 33, cargo 630, chemical tanker 9, container
272, liquefied gas 9, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 8, roll
on/roll off 17, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 923 (Australia 2, Bangladesh 4, Belgium 4, Colombia
2, Denmark 8, Estonia 2, Germany 849, Iceland 5, Latvia 5, Lebanon
2, Lithuania 1, Netherlands 11, Norway 3, Philippines 1, Russia 1,
Slovenia 5, Sweden 1, Switzerland 5, Turkey 4, United Kingdom 1,
United States 7) (2005)

Argentina
total: 26 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 149,007 GRT/212,620 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 9, chemical tanker 1, passenger 1,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Chile 1, Uruguay 1)
registered in other countries: 23 (2005)

Australia
total: 55 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,531,461
GRT/1,999,409 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 16, cargo 7, chemical tanker 3, container 1,
liquefied gas 4, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8,
roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 16 (France 1, Germany 3, Japan 1, Philippines 1,
Saudi Arabia 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 7)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)

Austria
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 29,624 GRT/37,425 DWT
by type: cargo 6, container 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Netherlands 2)
registered in other countries: 19 (2005)

Azerbaijan
total: 81 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 253,004 GRT/318,922
DWT
by type: cargo 26, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker
41, roll on/roll off 2, specialized tanker 2
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Bahamas, The
total: 1,119
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 183, cargo 259, chemical
tanker 54, combination ore/oil 17, container 74, liquefied gas 28,
livestock carrier 2, passenger 116, passenger/cargo 40, petroleum
tanker 168, refrigerated cargo 130, roll on/roll off 20, specialized
tanker 2, vehicle carrier 24
foreign-owned: 968 (Angola 4, Australia 4, Belgium 17, Canada 9,
China 3, Croatia 1, Cuba 1, Cyprus 13, Denmark 18, Estonia 1,
Finland 7, France 28, Germany 15, Greece 194, Hong Kong 11,
Indonesia 2, Ireland 1, Israel 1, Italy 7, Japan 49, Jordan 2, Kenya
1, Latvia 1, Malaysia 12, Monaco 15, Netherlands 24, New Zealand 1,
Nigeria 2, Norway 229, Poland 13, Reunion 1, Russia 2, Saudi Arabia
12, Serbia & Montenegro 2, Singapore 11, Slovenia 1, South Korea 1,
Spain 6, Sweden 9, Switzerland 4, Thailand 1, Trinidad & Tobago 2,
Turkey 7, UAE 12, United Kingdom 55, United States 154, Uruguay 2)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)

Bahrain
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 219,083 GRT/312,638 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 2, container 2, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Kuwait 2) (2005)

Bangladesh
total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 319,897 GRT/440,575
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 28, container 6, passenger/cargo 1,
petroleum tanker 4
foreign-owned: 10 (China 1, Singapore 9)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Barbados
total: 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 427,465 GRT/668,195 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 31, chemical tanker 6,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 2,
specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 53 (Bahamas 1, Bangladesh 1, Canada 12, Greece 11,
Lebanon 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 17, UAE 1, United Kingdom 7)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Belgium
total: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,146,301 GRT/1,588,184
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 15, cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, container 8,
liquefied gas 17, petroleum tanker 9
foreign-owned: 12 (Denmark 4, France 4, Greece 4)
registered in other countries: 101 (2005)

Belize
total: 295 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,015,270 GRT/1,336,890
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 207, chemical tanker 9, container 6,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 17, roll
on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 142 (Australia 2, Belgium 1, China 50, Cuba 1, Cyprus
1, Estonia 9, Germany 4, Hong Kong 6, Indonesia 3, Italy 2, Japan 5,
Latvia 4, Malaysia 1, Nigeria 1, Pakistan 1, Poland 2, Russia 23,
Singapore 5, South Korea 6, Spain 3, Switzerland 1, Turkey 2,
Ukraine 4, UAE 3, United States 2) (2005)

Bermuda
total: 108 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,845,326 GRT/6,501,782
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 6, container 22, liquefied gas 13,
passenger 13, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated
cargo 11, roll on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 103 (Australia 2, Canada 20, Finland 2, Germany 1,
Greece 1, Hong Kong 5, Indonesia 1, Nigeria 8, Norway 5, Sweden 9,
Switzerland 2, United Kingdom 27, United States 20)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Bolivia
total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 413,407 GRT/699,901 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 16, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 9, refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 11 (Argentina 1, Egypt 2, Eritrea 1, Germany 1, Iran
1, Singapore 2, United Kingdom 1, United States 2) (2005)

Brazil
total: 150 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,961,431 GRT/4,725,267
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 28, cargo 25, chemical tanker 7, combination
ore/oil 2, container 7, liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12,
petroleum tanker 48, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 17 (Chile 2, Germany 7, Norway 1, Spain 7)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005)

British Virgin Islands
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 83,825
GRT/155,909 DWT
by type: cargo 1
registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Brunei
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 465,937 GRT/413,393 DWT
by type: liquefied gas 8
foreign-owned: 8 (United Kingdom 8) (2005)

Bulgaria
total: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 757,972 GRT/1,115,238
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 34, cargo 13, chemical tanker 4, container 6,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 3
registered in other countries: 45 (2005)

Burma
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 429,144 GRT/659,622 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 19, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 3,
roll on'roll off 3, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Germany 4, Japan 5, United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Cambodia
total: 479 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,913,910
GRT/2,713,967 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 34, cargo 396, chemical tanker 9, container 6,
livestock carrier 3, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 11,
refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 5, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 193 (Canada 4, China 39, China 2, Cyprus 4, Egypt 5,
Estonia 2, France 1, Germany 1, Greece 6, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 3,
Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 1, Israel 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, Lebanon 1,
Nigeria 2, Norway 1, Russia 58, Singapore 5, South Korea 23, Syria
8, Turkey 7, Ukraine 6, UAE 1, United States 7, Yemen 1) (2005)

Cameroon
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 169,593 GRT/357,023 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2005)

Canada
total: 169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,784,229 GRT/2,657,499
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 49, chemical tanker 6, combination
ore/oil 1, container 1, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 65, petroleum
tanker 13, roll on/roll off 6
foreign-owned: 6 (France 1, Germany 3, United States 2)
registered in other countries: 112 (2005)

Cape Verde
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,395 GRT/6,614 DWT
by type: cargo 2, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 2
foreign-owned: 1 (United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Cayman Islands
total: 129 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,827,837
GRT/4,555,974 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 29, cargo 12, chemical tanker 39, liquefied
gas 1, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 28, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 126 (Denmark 1, Germany 14, Greece 20, Italy 12,
Norway 1, Philippines 1, Sweden 13, Switzerland 11, United Kingdom
9, United States 44) (2005)

Chile
total: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 725,216 GRT/954,519 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 6, chemical tanker 9, container 1,
liquefied gas 3, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 8,
roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 4
registered in other countries: 21 (2005)

China
total: 1,649 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 18,724,653
GRT/27,749,784 DWT
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 362, cargo 696, chemical
tanker 38, combination ore/oil 1, container 135, liquefied gas 30,
passenger 7, passenger/cargo 81, petroleum tanker 246, refrigerated
cargo 30, roll on/roll off 11, vehicle carrier 10
foreign-owned: 9 (Hong Kong 4, Japan 2, South Korea 2, United States
1)
registered in other countries: 872 (2005)

Colombia
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 35,427 GRT/46,301 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 11, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker
2
registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Comoros
total: 79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 452,801 GRT/681,343 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 9, cargo 55, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
livestock carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 5,
refrigerated cargo 5, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 35 (Bulgaria 1, Germany 1, Greece 7, India 1, Jordan
1, Kenya 1, Lebanon 3, Nigeria 1, Norway 1, Pakistan 1, Philippines
1, Russia 2, Syria 3, Turkey 6, Ukraine 4, United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
registered in other countries: 1

Cook Islands
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,074 GRT/7,520 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2005)

Costa Rica
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,716 GRT/ DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 2 (2005)

Croatia
total: 73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 750,579 GRT/1,178,786 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 12, chemical tanker 2,
passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 31 (2005)

Cuba
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 54,818 GRT/81,850 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 4, chemical tanker 1, passenger 2,
petroleum tanker 4, refrigerated cargo 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 20 (2005)

Cyprus
total: 972 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 22,016,374
GRT/35,760,004 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 384, cargo 248, chemical tanker 45, container
125, liquefied gas 4, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 19, petroleum
tanker 103, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 12, vehicle
carrier 5
foreign-owned: 899 (Austria 2, Belgium 1, Canada 10, China 8,
Croatia 3, Cuba 5, Egypt 1, Estonia 3, France 1, Germany 236, Greece
396, Hong Kong 2, India 2, Iran 2, Israel 3, Japan 18, Latvia 7,
Monaco 1, Netherlands 12, Norway 14, Philippines 1, Poland 20,
Portugal 2, Russia 56, Singapore 2, Slovenia 4, South Korea 1, Spain
4, Sweden 6, Switzerland 4, Syria 2, Ukraine 3, UAE 11, United
Kingdom 24, United States 31, Vietnam 1)
registered in other countries: 54 (2005)

Czech Republic
registered in other countries: 3

Denmark
total: 287 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,952,473 GRT/9,030,444
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 67, chemical tanker 40, container 79,
liquefied gas 10, livestock carrier 2, passenger 1, passenger/cargo
42, petroleum tanker 25, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 8,
specialized tanker 4
foreign-owned: 23 (Bahamas 14, France 1, Greece 1, Greenland 1,
Norway 2, Sweden 2, UAE 1, Vietnam 1)
registered in other countries: 487 (2005)

Djibouti
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Dominica
total: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,771 GRT/19,736 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 19, chemical tanker 2, container 1,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 5, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 21 (Estonia 6, Greece 3, Pakistan 1, Russia 2,
Singapore 6, Syria 2, UAE 1) (2005)

Dominican Republic
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 11,230
GRT/17,011 DWT
by type: cargo 3 (2005)

Ecuador
total: 31 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 241,403 GRT/391,898 DWT
by type: chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger 8, petroleum
tanker 20
foreign-owned: 3 (Germany 1, Greece 1, Paraguay 1) (2005)

Egypt
total: 77 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,194,696 GRT/1,754,815 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 34, container 2, passenger/cargo 5,
petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 8
foreign-owned: 10 (Denmark 1, Greece 6, Lebanon 2, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 34 (2005)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,556 GRT/9,704
DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Eritrea
total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 16,069 GRT/19,549 DWT
by type: cargo 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll
off 1
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Estonia
total: 43 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 212,998 GRT/177,488 DWT
by type: cargo 17, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 6 (Norway 6)
registered in other countries: 51 (2005)

Ethiopia
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 81,933 GRT/101,287 DWT
by type: cargo 6, roll on/roll off 2 (2005)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none

Faroe Islands
total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 24,051 GRT/11,998
DWT
by type: cargo 6, container 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 8 (Denmark 2, Germany 1, Iceland 2, Norway 2, United
Kingdom 1) (2005)

Fiji
total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,372 GRT/7,453 DWT
by type: passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Australia 1) (2005)

Finland
total: 94 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,152,175 GRT/1,053,906
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 27, chemical tanker 6, container 1,
passenger 5, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 7, roll on/roll
off 25
foreign-owned: 2 (Norway 1, United States 1)
registered in other countries: 42 (2005)

France
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 703,639 GRT/889,705 DWT
by type: cargo 4, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas 4, passenger 3,
passenger/cargo 30, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 6 (Sweden 5, Switzerland 1)
registered in other countries: 139 (2005)

French Guiana
registered in other countries: 3

French Polynesia
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 17,537
GRT/15,150 DWT
by type: cargo 4, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 5, refrigerated cargo
1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 1 (France 1) (2005)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
total: 75 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) 3,092,387 GRT/5,056,658 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 1, chemical tanker 21, container 19,
liquefied gas 7, petroleum tanker 15, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle
carrier 4
foreign-owned: 71 (Belgium 5, Denmark 2, France 45, Germany 2,
Greece 2, Hong Kong 5, Japan 4, Saudi Arabia 1, Sweden 5) (2005)

Gambia, The
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 30,976 GRT/10,978 DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Switzerland 1) (2005)

Georgia
total: 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 855,908 GRT/1,288,812
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 133, container 3, liquefied gas 1,
passenger 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 6, refrigerated
cargo 4, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 105 (Albania 1, Azerbaijan 2, Cyprus 2, Egypt 3,
Estonia 1, Germany 1, Greece 4, Israel 1, Lebanon 3, Romania 6,
Russia 8, Syria 27, Turkey 14, Ukraine 30, UAE 2)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Germany
total: 332 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,721,495 GRT/6,810,631
DWT
by type: cargo 69, chemical tanker 13, container 208, liquefied gas
3, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 25, petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll
off 4
foreign-owned: 5 (Finland 2, Netherlands 1, Switzerland 1, UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 2,289 (2005)

Ghana
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 19,086 GRT/26,185 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 3
foreign-owned: 1 (Brazil 1) (2005)

Gibraltar
total: 161 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 980,636 GRT/1,254,661
DWT
by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 2, cargo 96, chemical tanker
21, container 22, passenger 3, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker
11, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 142 (Belgium 1, Cyprus 1, Finland 1, France 1,
Germany 105, Greece 12, Iceland 1, Ireland 1, Italy 1, Latvia 1,
Norway 8, Sweden 2, Switzerland 1, Taiwan 1, United Kingdom 3,
United States 2) (2005)

Greece
total: 861 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 30,186,624
GRT/52,943,968 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 296, cargo 65, chemical tanker 47, combination
ore/oil 2, container 46, liquefied gas 2, passenger 13,
passenger/cargo 121, petroleum tanker 252, roll on/roll off 17
foreign-owned: 25 (Chile 1, China 1, Cyprus 5, Norway 6, Sweden 1,
United Kingdom 11)
registered in other countries: 2,208 (2005)

Greenland
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,593 GRT/3,640 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Guadeloupe
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,240 GRT/109 DWT
by type: passenger 1
foreign-owned: 1 (France 1) (2005)

Guyana
total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,475 GRT/8,758 DWT
by type: cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 1
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Honduras
total: 137 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 598,600 GRT/616,158 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 67, chemical tanker 6, container 2,
liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 1, passenger 4, passenger/cargo
5, petroleum tanker 30, refrigerated cargo 9, roll on/roll off 1,
specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 44 (Canada 1, China 3, Egypt 1, Greece 4, Hong Kong
2, Israel 1, Japan 4, Lebanon 1, Mexico 1, Singapore 12, South Korea
6, Taiwan 2, Tanzania 1, Turkey 1, United States 2, Vanuatu 1,
Vietnam 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Hong Kong
total: 837 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 20,478,042
GRT/34,554,455 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 446, cargo 119, chemical
tanker 44, combination ore/oil 2, container 105, liquefied gas 20,
passenger 6, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 75, roll on/roll
off 5, vehicle carrier 8
foreign-owned: 453 (Australia 1, Bahamas 1, Belgium 3, Canada 9,
China 246, Denmark 3, France 5, Germany 13, Greece 19, India 1,
Indonesia 1, Israel 1, Japan 51, Norway 16, Philippines 13,
Singapore 17, South Korea 8, Taiwan 5, Thailand 4, UAE 1, United
Kingdom 32, United States 3)
registered in other countries: 373 (2005)

Iceland
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,341 GRT/6,019 DWT
by type: cargo 2, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries: 30 (2005)

India
total: 299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,555,507 GRT/11,069,791
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 85, cargo 75, chemical tanker 13, combination
ore/oil 1, container 7, liquefied gas 14, passenger 3,
passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 91, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 10 (Australia 1, China 1, Greece 1, UAE 6, United
Kingdom 1)
registered in other countries: 30 (2005)

Indonesia
total: 728 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847
GRT/4,319,739 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 35, cargo 409, chemical tanker 19, container
36, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 1, passenger 41,
passenger/cargo 36, petroleum tanker 125, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 13, specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 19 (France 1, Japan 3, Philippines 1, Singapore 11,
Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2)
registered in other countries: 113 (2005)

Iran
total: 144 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,715,242 GRT/8,240,069 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 49, chemical tanker 4, container 14,
liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker
30, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 1 (UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005)

Iraq
total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 83,221 GRT/125,255 DWT
by type: cargo 11, petroleum tanker 3 (2005)

Ireland
total: 39
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 27, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
passenger/cargo 4, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 11 (Germany 3, Italy 3, Norway 1, Switzerland 1,
United Kingdom 3)
registered in other countries: 18 (2005)

Israel
total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 752,873 GRT/881,711 DWT
by type: cargo 1, container 16
registered in other countries: 48 (2005)

Italy
total: 565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 8,970,017 GRT/10,354,685
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 38, cargo 43, chemical tanker 128, combination
ore/oil 1, container 19, liquefied gas 38, livestock carrier 2,
passenger 16, passenger/cargo 152, petroleum tanker 53, refrigerated
cargo 4, roll on/roll off 34, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier
26
foreign-owned: 47 (France 3, Greece 7, Monaco 2, Switzerland 5,
Taiwan 8, Turkey 2, United Kingdom 5, United States 15)
registered in other countries: 125 (2005)

Jamaica
total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 74,881 GRT/100,682 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 5, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 8 (Germany 2, Greece 5, UAE 1) (2005)

Japan
total: 702 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 10,149,196 GRT/12,680,544
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 136, cargo 29, chemical tanker 23, container
13, liquefied gas 53, passenger 16, passenger/cargo 157, petroleum
tanker 160, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 52, vehicle
carrier 59
registered in other countries: 2,233 (2005)

Jordan
total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 78,814 GRT/92,695 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 7, container 2, passenger/cargo 5,
roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 12 (Greece 3, UAE 9)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Kazakhstan
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,064 GRT/646 DWT
by type: cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 2 (United Kingdom 2) (2005)

Kenya
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,049 GRT/7,082 DWT
by type: cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1
registered in other countries: 6 (2005)

Kiribati
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,291 GRT/1,295 DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2005)

Korea, North
total: 238 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 985,108
GRT/1,389,389 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 13, cargo 191, container 2, livestock carrier
4, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 13, refrigerated cargo 5,
roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 52 (China 1, Denmark 2, France 1, Greece 4, Italy 1,
Lebanon 4, Lithuania 1, Netherlands 1, Pakistan 2, Romania 10,
Russia 2, Singapore 2, South Korea 2, Syria 9, Turkey 6, Ukraine 1,
UAE 3) (2005)

Korea, South
total: 601 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,992,656
GRT/11,081,142 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 125, cargo 196, chemical tanker 88, container
71, liquefied gas 20, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 22, petroleum
tanker 51, refrigerated cargo 15, roll on/roll off 5, vehicle
carrier 3
foreign-owned: 2 (Germany 1, United Kingdom 1)
registered in other countries: 366 (2005)

Kuwait
total: 39 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,319,082 GRT/3,768,828
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 3, container 6, liquefied gas 5, livestock
carrier 5, petroleum tanker 20
registered in other countries: 19 (2005)

Laos
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) 2,370 GRT/3,110 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Latvia
total: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 53,153 GRT/37,414 DWT
by type: cargo 7, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 2,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 5, roll on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 86 (2005)

Lebanon
total: 44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 198,602 GRT/248,313 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 26, livestock carrier 8, refrigerated
cargo 1, roll on/roll off 2, vehicle carrier 3
foreign-owned: 6 (Austria 1, Greece 5)
registered in other countries: 40 (2005)

Liberia
total: 1,465 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 50,555,752
GRT/79,125,329 DWT
by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 275, cargo 91, chemical
tanker 173, combination ore/oil 22, container 388, liquefied gas 78,
passenger 2, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 324, refrigerated
cargo 57, roll on/roll off 6, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier
35
foreign-owned: 1,392 (Argentina 8, Australia 2, Austria 13, Bahamas
3, Brazil 6, British 1, Canada 2, Chile 1, China 36, Croatia 7,
Cyprus 1, Denmark 5, France 3, Germany 511, Greece 149, Hong Kong
29, India 4, Indonesia 1, Isle of Man 5, Israel 7, Italy 12, Japan
106, Latvia 18, Monaco 10, Netherlands 18, Nigeria 1, Norway 57,
Pakistan 1, Poland 14, Romania 1, Russia 63, Saudi Arabia 23,
Singapore 29, Slovenia 1, South Korea 4, Sweden 12, Switzerland 10,
Taiwan 54, Turkey 4, Ukraine 7, UAE 10, United Kingdom 56, United
States 84, Uruguay 3) (2005)

Libya
total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 129,627 GRT/105,110 DWT
by type: cargo 7, liquefied gas 3, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum
tanker 1, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 1 (Algeria 1) (2005)

Lithuania
total: 54 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 296,856 GRT/317,731 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 24, chemical tanker 1,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 13, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 12 (Denmark 12)
registered in other countries: 16 (2005)

Luxembourg
total: 40 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 652,454 GRT/805,101
DWT
by type: chemical tanker 16, container 6, liquefied gas 2, passenger
3, petroleum tanker 6, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 40 (Belgium 12, Finland 3, France 8, Germany 10,
Netherlands 4, United States 3) (2005)

Madagascar
total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 14,865 GRT/17,936 DWT
by type: cargo 5, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 2
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Malaysia
total: 346 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 5,389,397
GRT/7,539,178 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 45, cargo 109, chemical tanker 38, container
47, liquefied gas 26, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 62, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle
carrier 5
foreign-owned: 77 (China 1, Hong Kong 12, Japan 3, Singapore 61)
registered in other countries: 59 (2005)

Maldives
total: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 57,118 GRT/72,831 DWT
by type: cargo 12, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2,
refrigerated cargo 1
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Malta
total: 1,140 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 25,102,401
GRT/41,176,791 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 438, cargo 303, chemical
tanker 70, combination ore/oil 2, container 54, liquefied gas 8,
livestock carrier 1, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum
tanker 162, refrigerated cargo 43, roll on/roll off 26, specialized
tanker 1, vehicle carrier 13
foreign-owned: 1,080 (Austria 3, Azerbaijan 1, Bangladesh 3, Belgium
12, British 1, Bulgaria 18, Canada 9, China 15, Croatia 10, Cyprus
2, Czech Republic 2, Estonia 2, Finland 1, France 5, Germany 51,
Greece 527, Hong Kong 1, Iceland 7, Iran 4, Israel 26, Italy 17,
Japan 2, Latvia 30, Lebanon 6, Madagascar 1, Monaco 3, Netherlands
3, Norway 42, Pakistan 2, Poland 24, Portugal 4, Romania 5, Russia
64, Slovenia 3, South Korea 4, Sweden 3, Switzerland 32, Syria 6,
Taiwan 1, Turkey 87, Ukraine 25, UAE 5, United Kingdom 8, United
States 3)
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Man, Isle of
total: 267 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,834,626
GRT/11,354,689 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 31, cargo 54, chemical tanker 45, combination
ore/oil 1, container 15, liquefied gas 46, passenger/cargo 2,
petroleum tanker 53, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 10,
specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 253 (Australia 1, Bahamas 8, Denmark 39, France 2,
Germany 55, Greece 20, Hong Kong 3, Italy 7, Japan 4, Netherlands 2,
New Zealand 1, Norway 18, Singapore 2, Sweden 1, Turkey 2, United
Kingdom 86, United States 2)
registered in other countries: 9 (2005)

Marshall Islands
total: 540 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 16,954,092
GRT/28,176,762 DWT
by type: barge carrier 2, bulk carrier 83, cargo 47, chemical tanker
77, combination ore/oil 12, container 88, liquefied gas 16,
passenger 8, petroleum tanker 192, refrigerated cargo 4, roll
on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 462 (Australia 1, Bahamas 1, Bermuda 1, Canada 4,
Chile 2, Croatia 2, Cyprus 7, Denmark 2, Georgia 1, Germany 124,
Greece 106, Hong Kong 7, India 1, Italy 1, Japan 5, Latvia 6, Monaco
9, Netherlands 4, New Zealand 1, Norway 21, Philippines 1, Russia 1,
Saudi Arabia 1, Singapore 2, Slovenia 2, Spain 1, Switzerland 5,
Taiwan 1, Turkey 11, Ukraine 1, UAE 3, United Kingdom 15, United
States 112) (2005)

Mauritius
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 22,946 GRT/27,102 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, passenger/cargo 2, refrigerated cargo 2
foreign-owned: 6 (India 4, Switzerland 2) (2005)

Mexico
total: 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 649,389 GRT/942,766 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 6, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas
5, passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 26, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 4 (Denmark 1, Germany 1, UAE 1, United States 1)
registered in other countries: 6 (2005)

Micronesia, Federated States of total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,423 GRT/1,551 DWT by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 foreign-owned: 2 (United States 2) (2005)

Moldova
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,636 GRT/1,088 DWT
by type: cargo 2 (2005)

Monaco
registered in other countries: 54 (2005)

Mongolia
total: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 339,423 GRT/533,853 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 54, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo
1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 38 (China 2, Lebanon 1, Philippines 1, Russia 10,
Singapore 10, South Korea 1, Syria 1, Thailand 1, Ukraine 1, UAE 4,
Vietnam 6) (2005)

Morocco
total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 236,131 GRT/252,367 DWT
by type: cargo 6, chemical tanker 6, container 8, passenger/cargo
13, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 5
foreign-owned: 6 (France 1, Germany 2, Switzerland 2, United Kingdom
1) (2005)

Mozambique
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,125 GRT/7,024 DWT
by type: cargo 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Belgium 2) (2005)

Namibia
total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) 2,265 GRT/3,605 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Netherlands
total: 558 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,796,460
GRT/5,212,557 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 14, cargo 361, chemical tanker 32, container
48, liquefied gas 13, passenger 11, passenger/cargo 14, petroleum
tanker 14, refrigerated cargo 32, roll on/roll off 15, specialized
tanker 4
foreign-owned: 139 (Bahamas 5, Belgium 2, Canada 1, Denmark 4,
Finland 7, Germany 62, Ireland 13, Norway 9, Sweden 19, United
Kingdom 6, United States 11)
registered in other countries: 223 (2005)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 168 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,317,007
GRT/1,668,499 DWT
by type: barge carrier 3, bulk carrier 23, cargo 72, chemical tanker
2, container 21, liquefied gas 6, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 3,
refrigerated cargo 30, roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 158 (Belgium 5, Cyprus 1, Denmark 1, Germany 57, Hong
Kong 3, Netherlands 71, Peru 1, Sweden 9, Turkey 7, United Kingdom
2, United States 1) (2005)

New Caledonia
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,261 GRT/1,600 DWT
by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 1 (2005)

New Zealand
total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 77,523 GRT/108,352
DWT
by type: cargo 3, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 1, bulk carrier 3
foreign-owned: 2 (Germany 1, Isle of Man 1)
registered in other countries: 5 (2005)

Nigeria
total: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 327,808 GRT/608,076 DWT
by type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 6, combination ore/oil 1,
liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 31,
refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 3 (Norway 2, Pakistan 1)
registered in other countries: 25 (2005)

Norway
total: 740 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 18,820,495
GRT/27,449,456 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 51, cargo 168, chemical tanker 142,
combination ore/oil 20, container 3, liquefied gas 81, passenger 5,
passenger/cargo 113, petroleum tanker 79, refrigerated cargo 6, roll
on/roll off 30, vehicle carrier 42
foreign-owned: 174 (Belgium 1, China 3, Cyprus 5, Denmark 28,
Estonia 2, Finland 5, Germany 4, Hong Kong 52, Iceland 3, Italy 3,
Japan 3, Lithuania 1, Monaco 1, Netherlands 4, Poland 2, Saudi
Arabia 7, Singapore 10, Sweden 24, United States 16)
registered in other countries: 1,117 (2005)

Oman
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 15,430 GRT/6,360 DWT
by type: passenger 1 (2005)

Pakistan
total: 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 329,486 GRT/512,506 DWT
by type: cargo 10, petroleum tanker 3
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Panama
total: 5,005 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 122,960,929
GRT/183,615,337 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 1,548, cargo 886, chemical
tanker 465, combination ore/oil 13, container 605, liquefied gas
183, livestock carrier 8, passenger 42, passenger/cargo 77,
petroleum tanker 521, refrigerated cargo 298, roll on/roll off 97,
specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 256
foreign-owned: 4,388 (Andorra 1, Argentina 9, Australia 3, Bahamas
1, Belgium 14, Brazil 1, Canada 1, Chile 14, China 310, Colombia 5,
Croatia 1, Cuba 9, Cyprus 7, Denmark 13, Egypt 15, France 7, Germany
23, Greece 546, Hong Kong 159, India 8, Indonesia 46, Ireland 1,
Isle of Man 2, Israel 3, Italy 8, Japan 1814, Jordan 9, Latvia 2,
Lithuania 5, Malaysia 11, Maldives 1, Malta 1, Mexico 4, Monaco 8,
Netherlands 22, New Zealand 1, Nigeria 6, Norway 66, Pakistan 1,
Peru 13, Philippines 15, Poland 19, Portugal 8, Romania 13, Russia
4, Saudi Arabia 4, Singapore 54, South Africa 3, South Korea 292,
Spain 41, Sri Lanka 1, Sudan 1, Sweden 4, Switzerland 188, Syria 7,
Taiwan 301, Thailand 10, Trinidad & Tobago 1, Tunisia 1, Turkey 18,
Ukraine 9, UAE 83, United Kingdom 29, United States 88, Venezuela
20, Vietnam 2, Yemen 1) (2005)

Papua New Guinea
total: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 47,586
GRT/60,934 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 17, chemical tanker 1, petroleum
tanker 2
foreign-owned: 8 (Singapore 2, United Kingdom 6) (2005)

Paraguay
total: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 31,667 GRT/30,826 DWT
by type: cargo 15, livestock carrier 1, passenger 1, petroleum
tanker 2, roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Argentina 2)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Peru
total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT
by type: cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (United States 1)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005)

Philippines
total: 419 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,524,259
GRT/6,437,171 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 85, cargo 109, chemical tanker 13, container
5, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 15, passenger 11,
passenger/cargo 73, petroleum tanker 47, refrigerated cargo 23, roll
on/roll off 17, vehicle carrier 14
foreign-owned: 69 (Canada 1, China 2, Germany 2, Greece 5, Hong Kong
2, Japan 31, Malaysia 2, Netherlands 20, Norway 1, UAE 1, United
States 2)
registered in other countries: 40 (2005)

Poland
total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 154,710 GRT/228,132 DWT
by type: cargo 3, chemical tanker 2, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll
off 1
registered in other countries: 107 (2005)

Portugal
total: 114 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 872,557 GRT/1,236,025
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 38, chemical tanker 14, container 7,
liquefied gas 9, passenger 8, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 9,
roll on/roll off 4, vehicle carrier 8
foreign-owned: 97 (Australia 1, Belgium 6, Denmark 5, Germany 18,
Greece 4, Iceland 1, Italy 11, Japan 8, Lebanon 1, Malta 1, Norway
4, Spain 19, Switzerland 4)
registered in other countries: 28 (2005)

Puerto Rico
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 36,728 GRT/37,048 DWT
by type: roll on/roll off 2
foreign-owned: 2 (United States 2)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Qatar
total: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 525,051 GRT/772,635 DWT
by type: cargo 3, chemical tanker 5, container 8, liquefied gas 2,
petroleum tanker 3, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 6 (Kuwait 6) (2005)

Reunion
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 28,264 GRT/44,885 DWT
by type: chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (France 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Romania
total: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 395,350 GRT/510,232 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 5, cargo 20, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 2,
petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 4
foreign-owned: 2 (Italy 2)
registered in other countries: 39 (2005)

Russia
total: 1,194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,521,472
GRT/5,505,118 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 45, cargo 767, chemical
tanker 20, combination ore/oil 48, container 21, passenger 11,
passenger/cargo 8, petroleum tanker 213, refrigerated cargo 46, roll
on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 56 (Belgium 2, Cyprus 1, Estonia 2, Germany 1, Hong
Kong 1, Latvia 3, Norway 1, Sweden 1, Turkey 28, Ukraine 10, United
Kingdom 2, United States 4)
registered in other countries: 326 (2005)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 657 ships (1,000 GRT or
over) 5,967,418 GRT/9,041,023 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 112, cargo 366, chemical tanker 18,
combination ore/oil 1, container 24, liquefied gas 4, livestock
carrier 6, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 19, petroleum tanker 29,
refrigerated cargo 48, roll on/roll off 22, specialized tanker 2,
vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 554 (Australia 2, Bangladesh 5, Barbados 1, Belgium
1, British 5, Bulgaria 17, China 115, Congo 1, Croatia 7, Cuba 1,
Czech Republic 1, Denmark 12, Egypt 2, Estonia 19, France 12,
Germany 8, Greece 99, Guyana 3, Hong Kong 10, Iceland 11, India 6,
Iran 1, Ireland 1, Israel 3, Italy 18, Kenya 4, Latvia 9, Lebanon 6,
Lithuania 3, Monaco 4, Netherlands 7, Nigeria 3, Norway 19, Pakistan
4, Poland 1, Puerto Rico 1, Romania 1, Russia 20, Saudi Arabia 3,
Serbia & Montenegro 1, Singapore 2, Slovenia 6, South Korea 3, Spain
2, Sweden 1, Switzerland 7, Syria 6, Trinidad & Tobago 1, Tunisia 2,
Turkey 16, Ukraine 6, UAE 21, United Kingdom 10, United States 24)
(2005)

Samoa
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,091 GRT/8,127 DWT
by type: cargo 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Germany 1) (2005)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 79,490
GRT/97,077 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 11, chemical tanker 2
foreign-owned: 2 (Egypt 1, Greece 1) (2005)

Saudi Arabia
total: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,306,706
GRT/1,963,191 DWT
by type: cargo 5, chemical tanker 12, container 4, passenger/cargo
8, petroleum tanker 23, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 14 (Egypt 2, Hong Kong 1, Kuwait 5, Singapore 1,
Sudan 1, UAE 1, United Kingdom 3)
registered in other countries: 54 (2005)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 2
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Finland 1, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Seychelles
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 42,223 GRT/63,538 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Nigeria 1) (2005)

Sierra Leone
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,435 GRT/8,750 DWT
by type: petroleum tanker 2 (2005)

Singapore
total: 923 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 23,065,290
GRT/36,393,317 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 138, cargo 86, chemical tanker 115,
combination ore/oil 5, container 180, liquefied gas 42, livestock
carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 316, refrigerated
cargo 3, vehicle carrier 36
foreign-owned: 487 (Australia 5, Bangladesh 1, Belgium 10, China 15,
Denmark 34, Germany 7, Greece 5, Hong Kong 43, India 3, Indonesia
54, Japan 83, Malaysia 31, Norway 83, Philippines 3, Russia 1,
Slovenia 1, South Korea 12, Sweden 12, Taiwan 44, Thailand 17, UAE
6, United Kingdom 12, United States 5)
registered in other countries: 276 (2005)

Slovakia
total: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 41,891 GRT/63,185 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 5, cargo 18, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 18 (Bulgaria 8, Estonia 1, Greece 1, Syria 1, Turkey
6, United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Slovenia
registered in other countries: 23

South Africa
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 31,505 GRT/37,091 DWT
by type: container 1, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 7 (2005)

Spain
total: 182 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,740,974 GRT/2,157,551
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 10, cargo 22, chemical tanker 16, container
19, liquefied gas 8, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 47, petroleum
tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 25, vehicle
carrier 7
foreign-owned: 29 (Cuba 2, Denmark 1, Germany 9, Italy 2, Norway 6,
United States 7, Uruguay 2)
registered in other countries: 192 (2005)

Sri Lanka
total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 120,924 GRT/173,604 DWT
by type: cargo 18, container 2, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 10 (Germany 10)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Sudan
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 20,466 GRT/26,973 DWT
by type: cargo 1, livestock carrier 1
registered in other countries: 2 (2005)

Suriname
total: 1 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,078 GRT/1,214 DWT
by type: cargo 1 (2005)

Sweden
total: 205 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,702,763 GRT/1,884,570
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 33, chemical tanker 51, passenger 4,
passenger/cargo 37, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 37,
specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 22
foreign-owned: 42 (Belgium 2, Denmark 4, Finland 11, Germany 6,
Italy 7, Japan 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 9)
registered in other countries: 155 (2005)

Switzerland
total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 604,843
GRT/1,050,914 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 12, cargo 6, chemical tanker 2, container 3
foreign-owned: 6 (United Kingdom 6)
registered in other countries: 291 (2005)

Syria
total: 120 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 446,981 GRT/636,620 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 105, container 1, livestock carrier
4, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 12 (Egypt 1, Greece 1, Jordan 2, Lebanon 7, Romania 1)
registered in other countries: 73 (2005)

Taiwan
total: 126 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,417,768 GRT/5,617,318
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 36, cargo 23, chemical tanker 2, container 37,
passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 15, refrigerated cargo 9, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 3 (Hong Kong 3)
registered in other countries: 432 (2005)

Tanzania
total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 25,481 GRT/31,011 DWT
by type: cargo 2, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 4
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Thailand
total: 386 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,038,597
GRT/3,104,712 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 57, cargo 142, chemical tanker 12, combination
ore/oil 1, container 21, liquefied gas 25, passenger 3,
passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 89, refrigerated cargo 30, roll
on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 55 (Indonesia 1, Japan 3, Norway 45, Singapore 6)
registered in other countries: 35 (2005)

Togo
total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,918 GRT/3,852 DWT
by type: cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1 (2005)

Tonga
total: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 136,977 GRT/200,751 DWT
by type: cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 2,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 7 (Cyprus 1, France 1, Greece 1, Norway 1, Romania 2,
United Kingdom 1) (2005)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 7,178
GRT/3,633 DWT
by type: passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (United States 1)
registered in other countries: 4 (2005)

Tunisia
total: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 124,733 GRT/122,664 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 1, chemical tanker 5, passenger/cargo
4, petroleum tanker 1
registered in other countries: 3 (2005)

Turkey
total: 526 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 4,666,895 GRT/7,311,504
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 108, cargo 228, chemical tanker 45,
combination ore/oil 1, container 25, liquefied gas 6, passenger 5,
passenger/cargo 50, petroleum tanker 33, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 22, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 8 (Cyprus 3, Denmark 2, Greece 1, Italy 1,
Switzerland 1)
registered in other countries: 231 (2005)

Turkmenistan
total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,873 GRT/8,345 DWT
by type: cargo 3, combination ore/oil 1, petroleum tanker 2,
refrigerated cargo 1 (2005)

Tuvalu
total: 23 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 54,993 GRT/86,048 DWT
by type: cargo 20, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 16 (China 9, Germany 2, Hong Kong 4, Thailand 1)
(2005)

Ukraine
total: 201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 675,904 GRT/709,802 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 148, container 4, passenger 7,
passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 11, roll
on/roll off 7, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1)
registered in other countries: 113 (2005)

United Arab Emirates
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 578,477
GRT/739,823 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 11, chemical tanker 5, container 6,
liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 21, roll
on/roll off 7
foreign-owned: 14 (Greece 2, Kuwait 6)
registered in other countries: 200 (2005)

United Kingdom
total: 429 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 9,181,284
GRT/9,566,275 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 18, cargo 55, chemical tanker 48, container
134, liquefied gas 11, passenger 12, passenger/cargo 64, petroleum
tanker 40, refrigerated cargo 19, roll on/roll off 25, vehicle
carrier 3
foreign-owned: 202 (Australia 3, Canada 15, Denmark 38, Finland 2,
Germany 56, Greece 4, Ireland 1, Italy 9, Netherlands 12, Norway 28,
South Africa 4, Sweden 15, Taiwan 7, United States 8)
registered in other countries: 446 (2005)

United States
total: 486 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 12,436,658
GRT/14,630,116 DWT
by type: barge carrier 7, bulk carrier 19, cargo 152, chemical
tanker 19, container 92, passenger 17, passenger/cargo 57, petroleum
tanker 79, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 28, vehicle
carrier 14
foreign-owned: 49 (Australia 2, Canada 8, China 1, Denmark 20,
Malaysia 2, Netherlands 1, Norway 2, Singapore 11, Sweden 1, United
Kingdom 1)
registered in other countries: 680 (2005)

Uruguay
total: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 10,918 GRT/10,342 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum
tanker 2, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 4 (Argentina 3, Greece 1)
registered in other countries: 8 (2005)

Vanuatu
total: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,192,474 GRT/1,560,828
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 22, cargo 16, container 1, liquefied gas 2,
refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 2, vehicle carrier 5
foreign-owned: 52 (Australia 2, Canada 5, Estonia 1, Greece 1,
Israel 1, Japan 25, New Zealand 1, Poland 11, Russia 1, Switzerland
2, Thailand 1, United States 1)
registered in other countries: 1 (2005)

Venezuela
total: 56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 740,919 GRT/1,191,483
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 4, cargo 16, chemical tanker 1, container 1,
liquefied gas 5, passenger/cargo 9, petroleum tanker 19, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 9 (Denmark 2, Greece 1, Hong Kong 2, Mexico 1, Russia
2, Spain 1)
registered in other countries: 20 (2005)

Vietnam
total: 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,170,621 GRT/1,798,376
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 18, cargo 142, chemical tanker 3, container 2,
liquefied gas 4, petroleum tanker 22, refrigerated cargo 2, roll
on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 11 (2005)

Wallis and Futuna total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 74,754 GRT/1,187 DWT by type: passenger 4 foreign-owned: 4 (France 3, United States 1) (2005)

World
total ships: 30,936 (2005)

Yemen
total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 19,766 GRT/24,794 DWT
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll
on/roll off 1
registered in other countries: 2 (2005)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2109 National holiday

Afghanistan
Independence Day, 19 August (1919)

Albania
Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

Algeria
Revolution Day, 1 November (1954)

American Samoa
Flag Day, 17 April (1900)

Andorra
Our Lady of Meritxell Day, 8 September (1278)

Angola
Independence Day, 11 November (1975)

Anguilla
Anguilla Day, 30 May

Antigua and Barbuda
Independence Day (National Day), 1 November
(1981)

Argentina
Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)

Armenia
Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

Aruba
Flag Day, 18 March

Australia
Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Austria
National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the
State Treaty restoring national sovereignty and the end of
occupation and the passage of the law on permanent neutrality

Azerbaijan
Founding of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan, 28 May
(1918)

Bahamas, The
Independence Day, 10 July (1973)

Bahrain
National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is
the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date
of independence from British protection

Bangladesh
Independence Day, 26 March (1971); note - 26 March 1971
is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December 1971 is
Victory Day and commemorates the official creation of the state of
Bangladesh

Barbados
Independence Day, 30 November (1966)

Belarus
Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the
date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the
date of independence from the Soviet Union

Belgium
21 July (1831) ascension to the Throne of King Leopold I

Belize
Independence Day, 21 September (1981)

Benin
National Day, 1 August (1960)

Bermuda
Bermuda Day, 24 May

Bhutan
National Day (Ugyen WANGCHUCK became first hereditary king),
17 December (1907)

Bolivia
Independence Day, 6 August (1825)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
National Day, 25 November (1943)

Botswana
Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)

Brazil
Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

British Virgin Islands
Territory Day, 1 July

Brunei
National Day, 23 February (1984); note - 1 January 1984 was
the date of independence from the UK, 23 February 1984 was the date
of independence from British protection

Bulgaria
Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

Burkina Faso
Republic Day, 11 December (1958)

Burma
Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February
(1947)

Burundi
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Cambodia
Independence Day, 9 November (1953)

Cameroon
Republic Day (National Day), 20 May (1972)

Canada
Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Cape Verde
Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

Cayman Islands
Constitution Day, first Monday in July

Central African Republic
Republic Day, 1 December (1958)

Chad
Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Chile
Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

China
Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China,
1 October (1949)

Christmas Island
Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia Day, 26 January (1788)

Colombia
Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

Comoros
Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Independence Day, 30 June (1960)

Congo, Republic of the
Independence Day, 15 August (1960)

Cook Islands
Constitution Day, first Monday in August (1965)

Costa Rica
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Cote d'Ivoire
Independence Day, 7 August (1960)

Croatia
Independence Day, 8 October (1991); note - 25 June 1991 is
the day the Croatian Parliament voted for independence; following a
3-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the
Yugoslav crisis peacefully, Parliament adopted a decision on 8
October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia

Cuba
Independence Day, 10 December (1898); note - 10 December 1898
is the date of independence from Spain, 20 May 1902 is the date of
independence from US administration; Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)

Cyprus
Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots
celebrate 15 November (1983) as Independence Day

Czech Republic
Czech Founding Day, 28 October (1918)

Denmark
none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is
generally viewed as the National Day

Djibouti
Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

Dominica
Independence Day, 3 November (1978)

Dominican Republic
Independence Day, 27 February (1844)

East Timor
Independence Day, 28 November (1975)

Ecuador
Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)

Egypt
Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)

El Salvador
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Equatorial Guinea
Independence Day, 12 October (1968)

Eritrea
Independence Day, 24 May (1993)

Estonia
Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February
1918 is the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet
Russia; 20 August 1991 is the date it declared its independence from
the Soviet Union

Ethiopia
National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991)

European Union
Europe Day 9 May (1950); note - a Union-wide holiday,
the day that Robert Schuman proposed the creation of an organized
Europe

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Liberation Day, 14 June (1982)

Faroe Islands
Olaifest (Olavasoka), 29 July

Fiji
Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

Finland
Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

France
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

French Guiana
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

French Polynesia
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Gabon
Founding of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 12 March
(1968)

Gambia, The
Independence Day, 18 February (1965)

Georgia
Independence Day, 26 May (1918); note - 26 May 1918 is the
date of independence from Soviet Russia, 9 April 1991 is the date of
independence from the Soviet Union

Germany
Unity Day, 3 October (1990)

Ghana
Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

Gibraltar
National Day, 10 September (1967); note - day of the
national referendum to decide whether to remain with the UK or go
with Spain

Greece
Independence Day, 25 March (1821)

Greenland
June 21 (longest day)

Grenada
Independence Day, 7 February (1974)

Guadeloupe
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Guam
Discovery Day, first Monday in March (1521)

Guatemala
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Guernsey
Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Guinea
Independence Day, 2 October (1958)

Guinea-Bissau
Independence Day, 24 September (1973)

Guyana
Republic Day, 23 February (1970)

Haiti
Independence Day, 1 January (1804)

Holy See (Vatican City)
Coronation Day of Pope BENEDICT XVI, 24
April (2005)

Honduras
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Hong Kong
National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's
Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 1 July 1997 is
celebrated as Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment
Day

Hungary
Saint Stephen's Day, 20 August

Iceland
Independence Day, 17 June (1944)

India
Republic Day, 26 January (1950)

Indonesia
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Iran
Republic Day, 1 April (1979)
note: additional holidays celebrated widely in Iran include
Revolution Day, 11 February (1979); Noruz (New Year's Day), 21
March; Constitutional Monarchy Day, 5 August (1925)

Iraq
Revolution Day, 17 July (1968); note - this holiday was
celebrated under the SADDAM Husayn regime but the Iraqi Interim
Government has yet to declare a new national holiday

Ireland
Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

Israel
Independence Day, 14 May (1948); note - Israel declared
independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and
the holiday may occur in April or May

Italy
Republic Day, 2 June (1946)

Jamaica
Independence Day, 6 August (1962)

Japan
Birthday of Emperor AKIHITO, 23 December (1933)

Jersey
Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Jordan
Independence Day, 25 May (1946)

Kazakhstan
Independence Day, 16 December (1991)

Kenya
Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

Kiribati
Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

Korea, North
Founding of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
(DPRK), 9 September (1948)

Korea, South
Liberation Day, 15 August (1945)

Kuwait
National Day, 25 February (1950)

Kyrgyzstan
Independence Day, 31 August (1991)

Laos
Republic Day, 2 December (1975)

Latvia
Independence Day, 18 November (1918); note - 18 November 1918
is the date Latvia declared itself independent from Soviet Russia; 4
May 1990 is when it declared the renewal of independence; 21 August
1991 is the date of de facto independence from the Soviet Union

Lebanon
Independence Day, 22 November (1943)

Lesotho
Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

Liberia
Independence Day, 26 July (1847)

Libya
Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)

Liechtenstein
Assumption Day, 15 August

Lithuania
Independence Day, 16 February (1918); note - 16 February
1918 is the date Lithuania declared its independence from Soviet
Russia and established its statehood; 11 March 1990 is the date it
declared its independence from the Soviet Union

Luxembourg
National Day (Birthday of Grand Duchess Charlotte) 23 June

Macau
National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's
Republic of China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is
celebrated as Macau Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

Macedonia
Uprising Day, 2 August (1903); note - also known as Saint
Elijah's Day and Ilinden

Madagascar
Independence Day, 26 June (1960)

Malawi
Independence Day (Republic Day), 6 July (1964)

Malaysia
Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)

Maldives
Independence Day, 26 July (1965)

Mali
Independence Day, 22 September (1960)

Malta
Independence Day, 21 September (1964)

Man, Isle of
Tynwald Day, 5 July

Marshall Islands
Constitution Day, 1 May (1979)

Martinique
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Mauritania
Independence Day, 28 November (1960)

Mauritius
Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

Mayotte
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Mexico
Independence Day, 16 September (1810)

Micronesia, Federated States of
Constitution Day, 10 May (1979)

Moldova
Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

Monaco
National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November

Mongolia
Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

Montserrat
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June
(1926)

Morocco
Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMED VI to the throne), 30
July (1999)

Mozambique
Independence Day, 25 June (1975)

Namibia
Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Nauru
Independence Day, 31 January (1968)

Nepal
Birthday of King GYANENDRA, 7 July (1946)

Netherlands
Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA in 1909
and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX in 1980),
30 April

Netherlands Antilles
Queen's Day (Birthday of Queen-Mother JULIANA
in 1909 and accession to the throne of her oldest daughter BEATRIX
in 1980), 30 April

New Caledonia
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

New Zealand
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Nicaragua
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Niger
Republic Day, 18 December (1958)

Nigeria
Independence Day (National Day), 1 October (1960)

Niue
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Norfolk Island
Bounty Day (commemorates the arrival of Pitcairn
Islanders), 8 June (1856)

Northern Mariana Islands
Commonwealth Day, 8 January (1978)

Norway
Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)

Oman
Birthday of Sultan QABOOS, 18 November (1940)

Pakistan
Republic Day, 23 March (1956)

Palau
Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)

Panama
Independence Day, 3 November (1903)

Papua New Guinea
Independence Day, 16 September (1975)

Paraguay
Independence Day, 14 May 1811 (observed 15 May annually)

Peru
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

Philippines
Independence Day, 12 June (1898)
note: 12 June 1898 was date of declaration of independence from
Spain; 4 July 1946 was date of independence from US

Pitcairn Islands
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in
June (1926)

Poland
Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

Portugal
Portugal Day, 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes
Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died

Puerto Rico
US Independence Day, 4 July (1776); Puerto Rico
Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)

Qatar
Independence Day, 3 September (1971)

Reunion
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Romania
Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December
(1918)

Russia
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)

Rwanda
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Saint Helena
Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, second Saturday in June
(1926)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Independence Day, 19 September (1983)

Saint Lucia
Independence Day, 22 February (1979)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Independence Day, 27 October (1979)

Samoa
Independence Day Celebration, 1 June (1962); note - 1 January
1962 is the date of independence from the New Zealand-administered
UN trusteeship, 1 June 1962 is the date that independence is
celebrated

San Marino
Founding of the Republic, 3 September (301)

Sao Tome and Principe
Independence Day, 12 July (1975)

Saudi Arabia
Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)

Senegal
Independence Day, 4 April (1960)

Serbia and Montenegro
National Day, 27 April

Seychelles
Constitution Day (National Day), 18 June (1993)

Sierra Leone
Independence Day, 27 April (1961)

Singapore
National Day, 9 August (1965)

Slovakia
Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)

Slovenia
Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Solomon Islands
Independence Day, 7 July (1978)

Somalia
Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960); note - 26
June (1960) in Somaliland

South Africa
Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)

Spain
National Day, 12 October

Sri Lanka
Independence Day, 4 February (1948)

Sudan
Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Suriname
Independence Day, 25 November (1975)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
Independence Day, 6 September (1968)

Sweden
Flag Day, 6 June

Switzerland
Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291)

Syria
Independence Day, 17 April (1946)

Taiwan
Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10
October (1911)

Tajikistan
Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)

Tanzania
Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

Thailand
Birthday of King PHUMIPHON, 5 December (1927)

Togo
Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Tokelau
Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)

Tonga
Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)

Trinidad and Tobago
Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

Tunisia
Independence Day, 20 March (1956)

Turkey
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)

Turkmenistan
Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Turks and Caicos Islands
Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Tuvalu
Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Uganda
Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Ukraine
Independence Day, 24 August (1991); the date of 22 January
(1918), the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet
Russia), is now celebrated as Unity Day

United Arab Emirates
Independence Day, 2 December (1971)

United Kingdom
the UK does not celebrate one particular national
holiday

United States
Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Uruguay
Independence Day, 25 August (1825)

Uzbekistan
Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

Vanuatu
Independence Day, 30 July (1980)

Venezuela
Independence Day, 5 July (1811)

Vietnam
Independence Day, 2 September (1945)

Virgin Islands
Transfer Day (from Denmark to the US), 27 March (1917)

Wallis and Futuna
Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Yemen
Unification Day, 22 May (1990)

Zambia
Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Zimbabwe
Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2110 Nationality

Afghanistan
noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan

Albania
noun: Albanian(s)
adjective: Albanian

Algeria
noun: Algerian(s)
adjective: Algerian

American Samoa
noun: American Samoan(s)
adjective: American Samoan

Andorra
noun: Andorran(s)
adjective: Andorran

Angola
noun: Angolan(s)
adjective: Angolan

Anguilla
noun: Anguillan(s)
adjective: Anguillan

Antigua and Barbuda
noun: Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s)
adjective: Antiguan, Barbudan

Argentina
noun: Argentine(s)
adjective: Argentine

Armenia
noun: Armenian(s)
adjective: Armenian

Aruba
noun: Aruban(s)
adjective: Aruban; Dutch

Australia
noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian

Austria
noun: Austrian(s)
adjective: Austrian

Azerbaijan
noun: Azerbaijani(s)
adjective: Azerbaijani

Bahamas, The
noun: Bahamian(s)
adjective: Bahamian

Bahrain
noun: Bahraini(s)
adjective: Bahraini

Bangladesh
noun: Bangladeshi(s)
adjective: Bangladeshi

Barbados
noun: Barbadian(s) or Bajan (colloquial)
adjective: Barbadian or Bajan (colloquial)

Belarus
noun: Belarusian(s)
adjective: Belarusian

Belgium
noun: Belgian(s)
adjective: Belgian

Belize
noun: Belizean(s)
adjective: Belizean

Benin
noun: Beninese (singular and plural)
adjective: Beninese

Bermuda
noun: Bermudian(s)
adjective: Bermudian

Bhutan
noun: Bhutanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Bhutanese

Bolivia
noun: Bolivian(s)
adjective: Bolivian

Bosnia and Herzegovina
noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Botswana
noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Brazil
noun: Brazilian(s)
adjective: Brazilian

British Virgin Islands
noun: British Virgin Islander(s)
adjective: British Virgin Islander

Brunei
noun: Bruneian(s)
adjective: Bruneian

Bulgaria
noun: Bulgarian(s)
adjective: Bulgarian

Burkina Faso
noun: Burkinabe (singular and plural)
adjective: Burkinabe

Burma
noun: Burmese (singular and plural)
adjective: Burmese

Burundi
noun: Burundian(s)
adjective: Burundian

Cambodia
noun: Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian

Cameroon
noun: Cameroonian(s)
adjective: Cameroonian

Canada
noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian

Cape Verde
noun: Cape Verdean(s)
adjective: Cape Verdean

Cayman Islands
noun: Caymanian(s)
adjective: Caymanian

Central African Republic
noun: Central African(s)
adjective: Central African

Chad
noun: Chadian(s)
adjective: Chadian

Chile
noun: Chilean(s)
adjective: Chilean

China
noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese

Christmas Island
noun: Christmas Islander(s)
adjective: Christmas Island

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
noun: Cocos Islander(s)
adjective: Cocos Islander

Colombia
noun: Colombian(s)
adjective: Colombian

Comoros
noun: Comoran(s)
adjective: Comoran

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
noun: Congolese (singular and
plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo

Congo, Republic of the
noun: Congolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Congolese or Congo

Cook Islands
noun: Cook Islander(s)
adjective: Cook Islander

Costa Rica
noun: Costa Rican(s)
adjective: Costa Rican

Cote d'Ivoire
noun: Ivoirian(s)
adjective: Ivoirian

Croatia
noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s)
adjective: Croatian

Cuba
noun: Cuban(s)
adjective: Cuban

Cyprus
noun: Cypriot(s)
adjective: Cypriot

Czech Republic
noun: Czech(s)
adjective: Czech

Denmark
noun: Dane(s)
adjective: Danish

Djibouti
noun: Djiboutian(s)
adjective: Djiboutian

Dominica
noun: Dominican(s)
adjective: Dominican

Dominican Republic
noun: Dominican(s)
adjective: Dominican

East Timor
noun: Timorese
adjective: Timorese

Ecuador
noun: Ecuadorian(s)
adjective: Ecuadorian

Egypt
noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian

El Salvador
noun: Salvadoran(s)
adjective: Salvadoran

Equatorial Guinea
noun: Equatorial Guinean(s) or Equatoguinean(s)
adjective: Equatorial Guinean or Equatoguinean

Eritrea
noun: Eritrean(s)
adjective: Eritrean

Estonia
noun: Estonian(s)
adjective: Estonian

Ethiopia
noun: Ethiopian(s)
adjective: Ethiopian

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
noun: Falkland Islander(s)
adjective: Falkland Island

Faroe Islands
noun: Faroese (singular and plural)
adjective: Faroese

Fiji
noun: Fijian(s)
adjective: Fijian

Finland
noun: Finn(s)
adjective: Finnish

France
noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French

French Guiana
noun: French Guianese (singular and plural)
adjective: French Guianese

French Polynesia
noun: French Polynesian(s)
adjective: French Polynesian

Gabon
noun: Gabonese (singular and plural)
adjective: Gabonese

Gambia, The
noun: Gambian(s)
adjective: Gambian

Gaza Strip
noun: NA
adjective: NA

Georgia
noun: Georgian(s)
adjective: Georgian

Germany
noun: German(s)
adjective: German

Ghana
noun: Ghanaian(s)
adjective: Ghanaian

Gibraltar
noun: Gibraltarian(s)
adjective: Gibraltar

Greece
noun: Greek(s)
adjective: Greek

Greenland
noun: Greenlander(s)
adjective: Greenlandic

Grenada
noun: Grenadian(s)
adjective: Grenadian

Guadeloupe
noun: Guadeloupian(s)
adjective: Guadeloupe

Guam
noun: Guamanian(s)
adjective: Guamanian

Guatemala
noun: Guatemalan(s)
adjective: Guatemalan

Guernsey
noun: Channel Islander(s)
adjective: Channel Islander

Guinea
noun: Guinean(s)
adjective: Guinean

Guinea-Bissau
noun: Guinean(s)
adjective: Guinean

Guyana
noun: Guyanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Guyanese

Haiti
noun: Haitian(s)
adjective: Haitian

Holy See (Vatican City)
noun: none
adjective: none

Honduras
noun: Honduran(s)
adjective: Honduran

Hong Kong
noun: Chinese/Hong Konger
adjective: Chinese/Hong Kong

Hungary
noun: Hungarian(s)
adjective: Hungarian

Iceland
noun: Icelander(s)
adjective: Icelandic

India
noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian

Indonesia
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian

Iran
noun: Iranian(s)
adjective: Iranian

Iraq
noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi

Ireland
noun: Irishman(men), Irishwoman(women), Irish (collective
plural)
adjective: Irish

Israel
noun: Israeli(s)
adjective: Israeli

Italy
noun: Italian(s)
adjective: Italian

Jamaica
noun: Jamaican(s)
adjective: Jamaican

Japan
noun: Japanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Japanese

Jersey
noun: Channel Islander(s)
adjective: Channel Islander

Jordan
noun: Jordanian(s)
adjective: Jordanian

Kazakhstan
noun: Kazakhstani(s)
adjective: Kazakhstani

Kenya
noun: Kenyan(s)
adjective: Kenyan

Kiribati
noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural)
adjective: I-Kiribati

Korea, North
noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean

Korea, South
noun: Korean(s)
adjective: Korean

Kuwait
noun: Kuwaiti(s)
adjective: Kuwaiti

Kyrgyzstan
noun: Kyrgyzstani(s)
adjective: Kyrgyzstani

Laos
noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s)
adjective: Lao or Laotian

Latvia
noun: Latvian(s)
adjective: Latvian

Lebanon
noun: Lebanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Lebanese

Lesotho
noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
adjective: Basotho

Liberia
noun: Liberian(s)
adjective: Liberian

Libya
noun: Libyan(s)
adjective: Libyan

Liechtenstein
noun: Liechtensteiner(s)
adjective: Liechtenstein

Lithuania
noun: Lithuanian(s)
adjective: Lithuanian

Luxembourg
noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg

Macau
noun: Chinese
adjective: Chinese

Macedonia
noun: Macedonian(s)
adjective: Macedonian

Madagascar
noun: Malagasy (singular and plural)
adjective: Malagasy

Malawi
noun: Malawian(s)
adjective: Malawian

Malaysia
noun: Malaysian(s)
adjective: Malaysian

Maldives
noun: Maldivian(s)
adjective: Maldivian

Mali
noun: Malian(s)
adjective: Malian

Malta
noun: Maltese (singular and plural)
adjective: Maltese

Man, Isle of
noun: Manxman (men), Manxwoman (women)
adjective: Manx

Marshall Islands
noun: Marshallese (singular and plural)
adjective: Marshallese

Martinique
noun: Martiniquais (singular and plural)
adjective: Martiniquais

Mauritania
noun: Mauritanian(s)
adjective: Mauritanian

Mauritius
noun: Mauritian(s)
adjective: Mauritian

Mayotte
noun: Mahorais (singular and plural)
adjective: Mahoran

Mexico
noun: Mexican(s)
adjective: Mexican

Micronesia, Federated States of
noun: Micronesian(s)
adjective: Micronesian; Chuukese, Kosraen(s), Pohnpeian(s), Yapese

Moldova
noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan

Monaco
noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s)
adjective: Monegasque or Monacan

Mongolia
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian

Montserrat
noun: Montserratian(s)
adjective: Montserratian

Morocco
noun: Moroccan(s)
adjective: Moroccan

Mozambique
noun: Mozambican(s)
adjective: Mozambican

Namibia
noun: Namibian(s)
adjective: Namibian

Nauru
noun: Nauruan(s)
adjective: Nauruan

Nepal
noun: Nepalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Nepalese

Netherlands
noun: Dutchman(men), Dutchwoman(women)
adjective: Dutch

Netherlands Antilles
noun: Dutch Antillean(s)
adjective: Dutch Antillean

New Caledonia
noun: New Caledonian(s)
adjective: New Caledonian

New Zealand
noun: New Zealander(s)
adjective: New Zealand

Nicaragua
noun: Nicaraguan(s)
adjective: Nicaraguan

Niger
noun: Nigerien(s)
adjective: Nigerien

Nigeria
noun: Nigerian(s)
adjective: Nigerian

Niue
noun: Niuean(s)
adjective: Niuean

Norfolk Island
noun: Norfolk Islander(s)
adjective: Norfolk Islander(s)

Northern Mariana Islands
noun: NA
adjective: NA

Norway
noun: Norwegian(s)
adjective: Norwegian

Oman
noun: Omani(s)
adjective: Omani

Pakistan
noun: Pakistani(s)
adjective: Pakistani

Palau
noun: Palauan(s)
adjective: Palauan

Panama
noun: Panamanian(s)
adjective: Panamanian

Papua New Guinea
noun: Papua New Guinean(s)
adjective: Papua New Guinean

Paraguay
noun: Paraguayan(s)
adjective: Paraguayan

Peru
noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian

Philippines
noun: Filipino(s)
adjective: Philippine

Pitcairn Islands
noun: Pitcairn Islander(s)
adjective: Pitcairn Islander

Poland
noun: Pole(s)
adjective: Polish

Portugal
noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese

Puerto Rico
noun: Puerto Rican(s) (US citizens)
adjective: Puerto Rican

Qatar
noun: Qatari(s)
adjective: Qatari

Reunion
noun: Reunionese (singular and plural)
adjective: Reunionese

Romania
noun: Romanian(s)
adjective: Romanian

Russia
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian

Rwanda
noun: Rwandan(s)
adjective: Rwandan

Saint Helena
noun: Saint Helenian(s)
adjective: Saint Helenian

Saint Kitts and Nevis
noun: Kittitian(s), Nevisian(s)
adjective: Kittitian, Nevisian

Saint Lucia
noun: Saint Lucian(s)
adjective: Saint Lucian

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
adjective: French

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or
Vincentian(s)
adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian

Samoa
noun: Samoan(s)
adjective: Samoan

San Marino
noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sammarinese

Sao Tome and Principe
noun: Sao Tomean(s)
adjective: Sao Tomean

Saudi Arabia
noun: Saudi(s)
adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian

Senegal
noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Senegalese

Serbia and Montenegro
noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

Seychelles
noun: Seychellois (singular and plural)
adjective: Seychellois

Sierra Leone
noun: Sierra Leonean(s)
adjective: Sierra Leonean

Singapore
noun: Singaporean(s)
adjective: Singapore

Slovakia
noun: Slovak(s)
adjective: Slovak

Slovenia
noun: Slovene(s)
adjective: Slovenian

Solomon Islands
noun: Solomon Islander(s)
adjective: Solomon Islander

Somalia
noun: Somali(s)
adjective: Somali

South Africa
noun: South African(s)
adjective: South African

Spain
noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish

Sri Lanka
noun: Sri Lankan(s)
adjective: Sri Lankan

Sudan
noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sudanese

Suriname
noun: Surinamer(s)
adjective: Surinamese

Swaziland
noun: Swazi(s)
adjective: Swazi

Sweden
noun: Swede(s)
adjective: Swedish

Switzerland
noun: Swiss (singular and plural)
adjective: Swiss

Syria
noun: Syrian(s)
adjective: Syrian

Taiwan
noun: Taiwan (singular and plural)
note: example: he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan
adjective: Taiwan

Tajikistan
noun: Tajikistani(s)
adjective: Tajikistani

Tanzania
noun: Tanzanian(s)
adjective: Tanzanian

Thailand
noun: Thai (singular and plural)
adjective: Thai

Togo
noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese

Tokelau
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan

Tonga
noun: Tongan(s)
adjective: Tongan

Trinidad and Tobago
noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Tunisia
noun: Tunisian(s)
adjective: Tunisian

Turkey
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish

Turkmenistan
noun: Turkmen(s)
adjective: Turkmen

Turks and Caicos Islands
noun: none
adjective: none

Tuvalu
noun: Tuvaluan(s)
adjective: Tuvaluan

Uganda
noun: Ugandan(s)
adjective: Ugandan

Ukraine
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates
noun: Emirati(s)
adjective: Emirati

United Kingdom
noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)
adjective: British

United States
noun: American(s)
adjective: American

Uruguay
noun: Uruguayan(s)
adjective: Uruguayan

Uzbekistan
noun: Uzbekistani
adjective: Uzbekistani

Vanuatu
noun: Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)
adjective: Ni-Vanuatu

Venezuela
noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: Venezuelan

Vietnam
noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)
adjective: Vietnamese

Virgin Islands
noun: Virgin Islander(s)
adjective: Virgin Islander

Wallis and Futuna noun: Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders adjective: Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander

West Bank
noun: NA
adjective: NA

Western Sahara
noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)
adjective: Sahrawi, Sahrawian, Sahraouian

Yemen
noun: Yemeni(s)
adjective: Yemeni

Zambia
noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian

Zimbabwe
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2111 Natural resources

Afghanistan
natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc,
barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and
semiprecious stones

Albania
petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper,
iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower

Algeria
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead,
zinc

American Samoa
pumice, pumicite

Andorra
hydropower, mineral water, timber, iron ore, lead

Angola
petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar,
gold, bauxite, uranium

Anguilla
salt, fish, lobster

Antarctica
iron ore, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum and
other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small
uncommercial quantities; none presently exploited; krill, finfish,
and crab have been taken by commercial fisheries

Antigua and Barbuda
NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Arctic Ocean
sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits,
polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals
(seals and whales)

Argentina
fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper,
iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium

Armenia
small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

Aruba
NEGL; white sandy beaches

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
fish

Atlantic Ocean
oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and
whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic
nodules, precious stones

Australia
bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver,
uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds,
natural gas, petroleum

Austria
oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc,
antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower

Azerbaijan
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals,
alumina

Bahamas, The
salt, aragonite, timber, arable land

Bahrain
oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

Baker Island
guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and
aquatic wildlife

Bangladesh
natural gas, arable land, timber, coal

Barbados
petroleum, fish, natural gas

Bassas da India
none

Belarus
forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural
gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay

Belgium
construction materials, silica sand, carbonates

Belize
arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower

Benin
small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber

Bermuda
limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism

Bhutan
timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbonate

Bolivia
tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony,
silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower

Bosnia and Herzegovina
coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc,
chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand,
forests, hydropower

Botswana
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal,
iron ore, silver

Bouvet Island
none

Brazil
bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates,
platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

British Indian Ocean Territory
coconuts, fish, sugarcane

British Virgin Islands
NEGL

Brunei
petroleum, natural gas, timber

Bulgaria
bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

Burkina Faso
manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold,
phosphates, pumice, salt

Burma
petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten,
lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas,
hydropower

Burundi
nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper,
platinum, vanadium, arable land, hydropower, niobium, tantalum,
gold, tin, tungsten, kaolin, limestone

Cambodia
oil and gas, timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese,
phosphates, hydropower potential

Cameroon
petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower

Canada
iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum,
potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum,
natural gas, hydropower

Cape Verde
salt, basalt rock, limestone, kaolin, fish, clay, gypsum

Cayman Islands
fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism

Central African Republic
diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil,
hydropower

Chad
petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold,
limestone, sand and gravel, salt

Chile
copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals,
molybdenum, hydropower

China
coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin,
tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)

Christmas Island
phosphate, beaches

Clipperton Island
fish

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
fish

Colombia
petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold,
copper, emeralds, hydropower

Comoros
NEGL

Congo, Democratic Republic of the cobalt, copper, niobium, tantalum, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, uranium, coal, hydropower, timber

Congo, Republic of the petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, gold, magnesium, natural gas, hydropower

Cook Islands
NEGL

Coral Sea Islands
NEGL

Costa Rica
hydropower

Cote d'Ivoire
petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore,
cobalt, bauxite, copper, gold, nickel, tantalum, silica sand, clay,
cocoa beans, coffee, palm oil, hydropower

Croatia
oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium,
gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower

Cuba
cobalt, nickel, iron ore, chromium, copper, salt, timber,
silica, petroleum, arable land

Cyprus
copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay
earth pigment

Czech Republic
hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber

Denmark
petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone,
gravel and sand

Djibouti
geothermal areas, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble,
salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum

Dominica
timber, hydropower, arable land

Dominican Republic
nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

East Timor
gold, petroleum, natural gas, manganese, marble

Ecuador
petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower

Egypt
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese,
limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc

El Salvador
hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land

Equatorial Guinea
petroleum, natural gas, timber, gold, bauxite,
diamonds, tantalum, sand and gravel, clay

Eritrea
gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural
gas, fish

Estonia
oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand,
dolomite, arable land, sea mud

Ethiopia
small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural
gas, hydropower

Europa Island
NEGL

European Union
iron ore, arable land, natural gas, petroleum, coal,
copper, lead, zinc, hydropower, uranium, potash, fish

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fish, squid, wildlife, calcified
seaweed, sphagnum moss

Faroe Islands
fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Fiji
timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower

Finland
timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel,
gold, silver, limestone

France
coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic,
potash, feldspar, fluorospar, gypsum, timber, fish

French Guiana
bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), petroleum,
kaolin, fish, niobium, tantalum, clay

French Polynesia
timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
fish, crayfish

Gabon
petroleum, natural gas, diamond, niobium, manganese, uranium,
gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower

Gambia, The
fish, titanium (rutile and ilmenite), tin, zircon,
silica sand, clay, petroleum

Gaza Strip
arable land, natural gas

Georgia
forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper,
minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for
important tea and citrus growth

Germany
coal, lignite, natural gas, iron ore, copper, nickel,
uranium, potash, salt, construction materials, timber, arable land

Ghana
gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish,
rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone

Gibraltar
none

Glorioso Islands
guano, coconuts

Greece
lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel,
magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential

Greenland
coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, molybdenum, gold, platinum,
uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Grenada
timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors

Guadeloupe
cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism

Guam
fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)

Guatemala
petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower

Guernsey
cropland

Guinea
bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish,
salt

Guinea-Bissau
fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite,
limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum

Guyana
bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish

Haiti
bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
fish

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore,
antimony, coal, fish, hydropower

Hong Kong
outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar

Howland Island
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial
and aquatic wildlife

Hungary
bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Iceland
fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite

India
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore,
manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas,
diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land

Indian Ocean
oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel
aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules

Indonesia
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite,
copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Iran
petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead,
manganese, zinc, sulfur

Iraq
petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur

Ireland
natural gas, peat, copper, lead, zinc, silver, barite,
gypsum, limestone, dolomite

Israel
timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock,
magnesium bromide, clays, sand

Italy
coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice,
fluorospar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil
reserves, fish, arable land

Jamaica
bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Jan Mayen
none

Japan
negligible mineral resources, fish

Jarvis Island
guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial
and aquatic wildlife

Jersey
arable land

Johnston Atoll
guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890,
terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Jordan
phosphates, potash, shale oil

Juan de Nova Island
guano deposits and other fertilizers

Kazakhstan
major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead,
zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium

Kenya
limestone, soda ash, salt, gemstones, fluorspar, zinc,
diatomite, gypsum, wildlife, hydropower

Kingman Reef
terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Kiribati
phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Korea, North
coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron
ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

Korea, South
coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower
potential

Kuwait
petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Kyrgyzstan
abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and
rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas;
other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc

Laos
timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones

Latvia
peat, limestone, dolomite, amber, hydropower, wood, arable
land

Lebanon
limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a
water-deficit region, arable land

Lesotho
water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay,
building stone

Liberia
iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower

Libya
petroleum, natural gas, gypsum

Liechtenstein
hydroelectric potential, arable land

Lithuania
peat, arable land

Luxembourg
iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Macau
NEGL

Macedonia
low-grade iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite,
manganese, nickel, tungsten, gold, silver, asbestos, gypsum, timber,
arable land

Madagascar
graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar
sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower

Malawi
limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of
uranium, coal, and bauxite

Malaysia
tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas,
bauxite

Maldives
fish

Mali
gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum,
granite, hydropower
note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are
known but not exploited

Malta
limestone, salt, arable land

Man, Isle of
none

Marshall Islands coconut products, marine products, deep seabed minerals

Martinique
coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land

Mauritania
iron ore, gypsum, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold, oil,
fish

Mauritius
arable land, fish

Mayotte
NEGL

Mexico
petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas,
timber

Micronesia, Federated States of
forests, marine products,
deep-seabed minerals, phosphate

Midway Islands
wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic

Moldova
lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land, limestone

Monaco
none

Mongolia
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin,
nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Montserrat
NEGL

Morocco
phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt

Mozambique
coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum,
graphite

Namibia
diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium,
cadmium, zinc, salt, hydropower, fish
note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore

Nauru
phosphates, fish

Navassa Island
guano

Nepal
quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small
deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore

Netherlands
natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and
gravel, arable land

Netherlands Antilles
phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)

New Caledonia
nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold,
lead, copper

New Zealand
natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower,
gold, limestone

Nicaragua
gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish

Niger
uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, molybdenum,
gypsum, salt, petroleum

Nigeria
natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone,
niobium, lead, zinc, arable land

Niue
fish, arable land

Norfolk Island
fish

Northern Mariana Islands
arable land, fish

Norway
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc,
titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower

Oman
petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium,
gypsum, natural gas

Pacific Ocean
oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and
gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish

Pakistan
land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum,
poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Palau
forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products,
deep-seabed minerals

Palmyra Atoll
terrestrial and aquatic wildlife

Panama
copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower

Papua New Guinea
gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil,
fisheries

Paracel Islands
none

Paraguay
hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone

Peru
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,
phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Philippines
timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt,
copper

Pitcairn Islands
miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been
discovered offshore

Poland
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber,
arable land

Portugal
fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin,
tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable
land, hydropower

Puerto Rico
some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and
offshore oil

Qatar
petroleum, natural gas, fish

Reunion
fish, arable land, hydropower

Romania
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal,
iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Russia
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil,
natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder
exploitation of natural resources

Rwanda
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore),
methane, hydropower, arable land

Saint Helena
fish

Saint Kitts and Nevis
arable land

Saint Lucia
forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral
springs, geothermal potential

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fish, deepwater ports

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
hydropower, cropland

Samoa
hardwood forests, fish, hydropower

San Marino
building stone

Sao Tome and Principe
fish, hydropower

Saudi Arabia
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

Senegal
fish, phosphates, iron ore

Serbia and Montenegro
oil, gas, coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper,
lead, zinc, antimony, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium,
pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, hydropower, arable land

Seychelles
fish, copra, cinnamon trees

Sierra Leone
diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold,
chromite

Singapore
fish, deepwater ports

Slovakia
brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper
and manganese ore; salt; arable land

Slovenia
lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver,
hydropower, forests

Solomon Islands
fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead,
zinc, nickel

Somalia
uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin,
gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves

South Africa
gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese,
nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper,
vanadium, salt, natural gas

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
fish

Southern Ocean
probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields
on the continental margin, manganese nodules, possible placer
deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs; squid, whales,
and seals - none exploited; krill, fishes

Spain
coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium,
tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite,
kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land

Spratly Islands
fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas
potential

Sri Lanka
limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates,
clay, hydropower

Sudan
petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore,
zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower

Suriname
timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold,
and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore

Svalbard
coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, phosphate, wildlife, fish

Swaziland
asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests,
small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc

Sweden
iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten,
uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower

Switzerland
hydropower potential, timber, salt

Syria
petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt,
iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

Taiwan
small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and
asbestos

Tajikistan
hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal,
lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold

Tanzania
hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds,
gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel

Thailand
tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead,
fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land

Togo
phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land

Tokelau
NEGL

Tonga
fish, fertile soil

Trinidad and Tobago
petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Tromelin Island
fish

Tunisia
petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Turkey
coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold,
barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone,
magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable
land, hydropower

Turkmenistan
petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt

Turks and Caicos Islands
spiny lobster, conch

Tuvalu
fish

Uganda
copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land

Ukraine
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur,
graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber,
arable land

United Arab Emirates
petroleum, natural gas

United Kingdom
coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc,
gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica
sand, slate, arable land

United States
coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium,
bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten,
zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber

Uruguay
arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries

Uzbekistan
natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver,
copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum

Vanuatu
manganese, hardwood forests, fish

Venezuela
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other
minerals, hydropower, diamonds

Vietnam
phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil
and gas deposits, forests, hydropower

Virgin Islands
sun, sand, sea, surf

Wake Island
none

Wallis and Futuna
NEGL

West Bank
arable land

Western Sahara
phosphates, iron ore

World
the rapid depletion of nonrenewable mineral resources, the
depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and
plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality
(especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose
serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only
beginning to address

Yemen
petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal,
gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west

Zambia
copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver,
uranium, hydropower

Zimbabwe
coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron
ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2112 Net migration rate (migrant(s)/1,000 population)

Afghanistan
21.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Albania
-4.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Algeria
-0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

American Samoa
-20.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Andorra
6.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Angola
0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Anguilla
8.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
-6.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Argentina
0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Armenia
-6.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Aruba
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Australia
3.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Austria
1.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
-4.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahrain
1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
-0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Barbados
-0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belarus
2.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belgium
1.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belize
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Benin
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bermuda
2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bhutan
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bolivia
-1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Botswana
6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brazil
-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
10.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brunei
3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
-4.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burma
-1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burundi
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cambodia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cameroon
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Canada
5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
-11.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
18.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US (2005
est.)

Central African Republic
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chad
-0.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chile
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

China
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
-0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Comoros
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the -0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population note: fighting between the Congolese Government and Uganda- and Rwanda-backed Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in DROC in August 1998, which left 1.8 million Congolese internally displaced and caused 300,000 Congolese refugees to flee to surrounding countries (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Croatia
1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cuba
-1.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cyprus
0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Denmark
2.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Djibouti
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominica
-11.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
-3.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

East Timor
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ecuador
-6.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Egypt
-0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

El Salvador
-3.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Eritrea
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: UNHCR began repatriating about 150,000 Eritrean refugees from
Sudan in 2001 following the restoration of diplomatic relations
between the two countries in 2000 (2005 est.)

Estonia
-3.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan for refuge from
war and famine in earlier years is expected to continue for several
years; some Sudanese and Somali refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from
the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to
their homes (2005 est.)

European Union
1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
0.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Fiji
-3.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Finland
0.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

France
0.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Guiana
5.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gabon
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Georgia
-4.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Germany
2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ghana
-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greece
2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greenland
-8.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Grenada
-13.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
-0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guam
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guatemala
-1.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guernsey
3.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea
-2.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: as a result of conflict in neighboring countries, Guinea is
host to approximately 150,000 Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees
(2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
-1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guyana
-7.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Haiti
-1.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Honduras
-1.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
5.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hungary
0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iceland
2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

India
-0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Indonesia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iran
-2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iraq
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ireland
4.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Israel
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Italy
2.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jamaica
-4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Japan
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jersey
2.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jordan
6.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
-3.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kenya
0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 2001 Kenya was host to
220,000 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia
145,000 and Sudan 68,000 (2005 est.)

Kiribati
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, North
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, South
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kuwait
14.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
-2.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Laos
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Latvia
-2.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lebanon
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lesotho
-0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liberia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: at least 200,000 Liberian refugees are in surrounding
countries; the uncertain security situation has hindered their
ability to return (2005 est.)

Libya
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
4.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lithuania
-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
8.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macau
4.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macedonia
-0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Madagascar
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malawi
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malaysia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal
immigrants from other countries in the region (2005 est.)

Maldives
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mali
-0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malta
2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
5.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
-5.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Martinique
-0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritania
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritius
-0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mayotte
5.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mexico
-4.57 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of -21.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Moldova
-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Monaco
7.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mongolia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Montserrat
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Morocco
-0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mozambique
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Namibia
0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nauru
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nepal
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands
2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Zealand
3.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
-1.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niger
-0.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nigeria
0.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niue
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
8.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Norway
1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Oman
0.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pakistan
-1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Palau
2.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Panama
-0.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Paraguay
-0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Peru
-1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Philippines
-1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
-0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Portugal
3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
-1.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Qatar
15.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Reunion
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Romania
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Russia
1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Rwanda
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
-5.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
-2.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
-4.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005
est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
-7.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population
(2005 est.)

Samoa
-11.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

San Marino
10.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
-2.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
-3.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Senegal
0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
-1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Seychelles
-5.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: refugees currently in surrounding countries are slowly
returning (2005 est.)

Singapore
10.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovakia
0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovenia
1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Somalia
5.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

South Africa
-0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Spain
0.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
-1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sudan
-0.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Suriname
-8.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Svalbard
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population

Swaziland
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sweden
1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Switzerland
3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Syria
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Taiwan
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
-2.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tanzania
-3.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Thailand
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Togo
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
-10.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tunisia
-0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkey
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
-0.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 11.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uganda
-1.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ukraine
-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United States
3.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uruguay
-0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
-1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Venezuela
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vietnam
-0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
-8.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: there has been steady emigration from Wallis and Futuna to New
Caledonia (2005 est.)

West Bank
2.88 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Yemen
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zambia
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population negligible migrant(s)/1,000
population
note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa
and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2113 Geography - note

Afghanistan
landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast
to southwest divide the northern provinces from the rest of the
country; the highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan
Corridor)

Akrotiri
British extraterritorial rights also extended to several
small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus

Albania
strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic
Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

Algeria
second-largest country in Africa (after Sudan)

American Samoa
Pago Pago has one of the best natural deepwater
harbors in the South Pacific Ocean, sheltered by shape from rough
seas and protected by peripheral mountains from high winds;
strategic location in the South Pacific Ocean

Andorra
landlocked; straddles a number of important crossroads in
the Pyrenees

Angola
the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the
rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Anguilla
the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser
Antilles

Antarctica
the coldest, windiest, highest (on average), and driest
continent; during summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface
at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent
period; mostly uninhabitable

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua has a deeply indented shoreline with
many natural harbors and beaches; Barbuda has a very large western
harbor

Arctic Ocean
major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern
access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic
location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link
between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating
research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover
in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean;
snow cover lasts about 10 months

Argentina
second-largest country in South America (after Brazil);
strategic location relative to sea lanes between the South Atlantic
and the South Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel,
Drake Passage); Cerro Aconcagua is South America's tallest mountain,
while Laguna del Carbon is the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere

Armenia
landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich
(Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

Aruba
a flat, riverless island renowned for its white sand beaches;
its tropical climate is moderated by constant trade winds from the
Atlantic Ocean; the temperature is almost constant at about 27
degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve
established in August 1983

Atlantic Ocean
major chokepoints include the Dardanelles, Strait of
Gibraltar, access to the Panama and Suez Canals; strategic straits
include the Strait of Dover, Straits of Florida, Mona Passage, The
Sound (Oresund), and Windward Passage; the Equator divides the
Atlantic Ocean into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean

Australia
world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country;
population concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts;
the invigorating tropical sea breeze known as the "Fremantle Doctor"
affects the city of Perth on the west coast, and is one of the most
consistent winds in the world

Austria
landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central
Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major
river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands
because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

Azerbaijan
both the main area of the country and the Naxcivan
exclave are landlocked

Bahamas, The
strategic location adjacent to US and Cuba; extensive
island chain of which 30 are inhabited

Bahrain
close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic
location in Persian Gulf, through which much of the Western world's
petroleum must transit to reach open ocean

Baker Island
treeless, sparse, and scattered vegetation consisting
of grasses, prostrate vines, and low growing shrubs; primarily a
nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds,
and marine wildlife

Bangladesh
most of the country is situated on deltas of large rivers
flowing from the Himalayas: the Ganges unites with the Jamuna (main
channel of the Brahmaputra) and later joins the Meghna to eventually
empty into the Bay of Bengal

Barbados
easternmost Caribbean island

Bassas da India
the islands emerge from a circular reef that sits
atop a long-extinct, submerged volcano

Belarus
landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of
Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes; the country is
geologically well endowed with extensive deposits of granite,
dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay

Belgium
crossroads of Western Europe; majority of West European
capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels, the seat of both the European
Union and NATO

Belize
only country in Central America without a coastline on the
North Pacific Ocean

Benin
sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural
harbors, river mouths, or islands

Bermuda
consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample
rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land was leased by
US Government from 1941 to 1995

Bhutan
landlocked; strategic location between China and India;
controls several key Himalayan mountain passes

Bolivia
landlocked; shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest
navigable lake (elevation 3,805 m), with Peru

Bosnia and Herzegovina
within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized
borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat
Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led
Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region
called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Serbia and
Montenegro (Montenegro), and traditionally has been settled by an
ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the
east

Botswana
landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the
country

Bouvet Island
covered by glacial ice; declared a nature reserve

Brazil
largest country in South America; shares common boundaries
with every South American country except Chile and Ecuador

British Indian Ocean Territory archipelago of 2,300 islands; Diego Garcia, largest and southernmost island, occupies strategic location in central Indian Ocean; island is site of joint US-UK military facility

British Virgin Islands
strong ties to nearby US Virgin Islands and
Puerto Rico

Brunei
close to vital sea lanes through South China Sea linking
Indian and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically separated by
Malaysia; almost an enclave of Malaysia

Bulgaria
strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land
routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia

Burkina Faso
landlocked savanna cut by the three principal rivers of
the Black, Red, and White Voltas

Burma
strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes

Burundi
landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed; the
Kagera, which drains into Lake Victoria, is the most remote
headstream of the White Nile

Cambodia
a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River
and Tonle Sap

Cameroon
sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa; throughout
the country there are areas of thermal springs and indications of
current or prior volcanic activity; Mount Cameroon, the highest
mountain in Sub-Saharan west Africa, is an active volcano

Canada
second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic
location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately
90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km of the US border

Cape Verde
strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near
major north-south sea routes; important communications station;
important sea and air refueling site

Cayman Islands
important location between Cuba and Central America

Central African Republic
landlocked; almost the precise center of
Africa

Chad
landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the
Sahel

Chile
strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage);
Atacama Desert is one of world's driest regions

China
world's fourth largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US);
Mount Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak

Christmas Island
located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean

Clipperton Island
reef 12 km in circumference

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
islands are thickly covered with coconut
palms and other vegetation

Colombia
only South American country with coastlines on both the
North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea

Comoros
important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel

Congo, Democratic Republic of the straddles equator; has very narrow strip of land that controls the lower Congo River and is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean; dense tropical rain forest in central river basin and eastern highlands

Congo, Republic of the
about 70% of the population lives in
Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or along the railroad between them

Cook Islands
the northern Cook Islands are seven low-lying, sparsely
populated, coral atolls; the southern Cook Islands consist of eight
elevated, fertile, volcanic isles where most of the populace lives

Coral Sea Islands
important nesting area for birds and turtles

Costa Rica
four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital
of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes,
Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65

Cote d'Ivoire
most of the inhabitants live along the sandy coastal
region; apart from the capital area, the forested interior is
sparsely populated

Croatia
controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea
and Turkish Straits

Cuba
largest country in Caribbean and westernmost island of the
Greater Antilles

Cyprus
the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after
Sicily and Sardinia)

Czech Republic
landlocked; strategically located astride some of
oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is
a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and
the Danube in central Europe

Denmark
controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking
Baltic and North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in
greater Copenhagen

Dhekelia
British extraterritorial rights also extended to several
small off-post sites scattered across Cyprus

Djibouti
strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and
close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia;
mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in
Africa

Dominica
known as "The Nature Island of the Caribbean" due to its
spectacular, lush, and varied flora and fauna, which are protected
by an extensive natural park system; the most mountainous of the
Lesser Antilles, its volcanic peaks are cones of lava craters and
include Boiling Lake, the second-largest, thermally active lake in
the world

Dominican Republic
shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti

East Timor
Timor comes from the Malay word for "East"; the island of
Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and
easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands

Ecuador
Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

Egypt
controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and
remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link
between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition
to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics;
dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues;
prone to influxes of refugees

El Salvador
smallest Central American country and only one without a
coastline on Caribbean Sea

Equatorial Guinea
insular and continental regions rather widely
separated

Eritrea
strategic geopolitical position along world's busiest
shipping lanes; Eritrea retained the entire coastline of Ethiopia
along the Red Sea upon de jure independence from Ethiopia on 24 May
1993

Estonia
the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded;
offshore lie more than 1,500 islands

Ethiopia
landlocked - entire coastline along the Red Sea was lost
with the de jure independence of Eritrea on 24 May 1993; the Blue
Nile, the chief headstream of the Nile by water volume, rises in
T'ana Hayk (Lake Tana) in northwest Ethiopia; three major crops are
believed to have originated in Ethiopia: coffee, grain sorghum, and
castor bean

Europa Island
wildlife sanctuary

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
deeply indented coast provides
good natural harbors; short growing season

Faroe Islands
archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one
uninhabited island, and a few uninhabited islets; strategically
located along important sea lanes in northeastern Atlantic;
precipitous terrain limits habitation to small coastal lowlands

Fiji
includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited

Finland
long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national
capital on European continent; population concentrated on small
southwestern coastal plain

France
largest West European nation

French Guiana
mostly an unsettled wilderness; the only
non-independent portion of the South American continent

French Polynesia
includes five archipelagoes (4 volcanic, 1 coral);
Makatea in French Polynesia is one of the three great phosphate rock
islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island)
in Kiribati and Nauru

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
islands component is widely
scattered across remote locations in the southern Indian Ocean

Gabon
a small population and oil and mineral reserves have helped
Gabon become one of Africa's wealthier countries; in general, these
circumstances have allowed the country to maintain and conserve its
pristine rain forest and rich biodiversity

Gambia, The
almost an enclave of Senegal; smallest country on the
continent of Africa

Gaza Strip
there are 25 Israeli settlements and civilian land use
sites in the Gaza Strip (February 2002 est.)

Georgia
strategically located east of the Black Sea; Georgia
controls much of the Caucasus Mountains and the routes through them

Germany
strategic location on North European Plain and along the
entrance to the Baltic Sea

Ghana
Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake

Gibraltar
strategic location on Strait of Gibraltar that links the
North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

Glorioso Islands
the islands and rocks are surrounded by an
extensive reef system

Greece
strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern
approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an
archipelago of about 2,000 islands

Greenland
dominates North Atlantic Ocean between North America and
Europe; sparse population confined to small settlements along coast,
but close to one-quarter of the population lives in the capital,
Nuuk; world's second largest ice cap

Grenada
the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is
divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada

Guadeloupe
a narrow channel, the Riviere Salee, divides Guadeloupe
proper into two islands: the larger, western Basse-Terre and the
smaller, eastern Grande-Terre

Guam
largest and southernmost island in the Mariana Islands
archipelago; strategic location in western North Pacific Ocean

Guatemala
no natural harbors on west coast

Guernsey
large, deepwater harbor at Saint Peter Port

Guinea
the Niger and its important tributary the Milo have their
sources in the Guinean highlands

Guinea-Bissau
this small country is swampy along its western coast
and low-lying further inland

Guyana
the third-smallest country in South America after Suriname
and Uruguay; substantial portions of its western and eastern
territories are claimed by Venezuela and Suriname respectively

Haiti
shares island of Hispaniola with Dominican Republic (western
one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)

Holy See (Vatican City)
urban; landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy;
world's smallest state; outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in
Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer residence) enjoy
extraterritorial rights

Honduras
has only a short Pacific coast but a long Caribbean
shoreline, including the virtually uninhabited eastern Mosquito Coast

Hong Kong
more than 200 islands

Howland Island
almost totally covered with grasses, prostrate vines,
and low-growing shrubs; small area of trees in the center; primarily
a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds,
and marine wildlife

Hungary
landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes
between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between
Ukraine and Mediterranean basin; the north-south flowing Duna
(Danube) and Tisza Rivers divide the country into three large regions

Iceland
strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost
European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in
the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental
Europe

India
dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian
Ocean trade routes

Indian Ocean
major chokepoints include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of
Hormuz, Strait of Malacca, southern access to the Suez Canal, and
the Lombok Strait

Indonesia
archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles
equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from
Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

Iran
strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz,
which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport

Iraq
strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of
the Persian Gulf

Ireland
strategic location on major air and sea routes between North
America and northern Europe; over 40% of the population resides
within 100 km of Dublin

Israel
there are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites
in the West Bank, 42 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 25 in
the Gaza Strip, and 29 in East Jerusalem (February 2002 est.); Sea
of Galilee is an important freshwater source

Italy
strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as
southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

Jamaica
strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica
Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal

Jan Mayen
barren volcanic island with some moss and grass

Japan
strategic location in northeast Asia

Jarvis Island
sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing
shrubs; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for
seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife

Jersey
largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; about 30% of
population concentrated in Saint Helier

Johnston Atoll
strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean;
Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands, which have been
expanded by coral dredging; North Island (Akau) and East Island
(Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; the
egg-shaped reef is 34 km in circumference; closed to the public; a
former US nuclear weapons test site; site of now-closed Johnston
Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS); most facilities
dismantled and cleanup complete in 2004; some low-growing vegetation

Jordan
strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as
the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the
occupied West Bank

Juan de Nova Island
wildlife sanctuary

Kazakhstan
landlocked; Russia leases approximately 6,000 sq km of
territory enclosing the Baykonur Cosmodrome; in January 2004,
Kazakhstan and Russia extended the lease to 2050

Kenya
the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful
agricultural production regions in Africa; glaciers are found on
Mount Kenya, Africa's second highest peak; unique physiography
supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic
value

Kingman Reef
barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; closed to
the public

Kiribati
21 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island)
in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the
Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia, and Nauru

Korea, North
strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and
Russia; mountainous interior is isolated and sparsely populated

Korea, South
strategic location on Korea Strait

Kuwait
strategic location at head of Persian Gulf

Kyrgyzstan
landlocked; entirely mountainous, dominated by the Tien
Shan range; many tall peaks, glaciers, and high-altitude lakes

Laos
landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly
forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western
boundary with Thailand

Latvia
most of the country is composed of fertile, low-lying plains,
with some hills in the east

Lebanon
Nahr el Litani only major river in Near East not crossing an
international boundary; rugged terrain historically helped isolate,
protect, and develop numerous factional groups based on religion,
clan, and ethnicity

Lesotho
landlocked, completely surrounded by South Africa;
mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 meters above sea
level

Liberia
facing the Atlantic Ocean, the coastline is characterized by
lagoons, mangrove swamps, and river-deposited sandbars; the inland
grassy plateau supports limited agriculture

Libya
more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert

Liechtenstein
along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly
landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic
variations based on elevation

Lithuania
fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that
are ancient glacial deposits

Luxembourg
landlocked; the only Grand Duchy in the world

Macau
essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges connect the
two islands of Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on mainland

Macedonia
landlocked; major transportation corridor from Western and
Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to Western Europe

Madagascar
world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along
Mozambique Channel

Malawi
landlocked; Lake Nyasa, some 580 km long, is the country's
most prominent physical feature

Malaysia
strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern
South China Sea

Maldives
1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited
islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); archipelago with
strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean

Mali
landlocked; divided into three natural zones: the southern,
cultivated Sudanese; the central, semiarid Sahelian; and the
northern, arid Saharan

Malta
the country comprises an archipelago, with only the three
largest islands (Malta, Ghawdex or Gozo, and Kemmuna or Comino)
being inhabited; numerous bays provide good harbors; Malta and
Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the
continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil
exploration

Man, Isle of
one small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the
southwest, and is a bird sanctuary

Marshall Islands
two archipelagic island chains of 30 atolls and
1,152 islands; Bikini and Enewetak are former US nuclear test sites;
Kwajalein, the famous World War II battleground, is now used as a US
missile test range

Martinique
the island is dominated by Mount Pelee, which on 8 May
1902 erupted and completely destroyed the city of Saint Pierre,
killing 30,000 inhabitants

Mauritania
most of the population concentrated in the cities of
Nouakchott and Nouadhibou and along the Senegal River in the
southern part of the country

Mauritius
the main island, from which the country derives its name,
is of volcanic origin and is almost entirely surrounded by coral
reefs

Mayotte
part of Comoro Archipelago; 18 islands

Mexico
strategic location on southern border of US; corn (maize),
one of the world's major grain crops, is thought to have originated
in Mexico

Micronesia, Federated States of
four major island groups totaling
607 islands

Midway Islands
a coral atoll managed as a national wildlife refuge
and open to the public for wildlife-related recreation in the form
of wildlife observation and photography, sport fishing, snorkeling,
and scuba diving; the refuge is temporarily closed for
reorganization at present (2004)

Moldova
landlocked; well endowed with various sedimentary rocks and
minerals including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone

Monaco
second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy
See); almost entirely urban

Mongolia
landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Montserrat
the island is entirely volcanic in origin and contains
seven active volcanoes

Morocco
strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar

Mozambique
the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most
fertile part of the country

Namibia
first country in the world to incorporate the protection of
the environment into its constitution; some 14% of the land is
protected, including virtually the entire Namib Desert coastal strip

Nauru
Nauru is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the
Pacific Ocean - the others are Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and
Makatea in French Polynesia; only 53 km south of Equator

Navassa Island
strategic location 160 km south of the US Naval Base
at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; mostly exposed rock but with enough
grassland to support goat herds; dense stands of fig-like trees,
scattered cactus

Nepal
landlocked; strategic location between China and India;
contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest
- the world's tallest - on the border with China

Netherlands
located at mouths of three major European rivers (Rhine,
Maas or Meuse, and Schelde)

Netherlands Antilles
the five islands of the Netherlands Antilles
are divided geographically into the Leeward Islands (northern) group
(Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) and the Windward Islands
(southern) group (Bonaire and Curacao)

New Caledonia
consists of the main island of New Caledonia (one of
the largest in the Pacific Ocean), the archipelago of Iles Loyaute,
and numerous small, sparsely populated islands and atolls

New Zealand
about 80% of the population lives in cities; Wellington
is the southernmost national capital in the world

Nicaragua
largest country in Central America; contains the largest
freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua

Niger
landlocked; one of the hottest countries in the world:
northern four-fifths is desert, southern one-fifth is savanna,
suitable for livestock and limited agriculture

Nigeria
the Niger enters the country in the northwest and flows
southward through tropical rain forests and swamps to its delta in
the Gulf of Guinea

Niue
one of world's largest coral islands

Norfolk Island
most of the 32-km coastline consists of almost
inaccessible cliffs, but the land slopes down to the sea in one
small southern area on Sydney Bay, where the capital of Kingston is
situated

Northern Mariana Islands
strategic location in the North Pacific
Ocean

Norway
about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much
indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air
routes in North Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines
in world

Oman
strategic location on Musandam Peninsula adjacent to Strait of
Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil

Pacific Ocean
the major chokepoints are the Bering Strait, Panama
Canal, Luzon Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides
the Pacific Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific
Ocean; dotted with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in
the southwestern Pacific Ocean

Pakistan
controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion
routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

Palau
westernmost archipelago in the Caroline chain, consists of six
island groups totaling more than 300 islands; includes World War II
battleground of Beliliou (Peleliu) and world-famous rock islands

Palmyra Atoll
about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut
trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall

Panama
strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land
bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal
that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific
Ocean

Papua New Guinea
shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of
world's largest swamps along southwest coast

Paracel Islands
composed of 130 small coral islands and reefs
divided into the northeast Amphitrite Group and the western Crescent
Group

Paraguay
landlocked; lies between Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil;
population concentrated in southern part of country

Peru
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable
lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak,
is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

Philippines
the Philippine archipelago is made up of 7,107 islands;
favorably located in relation to many of Southeast Asia's main water
bodies: the South China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea,
and Luzon Strait

Pitcairn Islands
Britain's most isolated dependency; only the larger
island of Pitcairn is inhabited but it has no port or natural
harbor; supplies must be transported by rowed longboat from larger
ships stationed offshore

Poland
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and
the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain

Portugal
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along
western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Puerto Rico
important location along the Mona Passage - a key
shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest
and best natural harbors in the Caribbean; many small rivers and
high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast
relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north

Qatar
strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major
petroleum deposits

Reunion
this mountainous, volcanic island has an active volcano,
Piton de la Fournaise; there is a tropical cyclone center at
Saint-Denis, which is the monitoring station for the whole of the
Indian Ocean

Romania
controls most easily traversable land route between the
Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

Russia
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably
located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its
size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either
too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's
tallest peak

Rwanda
landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the
population predominantly rural

Saint Helena
harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown anywhere
else in the world; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles
and sooty terns

Saint Kitts and Nevis
with coastlines in the shape of a baseball bat
and ball, the two volcanic islands are separated by a three-km-wide
channel called The Narrows; on the southern tip of long, baseball
bat-shaped Saint Kitts lies the Great Salt Pond; Nevis Peak sits in
the center of its almost circular namesake island and its ball shape
complements that of its sister island

Saint Lucia
the twin Pitons (Gros Piton and Petit Piton), striking
cone-shaped peaks south of Soufriere, are one of the scenic natural
highlights of the Caribbean

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
vegetation scanty

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines the administration of the islands of the Grenadines group is divided between Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Grenada; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is comprised of 32 islands and cays

Samoa
occupies an almost central position within Polynesia

San Marino
landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after
the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines

Sao Tome and Principe
the smallest country in Africa; the two main
islands form part of a chain of extinct volcanoes and both are
fairly mountainous

Saudi Arabia
extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea
provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through
Persian Gulf and Suez Canal

Senegal
westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is
almost an enclave within Senegal

Serbia and Montenegro
controls one of the major land routes from
Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along
the Adriatic coast

Seychelles
41 granitic and about 75 coralline islands

Sierra Leone
rainfall along the coast can reach 495 cm (195 inches)
a year, making it one of the wettest places along coastal, western
Africa

Singapore
focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes

Slovakia
landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous;
the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic
lakes and valleys

Slovenia
despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country
controls some of Europe's major transit routes

Solomon Islands
strategic location on sea routes between the South
Pacific Ocean, the Solomon Sea, and the Coral Sea

Somalia
strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern
approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal

South Africa
South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost
completely surrounds Swaziland

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
the north coast of
South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage;
reindeer, introduced early in the 20th century, live on South Georgia

Southern Ocean
the major chokepoint is the Drake Passage between
South America and Antarctica; the Polar Front (Antarctic
Convergence) is the best natural definition of the northern extent
of the Southern Ocean; it is a distinct region at the middle of the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current that separates the very cold polar
surface waters to the south from the warmer waters to the north; the
Front and the Current extend entirely around Antarctica, reaching
south of 60 degrees south near New Zealand and near 48 degrees south
in the far South Atlantic coinciding with the path of the maximum
westerly winds

Spain
strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Spratly Islands
strategically located near several primary shipping
lanes in the central South China Sea; includes numerous small
islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs

Sri Lanka
strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes

Sudan
largest country in Africa; dominated by the Nile and its
tributaries

Suriname
smallest independent country on South American continent;
mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna
that, for the most part, is increasingly threatened by new
development; relatively small population, mostly along the coast

Svalbard
northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway; consists of
nine main islands; glaciers and snowfields cover 60% of the total
area

Swaziland
landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa

Sweden
strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and
North Seas

Switzerland
landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe;
along with southeastern France, northern Italy, and southwestern
Austria, has the highest elevations in the Alps

Syria
there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites
in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (February 2002 est.)

Taiwan
strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the
Luzon Strait

Tajikistan
landlocked; mountainous region dominated by the
Trans-Alay Range in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast;
highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was
the tallest mountain in the former USSR

Tanzania
Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa; bordered by three
of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's
second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the
world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa in the southwest

Thailand
controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

Togo
the country's length allows it to stretch through six distinct
geographic regions; climate varies from tropical to savanna

Tokelau
consists of three atolls, each with a lagoon surrounded by a
number of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over
three meters above sea level

Tonga
archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)

Trinidad and Tobago
Pitch Lake, on Trinidad's southwestern coast, is
the world's largest natural reservoir of asphalt

Tromelin Island
climatologically important location for forecasting
cyclones; wildlife sanctuary (seabirds, tortoises)

Tunisia
strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and
Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the
continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil
exploration

Turkey
strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus,
Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Mount
Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is in the far
eastern portion of the country

Turkmenistan
landlocked; the western and central low-lying, desolate
portions of the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert,
which occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau

Turks and Caicos Islands
about 40 islands (eight inhabited)

Tuvalu
one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth; six
of the coral atolls - Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti,
and Nukulaelae - have lagoons open to the ocean; Nanumaya and Niutao
have landlocked lagoons; Niulakita does not have a lagoon

Uganda
landlocked; fertile, well-watered country with many lakes and
rivers

Ukraine
strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and
Asia; second-largest country in Europe

United Arab Emirates
strategic location along southern approaches to
Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil

United Kingdom
lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km
from France and now linked by tunnel under the English Channel;
because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125
km from tidal waters

United States
world's third-largest country by size (after Russia
and Canada) and by population (after China and India); Mt. McKinley
is highest point in North America and Death Valley the lowest point
on the continent

Uruguay
second-smallest South American country (after Suriname);
most of the low-lying landscape (three-quarters of the country) is
grassland, ideal for cattle and sheep raising

Uzbekistan
along with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly
landlocked countries in the world

Vanuatu
a Y-shaped chain of four main islands and 80 smaller
islands; several of the islands have active volcanoes

Venezuela
on major sea and air routes linking North and South
America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest
waterfall

Vietnam
extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km
across at its narrowest point

Virgin Islands
important location along the Anegada Passage - a key
shipping lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best
natural deepwater harbors in the Caribbean

Wake Island
strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; emergency
landing location for transpacific flights

Wallis and Futuna
both island groups have fringing reefs

West Bank
landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's
coastal aquifers; there are 244 West Bank settlements and 29 East
Jerusalem settlements in addition to at least 20 occupied outposts
(August 2003 est.)

Western Sahara
the waters off the coast are particularly rich
fishing areas

World
the world is now thought to be about 4.55 billion years old,
just about one-third of the 13-billion-year age estimated for the
universe

Yemen
strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the
Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping
lanes

Zambia
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary
with Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary
with Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria
Falls on the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2115 Political pressure groups and leaders

Afghanistan
Jamiat-e Islami (Society of Islam) [former President
Burhanuddin RABBANI]; Ittihad-e Islami (Islamic Union for the
Liberation of Afghanistan), [Abdul Rasul SAYYAF]; there are also
small monarchist, communist, and democratic groups

Albania
Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot
MUCO]; Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur
ADILI]; Omonia [Jani JANI]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of
Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

Algeria
The Algerian Human Rights League or LADH or LADDH [Yahia Ali
ABDENOUR]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]; Somoud [Ali MERABET]

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
NA

Angola
Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC
[N'zita Henriques TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE]
note: FLEC is waging a small-scale, highly factionalized, armed
struggle for the independence of Cabinda Province

Anguilla
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William
ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]

Argentina
Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA);
Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine
Rural Society (large landowners' association); business
organizations; Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a radical union
for employed and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor
or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization);
Peronist-dominated labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students

Armenia
Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]

Aruba
NA

Austria
Austrian Trade Union Federation (nominally independent but
primarily Socialist) or OeGB; Federal Economic Chamber;
OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists or VOeI; Roman
Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic
Action; three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or
OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers and other
non-government organizations in the areas of environment and human
rights

Azerbaijan
Sadval, Lezgin movement; self-proclaimed Armenian
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic; Talysh independence movement; Union of
Pro-Azerbaijani Forces (UPAF)

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically in 1994-97,
demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to
unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic
fundamentalist groups are active

Bangladesh
NA

Barbados
Barbados Workers Union [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement Payne Labor
Union [David COMMISSIONG]; People's Progressive Movement [Eric
SEALY]; Worker's Party of Barbados [Dr. George BELLE]

Belarus
NA

Belgium
Christian, Socialist, and Liberal Trade Unions; Federation
of Belgian Industries; numerous other associations representing
bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and
medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural
interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax
Christi and groups representing immigrants

Belize
Society for the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR
[Adele CATZIM]

Benin
NA

Bermuda
Bermuda Employer's Union [Eddie SAINTS]; Bermuda Industrial
Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermuda Public Services Union or
BPSU [Ed BALL]; Bermuda Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]

Bhutan
Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading
militant antigovernment campaign; Indian merchant community; United
Front for Democracy (exiled)

Bolivia
Cocalero Groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions;
Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Bolivia or CSUTCB [Roman
LOAYZA]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
NA

Botswana
NA

Brazil
Landless Worker's Movement; labor unions and federations;
large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical
christian churches and the Catholic Church

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
NA

Bulgaria
Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or
CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and
national interest groups with various agendas

Burkina Faso
Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB;
Burkinabe Movement for Human Rights or MBDHP; Group of 14 February;
National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB; National
Organization of Free Unions or ONSL; watchdog/political action
groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Burma
National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB
(self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN
WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the
People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and
joined insurgents in December 1990 to form parallel government in
exile); Kachin Independence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or
KNU; several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Union
Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-government, a
social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]

Burundi
loosely organized Hutu and Tutsi militias, often affiliated
with Hutu and Tutsi extremist parties or subordinate to government
security forces

Cambodia
NA

Cameroon
Southern Cameroon National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN];
Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]

Canada
NA

Cape Verde
NA

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
NA

Chad
NA

Chile
revitalized university student federations at all major
universities; Roman Catholic Church; United Labor Central or CUT
includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor
confederations

China
no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the
government has identified the Falungong spiritual movement and the
China Democracy Party as subversive groups

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
two largest insurgent groups active in Colombia -
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC and National
Liberation Army or ELN; largest anti-insurgent paramilitary group is
United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia or AUC

Comoros
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Congo, Republic of the
Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC;
General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC;
Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese
Socialist Youth or UJSC

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD
(Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated
Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican
Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party
affiliate); Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National
Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association
of Educators or ANDE; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert
Brown]

Cote d'Ivoire
NA

Croatia
NA

Cuba
NA

Cyprus
Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West);
Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of
Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor
Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)

Czech Republic
Bohemian and Moravian Trade Union Confederation
[Milan STECH]

Denmark
NA

Djibouti
Union for Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes
RPP, FRUD, PPSD and PND); Union for Democratic Changeover or UAD
(opposition coalition includes ARD, MRDD, UDJ, and PDD) [Ahmed Dini
AHMED]

Dominica
Dominica Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)

Dominican Republic
Collective of Popular Organizations or COP;
Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania); Foundation
for Institution-Building (FINJUS)

East Timor
Popular Council for the Defense of the Democratic
Republic of East Timor or CPD-RDTL [leader Antonio-Aitahan MATAK] is
largest political pressure group; it rejects current government and
claims to be rightful government; Kolimau 2000 [leader Dr. Bruno
MAGALHAES] is another opposition group; dissatisfied veterans of
struggle against Indonesia, led by one-time government advisor
Cornelio GAMA (also known as L-7), also play an important role in
pressuring government

Ecuador
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or
CONAIE [Luis MACAS, president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or
CMS [F. Napoleon SANTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of
Ecuador or FEINE [Marco MURILLO, president]; National Federation of
Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE LA
CRUZ, president]; Popular Front or FP [Luis VILLACIS]

Egypt
despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties,
the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes MUBARAK's
potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK tolerated
limited political activity by the Brotherhood for his first two
terms, but moved more aggressively since then to block its
influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained in
practical terms; trade unions and professional associations are
officially sanctioned

El Salvador
labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of El
Salvador or SIES; Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar
Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS; National
Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS; National Union of
Salvadoran Workers or UNTS; Port Industry Union of El Salvador or
SIPES; Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or
USEPOC; Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS; Workers Union of
Electrical Corporation or STCEL; business organizations - National
Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP; Salvadoran Assembly
Industry Association or ASIC; Salvadoran Industrial Association or
ASI

Equatorial Guinea
NA

Eritrea
Eritrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ [leader NA] (also including
Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM (also known as the Abu Sihel
Movement) [leader NA]); Eritrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also
known as the Arafa Movement) [leader NA]; Eritrean Liberation Front
or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Eritrean National Alliance or ENA (a
coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions)
[HERUY Tedla Biru]; Eritrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]

Estonia
NA

Ethiopia
Afar Revolutionary Democratic Union Front or ARDUF [leader
NA]; Council of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy in
Ethiopia or CAFPDE [BEYANE Petros]; Southern Ethiopia People's
Democratic Coalition or SEPDC [BEYANE Petros]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
NA

France
historically-Communist labor union (Confederation Generale du
Travail) or CGT, approximately 700,000 members (claimed);
left-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du
Travail) or CFDT, approximately 889,000 members (claimed);
independent labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail - Force
Ouvriere) or FO, 300,000 members (est.); independent white-collar
union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) or CGC, 196,000 members
(claimed); employers' union (Mouvement des Entreprises de France) or
MEDEF, 750,000 companies as members (claimed)

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
NA

Gambia, The
NA

Georgia
Georgian independent deputies from Abkhaz government in
exile; separatists in the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South
Ossetia; supporters of the late ousted President Zviad GAMSAKHURDYA

Germany
business associations, employers' organizations; expellee,
refugee, trade unions, and veterans groups

Ghana
NA

Gibraltar
Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives
Organization; Women's Association

Greece
General Confederation of Greek Workers or GSEE [Khristos
POLYZOGOPOLOS]; Federation of Greek Industries or SEV [Odysseas
KYRIAKOPOULOS]; Civil Servants Confederation or ADEDY [Spyros
PAPASPYROS]

Greenland
NA

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
Christian Movement for the Liberation of Guadeloupe or
KLPG; General Federation of Guadeloupe Workers or CGT-G; General
Union of Guadeloupe Workers or UGTG; Movement for Independent
Guadeloupe or MPGI; The Socialist Renewal Movement

Guam
NA

Guatemala
Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO; Alliance Against Impunity
or AAI; Committee for Campesino Unity or CUC; Coordinating Committee
of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations
or CACIF; Mutual Support Group or GAM

Guernsey
none

Guinea
NA

Guinea-Bissau
NA

Guyana
Civil Liberties Action Committee or CLAC; Guyana Council of
Indian Organizations or GCIO; Trades Union Congress or TUC
note: the GCIO and the CLAC are small and active but not well
organized

Haiti
Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole
ST-CYR]; Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH; Federation of
Workers Trade Unions or FOS; Group of 184 Civil Society
Organization, or G-184 [Andy APAID]; National Popular Assembly or
APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE];
Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic
Church; Protestant Federation of Haiti

Holy See (Vatican City)
none (exclusive of influence exercised by
church officers)

Honduras
Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or
CODEH; Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH; Coordinating
Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP; General Workers
Confederation or CGT; Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or
COHEP; National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH;
National Union of Campesinos or UNC; Popular Bloc or BP; United
Federation of Honduran Workers or FUTH

Hong Kong
Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-China); Chinese
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade
Unions or CTU (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE
Cheuk-yan, general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Industries;
Federation of Trade Unions or FTU (pro-China) [CHENG Yiu-tong,
executive councilor]; Hong Kong Alliance in Support of the Patriotic
Democratic Movement in China [Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and
Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Taiwan); Hong Kong General Chamber
of Commerce; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG
Man-kwong, president]; Neighborhood and Workers' Service Center or
NWSC (pro-democracy); The Alliance [Bernard CHAN, exco member]

Hungary
NA

Iceland
NA

India
numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations,
including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater
communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties
Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley and the National Socialist
Council of Nagaland in the Northeast

Indonesia
NA

Iran
political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political
activities; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic
include Ansar-e Hizballah, Muslim Students Following the Line of the
Imam, Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat), Islamic
Coalition Party (Motalefeh), and Islamic Engineers Society; active
pro-reform student groups include the Organization for Strengthening
Unity; opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the
National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, and various ethnic and Monarchist
organizations; armed political groups that have been almost
completely repressed by the government include Mujahidin-e Khalq
Organization (MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian
Kurdistan, and Komala

Iraq
an insurgency against the Iraqi Interim Government and
Coalition forces is primarily concentrated in Baghdad and in areas
west and north of the capital; the diverse, multigroup insurgency is
led principally by Sunni Arabs whose only common denominator is a
shared desire to oust the Coalition and end US influence in Iraq

Ireland
NA

Israel
Israeli nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West
Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now supports territorial concessions in
the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Yesha (settler) Council promotes
settler interests and opposes territorial compromise; B'Tselem
monitors human rights abuses

Italy
Italian manufacturers and merchants associations
(Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm groups
(Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic Church; three
major trade union confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana
del Lavoro or CGIL [Guglielmo EPIFANI] which is left wing,
Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Savino
PEZZOTTA], which is Roman Catholic centrist, and Unione Italiana del
Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] which is lay centrist)

Jamaica
New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black
religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

Japan
NA

Jersey
none

Jordan
Anti-Normalization Committee [Ali Abu SUKKAR, president vice
chairman]; Jordanian Bar Association [Saleh ARMOUTI, president];
Jordanian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president]; Muslim
Brotherhood [Abd-al-Majid DHUNAYBAT, secretary general]

Kazakhstan
Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel
FOKINA]; Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN];
Kazakhstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS,
executive director]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina
SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors
[Dos KUSHIM]; Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]

Kenya
human rights groups; labor unions; Muslim organizations;
National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition
of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Kivutha
KIBWANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenya or NCCK
[Mutava MUSYIMI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches;
Supreme Council of Kenya Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur
al-BUSAIDY]

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
none

Korea, South
Federation of Korean Industries; Federation of Korean
Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National
Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans'
Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic
Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations;
National Federation of Student Associations

Kuwait
several political groups act as de facto parties: Bedouins,
merchants, Sunni and Shi'a activists, and secular leftists and
nationalists

Kyrgyzstan
Council of Free Trade Unions; Kyrgyz Committee on Human
Rights [Ramazan DYRYLDAYEV]; National Unity Democratic Movement;
Union of Entrepreneurs

Laos
noncommunist political groups proscribed; most opposition
leaders fled the country in 1975

Latvia
Headquarters for the Protection of Russian Schools (SHTAB)
[Aleksandr KAZAKOV]

Lebanon
NA

Lesotho
NA

Liberia
NA

Libya
various Arab nationalist movements with almost negligible
memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some
Islamic elements; an anti-QADHAFI Libyan exile movement exists,
primarily based in London, but has little influence

Liechtenstein
NA

Lithuania
NA

Luxembourg
ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector
trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural
producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union
representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of
Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL
(federation of industrialists); LCGP (center-right trade union);
OGBL (center-left trade union)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
Civic Movement of Macedonia [Gordana SILJANOVSKA];
Movement for Macedonia's Euro-Atlantic Integration [Dosta DIMOVSKA]

Madagascar
Committee for the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR;
Committee for National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National
Council of Christian Churches or FFKM

Malawi
NA

Malaysia
NA

Maldives
none

Mali
Patriotic Movement of the Ghanda Koye or MPGK; United Movement
and Fronts of Azawad or MFUA

Malta
NA

Man, Isle of
none

Marshall Islands
NA

Martinique
Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC; Central Union
for Martinique Workers or CSTM [Marc PULVAR]; Frantz Fanon Circle;
League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian Action Group or GAP

Mauritania
Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; General Confederation of
Mauritanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary
general]; Independent Confederation of Mauritanian Workers or CLTM
[Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauritanian Workers Union or UTM
[Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]

Mauritius
various labor unions

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or
COPARMEX; Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN;
Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of National
Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator for Foreign Trade
Business Organizations or COECE; Federation of Unions Providing
Goods and Services or FESEBES; National Chamber of Transformation
Industries or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC;
National Union of Workers or UNT; Regional Confederation of Mexican
Workers or CROM; Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants
or CROC; Roman Catholic Church

Moldova
NA

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
NA

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI];
General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL];
Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI]; National
Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI]; Union of Moroccan
Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]

Mozambique
Institute for Peace and Democracy (Instituto para Paz e
Democracia) or IPADE [Raul DOMINGOS, president]; Etica [Abdul CARIMO
Issa, chairman]; Movement for Peace and Citizenship (Movimento para
Paz e Cidadania); Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga
Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president];
Human Rights and Development (Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimento) or
DHD [Artemisia FRANCO, secretary general]

Namibia
NA

Nauru
NA

Nepal
Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also
known as PRAHANDA, chairman; Dr. Baburam BHATTARAI, from Communist
Party of Nepal/Maoist, chief negotiator]; numerous small,
left-leaning student groups in the capital; several small, radical
Nepalese antimonarchist groups

Netherlands
Netherlands Trade Union Federation (FNV) (consisting of
a merger of Socialist and Catholic trade unions); Christian Trade
Union Federation (CNV); Trade Union Federation of Middle and High
Personnel (MHP); Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers
Associations; Interchurch Peace Council or IKV; large multinational
firms; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
NA

Nicaragua
National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella
group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or
ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs
Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National
Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of
Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG,
Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of
Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an
umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including -
Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of
Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor
or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan
Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior
Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of
business groups

Niger
NA

Nigeria
Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force or NDPVF [Mujahid
Dokubo ASARI]; Nigerian Labor Congress or NLC [Adams OSHIOMOLE]

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
none

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
NA

Oman
none

Pakistan
military remains most important political force; ulema
(clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also
influential

Palau
NA

Panama
Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; National Council
of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Council of Private
Enterprise or CONEP; National Union of Construction and Similar
Workers (SUNTRACS); Panamanian Association of Business Executives or
APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP; Workers
Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP

Papua New Guinea
NA

Paraguay
Ahorristas Estafados or AE; Coordinating Table of National
Campesino Organizations or MCNOC; National Federation of Campesinos
or FNC; National Workers Central or CNT; Paraguayan Workers
Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church; Unitary Workers Central
or CUT

Peru
leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN
Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac
Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned),
Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]

Philippines
AKBAYAN [Reps. Etta ROSALES, Mario AGUJA, and Risa
HONTIVEROS-BARAQUIEL]; ANAKPAWIS [Reps. Crispin BELTRAN and Rafael
MARIANO]; Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives (APEC)
[Reps. Edgar VALDEZ, Ernesto PABLO, and Sunny Rose MADAMBA]; Bayan
Muna [Reps. Satur OCAMPO, Joel VIRADOR, and Teodoro CASINO, Jr.];
BUHAY [Reps. Rene VELARDE and Hans Christian SENERES]; BUTIL [Rep.
Benjamin CRUZ]; CIBAC [Rep. Emmanuel Joel VILLANUEVA]; GABRIELA
[Rep. Liza MAZA]; PARTIDO NG MANGGAGAWA [Rep. Renato MAGTUBO] (2003)

Pitcairn Islands
none

Poland
All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan
GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Jozef GLEMP]; Solidarity Trade
Union [Janusz SNIADEK]

Portugal
NA

Puerto Rico
Armed Forces for National Liberation or FALN; Armed
Forces of Popular Resistance; Boricua Popular Army (also known as
the Macheteros); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution

Qatar
none

Reunion
NA

Romania
various human rights and professional associations

Russia
NA

Rwanda
IBUKA - association of genocide survivors

Saint Helena
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
none

Senegal
labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers

Serbia and Montenegro
Political Council for Presevo, Medvedja and
Bujanovac or PCPMB [leader NA]; Group for Changes of Montenegro or
GZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]

Seychelles
Roman Catholic Church; trade unions

Sierra Leone
trade unions and student unions

Singapore
NA

Slovakia
Association of Employers of Slovakia; Association of Towns
and Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; Metal
Workers Unions or KOVO and METALURG

Slovenia
NA

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for
power

South Africa
Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU
[Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary]; South African Communist Party
or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary]; South African National
Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national
president]; note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the
ANC

Spain
business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor
unions (authorized in April 1977); Socialist General Union of
Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or
USO; university students; Trade Union Confederation of Workers'
Commissions or CC.OO.; Nunca Mas (Galician for "Never Again"; formed
in response to the oil tanker Prestige oil spill)

Sri Lanka
Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil
Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting for
a separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the
National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups

Sudan
Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI];
National Democratic Alliance [Muhammed Uthman AL-MIRGHANI,
chairman]; Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army [Dr. John
GARANG]; Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]

Suriname
Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE];
Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroon [Head Captain WASE];
Women's Parliament Forum or PVF [Iris GILLIAD]

Swaziland
NA

Sweden
NA

Switzerland
NA

Syria
conservative religious leaders; Kurdish Democratic Alliance
[leader NA]; Kurdish Democratic Front [leader NA]; Muslim
Brotherhood (operates in exile in London) [Ali Badr Eddine
al-BAYANOUNI]; National Democratic Front [Hassan Abd al-AZIM]

Taiwan
Taiwan independence movement, various business and
environmental groups
note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the
mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization
and the increased representation of opposition parties in Taiwan's
legislature have opened public debate on the island's national
identity; a broad popular consensus has developed that Taiwan
currently enjoys de facto independence and - whatever the ultimate
outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Taiwan's
people must have the deciding voice; advocates of Taiwan
independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify
with mainland China; goals of the Taiwan independence movement
include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the
UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the
World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for
Taiwan Nation Building

Tajikistan
there are three unregistered political parties: Agrarian
Party or APT [Hikmatullo NASRIDDINOV]; Progressive Party [Sulton
QUVVATOV]; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]

Tanzania
NA

Thailand
NA

Togo
NA

Tokelau
none

Tonga
Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev.
Simote VEA, chairman]

Trinidad and Tobago
Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin BAKR]

Tunisia
the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is
outlawed

Turkey
Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Sami EVREN];
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman
CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association
or MUSIAD [Omer BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim
USLU]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or
TUSIAD [Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or
TISK [Refik BAYDUR]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is
[Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or
TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and
Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]

Turkmenistan
NA

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
none

Uganda
Popular Resistance Against a Life President or PRALP

Ukraine
NA

United Arab Emirates
NA

United Kingdom
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of
British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress

United States
NA

Uruguay
Agrupacion UTE (powerful state worker's union), Rural
Association of Uruguay (rancher's association), Uruguayan
Construction League, Chamber of Uruguayan Industries (manufacturer's
association), Chemist and Pharmaceutical Association (professional
organization), Architect's Society of Uruguay (professional
organization), the Catholic Church, students

Uzbekistan
Agrarian and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Birlik
(Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom)
Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 December
1992; Ezgulik Human Rights Society [Vasilia INOYATOVA]; Free
Farmers' Party or Ozod Dehqonlar [Nigara KHIDOYATOVA]; Human Rights
Society of Uzbekistan [Tolib YAKUBOV, chairman]; Independent Human
Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]; Mazlum
[leader NA]

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS
groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor
organization dominated by the Democratic Action)

Vietnam
none

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
NA

Zambia
NA

Zimbabwe
National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU];
Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition [Brian KAGORO]; Zimbabwe Congress of
Trade Unions or ZCTU [Lovemore MATOMBO]

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2116 Economy - overview

Afghanistan
Afghanistan's economic outlook has improved
significantly since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001 because
of the infusion of over $2 billion in international assistance,
recovery of the agricultural sector, and the reestablishment of
market institutions. Agriculture boomed in 2003 with the end of a
four-year drought, but drought conditions returned for the southern
half of the country in 2004. Despite the progress of the past few
years, Afghanistan remains extremely poor, landlocked, and highly
dependent on foreign aid, farming, and trade with neighboring
countries. It will probably take the remainder of the decade and
continuing donor aid and attention to raise Afghanistan's living
standards up from its current status among the lowest in the world.
Much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of
housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs, but the
Afghan government and international donors remain committed to
improving access to these basic necessities by prioritizing
infrastructure development, education, housing development, jobs
programs, and economic reform over the next year. Growing political
stability and continued international commitment to Afghan
reconstruction create an optimistic outlook for maintaining
improvements in the Afghan economy in 2005. Expanding poppy
cultivation and a growing opium trade may account for one-third of
GDP and looms as one of Kabul's most serious policy challenges.

Akrotiri
Economic activity is limited to providing services to the
military and their families located in Akrotiri. All food and
manufactured goods must be imported.

Albania
Poor and backward by European standards, Albania is making
the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. The
government has taken measures to curb violent crime and to spur
economic activity and trade. The economy is bolstered by annual
remittances from abroad of $600-$800 million, mostly from Greece and
Italy; this helps offset the towering trade deficit. Agriculture,
which accounts for about one-half of GDP, is held back because of
frequent drought and the need to modernize equipment, to clarify
property rights, and to consolidate small plots of land. Energy
shortages and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure make it
difficult to attract and sustain foreign investment. The planned
construction of a new thermal power plant near Vlore and improved
transmission and distribution facilities will help relieve the
energy shortages. Also, the government is moving slowly to improve
the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to
sustained economic growth. On the positive side: growth was strong
in 2003 and 2004, the nation has important oil and gas reserves, and
inflation is not a problem.

Algeria
The hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy,
accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over
95% of export earnings. Algeria has the seventh-largest reserves of
natural gas in the world and is the second-largest gas exporter; it
ranks 14th in oil reserves. Sustained high oil prices in recent
years, along with macroeconomic policy reforms supported by the IMF,
have helped improve Algeria's financial and macroeconomic
indicators. Algeria is running substantial trade surpluses and
building up record foreign exchange reserves. Real GDP has risen due
to higher oil output and increased government spending. The
government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by
attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy
sector, however, has had little success in reducing high
unemployment and improving living standards. Structural reform
within the economy moves ahead slowly.

American Samoa
This is a traditional Polynesian economy in which
more than 90% of the land is communally owned. Economic activity is
strongly linked to the US, with which American Samoa conducts most
of its foreign trade. Tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are
the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary
export. Transfers from the US Government add substantially to
American Samoa's economic well-being. Attempts by the government to
develop a larger and broader economy are restrained by Samoa's
remote location, its limited transportation, and its devastating
hurricanes. Tourism is a promising developing sector.

Andorra
Tourism, the mainstay of Andorra's tiny, well-to-do economy,
accounts for roughly 80% of GDP. An estimated 9 million tourists
visit annually, attracted by Andorra's duty-free status and by its
summer and winter resorts. Andorra's comparative advantage has
recently eroded as the economies of neighboring France and Spain
have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and
lower tariffs. The banking sector, with its "tax haven" status, also
contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is
limited - only 2% of the land is arable - and most food has to be
imported. The principal livestock activity is sheep raising.
Manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and
furniture. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is
treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs)
and as a non-EU member for agricultural products.

Angola
Angola has been an economy in disarray because of a quarter
century of nearly continuous warfare. An apparently durable peace
was established after the death of rebel leader Jonas SAVIMBI in
February 2002, but consequences from the conflict continue including
the impact of widespread land mines. Subsistence agriculture
provides the main livelihood for 85% of the population. Oil
production and the supporting activities are vital to the economy,
contributing about 45% to GDP and more than half of exports. Much of
the country's food must still be imported. To fully take advantage
of its rich natural resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests,
Atlantic fisheries, and large oil deposits - Angola will need to
continue reforming government policies and to reduce corruption.
While Angola made progress in further lowering inflation, from 325%
in 2000 to about 106% in 2002, the government has failed to make
sufficient progress on reforms recommended by the IMF such as
increasing foreign exchange reserves and promoting greater
transparency in government spending. Increased oil production
supported 7% GDP growth in 2003 and 12% growth in 2004.

Anguilla
Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends
heavily on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobster fishing, and
remittances from emigrants. Increased activity in the tourism
industry, which has spurred the growth of the construction sector,
has contributed to economic growth. Anguillan officials have put
substantial effort into developing the offshore financial sector,
which is small, but growing. In the medium term, prospects for the
economy will depend largely on the tourism sector and, therefore, on
revived income growth in the industrialized nations as well as on
favorable weather conditions.

Antarctica
Fishing off the coast and tourism, both based abroad,
account for the limited economic activity. Antarctic fisheries in
2000-01 (1 July-30 June) reported landing 112,934 metric tons.
Unregulated fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish, is a
serious problem. The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic
Marine Living Resources determines the recommended catch limits for
marine species. A total of 13,571 tourists visited in the 2002-03
antarctic summer, up from the 11,588 visitors the previous year.
Nearly all of them were passengers on commercial (nongovernmental)
ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer. Most
tourist trips last approximately two weeks.

Antigua and Barbuda
Tourism continues to dominate the economy,
accounting for more than half of GDP. Weak tourist arrival numbers
since early 2000 have slowed the economy, however, and pressed the
government into a tight fiscal corner. The dual-island nation's
agricultural production is focused on the domestic market and
constrained by a limited water supply and a labor shortage stemming
from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction.
Manufacturing comprises enclave-type assembly for export with major
products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components.
Prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to
depend on income growth in the industrialized world, especially in
the US, which accounts for slightly more than one-third of tourist
arrivals.

Arctic Ocean
Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of
natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, fish, and seals.

Argentina
Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly
literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a
diversified industrial base. Over the past decade, however, the
country has suffered problems of inflation, external debt, capital
flight, and budget deficits. Growth in 2000 was a negative 0.8%, as
both domestic and foreign investors remained skeptical of the
government's ability to pay debts and maintain the peso's fixed
exchange rate with the US dollar. The economic situation worsened in
2001 with the widening of spreads on Argentine bonds, massive
withdrawals from the banks, and a further decline in consumer and
investor confidence. Government efforts to achieve a "zero deficit,"
to stabilize the banking system, and to restore economic growth
proved inadequate in the face of the mounting economic problems. The
peso's peg to the dollar was abandoned in January 2002, and the peso
was floated in February; the exchange rate plunged and real GDP fell
by 10.9% in 2002, but by mid-year the economy had stabilized, albeit
at a lower level. GDP expanded by more than 8% in 2003 and again in
2004, with unemployment falling and inflation remaining in single
digits.

Armenia
Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia had
developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools,
textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in
exchange for raw materials and energy. Since the implosion of the
USSR in December 1991, Armenia has switched to small-scale
agriculture away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the
Soviet era. The agricultural sector has long-term needs for more
investment and updated technology. The privatization of industry has
been at a slower pace, but has been given renewed emphasis by the
current administration. Armenia is a food importer, and its mineral
deposits (copper, gold, bauxite) are small. The ongoing conflict
with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of
Nagorno-Karabakh and the breakup of the centrally directed economic
system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic
decline in the early 1990s. By 1994, however, the Armenian
Government had launched an ambitious IMF-sponsored economic
liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates in
1995-2003. Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. Armenia also has
managed to slash inflation, stabilize the local currency (the dram),
and privatize most small- and medium-sized enterprises. The chronic
energy shortages Armenia suffered in the early and mid-1990s have
been offset by the energy supplied by one of its nuclear power
plants at Metsamor. Armenia is now a net energy exporter, although
it does not have sufficient generating capacity to replace Metsamor,
which is under international pressure to close. The electricity
distribution system was privatized in 2002. Armenia's severe trade
imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid and foreign
direct investment. Economic ties with Russia remain close,
especially in the energy sector.

Aruba
Tourism is the mainstay of the small, open Aruban economy,
with offshore banking and oil refining and storage also important.
The rapid growth of the tourism sector over the last decade has
resulted in a substantial expansion of other activities.
Construction has boomed, with hotel capacity five times the 1985
level. In addition, the reopening of the country's oil refinery in
1993, a major source of employment and foreign exchange earnings,
has further spurred growth. Aruba's small labor force and
exceptionally low unemployment rate have led to a large number of
unfilled job vacancies, despite sharp rises in wage rates in recent
years. Tourist arrivals have declined in the aftermath of the 11
September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US. The government now must
deal with a budget deficit and a negative trade balance.

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
no economic activity

Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean provides some of the world's most
heavily trafficked sea routes, between and within the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres. Other economic activity includes the
exploitation of natural resources, e.g., fishing, dredging of
aragonite sands (The Bahamas), and production of crude oil and
natural gas (Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and North Sea).

Australia
Australia has an enviable Western-style capitalist
economy, with a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West
European economies. Rising output in the domestic economy, robust
business and consumer confidence, and rising exports of raw
materials and agricultural products are fueling the economy.
Australia's emphasis on reforms, low inflation, and growing ties
with China are other key factors behind the economy's strength. The
impact of drought, weak foreign demand, and strong import demand
pushed the trade deficit up from $8 billion in 2002, to $18 billion
in 2003, and to $13 billion in 2004. One other concern is the rapid
increase in domestic housing prices, which have raised the prospect
that interest rates will need to be raised to prevent a speculative
bubble.

Austria
Austria, with its well-developed market economy and high
standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies,
especially Germany's. The economy features up-to-date industrial and
agricultural sectors. Timber is a key industry, 47% of the land area
being forested. Membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign
investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European
market and proximity to the new EU economies. Slow growth in Europe
has held the economy to 0.7% growth in 2001, 1.4% in 2002, 0.8% in
2003, and 1.9% in 2004. To meet increased competition from both EU
and Central European countries, particularly the new EU members,
Austria will need to emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the
economy, continue to deregulate the service sector, and encourage
much greater participation in the labor market by its aging
population. The aging phenomenon, together with already high health
and pension costs, poses fundamental problems in tax and welfare
policies.

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan's number one export is oil. Azerbaijan's oil
production declined through 1997 but has registered an increase
every year since. Negotiation of production-sharing arrangements
(PSAs) with foreign firms, which have thus far committed $60 billion
to long-term oilfield development, should generate the funds needed
to spur future industrial development. Oil production under the
first of these PSAs, with the Azerbaijan International Operating
Company, began in November 1997. Azerbaijan shares all the
formidable problems of the former Soviet republics in making the
transition from a command to a market economy, but its considerable
energy resources brighten its long-term prospects. Baku has only
recently begun making progress on economic reform, and old economic
ties and structures are slowly being replaced. One obstacle to
economic progress is the need for stepped up foreign investment in
the non-energy sector. A second obstacle is the continuing conflict
with Armenia over the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Trade with Russia and
the other former Soviet republics is declining in importance while
trade is building with Turkey and the nations of Europe. Long-term
prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new
pipelines in the region, and Azerbaijan's ability to manage its oil
wealth.

Bahamas, The
The Bahamas is a stable, developing nation with an
economy heavily dependent on tourism and offshore banking. Tourism
alone accounts for more than 60% of GDP and directly or indirectly
employs half of the archipelago's labor force. Steady growth in
tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts,
and residences had led to solid GDP growth in recent years, but the
slowdown in the US economy and the attacks of 11 September 2001 held
back growth in these sectors in 2001-03. Financial services
constitute the second-most important sector of the Bahamian economy,
accounting for about 15% of GDP. However, since December 2000, when
the government enacted new regulations on the financial sector, many
international businesses have left The Bahamas. Manufacturing and
agriculture together contribute approximately a tenth of GDP and
show little growth, despite government incentives aimed at those
sectors. Overall growth prospects in the short run rest heavily on
the fortunes of the tourism sector, which depends on growth in the
US, the source of more than 80% of the visitors. In addition to
tourism and banking, the government supports the development of a
"third pillar," e-commerce.

Bahrain
In well-to-do Bahrain, petroleum production and refining
account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government
revenues, and 30% of GDP. With its highly developed communication
and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational
firms with business in the Gulf. A large share of exports consist of
petroleum products made from refining imported crude. Construction
proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment,
especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground
water resources are major long-term economic problems. In September
2004 Bahrain signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United
States - the first such agreement undertaken by a Gulf state. Both
countries must ratify the FTA before it is enforced.

Baker Island
no economic activity

Bangladesh
Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to
improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a
poor, overpopulated, and ill-governed nation. Although half of GDP
is generated through the service sector, nearly two-thirds of
Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as
the single-most-important product. Major impediments to growth
include frequent cyclones and floods, inefficient state-owned
enterprises, inadequate port facilities, a rapidly growing labor
force that cannot be absorbed by agriculture, delays in exploiting
energy resources (natural gas), insufficient power supplies, and
slow implementation of economic reforms. Economic reform is stalled
in many instances by political infighting and corruption at all
levels of government. Progress also has been blocked by opposition
from the bureaucracy, public sector unions, and other vested
interest groups. The BNP government, led by Prime Minister Khaleda
ZIA, has the parliamentary strength to push through needed reforms,
but the party's political will to do so has been lacking in key
areas. One encouraging note: growth has been a steady 5% for the
past several years.

Barbados
Historically, the Barbadian economy had been dependent on
sugarcane cultivation and related activities, but production in
recent years has diversified into light industry and tourism.
Offshore finance and information services are important foreign
exchange earners. The government continues its efforts to reduce
unemployment, to encourage direct foreign investment, and to
privatize remaining state-owned enterprises. The economy contracted
in 2002-03 mainly due to a decline in tourism. Growth probably was
positive in 2004, as economic conditions in the US and Europe
moderately improved.

Bassas da India
no economic activity

Belarus
Belarus's economy in 2003-04 posted 6.1% and 6.4% growth.
Still, the economy continues to be hampered by high inflation,
persistent trade deficits, and ongoing rocky relations with Russia,
Belarus' largest trading partner and energy supplier. Belarus has
seen little structural reform since 1995, when President LUKASHENKO
launched the country on the path of "market socialism." In keeping
with this policy, LUKASHENKO reimposed administrative controls over
prices and currency exchange rates and expanded the state's right to
intervene in the management of private enterprises. In addition,
businesses have been subject to pressure on the part of central and
local governments, e.g., arbitrary changes in regulations, numerous
rigorous inspections, retroactive application of new business
regulations, and arrests of "disruptive" businessmen and factory
owners. A wide range of redistributive policies has helped those at
the bottom of the ladder; the Gini coefficient is among the lowest
in the world. For the time being, Belarus remains self-isolated from
the West and its open-market economies. Growth has been strong in
recent years, despite the roadblocks in a tough, centrally directed
economy and the high, but decreasing, rate of inflation. Growth has
been buoyed by increased Russian demand for generally noncompetitive
Belarusian goods.

Belgium
This modern private enterprise economy has capitalized on
its central geographic location, highly developed transport network,
and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is
concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north. With
few natural resources, Belgium must import substantial quantities of
raw materials and export a large volume of manufactures, making its
economy unusually dependent on the state of world markets. Roughly
three-quarters of its trade is with other EU countries. Public debt
is nearly 100% of GDP. On the positive side, the government has
succeeded in balancing its budget, and income distribution is
relatively equal. Belgium began circulating the euro currency in
January 2002. Economic growth in 2001-03 dropped sharply because of
the global economic slowdown, with moderate recovery in 2004.

Belize
In this small, essentially private enterprise economy the
tourism industry is the number one foreign exchange earner followed
by marine products, citrus, cane sugar, bananas, and garments. The
government's expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, initiated in
September 1998, led to sturdy GDP growth averaging nearly 6% in
1999-2004. Major concerns continue to be the sizable trade deficit
and foreign debt. A key short-term objective remains the reduction
of poverty with the help of international donors.

Benin
The economy of Benin remains underdeveloped and dependent on
subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade.
Growth in real output has averaged around 5% in the past six years,
but rapid population growth has offset much of this increase.
Inflation has subsided over the past several years. In order to
raise growth still further, Benin plans to attract more foreign
investment, place more emphasis on tourism, facilitate the
development of new food processing systems and agricultural
products, and encourage new information and communication
technology. The 2001 privatization policy should continue in
telecommunications, water, electricity, and agriculture in spite of
initial government reluctance. The Paris Club and bilateral
creditors have eased the external debt situation, while pressing for
more rapid structural reforms. Benin continues to be hurt by
Nigerian trade protection that bans imports of a growing list of
products from Benin and elsewhere. As a result, smuggling and
criminality along the Benin-Nigeria border has been on the rise.

Bermuda
Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the
world, nearly equal to that of the US. Its economy is primarily
based on providing financial services for international business and
luxury facilities for tourists. The effects of 11 September 2001
have had both positive and negative ramifications for Bermuda. On
the positive side, a number of new reinsurance companies have
located on the island, contributing to the expansion of an already
robust international business sector. On the negative side,
Bermuda's tourism industry - which derives over 80% of its visitors
from the US - was severely hit as American tourists chose not to
travel. Tourism rebounded somewhat in 2002-04. Most capital
equipment and food must be imported. Bermuda's industrial sector is
small, although construction continues to be important; the average
cost of a house in June 2003 had risen to $976,000. Agriculture is
limited, only 20% of the land being arable.

Bhutan
The economy, one of the world's smallest and least developed,
is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main
livelihood for more than 90% of the population. Agriculture consists
largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rugged
mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and
other infrastructure difficult and expensive. The economy is closely
aligned with India's through strong trade and monetary links and
dependence on India's financial assistance. The industrial sector is
technologically backward, with most production of the cottage
industry type. Most development projects, such as road construction,
rely on Indian migrant labor. Bhutan's hydropower potential and its
attraction for tourists are key resources. Model education, social,
and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral
development organizations. Each economic program takes into account
the government's desire to protect the country's environment and
cultural traditions. For example, the government, in its cautious
expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale,
environmentally conscientious tourists. Detailed controls and
uncertain policies in areas like industrial licensing, trade, labor,
and finance continue to hamper foreign investment.

Bolivia
Bolivia, long one of the poorest and least developed Latin
American countries, reformed its economy after suffering a
disastrous economic crisis in the early 1980s. The reforms spurred
real GDP growth, which averaged 4 percent in the 1990s, and poverty
rates fell. Economic growth, however, lagged again beginning in 1999
because of a global slowdown and homegrown factors such as political
turmoil, civil unrest, and soaring fiscal deficits, all of which
hurt investor confidence. In 2003, violent protests against the
pro-foreign investment economic policies of President SANCHEZ DE
LOZADA led to his resignation and the cancellation of plans to
export Bolivia's newly discovered natural gas reserves to large
northern hemisphere markets. Foreign investment dried up as
companies adopted a wait-and-see attitude regarding new President
Carlos MESA's willingness to protect investor rights in the face of
increased demands by radical groups that the government expropriate
foreign-owned assets. Real GDP growth in 2003 and 2004 - helped by
increased demand for natural gas in neighboring Brazil - was
positive, but still below the levels seen during the 1990s. Bolivia
remains dependent on foreign aid from multilateral lenders and
foreign governments.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to
Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation.
Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small
and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of
food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the
socialist economic structure of Yugoslavia. TITO had pushed the
development of military industries in the republic with the result
that Bosnia hosted a number of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The
interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80%
from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in
place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a
low base; but output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in
output was made up in 2003-2004. National-level statistics are
limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity.
The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national
currency introduced in 1998 - is now pegged to the euro, and the
Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina has dramatically increased
its reserve holdings. Implementation of privatization, however, has
been slow, and local entities only reluctantly support
national-level institutions. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as
all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down. A sizeable
current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two
most serious economic problems. The country receives substantial
amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the
international community but will have to prepare for an era of
declining assistance.

Botswana
Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic
growth rates since independence in 1966. Through fiscal discipline
and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of
the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a
per capita GDP of $9,200 in 2004. Two major investment services rank
Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. Diamond mining has
fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than
one-third of GDP and for 70-80% of export earnings. Tourism,
financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are
other key sectors. On the downside, the government must deal with
high rates of unemployment and poverty. Unemployment officially is
23.8%, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS
infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten
Botswana's impressive economic gains. An expected leveling off in
diamond mining production overshadow long-term prospects.

Bouvet Island
no economic activity; declared a nature reserve

Brazil
Possessing large and well-developed agricultural, mining,
manufacturing, and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that
of all other South American countries and is expanding its presence
in world markets. From 2001-03 real wages fell and Brazil's economy
grew, on average, only 2.2% per year, as the country absorbed a
series of domestic and international economic shocks. That Brazil
absorbed these shocks without financial collapse is a tribute to the
resiliency of the Brazilian economy and the economic program put in
place by former President CARDOSO and strengthened by President LULA
DA SILVA. In 2004, Brazil enjoyed more robust growth that yielded
increases in employment and real wages. The three pillars of the
economic program are a floating exchange rate, an
inflation-targeting regime, and tight fiscal policy, all reinforced
by a series of IMF programs. The currency depreciated sharply in
2001 and 2002, which contributed to a dramatic current account
adjustment: in 2003 and 2004, Brazil ran record trade surpluses and
recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992.
Productivity gains - particularly in agriculture - also contributed
to the surge in exports, and Brazil in 2004 surpassed the previous
year's record export level and again posted a current account
surplus. While economic management has been good, there remain
important economic vulnerabilities. The most significant are
debt-related: the government's largely domestic debt increased
steadily from 1994 to 2003 - straining government finances - before
falling as a percentage of GDP in 2004, while Brazil's foreign debt
(a mix of private and public debt) is large in relation to Brazil's
small (but growing) export base. Another challenge is maintaining
economic growth over a period of time to generate employment and
make the government debt burden more manageable.

British Indian Ocean Territory All economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of Diego Garcia, where joint UK-US defense facilities are located. Construction projects and various services needed to support the military installations are done by military and contract employees from the UK, Mauritius, the Philippines, and the US. There are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. When the Ilois return, they plan to reestablish sugarcane production and fishing.

British Virgin Islands
The economy, one of the most stable and
prosperous in the Caribbean, is highly dependent on tourism,
generating an estimated 45% of the national income. An estimated
350,000 tourists, mainly from the US, visited the islands in 1998.
Tourism suffered in 2002 because of the lackluster US economy. In
the mid-1980s, the government began offering offshore registration
to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and
incorporation fees now generate substantial revenues. Roughly
400,000 companies were on the offshore registry by yearend 2000. The
adoption of a comprehensive insurance law in late 1994, which
provides a blanket of confidentiality with regulated statutory
gateways for investigation of criminal offenses, is expected to make
the British Virgin Islands even more attractive to international
business. Livestock raising is the most important agricultural
activity; poor soils limit the islands' ability to meet domestic
food requirements. Because of traditionally close links with the US
Virgin Islands, the British Virgin Islands has used the dollar as
its currency since 1959.

Brunei
This small, well-to-do economy encompasses a mixture of
foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation,
welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas
production account for nearly half of GDP. Per capita GDP is far
above most other Third World countries, and substantial income from
overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. The
government provides for all medical services and free education
through the university level and subsidizes rice and housing.
Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration
in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion,
although it became a more prominent player by serving as chairman
for the 2000 APEC (Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum. Plans
for the future include upgrading the labor force, reducing
unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourist sectors, and, in
general, further widening the economic base beyond oil and gas.

Bulgaria
Bulgaria, a former communist country striving to enter the
European Union, has experienced macroeconomic stability and strong
growth since a major economic downturn in 1996 led to the fall of
the then socialist government. As a result, the government became
committed to economic reform and responsible fiscal planning.
Minerals, including coal, copper, and zinc play an important role in
industry. In 1997, macroeconomic stability was reinforced by the
imposition of a fixed exchange rate of the lev against the German
D-mark and the negotiation of an IMF standby agreement. Low
inflation and steady progress on structural reforms improved the
business environment; Bulgaria has averaged 4% growth since 2000 and
has begun to attract significant amounts of foreign direct
investment. Corruption in the public administration, a weak
judiciary, and the presence of organized crime remain the largest
challenges for Bulgaria.

Burkina Faso
One of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked
Burkina Faso has few natural resources and a weak industrial base.
About 90% of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture,
which is vulnerable to harsh climatic conditions. Cotton is the key
crop and the government has joined with other cotton producing
countries in the region to lobby for improved access to Western
markets. GDP growth has largely been driven by increases in world
cotton prices. Industry remains dominated by unprofitable
government-controlled corporations. Following the African franc
currency devaluation in January 1994 the government updated its
development program in conjunction with international agencies;
exports and economic growth have increased. The government devolved
macroeconomic policy and inflation targeting to the West African
regional central bank (BCEAO), but maintains control over
microeconomic policies, including reducing the trade deficit and
implementing reforms to encourage private investment. The bitter
internal crisis in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire continues to hurt trade
and industrial prospects and deepens the need for international
assistance.

Burma
Burma is a resource-rich country that suffers from government
controls, inefficient economic policies, and abject rural poverty.
The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy
after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism", but
those efforts have since stalled and some of the liberalization
measures have been rescinded. Burma has been unable to achieve
monetary or fiscal stability, resulting in an economy that suffers
from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including inflation and
multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat. In
addition, most overseas development assistance ceased after the
junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and
subsequently ignored the results of the 1990 legislative elections.
Economic sanctions against Burma by the United States - including a
ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of
financial services by US persons in response to the government of
Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy -
further slowed the inflow of foreign exchange. Official statistics
are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly
understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial
border trade - often estimated to be one to two times the size of
the official economy. Though the Burmese government has good
economic relations with its neighbors, a better investment climate
and an improved political situation are needed to promote foreign
investment, exports, and tourism. In February 2003, a major banking
crisis hit the country's 20 private banks, shutting them down and
disrupting the economy. As of January 2004, the largest private
banks remained moribund, leaving the private sector with little
formal access to credit.

Burundi
Burundi is a landlocked, resource-poor country with an
underdeveloped manufacturing sector. The economy is predominantly
agricultural with roughly 90% of the population dependent on
subsistence agriculture. Economic growth depends on coffee and tea
exports, which account for 90% of foreign exchange earnings. The
ability to pay for imports, therefore, rests primarily on weather
conditions and international coffee and tea prices. The Tutsi
minority, 14% of the population, dominates the government and the
coffee trade at the expense of the Hutu majority, 85% of the
population. Since October 1993 an ethnic-based war has resulted in
more than 200,000 deaths, forced 450,000 refugees into Tanzania, and
displaced 140,000 others internally. Doubts about the prospects for
sustainable peace continue to impede development. Only one in two
children go to school, and approximately one in ten adults has
HIV/AIDS. Food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply.

Cambodia
Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997 and 1998 due
to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political
infighting, and foreign investment and tourism decreased. In 1999,
the first full year of peace in 30 years, the government made
progress on economic reforms. Growth resumed and remained about 5%
from 2000 to 2004. Economic growth has been largely driven by
expansion in the garment sector and tourism, but is expected to fall
in 2005 as growth in the garment sector stalls. Clothing exports
were fostered by a US-Cambodian Bilateral Textile Agreement signed
in 1999 which gave Cambodia a guaranteed quota of US textile imports
and established a bonus for improving working conditions and
enforcing Cambodian labor laws and international labor standards in
the industry. With the January 2005 expiration of a WTO Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing, Cambodia-based textile producers are in
direct competition with lower priced producing countries such as
China and India. Faced with the possibility that over the next five
years Cambodia may lose orders and some of the 250,000 well-paid
jobs the industry provides, Cambodia has committed itself to a
policy of continued support for high labor standards in an attempt
to maintain favor with buyers. Tourism growth remains strong, with
arrivals up 15% in 2004. The long-term development of the economy
after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population
lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the
poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack
of basic infrastructure. Fully 75% of the population remains engaged
in subsistence farming. Fear of renewed political instability and a
dysfunctional legal system coupled with extensive government
corruption discourage foreign investment. The Cambodian government
continues to work with bilateral and multilateral donors to address
the country's many pressing needs. In December 2004, official donors
pledged $504 million in aid for 2005 on the condition that the
Cambodian government begins taking steps to address rampant
corruption. The next donor pledging session is scheduled for
December 2005. The major economic challenge for Cambodia over the
next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the
private sector can create enough jobs to handle Cambodia's
demographic imbalance. More than 50% of the population is 20 years
or younger.

Cameroon
Because of its oil resources and favorable agricultural
conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-endowed primary commodity
economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious
problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as a top-heavy
civil service and a generally unfavorable climate for business
enterprise. Since 1990, the government has embarked on various IMF
and World Bank programs designed to spur business investment,
increase efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize
the nation's banks. In June 2000, the government completed an
IMF-sponsored, three-year structural adjustment program; however,
the IMF is pressing for more reforms, including increased budget
transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs.
International oil and cocoa prices have considerable impact on the
economy.

Canada
As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, newly entered
in the trillion dollar class, Canada closely resembles the US in its
market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent
living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the
manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the
nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial
and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the
1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes
Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic
integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled
labor force, and modern capital plant Canada enjoys solid economic
prospects. Solid fiscal management has produced a long-term budget
surplus which is substantially reducing the national debt, although
public debate continues over how to manage the rising cost of the
publicly funded healthcare system. Exports account for roughly a
third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its
principal trading partner, the United States, which absorbs more
than 85% of Canadian exports.

Cape Verde
This island economy suffers from a poor natural resource
base, including serious water shortages exacerbated by cycles of
long-term drought. The economy is service-oriented, with commerce,
transport, tourism, and public services accounting for 72% of GDP.
Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas, the
share of agriculture in GDP in 2004 was only 12%, of which fishing
accounted for 1.5%. About 82% of food must be imported. The fishing
potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. Cape
Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by foreign aid
and remittances from emigrants; remittances supplement GDP by more
than 20%. Economic reforms are aimed at developing the private
sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy.
Future prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the
encouragement of tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the
government's development program.

Cayman Islands
With no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving
offshore financial center. More than 40,000 companies were
registered in the Cayman Islands as of 1998, including almost 600
banks and trust companies; banking assets exceed $500 billion. A
stock exchange was opened in 1997. Tourism is also a mainstay,
accounting for about 70% of GDP and 75% of foreign currency
earnings. The tourist industry is aimed at the luxury market and
caters mainly to visitors from North America. Total tourist arrivals
exceeded 1.2 million in 1997, with 600,000 from the US. About 90% of
the islands' food and consumer goods must be imported. The
Caymanians enjoy one of the highest outputs per capita and one of
the highest standards of living in the world.

Central African Republic
Subsistence agriculture, together with
forestry, remains the backbone of the economy of the Central African
Republic (CAR), with more than 70% of the population living in
outlying areas. The agricultural sector generates half of GDP.
Timber has accounted for about 16% of export earnings and the
diamond industry, for 54%. Important constraints to economic
development include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor
transportation system, a largely unskilled work force, and a legacy
of misdirected macroeconomic policies. Factional fighting between
the government and its opponents remains a drag on economic
revitalization, with GDP growth at only 0.5% in 2004. Distribution
of income is extraordinarily unequal. Grants from France and the
international community can only partially meet humanitarian needs.

Chad
Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be
boosted by major oilfield and pipeline projects that began in 2000.
Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and
livestock raising for its livelihood. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic
provide the bulk of Chad's export earnings; Chad began to export oil
in 2004. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked
position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad
relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and
private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US
companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves
estimated at 1 billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production came
on stream in late 2003.

Chile
Chile has a market-oriented economy characterized by a high
level of foreign trade. During the early 1990s, Chile's reputation
as a role model for economic reform was strengthened when the
democratic government of Patricio AYLWIN - which took over from the
military in 1990 - deepened the economic reform initiated by the
military government. Growth in real GDP averaged 8% during 1991-97,
but fell to half that level in 1998 because of tight monetary
policies implemented to keep the current account deficit in check
and because of lower export earnings - the latter a product of the
global financial crisis. A severe drought exacerbated the recession
in 1999, reducing crop yields and causing hydroelectric shortfalls
and electricity rationing, and Chile experienced negative economic
growth for the first time in more than 15 years. Despite the effects
of the recession, Chile maintained its reputation for strong
financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the
strongest sovereign bond rating in South America. By the end of
1999, exports and economic activity had begun to recover, and growth
rebounded to 4.2% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.1% in 2001 and 2.1%
in 2002, largely due to lackluster global growth and the devaluation
of the Argentine peso. Chile's economy began a slow recovery in
2003, growing 3.2% and accelerated to 5.8% in 2004. GDP growth
benefited from high copper prices, solid export earnings
(particularly forestry, fishing, and mining), and stepped-up foreign
direct investment. Unemployment, however, remains stubbornly high.
Chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization
with the signing of a free trade agreement with the US, which took
effect on 1 January 2004.

China In late 1978 the Chinese leadership began moving the economy from a sluggish, inefficient, Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system. Whereas the system operates within a political framework of strict Communist control, the economic influence of non-state organizations and individual citizens has been steadily increasing. The authorities switched to a system of household and village responsibility in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale enterprises in services and light manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978. Measured on a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, China in 2004 stood as the second-largest economy in the world after the US, although in per capita terms the country is still poor. Agriculture and industry have posted major gains especially in coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan and in Shanghai, where foreign investment has helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. The leadership, however, often has experienced - as a result of its hybrid system - the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy and lassitude) and of capitalism (growing income disparities and rising unemployment). China thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals. The government has struggled to (a) sustain adequate jobs growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state-owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force; (b) reduce corruption and other economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned enterprises, many of which had been shielded from competition by subsidies and had been losing the ability to pay full wages and pensions. From 100 to 150 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time, low-paying jobs. Popular resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to maintaining long-term growth in living standards. At the same time, one demographic consequence of the "one child" policy is that China is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. As part of its effort to gradually slow the rapid economic growth seen in 2004, Beijing says it will reduce somewhat its spending on infrastructure in 2005, while continuing to focus on poverty relief and through rural tax reform. Accession to the World Trade Organization helps strengthen its ability to maintain strong growth rates but at the same time puts additional pressure on the hybrid system of strong political controls and growing market influences. China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer Internet use, with 94 million users at the end of 2004. Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's remarkable economic growth. Shortages of electric power and raw materials may affect industrial output in 2005. More power generating capacity is scheduled to come on line in 2006. In its rivalry with India as an economic power, China has a lead in the absorption of technology, the rising prominence in world trade, and the alleviation of poverty; India has one important advantage in its relative mastery of the English language, but the number of competent Chinese English-speakers is growing rapidly.

Christmas Island
Phosphate mining had been the only significant
economic activity, but in December 1987 the Australian Government
closed the mine. In 1991, the mine was reopened. With the support of
the government, a $34 million casino opened in 1993. The casino
closed in 1998. The Australian Government in 2001 agreed to support
the creation of a commercial space-launching site on the island,
projected to begin operations in the near future

Clipperton Island
Although 115 species of fish have been identified
in the territorial waters of Clipperton Island, the only economic
activity is tuna fishing.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are
the sole cash crop. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to
the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must
be imported from Australia. There is a small tourist industry.

Colombia
Colombia's economy has been on a recovery trend during the
past two years despite a serious armed conflict. The economy
continues to improve thanks to austere government budgets, focused
efforts to reduce public debt levels, and an export-oriented growth
focus. Ongoing economic problems facing President URIBE range from
reforming the pension system to reducing high unemployment. New
exploration is needed to offset declining oil production. On the
positive side, several international financial institutions have
praised the economic reforms introduced by URIBE, which include
measures designed to reduce the public-sector deficit below 2.5% of
GDP. The government's economic policy and democratic security
strategy have engendered a growing sense of confidence in the
economy, particularly within the business sector. Coffee prices have
recovered from previous lows as the Colombian coffee industry
pursues greater market shares in developed countries such as the
United States.

Comoros
One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of
three islands that have inadequate transportation links, a young and
rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low
educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence
level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy
dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture,
including fishing, hunting, and forestry, contributes 40% to GDP,
employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports.
The country is not self-sufficient in food production; rice, the
main staple, accounts for the bulk of imports. The government -
which is hampered by internal political disputes - is struggling to
upgrade education and technical training, privatize commercial and
industrial enterprises, improve health services, diversify exports,
promote tourism, and reduce the high population growth rate.
Increased foreign support is essential if the goal of 4% annual GDP
growth is to be met. Remittances from 150,000 Comorans abroad help
supplement GDP.

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
The economy of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo - a nation endowed with vast potential wealth
- has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The war, which began
in August 1998, dramatically reduced national output and government
revenue, increased external debt, and resulted in the deaths of
perhaps 3.5 million people from war, famine, and disease. Foreign
businesses curtailed operations due to uncertainty about the outcome
of the conflict, lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating
environment. Conditions improved in late 2002 with the withdrawal of
a large portion of the invading foreign troops. Several IMF and
World Bank missions have met with the government to help it develop
a coherent economic plan, and President KABILA has begun
implementing reforms. Much economic activity lies outside the GDP
data. Economic stability, aided by international donors, improved in
2003-04, although an uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a
lack of openness in government policy continues to hamper growth. In
2005, renewed activity in the mining sector, the source of most
exports, could boost Kinshasa's fiscal position and GDP growth.

Congo, Republic of the
The economy is a mixture of village
agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on
oil, support services, and a government characterized by budget
problems and overstaffing. Oil has supplanted forestry as the
mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government
revenues and exports. In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil
revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development
projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest
rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion
of its oil earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. The 12
January 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in
inflation of 61% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since. Economic
reform efforts continued with the support of international
organizations, notably the World Bank and the IMF. The reform
program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO, who returned to power when the war ended in October
1997, publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic
reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with
international financial institutions. However, economic progress was
badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed
conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget
deficit. The current administration presides over an uneasy internal
peace and faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating
recovery and reducing poverty.

Cook Islands
Like many other South Pacific island nations, the Cook
Islands' economic development is hindered by the isolation of the
country from foreign markets, the limited size of domestic markets,
lack of natural resources, periodic devastation from natural
disasters, and inadequate infrastructure. Agriculture provides the
economic base with major exports made up of copra and citrus fruit.
Manufacturing activities are limited to fruit processing, clothing,
and handicrafts. Trade deficits are offset by remittances from
emigrants and by foreign aid, overwhelmingly from New Zealand. In
the 1980s and 1990s, the country lived beyond its means, maintaining
a bloated public service and accumulating a large foreign debt.
Subsequent reforms, including the sale of state assets, the
strengthening of economic management, the encouragement of tourism,
and a debt restructuring agreement, have rekindled investment and
growth.

Coral Sea Islands
no economic activity

Costa Rica
Costa Rica's basically stable economy depends on tourism,
agriculture, and electronics exports. Poverty has been substantially
reduced over the past 15 years, and a strong social safety net has
been put into place. Foreign investors remain attracted by the
country's political stability and high education levels, and tourism
continues to bring in foreign exchange. Low prices for coffee and
bananas have hurt the agricultural sector. The government continues
to grapple with its large deficit and massive internal debt. The
reduction of inflation remains a difficult problem because of rises
in the price of imports, labor market rigidities, and fiscal
deficits. The country also needs to reform its tax system and its
pattern of public expenditure. Costa Rica recently concluded
negotiations to participate in the US-Central American Free Trade
Agreement, which, if ratified by the Costa Rican Legislature, would
result in economic reforms and an improved investment climate.

Cote d'Ivoire
Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers
and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm oil. Consequently,
the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international
prices for these products and weather conditions. Despite government
attempts to diversify the economy, it is still heavily dependent on
agriculture and related activities, engaging roughly 68% of the
population. After several years of lagging performance, the Ivorian
economy began a comeback in 1994, due to the 50% devaluation of the
CFA franc and improved prices for cocoa and coffee, growth in
nontraditional primary exports such as pineapples and rubber,
limited trade and banking liberalization, offshore oil and gas
discoveries, and generous external financing and debt rescheduling
by multilateral lenders and France. Moreover, government adherence
to donor-mandated reforms led to a jump to 5% annual growth during
1996-99. Growth was negative in 2000-03 because of the difficulty of
meeting the conditions of international donors, continued low prices
of key exports, and severe civil war. In November 2004 the situation
deteriorated when President GBAGBO's troops attacked and killed nine
French peacekeeping forces, and the UN imposed an arms embargo.
Political uncertainty has clouded the economic outlook for 2005,
with fear among Ivorians spreading, foreign investment shriveling,
businessmen fleeing, travel within the country falling, and criminal
elements that traffic in weapons and diamonds gaining ground.

Croatia
Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the Republic of
Croatia, after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized
area, with a per capita output perhaps one-third above the Yugoslav
average. The economy emerged from a mild recession in 2000 with
tourism, banking, and public investments leading the way.
Unemployment remains high, at about 14 percent, with structural
factors slowing its decline. While macroeconomic stabilization has
largely been achieved, structural reforms lag because of deep
resistance on the part of the public and lack of strong support from
politicians. Growth, while impressively about 4% for the last
several years, has been achieved through high fiscal and current
account deficits. The government is gradually reducing a heavy back
log of civil cases, many involving land tenure. The EU accession
process should accelerate fiscal and structural reform.

Cuba
The government continues to balance the need for economic
loosening against a desire for firm political control. It has
undertaken limited reforms to increase enterprise efficiency and
alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. A
major feature of the economy is the dichotomy between relatively
efficient export enclaves and inefficient domestic sectors. The
average Cuban's standard of living remains at a lower level than
before the depression of the 1990s, which was caused by the loss of
Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. The government in 2004
strengthened its controls over dollars coming into the economy from
tourism, remittances, and trade.

Cyprus
The Greek Cypriot economy is prosperous but highly
susceptible to external shocks. The service sector, mainly tourism
and financial services, dominates the economy; erratic growth rates
over the past decade reflect the economy's reliance on tourism,
which often fluctuates with political instability in the region and
economic conditions in Western Europe. Economic policy is focused on
meeting the criteria to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism
(ERM2) within the next two years although sluggish tourism and poor
fiscal management have resulted in growing budget deficits since
2001. As in the Turkish sector, water shortages are a perennial
problem; a few desalination plants are now on-line. After 10 years
of drought, the country received substantial rainfall from 2001-03,
alleviating immediate concerns. The Turkish Cypriot economy has
roughly one-third of the per capita GDP of the south, and economic
growth tends to be volatile, given north Cyprus's relative
isolation, bloated public sector, reliance on the Turkish lira, and
small market size. The Turkish Cypriot economy grew 2.6% in 2004,
fueled by growth in the construction and education sectors as well
as increased employment of Turkish Cypriots in the Republic of
Cyprus. The Turkish Cypriots are heavily dependent on transfers from
the Turkish government. Ankara provides around $300 million a year
directly into the "TRNC" budget and regularly provides additional
financing for large infrastructure projects. Agriculture and
government service, together employ almost half of the work force,
and the potential for tourism is promising, especially with the
easing of border restrictions with the Greek Cypriots in April 2003.

Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is one of the most stable and
prosperous of the post-Communist states of Central and Eastern
Europe. Growth in 2000-04 was supported by exports to the EU,
primarily to Germany, and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic
investment. Domestic demand is playing an ever more important role
in underpinning growth as interest rates drop and the availability
of credit cards and mortgages increases. Current account deficits of
around 5% of GDP are beginning to decline as demand for Czech
products in the European Union increases. Inflation is under
control. Recent accession to the EU gives further impetus and
direction to structural reform. In early 2004 the government passed
increases in the Value Added Tax (VAT) and tightened eligibility for
social benefits with the intention to bring the public finance gap
down to 4% of GDP by 2006, but more difficult pension and healthcare
reforms will have to wait until after the next elections.
Privatization of the state-owned telecommunications firm Cesky
Telecom is scheduled to take place in 2005. Intensified
restructuring among large enterprises, improvements in the financial
sector, and effective use of available EU funds should strengthen
output growth.

Denmark
This thoroughly modern market economy features high-tech
agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry,
extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards,
a stable currency, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is
a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance
of payments surplus. Government objectives include streamlining the
bureaucracy and further privatization of state assets. The
government has been successful in meeting, and even exceeding, the
economic convergence criteria for participating in the third phase
(a common European currency) of the European Economic and Monetary
Union (EMU), but Denmark has decided not to join 12 other EU members
in the euro; even so, the Danish krone remains pegged to the euro.
Growth in 2004 was sluggish, yet above the scanty 0.3% of 2003.
Because of high GDP per capita, welfare benefits, a low Gini index,
and political stability, the Danish people enjoy living standards
topped by no other nation. A major long-term issue will be the sharp
decline in the ratio of workers to retirees.

Dhekelia
Economic activity is limited to providing services to the
military and their families located in Dhekelia. All food and
manufactured goods must be imported.

Djibouti
The economy is based on service activities connected with
the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in
northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital
city, the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scanty rainfall
limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must
be imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for
the region and an international transshipment and refueling center.
Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation
is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help
support its balance of payments and to finance development projects.
An unemployment rate of at least 50% continues to be a major
problem. While inflation is not a concern, due to the fixed tie of
the Djiboutian franc to the US dollar, the artificially high value
of the Djiboutian franc adversely affects Djibouti's balance of
payments. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the
last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high
population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Faced
with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen
in arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to
meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors.

Dominica
The Dominican economy depends on agriculture, primarily
bananas, and remains highly vulnerable to climatic conditions and
international economic developments. Production of bananas dropped
precipitously in 2003, a major reason for the 1% decline in GDP.
Tourism increased in 2003 as the government sought to promote
Dominica as an "ecotourism" destination. Development of the tourism
industry remains difficult, however, because of the rugged
coastline, lack of beaches, and the absence of an international
airport. The government began a comprehensive restructuring of the
economy in 2003 - including elimination of price controls,
privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to
address Dominica's economic crisis and to meet IMF targets. In order
to diversify the island's production base the government is
attempting to develop an offshore financial sector and is planning
to construct an oil refinery on the eastern part of the island.

Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a Caribbean
representative democracy which enjoyed GDP growth of more than 7% in
1998-2000. Growth subsequently plummeted as part of the global
economic slowdown. Although the country has long been viewed
primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, in recent
years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy's
largest employer, due to growth in tourism and free trade zones. The
country suffers from marked income inequality; the poorest half of
the population receives less than one-fifth of GNP, while the
richest 10% enjoys nearly 40% of national income. Growth turned
negative in 2003 with reduced tourism, a major bank fraud, and
limited growth in the US economy (the source of about 85% of export
revenues), but recovered slightly in 2004. Resumption of a badly
needed IMF loan, slowed due to government repurchase of electrical
power plants, is basic to the restoration of social and economic
stability. Newly elected President FERNANDEZ in mid-2004 promised
belt-tightening reform. His administration has passed tax reform and
is working to meet preconditions for a $600 IMF standby arrangement
to ease the country's fiscal situation.

East Timor
In late 1999, about 70% of the economic infrastructure of
East Timor was laid waste by Indonesian troops and anti-independence
militias, and 300,000 people fled westward. Over the next three
years, however, a massive international program, manned by 5,000
peacekeepers (8,000 at peak) and 1,300 police officers, led to
substantial reconstruction in both urban and rural areas. By 2003,
all but about 30,000 of the refugees had returned. Growth was held
back in 2003 by extensive drought and the gradual winding down of
the international presence. The country faces great challenges in
continuing the rebuilding of infrastructure, strengthening the
infant civil administration, and generating jobs for young people
entering the workforce. One promising long-term project is the
planned development of oil and gas resources in nearby waters, which
have begun to supplement government revenues ahead of schedule.

Ecuador
Ecuador has substantial petroleum resources, which have
accounted for 40% of the country's export earnings and one-fourth of
central government budget revenues in recent years. Consequently,
fluctuations in world market prices can have a substantial domestic
impact. In the late 1990s, Ecuador suffered its worst economic
crisis, with natural disasters and sharp declines in world petroleum
prices driving Ecuador's economy into free fall in 1999. Real GDP
contracted by more than 6%, with poverty worsening significantly.
The banking system also collapsed, and Ecuador defaulted on its
external debt later that year. The currency depreciated by some 70%
in 1999, and, on the brink of hyperinflation, the MAHAUD government
announced it would dollarize the economy. A coup, however, ousted
MAHAUD from office in January 2000, and after a short-lived junta
failed to garner military support, Vice President Gustavo NOBOA took
over the presidency. In March 2000, Congress approved a series of
structural reforms that also provided the framework for the adoption
of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the
economy, and growth returned to its pre-crisis levels in the years
that followed. Under the administration of Lucio GUTIERREZ - January
2003 to April 2005 - Ecuador benefited from higher world petroleum
prices, but the government has made little progress on economic
reforms necessary to reduce Ecuador's vulnerability to petroleum
price swings and financial crises.

Egypt
Lack of substantial progress on economic reform since the mid
1990s has limited foreign direct investment in Egypt and kept annual
GDP growth in the range of 2%-3% in 2001-03. However, in 2004 Egypt
implemented several measures to boost foreign direct investment. In
September 2004, Egypt pushed through custom reforms, proposed income
and corporate tax reforms, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized
several enterprises. The budget deficit rose to an estimated 8% of
GDP in 2004 compared to 6.1% of GDP the previous year, in part as a
result of these reforms. Monetary pressures on an overvalued
Egyptian pound led the government to float the currency in January
2003, leading to a sharp drop in its value and consequent
inflationary pressure. In 2004, the Central Bank implemented
measures to improve currency liquidity. Egypt reached record tourism
levels, despite the Taba and Nuweiba bombings in September 2004. The
development of an export market for natural gas is a bright spot for
future growth prospects, but improvement in the capital-intensive
hydrocarbons sector does little to reduce Egypt's persistent
unemployment.

El Salvador
GDP per capita is roughly half that of Brazil,
Argentina, and Chile, and the distribution of income is highly
unequal. The government is striving to open new export markets,
encourage foreign investment, modernize the tax and healthcare
systems, and stimulate the sluggish economy. Implementation of the
Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, ratified by
El Salvador in 2004, is viewed as a key policy to help achieve these
objectives. The trade deficit has been offset by annual remittances
from Salvadorans living abroad - 16% of GDP in 2004 - and external
aid. With the adoption of the US dollar as its currency, El Salvador
has lost control over monetary policy and must concentrate on
maintaining a disciplined fiscal policy.

Equatorial Guinea
The discovery and exploitation of large oil
reserves have contributed to dramatic economic growth in recent
years. Forestry, farming, and fishing are also major components of
GDP. Subsistence farming predominates. Although pre-independence
Equatorial Guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency
earnings, the neglect of the rural economy under successive regimes
has diminished potential for agriculture-led growth (the government
has stated its intention to reinvest some oil revenue into
agriculture). A number of aid programs sponsored by the World Bank
and the IMF have been cut off since 1993 because of corruption and
mismanagement. No longer eligible for concessional financing because
of large oil revenues, the government has been unsuccessfully trying
to agree on a "shadow" fiscal management program with the World Bank
and IMF. Businesses, for the most part, are owned by government
officials and their family members. Undeveloped natural resources
include titanium, iron ore, manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold.
Growth presumably remained strong in 2004, led by oil.

Eritrea
Since independence from Ethiopia on 24 May 1993, Eritrea has
faced the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country.
Like the economies of many African nations, the economy is largely
based on subsistence agriculture, with 80% of the population
involved in farming and herding. The Ethiopian-Eritrea war in
1998-2000 severely hurt Eritrea's economy. GDP growth fell to zero
in 1999 and to -12.1% in 2000. The May 2000 Ethiopian offensive into
northern Eritrea caused some $600 million in property damage and
loss, including losses of $225 million in livestock and 55,000
homes. The attack prevented planting of crops in Eritrea's most
productive region, causing food production to drop by 62%. Even
during the war, Eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure,
asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war damaged
roads and bridges. Since the war ended, the government has
maintained a firm grip on the economy, expanding the use of the
military and party-owned businesses to complete Eritrea's
development agenda. Erratic rainfall and the delayed demobilization
of agriculturalists from the military kept cereal production well
below normal, holding down growth in 2002-04. Eritrea's economic
future depends upon its ability to master social problems such as
illiteracy, unemployment, and low skills, and to open its economy to
private enterprise so the diaspora's money and expertise can foster
economic growth.

Estonia
Estonia, as a new member of the World Trade Organization and
the European Union, has transitioned effectively to a modern market
economy with strong ties to the West, including the pegging of its
currency to the euro. The economy benefits from strong electronics
and telecommunications sectors and is greatly influenced by
developments in Finland, Sweden, and Germany, three major trading
partners. The current account deficit remains high; however, the
state budget enjoyed a surplus of $130 million in 2003.

Ethiopia
Ethiopia's poverty-stricken economy is based on
agriculture, accounting for half of GDP, 60% of exports, and 80% of
total employment. The agricultural sector suffers from frequent
drought and poor cultivation practices. Coffee is critical to the
Ethiopian economy with exports of some $156 million in 2002, but
historically low prices have seen many farmers switching to qat to
supplement income. The war with Eritrea in 1998-2000 and recurrent
drought have buffeted the economy, in particular coffee production.
In November 2001, Ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the Highly
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Under Ethiopia's land
tenure system, the government owns all land and provides long-term
leases to the tenants; the system continues to hamper growth in the
industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as
collateral for loans. Drought struck again late in 2002, leading to
a 2% decline in GDP in 2003. Normal weather patterns late in 2003
helped agricultural and GDP growth recover in 2004.

Europa Island
no economic activity

European Union
Domestically, the European Union attempts to lower
trade barriers, adopt a common currency, and move toward convergence
of living standards. Internationally, the EU aims to bolster
Europe's trade position and its political and economic power.
Because of the great differences in per capita income (from $10,000
to $28,000) and historic national animosities, the European
Community faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common
policies. For example, both Germany and France since 2003 have
flouted the member states' treaty obligation to prevent their
national budgets from running more than a 3% deficit. In 2004, the
EU admitted 10 central and eastern European countries that are, in
general, less advanced technologically and economically than the
existing 15. Twelve EU member states introduced the euro as their
common currency on 1 January 1999. The UK, Sweden, and Denmark do
not now participate; the 10 new member states may choose to adopt
the euro when they meet the EU's fiscal and monetary criteria and
the member states so agree.

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) The economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming, but today fishing contributes the bulk of economic activity. In 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the Falklands exclusive fishing zone. These license fees total more than $40 million per year, which goes to support the island's health, education, and welfare system. Squid accounts for 75% of the fish taken. Dairy farming supports domestic consumption; crops furnish winter fodder. Exports feature shipments of high-grade wool to the UK and the sale of postage stamps and coins. The islands are now self-financing except for defense. The British Geological Survey announced a 200-mile oil exploration zone around the islands in 1993, and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500,000 barrels per day; to date no exploitable site has been identified. An agreement between Argentina and the UK in 1995 seeks to defuse licensing and sovereignty conflicts that would dampen foreign interest in exploiting potential oil reserves. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 30,000 visitors in 2001. Another large source of income is interest paid on money the government has in the bank. The British military presence also provides a sizeable economic boost.

Faroe Islands
The Faroese economy has had a strong performance since
1994, mostly as a result of increasing fish landings and high and
stable export prices. Unemployment is minimal and there are signs of
labor shortages in several sectors. The positive economic
development has helped the Faroese Home Rule Government produce
increasing budget surpluses, which in turn has helped to reduce the
large public debt, most of it owed to Denmark. However, the total
dependence on fishing makes the Faroese economy extremely
vulnerable, and the present fishing efforts appear in excess of what
is a sustainable level of fishing in the long term. Oil finds close
to the Faroese area give hope for deposits in the immediate Faroese
area, which may eventually lay the basis for a more diversified
economy and thus lessen dependence on Danish economic assistance.
Aided by a substantial annual subsidy (15% of GDP) from Denmark, the
Faroese have a standard of living not far below the Danes and other
Scandinavians.

Fiji
Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one
of the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though still
with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports and a growing tourist
industry - with 300,000 to 400,000 tourists annually - are the major
sources of foreign exchange. Sugar processing makes up one-third of
industrial activity, but is inefficient. Long-term problems include
low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the
government's ability to manage its budget. Yet short-run economic
prospects are good, provided tensions do not again erupt between
indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians. Overseas remittances from
Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have increased significantly.

Finland
Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market
economy, with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France,
Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing -
principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and
electronics industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling
two-fifths of GDP. Finland excels in high-tech exports, e.g., mobile
phones. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on
imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for
manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development
is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products.
Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary
occupation for the rural population. Rapidly increasing integration
with Western Europe - Finland was one of the 12 countries joining
the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) - will dominate the
economic picture over the next several years. Growth in 2003 was
held back by the global slowdown but picked up in 2004. High
unemployment remains a persistent problem.

France
France is in the midst of transition, from a well-to-do
modern economy that has featured extensive government ownership and
intervention to one that relies more on market mechanisms. The
government has partially or fully privatized many large companies,
banks, and insurers. It retains controlling stakes in several
leading firms, including Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and
Thales, and is dominant in some sectors, particularly power, public
transport, and defense industries. The telecommunications sector is
gradually being opened to competition. France's leaders remain
committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by
means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that reduce income
disparity and the impact of free markets on public health and
welfare. The government has lowered income taxes and introduced
measures to boost employment and reform the pension system. In
addition, it is focusing on the problems of the high cost of labor
and labor market inflexibility resulting from the 35-hour workweek
and restrictions on lay-offs. The tax burden remains one of the
highest in Europe (43.8% of GDP in 2003). The lingering economic
slowdown and inflexible budget items have pushed the budget deficit
above the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP limit. Finance Minister Herve GAYMARD
has promised that the 2005 deficit will fall below 3%.

French Guiana
The economy is tied closely to the much larger French
economy through subsidies and imports. Besides the French space
center at Kourou (which accounts for 25% of GDP), fishing and
forestry are the most important economic activities. Forest and
woodland cover 90% of the country. The large reserves of tropical
hardwoods, not fully exploited, support an expanding sawmill
industry that provides sawn logs for export. Cultivation of crops is
limited to the coastal area, where the population is largely
concentrated; rice and manioc are the major crops. French Guiana is
heavily dependent on imports of food and energy. Unemployment is a
serious problem, particularly among younger workers.

French Polynesia
Since 1962, when France stationed military
personnel in the region, French Polynesia has changed from a
subsistence agricultural economy to one in which a high proportion
of the work force is either employed by the military or supports the
tourist industry. With the halt of French nuclear testing in 1996,
the military contribution to the economy fell sharply. Tourism
accounts for about one-fourth of GDP and is a primary source of hard
currency earnings. Other sources of income are pearl farming and
deep-sea commercial fishing. The small manufacturing sector
primarily processes agricultural products. The territory benefits
substantially from development agreements with France aimed
principally at creating new businesses and strengthening social
services.

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Economic activity is limited to
servicing meteorological and geophysical research stations and
French and other fishing fleets. The fish catches landed on Iles
Kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to France and Reunion.

Gabon
Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most of
sub-Saharan African nations. This has supported a sharp decline in
extreme poverty; yet because of high income inequality a large
proportion of the population remains poor. Gabon depended on timber
and manganese until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s.
The oil sector now accounts for 50% of GDP. Gabon continues to face
fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports.
Despite the abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management
hobbles the economy. Devaluation of its currency by 50% in January
1994 sparked a one-time inflationary surge, to 35%; the rate dropped
to 6% in 1996. The IMF provided a one-year standby arrangement in
1994-95, a three-year Enhanced Financing Facility (EFF) at near
commercial rates beginning in late 1995, and stand-by credit of $119
million in October 2000. Those agreements mandate progress in
privatization and fiscal discipline. France provided additional
financial support in January 1997 after Gabon had met IMF targets
for mid-1996. In 1997, an IMF mission to Gabon criticized the
government for overspending on off-budget items, overborrowing from
the central bank, and slipping on its schedule for privatization and
administrative reform. The rebound of oil prices in 1999-2000 helped
growth, but drops in production hampered Gabon from fully realizing
potential gains. In December 2000, Gabon signed a new agreement with
the Paris Club to reschedule its official debt. A follow-up
bilateral repayment agreement with the US was signed in December
2001. Gabon signed a 14 month Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF in
May 2004, and received Paris Club debt rescheduling later that year.
Short-term progress depends on an upbeat world economy and fiscal
and other adjustments in line with IMF policies.

Gambia, The
The Gambia has no significant mineral or natural
resource deposits and has a limited agricultural base. About 75% of
the population depends on crops and livestock for its livelihood.
Small-scale manufacturing activity features the processing of
peanuts, fish, and hides. Reexport trade normally constitutes a
major segment of economic activity, but a 1999 government-imposed
preshipment inspection plan, and instability of the Gambian dalasi
(currency) have drawn some of the reexport trade away from The
Gambia. The government's 1998 seizure of the private peanut firm
Alimenta eliminated the largest purchaser of Gambian groundnuts; the
following two marketing seasons saw substantially lower prices and
sales. Despite an announced program to begin privatizing key
parastatals, no plans have been made public that would indicate that
the government intends to follow through on its promises.
Unemployment and underemployment rates remain extremely high;
short-run economic progress depends on sustained bilateral and
multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, on
continued technical assistance from the IMF and bilateral donors,
and on expected growth in the construction sector.

Gaza Strip
High population density, limited land access, and strict
internal and external controls have kept economic conditions in the
Gaza Strip - the smaller of the two areas under the Palestinian
Authority - even more degraded than in the West Bank. An anticipated
Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005 may offer some
medium-term opportunities for economic growth. The beginning of the
second intifadah in September 2000 sparked an economic downturn,
largely the result of Israeli closure policies; these policies,
which were imposed in response to security interests in Israel,
disrupted labor and commodity relationships with the Gaza Strip. In
2001, and even more severely in 2003, Israeli military measures in
Palestinian Authority areas resulted in the destruction of much
capital plant, the disruption of administrative structure, and
widespread business closures. Including the West Bank, the UN
estimates that more than 100,000 Palestinians out of the 125,000 who
used to work in Israel or in joint industrial zones have lost their
jobs. International aid of $2 billion to Gaza Strip and the West
Bank in 2004 prevented the complete collapse of the economy and
allowed some reforms in the government's financial operations.
Meanwhile unemployment has continued at half the labor force.
ARAFAT's death in 2004 leaves open more political options that could
affect the economy.

Georgia
Georgia's main economic activities include the cultivation
of agricultural products such as citrus fruits, tea, hazelnuts, and
grapes; mining of manganese and copper; and output of a small
industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages,
metals, machinery, and chemicals. The country imports the bulk of
its energy needs, including natural gas and oil products. Its only
sizable internal energy resource is hydropower. Despite the severe
damage the economy has suffered due to civil strife, Georgia, with
the help of the IMF and World Bank, has made substantial economic
gains since 1995, achieving positive GDP growth and curtailing
inflation. However, the Georgian Government has suffered from
limited resources due to a chronic failure to collect tax revenues.
Georgia's new government is making progress in reforming the tax
code, enforcing taxes, and cracking down on corruption. Georgia also
suffers from energy shortages; it privatized the T'bilisi
electricity distribution network in 1998, but payment collection
rates remain low, both in T'bilisi and throughout the regions. The
country is pinning its hopes for long-term growth on its role as a
transit state for pipelines and trade. The construction on the
Baku-T'bilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Baku-T'bilisi-Erzerum gas
pipeline have brought much-needed investment and job opportunities.

Germany
Germany's affluent and technologically powerful economy -
the fifth largest in the world - has become one of the slowest
growing economies in the euro zone. A quick turnaround is not in the
offing in the foreseeable future. Growth in 2001-03 fell short of
1%, rising to 1.7% in 2004. The modernization and integration of the
eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process,
with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $70
billion. Germany's aging population, combined with high
unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level
exceeding contributions from workers. Structural rigidities in the
labor market - including strict regulations on laying off workers
and the setting of wages on a national basis - have made
unemployment a chronic problem. Corporate restructuring and growing
capital markets are setting the foundations that could allow Germany
to meet the long-term challenges of European economic integration
and globalization, particularly if labor market rigidities are
further addressed. In the short run, however, the fall in government
revenues and the rise in expenditures have raised the deficit above
the EU's 3% debt limit.

Ghana
Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has roughly twice
the per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa. Even
so, Ghana remains heavily dependent on international financial and
technical assistance. Gold, timber, and cocoa production are major
sources of foreign exchange. The domestic economy continues to
revolve around subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 34% of
GDP and employs 60% of the work force, mainly small landholders.
Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country
(HIPC) program in 2002. Priorities include tighter monetary and
fiscal policies, accelerated privatization, and improvement of
social services. Receipts from the gold sector helped sustain GDP
growth in 2004. Inflation should ease, but remain a major internal
problem.

Gibraltar
Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive
shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an
international conference center. The British military presence has
been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local
economy, compared with 60% in 1984. The financial sector, tourism
(almost 5 million visitors in 1998), shipping services fees, and
duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial
sector, the shipping sector, and tourism each contribute 25%-30% of
GDP. Telecommunications accounts for another 10%. In recent years,
Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a
private sector economy, but changes in government spending still
have a major impact on the level of employment.

Glorioso Islands
no economic activity

Greece
Greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector
accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP 70% of the
leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15% of GDP. Immigrants
make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in menial jobs.
Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of
annual GDP. The Greek economy grew by about 4.0% for the past two
years, largely because of an investment boom and infrastructure
upgrades for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Despite strong growth,
Greece has failed to meet the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget
deficit criteria of 3% of GDP since 2000; public debt, inflation,
and unemployment are also above the eurozone average. Further
restructuring of the economy will need to include privatizing of
several state enterprises, undertaking pension and other reforms,
and minimizing bureaucratic inefficiencies.

Greenland
The economy remains critically dependent on exports of
fish and substantial support from the Danish Government, which
supplies about half of government revenues. The public sector,
including publicly-owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays
the dominant role in the economy. Despite several interesting
hydrocarbon and minerals exploration activities, it will take
several years before production can materialize. Tourism is the only
sector offering any near-term potential, and even this is limited
due to a short season and high costs.

Grenada
Grenada relies on tourism as its main source of foreign
exchange, especially since the construction of an international
airport in 1985. Strong performances in construction and
manufacturing, together with the development of an offshore
financial industry, have also contributed to growth in national
output.

Guadeloupe
The Caribbean economy depends on agriculture, tourism,
light industry, and services. It also depends on France for large
subsidies and imports. Tourism is a key industry, with most tourists
from the US; an increasingly large number of cruise ships visit the
islands. The traditional sugarcane crop is slowly being replaced by
other crops, such as bananas (which now supply about 50% of export
earnings), eggplant, and flowers. Other vegetables and root crops
are cultivated for local consumption, although Guadeloupe is still
dependent on imported food, mainly from France. Light industry
features sugar and rum production. Most manufactured goods and fuel
are imported. Unemployment is especially high among the young.
Hurricanes periodically devastate the economy.

Guam
The economy depends on US military spending, tourism, and the
export of fish and handicrafts. Total US grants, wage payments, and
procurement outlays amounted to $1 billion in 1998. Over the past 20
years, the tourist industry has grown rapidly, creating a
construction boom for new hotels and the expansion of older ones.
More than 1 million tourists visit Guam each year. The industry had
recently suffered setbacks because of the continuing Japanese
slowdown; the Japanese normally make up almost 90% of the tourists.
Most food and industrial goods are imported. Guam faces the problem
of building up the civilian economic sector to offset the impact of
military downsizing.

Guatemala
Guatemala is the largest and most populous of the Central
American countries with a GDP per capita roughly one-half that of
Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. The agricultural sector accounts for
about one-fourth of GDP, two-thirds of exports, and half of the
labor force. Coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products. The
1996 signing of peace accords, which ended 36 years of civil war,
removed a major obstacle to foreign investment, but widespread
political violence and corruption scandals continue to dampen
investor confidence. The distribution of income remains highly
unequal, with perhaps 75% of the population below the poverty line.
Other ongoing challenges include increasing government revenues,
negotiating further assistance from international donors, upgrading
both government and private financial operations, curtailing drug
trafficking, and narrowing the trade deficit.

Guernsey
Financial services - banking, fund management, insurance -
account for about 55% of total income in this tiny, prosperous
Channel Island economy. Tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture,
mainly tomatoes and cut flowers, have been declining. Light tax and
death duties make Guernsey a popular tax haven. The evolving
economic integration of the EU nations is changing the environment
under which Guernsey operates.

Guinea
Guinea possesses major mineral, hydropower, and agricultural
resources, yet remains an underdeveloped nation. The country
possesses over 30% of the world's bauxite reserves and is the
second-largest bauxite producer. The mining sector accounted for
about 75% of exports in 1999. Long-run improvements in government
fiscal arrangements, literacy, and the legal framework are needed if
the country is to move out of poverty. Fighting along the Sierra
Leonean and Liberian borders, as well as refugee movements, have
caused major economic disruptions, aggravating a loss in investor
confidence. Foreign mining companies have reduced expatriate staff.
Panic buying has created food shortages and inflation and caused
riots in local markets. Guinea is not receiving multilateral aid.
The IMF and World Bank cut off most assistance in 2003. Growth rose
slightly in 2004, primarily due to increases in global demand and
commodity prices on world markets.

Guinea-Bissau
One of the 10 poorest countries in the world,
Guinea-Bissau depends mainly on farming and fishing. Cashew crops
have increased remarkably in recent years, and the country now ranks
sixth in cashew production. Guinea-Bissau exports fish and seafood
along with small amounts of peanuts, palm kernels, and timber. Rice
is the major crop and staple food. However, intermittent fighting
between Senegalese-backed government troops and a military junta
destroyed much of the country's infrastructure and caused widespread
damage to the economy in 1998; the civil war led to a 28% drop in
GDP that year, with partial recovery in 1999-2002. Before the war,
trade reform and price liberalization were the most successful part
of the country's structural adjustment program under IMF
sponsorship. The tightening of monetary policy and the development
of the private sector had also begun to reinvigorate the economy.
Because of high costs, the development of petroleum, phosphate, and
other mineral resources is not a near-term prospect. However,
unexploited offshore oil reserves could provide much-needed revenue
in the long run. The inequality of income distribution is one of the
most extreme in the world. The government and international donors
continue to work out plans to forward economic development from a
lamentably low base. In December 2003, the World Bank, IMF, and UNDP
were forced to step in to provide emergency budgetary support in the
amount of $107 million for 2004, representing over 80% of the total
national budget. Government drift and indecision, however, have
resulted in continued low growth in 2004.

Guyana
The Guyanese economy exhibited moderate economic growth in
2001-02, based on expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors,
a more favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more
realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued
support of international organizations. Growth then slowed in 2003
and came back gradually in 2004, buoyed largely by increased export
earnings. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labor and a
deficient infrastructure. The government is juggling a sizable
external debt against the urgent need for expanded public
investment. The bauxite mining sector should benefit in the near
term from restructuring and partial privatization.

Haiti
In this poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, 80% of the
population lives in abject poverty, and natural disasters frequently
sweep the nation. Two-thirds of all Haitians depend on the
agriculture sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence
farming. Following legislative elections in May 2000, fraught with
irregularities, international donors - including the US and EU -
suspended almost all aid to Haiti. The economy shrank an estimated
1.2% in 2001, 0.9% in 2002, grew 0.4% in 2003, and shrank by 3.5% in
2004. Suspended aid and loan disbursements totaled more than $500
million at the start of 2003. Haiti also suffers from rampant
inflation, a lack of investment, and a severe trade deficit. In
early 2005 Haiti paid its arrears to the World Bank, paving the way
to reengagement with the Bank. The resumption of aid flows from all
donors is alleviating but not ending the nation's bitter economic
problems. Civil strife in 2004 combined with extensive damage from
flooding in southern Haiti in May 2004 and Tropical Storm Jeanne in
northwestern Haiti in September 2004 further impoverished Haiti.

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
No indigenous economic activity,
but the Australian Government allows limited fishing around the
islands.

Holy See (Vatican City)
This unique, noncommercial economy is
supported financially by an annual contribution from Roman Catholic
dioceses throughout the world (known as Peter's Pence); by the sale
of postage stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for
admission to museums; and by the sale of publications. Investments
and real estate income also account for a sizable portion of
revenue. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are
comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.

Honduras
Honduras, one of the poorest countries in the Western
Hemisphere with an extraordinarily unequal distribution of income
and massive unemployment, is banking on expanded trade under the
U.S.-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and on debt relief
under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. The
country has met most of its macroeconomic targets, and began a
three-year IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PGRF) program
in February 2004. Growth remains dependent on the economy of the US,
its largest trading partner, on commodity prices, particularly
coffee, and on reduction of the high crime rate.

Hong Kong
Hong Kong has a free market, entrepot economy, highly
dependent on international trade. Natural resources are limited, and
food and raw materials must be imported. Gross imports and exports
(i.e., including reexports to and from third countries) each exceed
GDP in dollar value. Even before Hong Kong reverted to Chinese
administration on 1 July 1997, it had extensive trade and investment
ties with China. Hong Kong has been further integrating its economy
with China because China's growing openness to the world economy has
made manufacturing in China much more cost effective. Hong Kong's
reexport business to and from China is a major driver of growth. Per
capita GDP is comparable to that of the four big economies of
Western Europe. GDP growth averaged a strong 5% from 1989 to 1997,
but Hong Kong suffered two recessions in the past six years because
of the Asian financial crisis in 1998 and the global downturn in
2001 and 2002. Although the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
outbreak also battered Hong Kong's economy, a boom in tourism from
the mainland because of China's easing of travel restrictions, a
return of consumer confidence, and a solid rise in exports resulted
in the resumption of strong growth in late 2003 and in 2004.

Howland Island
no economic activity

Hungary
Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to
a market economy, with a per capita income one-half that of the Big
Four European nations. Hungary continues to demonstrate strong
economic growth and acceded to the European Union in May 2004. The
private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of
and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative
foreign direct investment totaling more than $23 billion since 1989.
Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 and together with the
Czech Republic holds the highest rating among the Central European
transition economies; however, ratings agencies have expressed
concerns over Hungary's unsustainable budget and current account
deficits. Inflation has declined from 14% in 1998 to 7% in 2004.
Unemployment has persisted around the 6% level, but Hungary's labor
force participation rate of 57% is one of the lowest in the OECD.
Germany is by far Hungary's largest economic partner. Policy
challenges include cutting the public sector deficit to 3% of GDP by
2008, from about 5% in 2004, and orchestrating an orderly interest
rate reduction without sparking capital outflows.

Iceland
Iceland's Scandinavian-type economy is basically
capitalistic, yet with an extensive welfare system (including
generous housing subsidies), low unemployment, and remarkably even
distribution of income. In the absence of other natural resources
(except for abundant geothermal power), the economy depends heavily
on the fishing industry, which provides 70% of export earnings and
employs 8% of the work force. The economy remains sensitive to
declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for
its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and
ferrosilicon. Government policies include reducing the budget and
current account deficits, limiting foreign borrowing, containing
inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, diversifying
the economy, and privatizing state-owned industries. The government
remains opposed to EU membership, primarily because of Icelanders'
concern about losing control over their fishing resources. Iceland's
economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service
industries in the last decade, and new developments in software
production, biotechnology, and financial services are taking place.
The tourism sector is also expanding, with the recent trends in
ecotourism and whale watching. Growth had been remarkably steady in
1996-2001 at 3%-5%, but could not be sustained in 2002 in an
environment of global recession. Growth resumed in 2003, and
estimates call for strong growth until 2007, slowly dropping until
the end of the decade.

India
India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village
farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern
industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major
source of economic growth, though two-thirds of the workforce is in
agriculture. The UPA government has committed to furthering economic
reforms and developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of
the rural poor and boost economic performance. Government controls
on foreign trade and investment have been reduced in some areas, but
high tariffs (averaging 20% in 2004) and limits on foreign direct
investment are still in place. The government has indicated it will
do more to liberalize investment in civil aviation, telecom, and
insurance sectors in the near term. Privatization of
government-owned industries has proceeded slowly, and continues to
generate political debate; continued social, political, and economic
rigidities hold back needed initiatives. The economy has posted an
excellent average growth rate of 6.8% since 1994, reducing poverty
by about 10 percentage points. India is capitalizing on its large
numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to
become a major exporter of software services and software workers.
Despite strong growth, the World Bank and others worry about the
combined state and federal budget deficit, running at approximately
9% of GDP. The huge and growing population is the fundamental
social, economic, and environmental problem. In late December 2004,
a major tsunami took nearly 11,000 lives, left almost 6,000 missing,
destroyed $1.2 billion worth of property, and severely damaged the
fishing fleet.

Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting
the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas.
It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum
products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Its
fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries
for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia,
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly
for shrimp and tuna. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped
in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and western
Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production
comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and
offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering
countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka,
and Thailand.

Indonesia
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has restored financial
stability and pursued sober fiscal policies since the Asian
financial crisis, but many economic development problems remain,
including high unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic
corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment climate,
and unequal resource distribution among regions. Indonesia became a
net oil importer in 2004 due to declining production and lack of new
exploration investment. As a result, Jakarta is not reaping the
benefits of high world oil prices, and the cost of subsidizing
domestic fuel prices has placed an increasing strain on the budget.
Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the
confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong
global economic growth. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took
nearly 127,000 lives, left more than 93,000 missing and nearly
441,000 displaced, and destroyed $4.5 to $5.0 billion worth of
property.

Iran
Iran's economy is marked by a bloated, inefficient state
sector, over reliance on the oil sector, and statist policies that
create major distortions throughout. Most economic activity is
controlled by the state. Private sector activity is typically
small-scale - workshops, farming, and services. President KHATAMI
has continued to follow the market reform plans of former President
RAFSANJANI, with limited progress. Relatively high oil prices in
recent years have enabled Iran to amass some $30 billion in foreign
exchange reserves, but have not eased economic hardships such as
high unemployment and inflation. The proportion of the economy
devoted to the development of weapons of mass destruction remains a
contentious issue with leading Western nations.

Iraq
Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has
traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings.
Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international
economic sanctions, and damage from military action by an
international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically
reduced economic activity. Although government policies supporting
large military and internal security forces and allocating resources
to key supporters of the regime hurt the economy, implementation of
the UN's oil-for-food program beginning in December 1996 helped
improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. Iraq was allowed
to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and
some infrastructure spare parts. In December 1999, the UN Security
Council authorized Iraq to export under the program as much oil as
required to meet humanitarian needs. The drop in GDP in 2001-02 was
largely the result of the global economic slowdown and lower oil
prices. Per capita food imports increased significantly, while
medical supplies and health care services steadily improved. Per
capita output and living standards were still well below the
pre-1991 level, but any estimates have a wide range of error. The
military victory of the US-led coalition in March-April 2003
resulted in the shutdown of much of the central economic
administrative structure. Although a comparatively small amount of
capital plant was damaged during the hostilities, looting, insurgent
attacks, and sabotage have undermined efforts to rebuild the
economy. Despite continuing political uncertainty, the Iraqi Interim
Government (IG) has founded the institutions needed to implement
economic policy, and has successfully concluded a debt reduction
agreement with the Paris Club. The high percentage gain estimated
for GDP in 2004 is the result of starting from a low base.

Ireland
Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy with
growth averaging a robust 7% in 1995-2004. Agriculture, once the
most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry and services.
Industry accounts for 46% of GDP, about 80% of exports, and 29% of
the labor force. Although exports remain the primary engine for
Ireland's growth, the economy has also benefited from a rise in
consumer spending, construction, and business investment. Per capita
GDP is 10% above that of the four big European economies and the
second highest in the EU behind Luxembourg. Over the past decade,
the Irish Government has implemented a series of national economic
programs designed to curb price and wage inflation, reduce
government spending, increase labor force skills, and promote
foreign investment. Ireland joined in circulating the euro on 1
January 2002 along with 11 other EU nations.

Israel
Israel has a technologically advanced market economy with
substantial government participation. It depends on imports of crude
oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited
natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural
and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Israel imports
substantial quantities of grain, but is largely self-sufficient in
other agricultural products. Cut diamonds, high-technology
equipment, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the
leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable current account
deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad
and by foreign loans. Roughly half of the government's external debt
is owed to the US, which is its major source of economic and
military aid. The bitter Israeli-Palestinian conflict; difficulties
in the high-technology, construction, and tourist sectors; and
fiscal austerity in the face of growing inflation led to small
declines in GDP in 2001 and 2002. The economy grew at 1% in 2003,
with improvements in tourism and foreign direct investment. In 2004,
rising business and consumer confidence - as well as higher demand
for Israeli exports boosted GDP by 3.9%.

Italy
Italy has a diversified industrial economy with roughly the
same total and per capita output as France and the UK. This
capitalistic economy remains divided into a developed industrial
north, dominated by private companies, and a less developed,
welfare-dependent agricultural south, with 20% unemployment. Most
raw materials needed by industry and more than 75% of energy
requirements are imported. Over the past decade, Italy has pursued a
tight fiscal policy in order to meet the requirements of the
Economic and Monetary Unions and has benefited from lower interest
and inflation rates. The current government has enacted numerous
short-term reforms aimed at improving competitiveness and long-term
growth. Italy has moved slowly, however, on implementing needed
structural reforms, such as lightening the high tax burden and
overhauling Italy's rigid labor market and over-generous pension
system, because of the current economic slowdown and opposition from
labor unions. But the leadership faces a severe economic constraint:
the budget has breached the 3% EU deficit ceiling.

Jamaica
The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which
now account for 60% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of
its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina.
The global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist
attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, stunted economic growth; the
economy rebounded moderately in 2003-04, with brisk tourist seasons.
But the economy faces serious long-term problems: high interest
rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes
sliding, exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade deficit;
large-scale unemployment; and a growing internal debt, the result of
government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. The ratio of
debt to GDP is close to 150%. Inflation, previously a bright spot,
is expected to remain in the double digits. Uncertain economic
conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including gang
violence fueled by the drug trade. In 2004, the government faced the
difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order
to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious
and growing crime problem which is hampering economic growth.
Attempts at deficit control were derailed by Hurricane Ivan in
September 2004, which required substantial government spending to
repair the damage. Despite the hurricane, tourism looks set to enjoy
solid growth for the foreseeable future.

Jan Mayen
Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural
resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for
employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations on the
island.

Japan
Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery
of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation (1%
of GDP) helped Japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank
of second most technologically-powerful economy in the world after
the US and third-largest economy after the US and China, measured on
a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis. (Using market exhange rates
rather than PPP rates, Japan's economy is larger than China's.) One
notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of
manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups
called keiretsu. A second basic feature has been the guarantee of
lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor
force. Both features are now eroding. Industry, the most important
sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw
materials and fuels. The tiny agricultural sector is highly
subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the
world. Usually self sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50%
of its requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains
one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly
15% of the global catch. For three decades overall real economic
growth had been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5%
average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed
markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1.7%, largely because of the
after effects of overinvestment during the late 1980s and
contractionary domestic policies intended to wring speculative
excesses from the stock and real estate markets. From 2000 to 2003,
government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success
and were further hampered by the slowing of the US, European, and
Asian economies. In 2004, growth improved and the lingering fears of
deflation in prices and economic activity lessened. Japan's huge
government debt, which totals more than 160% of GDP, and the aging
of the population are two major long-run problems. A rise in taxes
could be viewed as endangering the revival of growth. Robotics
constitutes a key long-term economic strength with Japan possessing
410,000 of the world's 720,000 "working robots." Internal conflict
over the proper way to reform the ailing banking system continues.

Jarvis Island
no economic activity

Jersey
The Channel Island economy is based on international
financial services, agriculture, and tourism. In 1996 the finance
sector accounted for about 60% of the island's output. Potatoes,
cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export
crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is
known worldwide and represents an important export income earner.
Milk products go to the UK and other EU countries. Tourism accounts
for 24% of GDP. In recent years, the government has encouraged light
industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics
industry has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of
knitwear. All raw material and energy requirements are imported, as
well as a large share of Jersey's food needs. Light taxes and death
duties make the island a popular tax haven. Living standards come
close to those of the UK.

Johnston Atoll
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All
food and manufactured goods must be imported.

Jordan
Jordan is a small Arab country with inadequate supplies of
water and other natural resources such as oil. Debt, poverty, and
unemployment are fundamental problems, but King ABDALLAH, since
assuming the throne in 1999, has undertaken some broad economic
reforms in a long-term effort to improve living standards. Amman in
the past three years has worked closely with the IMF, practiced
careful monetary policy, and made substantial headway with
privatization. The government also has liberalized the trade regime
sufficiently to secure Jordan's membership in the WTO (2000), a free
trade accord with the US (2001), and an association agreement with
the EU (2001). These measures have helped improve productivity and
have put Jordan on the foreign investment map. Jordan imported most
of its oil from Iraq, but the US-led war in Iraq in 2003 made Jordan
more dependent on oil from other Gulf nations forcing the Jordanian
government to raise retail petroleum product prices and the sales
tax base. Jordan's export market, which is heavily dependent on
exports to Iraq, was also affected by the war but recovered quickly
while contributing to the Iraq recovery effort. The main challenges
facing Jordan are reducing dependence on foreign grants, reducing
the budget deficit, and creating investment incentives to promote
job creation.

Juan de Nova Island
Up to 12,000 tons of guano are mined per year.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics in
territory, excluding Russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves
as well as plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. It also
has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain.
Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and
processing of these natural resources and also on a growing
machine-building sector specializing in construction equipment,
tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. The
breakup of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse in demand for
Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products resulted in a
short-term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual
decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97, the pace of the government
program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in
a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. Kazakhstan
enjoyed double-digit growth in 2000-01 - and a solid 9.5% in 2002 -
thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic
reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. Growth remained at
the high 9% level in 2003 and 2004. The opening of the Caspian
Consortium pipeline in 2001, from western Kazakhstan's Tengiz
oilfield to the Black Sea, substantially raised export capacity. The
country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify
the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector, by
developing light industry. Additionally, the policy aims to reduce
the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel; the
government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil
companies over the terms of production agreements, and tensions
continue.

Kenya
The regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, Kenya
has been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary
goods whose prices have remained low. In 1997, the IMF suspended
Kenya's Enhanced Structural Adjustment Program due to the
government's failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. A
severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenya's problems,
causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output.
As a result, GDP contracted by 0.2% in 2000. The IMF, which had
resumed loans in 2000 to help Kenya through the drought, again
halted lending in 2001 when the government failed to institute
several anticorruption measures. Despite the return of strong rains
in 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and low
investment limited Kenya's economic growth to 1.2%. Growth lagged at
1.1% in 2002 because of erratic rains, low investor confidence,
meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections.
In the key 27 December 2002 elections, Daniel Arap MOI's 24-year-old
reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable
economic problems facing the nation. In 2003, progress was made in
rooting out corruption and encouraging donor support, with GDP
growth edging up to 1.7%. GDP grew a moderate 2.2% in 2004.

Kingman Reef
no economic activity

Kiribati
A remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, Kiribati has
few natural resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were
exhausted at the time of independence from the UK in 1979. Copra and
fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy
has fluctuated widely in recent years. Economic development is
constrained by a shortage of skilled workers, weak infrastructure,
and remoteness from international markets. Tourism provides more
than one-fifth of GDP. The financial sector is at an early stage of
development as is the expansion of private sector initiatives.
Foreign financial aid from UK, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and
China equals 25%-50% of GDP. Remittances from workers abroad account
for more than $5 million each year.

Korea, North
North Korea, one of the world's most centrally planned
and isolated economies, faces desperate economic conditions.
Industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of
years of underinvestment and spare parts shortages. Industrial and
power output have declined in parallel. The nation has suffered its
eleventh year of food shortages because of a lack of arable land,
collective farming, weather-related problems, and chronic shortages
of fertilizer and fuel. Massive international food aid deliveries
have allowed the regime to escape mass starvation since 1995, but
the population remains the victim of prolonged malnutrition and
deteriorating living conditions. Large-scale military spending eats
up resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. In July
2002, the government took limited steps toward a freer market
economy. In 2004, heightened political tensions with key donor
countries and general donor fatigue threatened the flow of
desperately needed food aid and fuel aid. Black market prices have
continued to rise following the increase in official prices and
wages in the summer of 2002, leaving some vulnerable groups, such as
the elderly and unemployed, less able to buy goods. In 2004, the
regime allowed private markets to sell a wider range of goods and
permitted private farming on an experimental basis in an effort to
boost agricultural output. Firm political control remains the
Communist government's overriding concern, which will constrain any
further loosening of economic regulations.

Korea, South
Since the early 1960s, South Korea has achieved an
incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech
modern world economy. Four decades ago GDP per capita was comparable
with levels in the poorer countries of Africa and Asia. In 2004, it
joined the trillion dollar club of world economies. Today its GDP
per capita is 14 times North Korea's and equal to the lesser
economies of the European Union. This success through the late 1980s
was achieved by a system of close government/business ties,
including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of
specific industries, and a strong labor effort. The government
promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense
of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over
consumption. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-99 exposed
longstanding weaknesses in South Korea's development model,
including high debt/equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an
undisciplined financial sector. Growth plunged to a negative 6.9% in
1998, then strongly recovered to 9.5% in 1999 and 8.5% in 2000.
Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of the slowing global
economy, falling exports, and the perception that much-needed
corporate and financial reforms had stalled. Led by consumer
spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7.0%, despite
anemic global growth. Economic growth fell to 3.1% in 2003 because
of a downturn in consumer spending and recovered to an estimated
4.6% in 2004 on the strength of rapid export growth. The government
plans to boost infrastructure spending in 2005. Moderate inflation,
low unemployment, an export surplus, and fairly equal distribution
of income characterize this solid economy.

Kuwait
Kuwait is a small, rich, relatively open economy with proved
crude oil reserves of about 96 billion barrels - 10% of world
reserves. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP, 95% of export
revenues, and 80% of government income. Kuwait's climate limits
agricultural development. Consequently, with the exception of fish,
it depends almost wholly on food imports. About 75% of potable water
must be distilled or imported. Kuwait continues its discussions with
foreign oil companies to develop fields in the northern part of the
country.

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with a
predominantly agricultural economy. Cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat
are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton
are exported in any quantity. Industrial exports include gold,
mercury, uranium, and natural gas and electricity. Kyrgyzstan has
been fairly progressive in carrying out market reforms, such as an
improved regulatory system and land reform. Kyrgyzstan was the first
CIS country to be accepted into the World Trade Organization. With
fits and starts, inflation has been lowered to an estimated 7% in
2001, 2.1% in 2002, 4% in 2003, and 3.2% in 2004. Much of the
government's stock in enterprises has been sold. Drops in production
had been severe after the breakup of the Soviet Union in December
1991, but by mid-1995 production began to recover and exports began
to increase. Kyrgyzstan has distinguished itself by adopting
relatively liberal economic policies. The drop in output at the
Kumtor gold mine sparked a 0.5% decline in GDP in 2002, but GDP
growth bounced back to 6% in 2003 and 2004. The government has made
steady strides in controlling its substantial fiscal deficit and
aims to reduce the deficit to 3% of GDP in 2004. The government and
the international financial institutions have been engaged in a
comprehensive medium-term poverty reduction and economic growth
strategy. Further restructuring of domestic industry and success in
attracting foreign investment are keys to future growth.

Laos
The government of Laos - one of the few remaining official
Communist states - began decentralizing control and encouraging
private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely
low base, were striking - growth averaged 6% in 1988-2004 except
during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis
beginning in 1997. Despite this high growth rate, Laos remains a
country with a primitive infrastructure; it has no railroads, a
rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal
telecommunications. The government has sponsored major improvements
in the road system. Electricity is available in only a few urban
areas. Subsistence agriculture accounts for half of GDP and provides
80% of total employment. The economy will continue to benefit from
aid from the IMF and other international sources and from new
foreign investment in food processing and mining. In late 2004, Laos
gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US, allowing
Laos-based producers to face lower tariffs on their exports; this
may help spur growth.

Latvia
Latvia's transitional economy recovered from the 1998 Russian
financial crisis, largely due to the government's budget stringency
and a gradual reorientation of exports toward EU countries,
lessening Latvia's trade dependency on Russia. The majority of
companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the
state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. Latvia
officially joined the World Trade Organization in February 1999. EU
membership, a top foreign policy goal, came in May 2004. The current
account and internal government deficits remain major concerns, but
the government's efforts to increase efficiency in revenue
collection may lessen the budget deficit. A growing perception that
many of Latvia's banks facilitate illicit activity could damage the
country's vibrant financial sector.

Lebanon
The 1975-91 civil war seriously damaged Lebanon's economic
infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended
Lebanon's position as a Middle Eastern entrepot and banking hub. In
the years since, Lebanon has rebuilt much of its war-torn physical
and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily - mostly from
domestic banks. In an attempt to reduce the ballooning national
debt, the HARIRI government began an austerity program, reining in
government expenditures, increasing revenue collection, and
privatizing state enterprises. In November 2002, the government met
with international donors at the Paris II conference to seek
bilateral assistance in restructuring its massive domestic debt at
lower rates of interest. Substantial receipts from donor nations
stabilized government finances in 2003, but did little to reduce the
debt, which stood at nearly 180% of GDP. In 2004 the HARIRI
government issued Eurobonds in an effort to manage maturing debt,
and the KARAMI government has continued this practice. However,
privatization of state-owned enterprises had not occurred by the end
of 2004, as promised during the Paris II conference.

Lesotho
Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho relies on
remittances from miners employed in South Africa and customs duties
from the Southern Africa Customs Union for the majority of
government revenue, but the government has strengthened its tax
system to reduce dependency on customs duties. Completion of a major
hydropower facility in January 1998 now permits the sale of water to
South Africa, also generating royalties for Lesotho. As the number
of mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years, a
small manufacturing base has developed based on farm products that
support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries and a
rapidly growing apparel-assembly sector. The garment industry has
grown significantly, mainly due to Lesotho qualifying for the trade
benefits contained in the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. The
economy is still primarily based on subsistence agriculture,
especially livestock, although drought has decreased agricultural
activity. The extreme inequality in the distribution of income
remains a major drawback. Lesotho has signed an Interim Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF.

Liberia
Civil war and government mismanagement have destroyed much
of Liberia's economy, especially the infrastructure in and around
Monrovia, while continued international sanctions on diamonds and
timber exports will limit growth prospects for the foreseeable
future. Many businessmen have fled the country, taking capital and
expertise with them. Some have returned, but many will not. Richly
endowed with water, mineral resources, forests, and a climate
favorable to agriculture, Liberia had been a producer and exporter
of basic products - primarily raw timber and rubber. Local
manufacturing, mainly foreign owned, had been small in scope. The
departure of the former president, Charles TAYLOR, to Nigeria in
August 2003, the establishment of the all-inclusive Transitional
Government, and the arrival of a UN mission are all necessary for
the eventual end of the political crisis, but thus far have done
little to encourage economic development. The reconstruction of
infrastructure and the raising of incomes in this ravaged economy
will largely depend on generous financial support and technical
assistance from donor countries.

Libya
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the
oil sector, which contribute practically all export earnings and
about one-quarter of GDP. These oil revenues and a small population
give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa, but little
of this income flows down to the lower orders of society. Libyan
officials in the past four years have made progress on economic
reforms as part of a broader campaign to reintegrate the country
into the international fold. This effort picked up steam after UN
sanctions were lifted in September 2003 and as Libya announced in
December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of
mass destruction. Almost all US unilateral sanctions against Libya
were removed in April 2004. Libya faces a long road ahead in
liberalizing the socialist-oriented economy, but initial steps -
including applying for WTO membership, reducing some subsidies, and
announcing plans for privatization - are laying the groundwork for a
transition to a more market-based economy. The non-oil manufacturing
and construction sectors, which account for about 20% of GDP, have
expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the
production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Climatic
conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and
Libya imports about 75% of its food.

Liechtenstein
Despite its small size and limited natural resources,
Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly
industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial
service sector and living standards on a par with its large European
neighbors. The Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a
large number of small businesses. Low business taxes - the maximum
tax rate is 20% - and easy incorporation rules have induced many
holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal
offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The
country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses
the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90%
of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the
European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between
the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the EU) since May
1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies
with those of an integrated Europe.

Lithuania
Lithuania, the Baltic state that has conducted the most
trade with Russia, has slowly rebounded from the 1998 Russian
financial crisis. Unemployment dropped from 11% in 2003 to 8% in
2004. Growing domestic consumption and increased investment have
furthered recovery. Trade has been increasingly oriented toward the
West. Lithuania has gained membership in the World Trade
Organization and joined the EU in May 2004. Privatization of the
large, state-owned utilities, particularly in the energy sector, is
nearing completion. Overall, more than 80% of enterprises have been
privatized. Foreign government and business support have helped in
the transition from the old command economy to a market economy.

Luxembourg
This stable, high-income economy - in between France,
Belgium, and Germany - features solid growth, low inflation, and low
unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel,
has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber,
and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now
accounts for about 22% of GDP, has more than compensated for the
decline in steel. Most banks are foreign-owned and have extensive
foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms.
The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for more
than 30% of its labor force. Although Luxembourg, like all EU
members, has suffered from the global economic slump, the country
enjoys an extraordinarily high standard of living.

Macau
Macau's well-to-do economy has remained one of the most open
in the world since its reversion to China in 1999. Apparel exports
and tourism are mainstays of the economy. Although the territory was
hit hard by the 1998 Asian financial crisis and the global downturn
in 2001, its economy grew 9.5% in 2002 and 15.6% in 2003. During the
first three quarters of 2004, Macau registered year-on-year GDP
increases of more than 20 percent. A rapid rise in the number of
mainland visitors because of China's easing of restrictions on
travel, increased public works expenditures, and significant
investment inflows associated with the liberalization of Macau's
gaming industry drove the recovery. The budget also returned to
surplus in 2002 because of the surge in visitors from China and a
hike in taxes on gambling profits, which generated about 70% of
government revenue. The three companies awarded gambling licenses
have pledged to invest $2.2 billion in the territory, which will
boost GDP growth. Much of Macau's textile industry may move to the
mainland as the Multi-Fiber Agreement is phased out. The territory
may have to rely more on gambling and trade-related services to
generate growth. Two new casinos were opened by new foreign gambling
licensees in 2004; development of new infrastructure and facilities
in preparation for Macau's hosting of the 2005 East Asian Games will
bolster the construction sector. The Closer Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA) between Macau and mainland China that came into
effect on 1 January 2004 offers many Macau-made products tariff-free
access to the mainland, and the range of products covered by CEPA
was to be expanded on 1 January 2005.

Macedonia
At independence in September 1991, Macedonia was the least
developed of the Yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5% of the
total federal output of goods and services. The collapse of
Yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the center and eliminated
advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. An absence
of infrastructure, UN sanctions on the down-sized Yugoslavia, one of
its largest markets, and a Greek economic embargo over a dispute
about the country's constitutional name and flag hindered economic
growth until 1996. GDP subsequently rose each year through 2000.
However, the leadership's commitment to economic reform, free trade,
and regional integration was undermined by the ethnic Albanian
insurgency of 2001. The economy shrank 4.5% because of decreased
trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on
security needs, and investor uncertainty. Growth barely recovered in
2002 to 0.9%, then rose by a moderate 3.4% in 2003, and is estimated
at 1.3% in 2004. Unemployment at one-third of the workforce remains
a critical economic problem. Much of the extensive grey market
activity falls outside official statistics.

Madagascar
Having discarded past socialist economic policies,
Madagascar has since the mid 1990s followed a World Bank and IMF led
policy of privatization and liberalization. This strategy has placed
the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low
level. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of
the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and
employing 80% of the population. Exports of apparel have boomed in
recent years primarily due to duty-free access to the United States.
Deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the
primary source of fuel are serious concerns. President RAVALOMANANA
has worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002
political crisis, which triggered a 12% drop in GDP that year.
Poverty reduction and combating corruption will be the centerpieces
of economic policy for the next few years.

Malawi
Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed
countries. The economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90%
of the population living in rural areas. Agriculture accounted for
nearly 40% of GDP and 88% of export revenues in 2001. The
performance of the tobacco sector is key to short-term growth as
tobacco accounts for over 50% of exports. The economy depends on
substantial inflows of economic assistance from the IMF, the World
Bank, and individual donor nations. In late 2000, Malawi was
approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
program. The government faces strong challenges, including
developing a market economy, improving educational facilities,
facing up to environmental problems, dealing with the rapidly
growing problem of HIV/AIDS, and satisfying foreign donors that
fiscal discipline is being tightened. In 2005, the anticorruption
campaign championed by President MUTHARIKA may help encourage
investment and economic growth.

Malaysia
Malaysia, a middle-income country, transformed itself from
1971 through the late 1990's from a producer of raw materials into
an emerging multi-sector economy. Growth was almost exclusively
driven by exports - particularly of electronics. As a result,
Malaysia was hard hit by the global economic downturn and the slump
in the information technology (IT) sector in 2001 and 2002. GDP in
2001 grew only 0.5% due to an estimated 11% contraction in exports,
but a substantial fiscal stimulus package equal to US $1.9 billion
mitigated the worst of the recession and the economy rebounded in
2002 with a 4.1% increase. The economy grew 4.9% in 2003,
notwithstanding a difficult first half, when external pressures from
SARS and the Iraq War led to caution in the business community.
Growth topped 7% in 2004. Healthy foreign exchange reserves, low
inflation, and a small external debt are all strengths that make it
unlikely that Malaysia will experience a financial crisis similar to
the one in 1997. The economy remains dependent on continued growth
in the US, China, and Japan, top export destinations and key sources
of foreign investment.

Maldives
Tourism, Maldives' largest industry, accounts for 20% of
GDP and more than 60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts.
Over 90% of government tax revenue comes from import duties and
tourism-related taxes. Fishing is a second leading sector. The
Maldivian Government began an economic reform program in 1989
initially by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the
private sector. Subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to
allow more foreign investment. Agriculture and manufacturing
continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the
limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic
labor. Most staple foods must be imported. Industry, which consists
mainly of garment production, boat building, and handicrafts,
accounts for about 18% of GDP. Maldivian authorities worry about the
impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying
country; 80% of the area is one meter or less above sea level. In
late December 2004, a major tsunami left more than 100 dead, 12,000
displaced, and property damage exceeding $300 million.

Mali
Mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65% of
its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal
distribution of income. Economic activity is largely confined to the
riverine area irrigated by the Niger. About 10% of the population is
nomadic and some 80% of the labor force is engaged in farming and
fishing. Industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm
commodities. Mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable
to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along
with gold. The government has continued its successful
implementation of an IMF-recommended structural adjustment program
that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign
investment. Mali's adherence to economic reform and the 50%
devaluation of the African franc in January 1994 have pushed up
economic growth to a sturdy 5% average in 1996-2004. Worker
remittances and external trade routes have been jeopardized by
continued unrest in neighboring Cote d'Ivoire.

Malta
Major resources are limestone, a favorable geographic
location, and a productive labor force. Malta produces only about
20% of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has no
domestic energy sources. The economy is dependent on foreign trade,
manufacturing (especially electronics and textiles), and tourism.
Continued sluggishness in the European economy is holding back
exports, tourism, and overall growth.

Man, Isle of
Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key
sectors of the economy. The government's policy of offering
incentives to high-technology companies and financial institutions
to locate on the island has paid off in expanding employment
opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture
and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in
their shares of GDP. Trade is mostly with the UK. The Isle of Man
enjoys free access to EU markets.

Marshall Islands
US Government assistance is the mainstay of this
tiny island economy. Agricultural production, primarily subsistence,
is concentrated on small farms; the most important commercial crops
are coconuts and breadfruit. Small-scale industry is limited to
handicrafts, tuna processing, and copra. The tourist industry, now a
small source of foreign exchange employing less than 10% of the
labor force, remains the best hope for future added income. The
islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports.
Under the terms of the Amended Compact of Free Association, the US
will provide millions of dollars per year to the Marshall Islands
(RMI) through 2023, at which time a Trust Fund made up of US and RMI
contributions will begin perpetual annual payouts. Government
downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, the decline in tourism
and foreign investment due to the Asian financial difficulties, and
less income from the renewal of fishing vessel licenses have held
GDP growth to an average of 1% over the past decade.

Martinique
The economy is based on sugarcane, bananas, tourism, and
light industry. Agriculture accounts for about 6% of GDP and the
small industrial sector for 11%. Sugar production has declined, with
most of the sugarcane now used for the production of rum. Banana
exports are increasing, going mostly to France. The bulk of meat,
vegetable, and grain requirements must be imported, contributing to
a chronic trade deficit that requires large annual transfers of aid
from France. Tourism, which employs more than 11,000 people, has
become more important than agricultural exports as a source of
foreign exchange.

Mauritania
Half the population still depends on agriculture and
livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and
subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent
droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. Mauritania has extensive deposits
of iron ore, which account for nearly 40% of total exports. The
decline in world demand for this ore, however, has led to cutbacks
in production. The nation's coastal waters are among the richest
fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners
threatens this key source of revenue. The country's first deepwater
port opened near Nouakchott in 1986. In the past, drought and
economic mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In
February 2000, Mauritania qualified for debt relief under the
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative and in December
2001 received strong support from donor and lending countries at a
triennial Consultative Group review. In 2001, exploratory oil wells
in tracts 80 km offshore indicated potential extraction at current
world oil prices. A new investment code approved in December 2001
improved the opportunities for direct foreign investment. Ongoing
negotiations with the IMF involve problems of economic reforms and
fiscal discipline. Substantial oil production and exports probably
will not begin until 2006. Meantime the government emphasizes
reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and
promoting privatization of the economy.

Mauritius
Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a
low-income, agriculturally based economy to a middle-income
diversified economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist
sectors. For most of the period, annual growth has been in the order
of 5% to 6%. This remarkable achievement has been reflected in more
equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered
infant mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure. Sugarcane is
grown on about 90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 25%
of export earnings. The government's development strategy centers on
expanding local financial institutions and building a domestic
information telecommunications industry. Mauritius has attracted
more than 9,000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in India
and South Africa, and investment in the banking sector alone has
reached over $1 billion. Mauritius, with its strong textile sector,
has been well poised to take advantage of the Africa Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA).

Mayotte
Economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural
sector, including fishing and livestock raising. Mayotte is not
self-sufficient and must import a large portion of its food
requirements, mainly from France. The economy and future development
of the island are heavily dependent on French financial assistance,
an important supplement to GDP. Mayotte's remote location is an
obstacle to the development of tourism.

Mexico
Mexico has a free market economy that recently entered the
trillion dollar class. It contains a mixture of modern and outmoded
industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private
sector. Recent administrations have expanded competition in
seaports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation,
natural gas distribution, and airports. Per capita income is
one-fourth that of the US; income distribution remains highly
unequal. Trade with the US and Canada has tripled since the
implementation of NAFTA in 1994. Mexico has 12 free trade agreements
with over 40 countries including, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador,
the European Free Trade Area, and Japan, putting more than 90% of
trade under free trade agreements. The government is cognizant of
the need to upgrade infrastructure, modernize the tax system and
labor laws, and provide incentives to invest in the energy sector,
but progress is slow.

Micronesia, Federated States of Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remote location, a lack of adequate facilities, and limited air connections hinder development. The Amended Compact of Free Association with the US guarantees the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) millions of dollars in annual aid through 2023, and establishes a Trust Fund into which the US and the FSM make annual contributions in order to provide annual payouts to the FSM in perpetuity after 2023. The country's medium-term economic outlook appears fragile due not only to the reduction in US assistance but also to the slow growth of the private sector. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure remain major impediments to long-term growth.

Midway Islands
The economy is based on providing support services
for the national wildlife refuge activities located on the islands.
All food and manufactured goods must be imported.

Moldova
Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe
despite recent progress from its small economic base. It enjoys a
favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral
deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture,
featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import
almost all of its energy supplies from Russia. Energy shortages
contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the
Soviet Union in December 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort
after independence, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed
prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises,
backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed
interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the
World Bank and the IMF to promote growth and reduce poverty. The
economy returned to positive growth of 2.1% in 2000, 6.1% in 2001,
7.2% in 2002, 6.3% in 2003, and 6.8% in 2004. Further reforms will
come slowly because of strong political forces backing government
controls. The economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor
agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors.

Monaco
Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a
popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant
climate. In 2001, a major construction project extended the pier
used by cruise ships in the main harbor. The principality has
successfully sought to diversify into services and small,
high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income
tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for
individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies
that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains
monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone
network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly
comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. Monaco
does not publish national income figures; the estimates below are
extremely rough.

Mongolia
Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based
on herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits;
copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold account for a large
part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height
one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at
the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw
Mongolia endure both deep recession due to political inaction and
natural disasters, as well as economic growth due to reform
embracing free-market economics and extensive privatization of the
formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in
2000, 2001, and 2002 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero
or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for
Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to
privatization. Growth improved from 2002 at 4% to 2003 at 5%, due
largely to high copper prices and new gold production, with the
government claiming a 10.6% growth rate for 2004 that is
unconfirmed. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily impacted by
its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum
products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia,
leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China is Mongolia's chief
export partner and a main source of the "shadow" or "grey" economy.
The World Bank and other international financial institutions
estimate the grey economy to be at least equal to that of the
official economy. The actual size of this grey - largely cash -
economy is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass
through the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector.
Remittances from Mongolians working abroad both legally and
illegally constitute a sizeable portion. Money laundering is growing
as an accompanying concern. Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt
with Russia at the end of 2003 on very favorable terms. Mongolia,
which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, seeks to expand
its participation and integration into Asian regional economic and
trade regimes.

Montserrat
Severe volcanic activity, which began in July 1995, has
put a damper on this small, open economy. A catastrophic eruption in
June 1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic
and social dislocation. Two-thirds of the 12,000 inhabitants fled
the island. Some began to return in 1998, but lack of housing
limited the number. The agriculture sector continued to be affected
by the lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of
crops. Prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in
relation to the volcano and on public sector construction activity.
The UK has launched a three-year $122.8 million aid program to help
reconstruct the economy. Half of the island is expected to remain
uninhabitable for another decade.

Morocco
Morocco faces problems typical for developing countries:
restraining government spending, reducing constraints on private
activity and foreign trade, and achieving sustainable growth.
Despite structural adjustment programs supported by the IMF, the
World Bank, and the Paris Club, the dirham is only fully convertible
for current account transactions. In 2004 Moroccan authorities
instituted measures to boost foreign direct investment and trade by
signing a free trade agreement with the US and selling government
shares in the state telecommunications company and in the largest
state-owned bank. Favorable rainfall over the past two years has
boosted agricultural output and GDP growth passed 4% in 2004. In
2005 the budget deficit is expected to rise sharply - from 1.9% of
GDP in 2004 - because of substantial increases in wages and oil
subsidies. Long-term challenges include preparing the economy for
freer trade with the US and European Union, improving education and
job prospects for Morocco's youth, and raising living standards.

Mozambique
At independence in 1975, Mozambique was one of the
world's poorest countries. Socialist mismanagement and a brutal
civil war from 1977-92 exacerbated the situation. In 1987, the
government embarked on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to
stabilize the economy. These steps, combined with donor assistance
and with political stability since the multi-party elections in
1994, have led to dramatic improvements in the country's growth
rate. Inflation was reduced to single digits during the late 1990s
although it returned to double digits in 2000-03. Fiscal reforms,
including the introduction of a value-added tax and reform of the
customs service, have improved the government's revenue collection
abilities. In spite of these gains, Mozambique remains dependent
upon foreign assistance for much of its annual budget, and the
majority of the population remains below the poverty line.
Subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the
country's workforce. A substantial trade imbalance persists although
the opening of the MOZAL aluminum smelter, the country's largest
foreign investment project to date has increased export earnings.
Additional investment projects in titanium extraction and processing
and garment manufacturing should further close the import/export
gap. Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced
through forgiveness and rescheduling under the IMF's Heavily
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is
now at a manageable level.

Namibia
The economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and
processing of minerals for export. Mining accounts for 20% of GDP.
Rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a primary source for
gem-quality diamonds. Namibia is the fourth-largest exporter of
nonfuel minerals in Africa, the world's fifth-largest producer of
uranium, and the producer of large quantities of lead, zinc, tin,
silver, and tungsten. The mining sector employs only about 3% of the
population while about half of the population depends on subsistence
agriculture for its livelihood. Namibia normally imports about 50%
of its cereal requirements; in drought years food shortages are a
major problem in rural areas. A high per capita GDP, relative to the
region, hides the great inequality of income distribution; nearly
one-third of Namibians had annual incomes of less than $1,400 in
constant 1994 dollars, according to a 1993 study. The Namibian
economy is closely linked to South Africa with the Namibian dollar
pegged to the South African rand. Privatization of several
enterprises in coming years may stimulate long-run foreign
investment. Mining of zinc, copper, and silver and increased fish
production led growth in 2003-04.

Nauru
Revenues of this tiny island have traditionally come from
exports of phosphates, but reserves are now depleted. Few other
resources exist with most necessities being imported, mainly from
Australia, its former occupier and later major source of support.
The rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from
phosphates are serious long-term problems. In anticipation of the
exhaustion of Nauru's phosphate deposits, substantial amounts of
phosphate income have been invested in trust funds to help cushion
the transition and provide for Nauru's economic future. As a result
of heavy spending from the trust funds, the government faces virtual
bankruptcy. To cut costs the government has called for a freeze on
wages, a reduction of over-staffed public service departments,
privatization of numerous government agencies, and closure of some
overseas consulates. In recent years Nauru has encouraged the
registration of offshore banks and corporations. In 2004 the
deterioration in housing, hospitals, and other capital plant
continued, and the cost to Australia of keeping the government and
economy afloat has substantially mounted. Few comprehensive
statistics on the Nauru economy exist, with estimates of Nauru's GDP
varying widely.

Navassa Island
subsistence fishing and commercial trawling
activities within refuge waters

Nepal
Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in
the world with 40% of its population living below the poverty line.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood
for over 80% of the population and accounting for 40% of GDP.
Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural
produce including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Security
concerns in the wake of the Maoist conflict have led to a decrease
in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. Nepal has considerable
scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism, areas
of recent foreign investment interest. Prospects for foreign trade
or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however, because of
the small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its
remoteness, its landlocked geographic location, its civil strife,
and its susceptibility to natural disaster.

Netherlands
The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which
depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable
industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable
current account surplus, and an important role as a European
transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food
processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery.
A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of
the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing
industry and for exports. The Netherlands, along with 11 of its EU
partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 January 2002. The
country continues to be one of the leading European nations for
attracting foreign direct investment. Economic growth slowed
considerably in 2001-04, as part of the global economic slowdown,
but for the four years before that, annual growth averaged nearly
4%, well above the EU average.

Netherlands Antilles
Tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore
finance are the mainstays of this small economy, which is closely
tied to the outside world. Although GDP has declined or grown
slightly in each of the past eight years, the islands enjoy a high
per capita income and a well-developed infrastructure compared with
other countries in the region. Almost all consumer and capital goods
are imported, the US and Mexico being the major suppliers. Poor
soils and inadequate water supplies hamper the development of
agriculture. Budgetary problems hamper reform of the health and
pension systems of an aging population.

New Caledonia
New Caledonia has about 25% of the world's known
nickel resources. Only a small amount of the land is suitable for
cultivation, and food accounts for about 20% of imports. In addition
to nickel, substantial financial support from France - equal to more
than one-fourth of GDP - and tourism are keys to the health of the
economy. Substantial new investment in the nickel industry, combined
with the recovery of global nickel prices, brightens the economic
outlook for the next several years.

New Zealand
Over the past 20 years the government has transformed
New Zealand from an agrarian economy dependent on concessionary
British market access to a more industrialized, free market economy
that can compete globally. This dynamic growth has boosted real
incomes (but left behind many at the bottom of the ladder),
broadened and deepened the technological capabilities of the
industrial sector, and contained inflationary pressures. Per capita
income has risen for six consecutive years and is now more than
$23,000 in purchasing power parity terms. New Zealand is heavily
dependent on trade - particularly in agricultural products - to
drive growth. Exports are equal to about 20% of GDP. Thus far the
economy has been resilient, and the Labor Government promises that
expenditures on health, education, and pensions will increase
proportionately to output.

Nicaragua
Nicaragua, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries,
faces low per capita income, massive unemployment, and huge external
debt. Distribution of income is one of the most unequal on the
globe. While the country has made progress toward macroeconomic
stability over the past few years, GDP annual growth has been far
too low to meet the country's needs. As a result of successful
performance under its International Monetary Fund policy program and
other efforts, Nicaragua qualified in early 2004 for some $4 billion
in foreign debt reduction under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) initiative. Even after this reduction, however, the
government continues to bear a significant foreign and domestic debt
burden. If ratified, the US-Central America Free Trade Agreement
(CAFTA) will provide an opportunity for Nicaragua to attract
investment, create jobs, and deepen economic development. While
President BOLANOS enjoys the support of the international financial
bodies, his internal political base is meager.

Niger
Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world, a
landlocked Sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence
crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits.
Drought cycles, desertification, a 3.3% population growth rate, and
the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy.
Niger shares a common currency, the CFA franc, and a common central
bank, the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), with seven
other members of the West African Monetary Union. In December 2000,
Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International
Monetary Fund program for Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and
concluded an agreement with the Fund on a Poverty Reduction and
Growth Facility (PRGF). Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC
initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service
obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care,
primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and
other programs geared at poverty reduction. Nearly half of the
government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Future
growth may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and
other mineral resources.

Nigeria
Oil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability,
corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic
management, is undertaking some reforms under the new civilian
administration. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify
the economy away from overdependence on the capital-intensive oil
sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings,
and about 65% of budgetary revenues. The largely subsistence
agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population
growth - Nigeria is Africa's most populous country - and the
country, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food.
Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000,
Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a
$1 billion credit from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms.
Nigeria pulled out of its IMF program in April 2002, after failing
to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for
additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club. In the last year
the government has begun showing the political will to implement the
market-oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to modernize the
banking system, to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage
demands, and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of
earnings from the oil industry. During 2003 the government began
deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the
country's four oil refineries, and instituted the National Economic
Empowerment Development Strategy, a domestically designed and run
program modeled on the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility
for fiscal and monetary management. GDP rose strongly in 2004.

Niue
The economy suffers from the typical Pacific island problems of
geographic isolation, few resources, and a small population.
Government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and the shortfall
is made up by critically needed grants from New Zealand that are
used to pay wages to public employees. Niue has cut government
expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. The
agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening,
although some cash crops are grown for export. Industry consists
primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil,
honey, and coconut cream. The sale of postage stamps to foreign
collectors is an important source of revenue. The island in recent
years has suffered a serious loss of population because of migration
of Niueans to New Zealand. Efforts to increase GDP include the
promotion of tourism and a financial services industry, although
former Premier LAKATANI announced in February 2002 that Niue will
shut down the offshore banking industry. Economic aid from New
Zealand in 2002 was about $2.6 million. Niue suffered a devastating
hurricane in January 2004, which decimated nascent economic
programs. While in the process of rebuilding, Niue has been
dependent on foreign aid.

Norfolk Island
Tourism, the primary economic activity, has steadily
increased over the years and has brought a level of prosperity
unusual among inhabitants of the Pacific islands. The agricultural
sector has become self-sufficient in the production of beef,
poultry, and eggs.

Northern Mariana Islands
The economy benefits substantially from
financial assistance from the US. The rate of funding has declined
as locally generated government revenues have grown. The key tourist
industry employs about 50% of the work force and accounts for
roughly one-fourth of GDP. Japanese tourists predominate. Annual
tourist entries have exceeded one-half million in recent years, but
financial difficulties in Japan have caused a temporary slowdown.
The agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms
producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. Garment
production is by far the most important industry with employment of
17,500 mostly Chinese workers and sizable shipments to the US under
duty and quota exemptions.

Norway
The Norwegian economy is a prosperous bastion of welfare
capitalism, featuring a combination of free market activity and
government intervention. The government controls key areas, such as
the vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises).
The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum,
hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on
its oil production and international oil prices, with oil and gas
accounting for one-third of exports. Only Saudi Arabia and Russia
export more oil than Norway. Norway opted to stay out of the EU
during a referendum in November 1994; nonetheless, it contributes
sizably to the EU budget. The government has moved ahead with
privatization. With arguably the highest quality of life worldwide,
Norwegians still worry about that time in the next two decades when
the oil and gas will begin to run out. Accordingly, Norway has been
saving its oil-boosted budget surpluses in a Government Petroleum
Fund, which is invested abroad and now is valued at more than $150
billion. After lackluster growth of 1% in 2002 and 0.5% in 2003, GDP
growth picked up to 3.3% in 2004.

Oman
Oman is a middle-income economy in the Middle East with notable
oil and gas resources, a substantial trade surplus, and low
inflation. The government is privatizing its utilities and
diversifying its economy to attract foreign investment. Oman
continues to liberalize its markets and joined the World Trade
Organization (WTO) in November 2000. To reduce unemployment and
limit dependence on foreign countries, the government is encouraging
the replacement of expatriate workers with local people, i.e.,
Omanization. Training in information technology, business
management, and English support this objective. Industrial
development plans focus on gas resources, metal manufacturing,
petrochemicals, and international transshipment ports.

Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world
economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch.
It provides low-cost sea transportation between East and West,
extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals,
and sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1996, over 60%
of the world's fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean. Exploitation
of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role
in the energy supplies of the US, Australia, NZ, China, and Peru.
The high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the
wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has led to
fluctuations in new drillings.

Pakistan
Pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has
suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of
foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India. However, IMF-approved government policies,
bolstered by generous foreign assistance and renewed access to
global markets since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic
recovery the last three years. The government has made substantial
macroeconomic reforms since 2000, although progress on more
politically sensitive reforms has slowed. For example, in the third
and final year of its $1.3 billion IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth
Facility, Islamabad has continued to require waivers for energy
sector reforms. While long-term prospects remain uncertain, given
Pakistan's low level of development, medium-term prospects for job
creation and poverty reduction are the best in nearly a decade.
Islamabad has raised development spending from about 2% of GDP in
the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the
broad underdevelopment of its social sector. GDP growth, spurred by
double-digit gains in industrial production over the past year, has
become less dependent on agriculture. Foreign exchange reserves
continued to reach new levels in 2004, supported by robust export
growth and steady worker remittances.

Palau
The economy consists primarily of tourism, subsistence
agriculture, and fishing. The government is the major employer of
the work force, relying heavily on financial assistance from the US.
Business and tourist arrivals numbered 63,000 in 2003. The
population enjoys a per capita income twice that of the Philippines
and much of Micronesia. Long-run prospects for the key tourist
sector have been greatly bolstered by the expansion of air travel in
the Pacific, the rising prosperity of leading East Asian countries,
and the willingness of foreigners to finance infrastructure
development.

Palmyra Atoll
no economic activity

Panama
Panama's dollarised economy rests primarily on a
well-developed services sector that accounts for four-fifths of GDP.
Services include operating the Panama Canal, banking, the Colon Free
Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. A
slump in Colon Free Zone and agricultural exports, the global
slowdown, and the withdrawal of US military forces held back
economic growth in 2000-03; growth picked up in 2004 led by
export-oriented services and a construction boom stimulated by tax
incentives. The government has been backing tax reforms, reform of
the social security program, new regional trade agreements, and
development of tourism. Unemployment remains high.

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural
resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain and
the high cost of developing infrastructure. Agriculture provides a
subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. Mineral deposits,
including oil, copper, and gold, account for 72% of export earnings.
The economy has improved over the past two years, following a
prolonged period of instability. Former Prime Minister Mekere
MORAUTA had tried to restore integrity to state institutions, to
stabilize the kina, restore stability to the national budget, to
privatize public enterprises where appropriate, and to ensure
ongoing peace on Bougainville. Australia annually supplies $240
million in aid, which accounts for 20% of the national budget.
Challenges face Prime Minister Michael SOMARE, including gaining
further investor confidence, continuing efforts to privatize
government assets, maintaining the support of members of Parliament,
and balancing relations with Australia, the former colonial ruler.

Paracel Islands
China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands
for tourism.

Paraguay
Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy marked by a large
informal sector. This sector features both reexport of imported
consumer goods to neighboring countries as well as the activities of
thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. Because of
the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures
are difficult to obtain. A large percentage of the population
derives their living from agricultural activity, often on a
subsistence basis. The formal economy grew by an average of about 3%
annually in 1995-97, but averaged near-zero growth in 1998-2001 and
contracted by 2.3 percent in 2002, in response to regional contagion
and an outbreak of hoof-and-mouth desease. On a per capita basis,
real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. Most observers attribute
Paraguay's poor economic performance to political uncertainty,
corruption, lack of progress on structural reform, substantial
internal and external debt, and deficient infrastructure. Aided by a
firmer exchange rate and perhaps a greater confidence in the
economic policy of the Duarte FRUTOS administration, the economy
rebounded in 2003 and 2004, posting modest growth each year.

Peru
Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal
region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering
Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the
mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent
fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals
subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of
infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of
inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy grew by an
average 4 percent per year during the period 2002-2004, with a
stable exchange rate and low inflation. Risk premiums on Peruvian
bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late
2004, reflecting investor optimism regarding the government's
prudent fiscal policies and openness to trade and investment.
Despite the strong macroeconomic performance, the TOLEDO
administration remained unpopular in 2004, and unemployment and
poverty have stayed persistently high.

Philippines
The Philippines was less severely affected by the Asian
financial crisis of 1998 than its neighbors, aided in part by annual
remittances of $7-8 billion from overseas workers and no sustained
runup in asset prices or foreign borrowing prior to the crisis. From
a 0.6% decline in 1998, GDP expanded by 2.4% in 1999, and 4.4% in
2000, but slowed to 3.2% in 2001 in the context of a global economic
slowdown, an export slump, and political and security concerns. GDP
growth accelerated to 4.3% in 2002, 4.7% in 2003, and about 6% in
2004, reflecting the continued resilience of the service sector, and
improved exports and agricultural output. Nonetheless, it will take
a higher, sustained growth path to make appreciable progress in
poverty alleviation given the Philippines' high annual population
growth rate and unequal distribution of income. The Philippines also
faces higher oil prices, higher interest rates on its dollar
borrowings, and higher inflation. Fiscal constraints limit Manila's
ability to finance infrastructure and social spending. The
Philippines' consistently large budget deficit has produced a high
debt level and has forced Manila to spend a large portion of the
national government budget on debt service. Large, unprofitable
public enterprises, especially in the energy sector, contribute to
the government's debt because of slow progress on privatization.
Credit rating agencies are increasingly concerned about the
Philippines' ability to sustain the debt; legislative progress on
new revenue measures will weigh heavily on credit rating decisions.

Pitcairn Islands
The inhabitants of this tiny isolated economy exist
on fishing, subsistence farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps.
The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits
and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas,
yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The
major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to
collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. In October
2004, more than one-quarter of Pitcairn's labor force was arrested,
putting the economy in a bind, since their services were required as
lighter crew to load or unload passing ships.

Poland
Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic
liberalization throughout the 1990s and today stands out as a
success story among transition economies. Even so, much remains to
be done, especially in bringing down unemployment. The privatization
of small and medium-sized state-owned companies and a liberal law on
establishing new firms has encouraged the development of the private
business sector, but legal and bureaucratic obstacles alongside
persistent corruption are hampering its further development.
Poland's agricultural sector remains handicapped by surplus labor,
inefficient small farms, and lack of investment. Restructuring and
privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railroads,
and energy), while recently initiated, have stalled. Reforms in
health care, education, the pension system, and state administration
have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Further
progress in public finance depends mainly on reducing losses in
Polish state enterprises, restraining entitlements, and overhauling
the tax code to incorporate the growing gray economy and farmers,
most of whom pay no tax. The government has introduced a package of
social and administrative spending cuts to reduce public spending by
about $17 billion through 2007. Additional reductions are under
discussion in the legislature but could be trumped by election-year
politics in 2005. Poland joined the EU in May 2004, and surging
exports to the EU contributed to Poland's strong growth in 2004,
though its competitiveness could be threatened by the zloty's
appreciation. GDP per capita roughly equals that of the three Baltic
states. Poland stands to benefit from nearly $13.5 billion in EU
funds, available through 2006. Farmers have already begun to reap
the rewards of membership via higher food prices and EU agricultural
subsidies.

Portugal
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly
service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986.
Over the past decade, successive governments have privatized many
state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy,
including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country
qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began
circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member
economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of
the past decade, but fell back in 2001-04. GDP per capita stands at
two-thirds that of the Big Four EU economies. A poor educational
system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity
and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by
lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for
foreign direct investment. The government faces tough choices in its
attempts to boost Portugal's economic competitiveness while keeping
the budget deficit within the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling.

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the
Caribbean region. A diverse industrial sector has far surpassed
agriculture as the primary locus of economic activity and income.
Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US
firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US
minimum wage laws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy
production and other livestock products as the main source of income
in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an
important source of income, with estimated arrivals of nearly 5
million tourists in 1999. Growth fell off in 2001-03, largely due to
the slowdown in the US economy, and has recovered in 2004.

Qatar
Oil and gas account for more than 55% of GDP, roughly 85% of
export earnings, and 70% of government revenues. Oil and gas have
given Qatar a per capita GDP about 80% of that of the leading West
European industrial countries. Proved oil reserves of 16 billion
barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for 23
years. Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas exceed 14 trillion
cubic meters, more than 5% of the world total and third largest in
the world. Long-term goals feature the development of offshore
natural gas reserves to offset the ultimate decline in oil
production. In recent years, Qatar has consistently posted trade
surpluses largely because of high oil prices and increased natural
gas exports, becoming one of the world's fastest growing and highest
per-capita income countries.

Reunion
The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, but
services now dominate. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more
than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports.
The government has been pushing the development of a tourist
industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to one-third of
the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the
poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social
tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better
off than other segments of the population, often approaching
European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and
unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent.
The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates the
seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of
Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from
France.

Romania
Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a
largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to
the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing
three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets.
Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity in
construction, agriculture, and consumption have kept growth above
4%. An IMF standby agreement, signed in 2001, has been accompanied
by slow but palpable gains in privatization, deficit reduction, and
the curbing of inflation. The IMF Board approved Romania's
completion of the standby agreement in October 2003, the first time
Romania has successfully concluded an IMF agreement since the 1989
revolution. In July 2004, the executive board of the IMF approved a
24-month standby agreement for $367 million. The Romanian
authorities do not intend to draw on this agreement, however,
viewing it simply as a precaution. Meanwhile, recent macroeconomic
gains have done little to address Romania's widespread poverty,
while corruption and red tape continue to handicap the business
environment.

Russia
Russia ended 2004 with its sixth straight year of growth,
averaging 6.5% annually since the financial crisis of 1998. Although
high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble are important drivers
of this economic rebound, since 2000 investment and consumer-driven
demand have played a noticeably increasing role. Real fixed capital
investments have averaged gains greater than 10% over the last five
years, and real personal incomes have realized average increases
over 12%. Russia has also improved its international financial
position since the 1998 financial crisis, with its foreign debt
declining from 90% of GDP to around 28%. Strong oil export earnings
have allowed Russia to increase its foreign reserves from only $12
billion to some $120 billion at yearend 2004. These achievements,
along with a renewed government effort to advance structural
reforms, have raised business and investor confidence in Russia's
economic prospects. Nevertheless, serious problems persist. Economic
growth slowed down in the second half of 2004 and the Russian
government forecasts growth of only 4.5% to 6.2% for 2005. Oil,
natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of
exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world prices.
Russia's manufacturing base is dilapidated and must be replaced or
modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based economic growth.
Other problems include a weak banking system, a poor business
climate that discourages both domestic and foreign investors,
corruption, and widespread lack of trust in institutions. In
addition, a string of investigations launched against a major
Russian oil company, culminating with the arrest of its CEO in the
fall of 2003, have raised concerns by some observers that President
PUTIN is granting more influence to forces within his government
that desire to reassert state control over the economy.

Rwanda
Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the
population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the
most densely populated country in Africa; landlocked with few
natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange
earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's
fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population,
particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract
private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made
substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy
to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has
rebounded and inflation has been curbed. Export earnings, however,
have been hindered by low beverage prices, depriving the country of
much needed hard currency. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food
production often does not keep pace with population growth,
requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid
money and was approved for IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor
Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in late 2000. Kigali's high
defense expenditures have caused tension between the government and
international donors and lending agencies. An energy shortage and
instability in neighboring states may slow growth in 2005, while the
lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries
continues to handicap export growth.

Saint Helena
The economy depends largely on financial assistance
from the UK, which amounted to about $5 million in 1997 or almost
one-half of annual budgetary revenues. The local population earns
income from fishing, raising livestock, and sales of handicrafts.
Because there are few jobs, 25% of the work force has left to seek
employment on Ascension Island, on the Falklands, and in the UK.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Sugar was the traditional mainstay of the
Saint Kitts economy until the 1970s. Although the crop still
dominates the agricultural sector, activities such as tourism,
export-oriented manufacturing, and offshore banking have assumed
larger roles in the economy. Tourism revenues are now the chief
source of the islands' foreign exchange. The opening of a 470-room
resort in February 2003 was expected to bring in much-needed revenue.

Saint Lucia
Changes in the EU import preference regime and the
increased competition from Latin American bananas have made economic
diversification increasingly important in Saint Lucia. The island
nation has been able to attract foreign business and investment,
especially in its offshore banking and tourism industries. The
manufacturing sector is the most diverse in the Eastern Caribbean
area, and the government is trying to revitalize the banana
industry. Economic fundamentals remain solid, even though
unemployment needs to be cut.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
The inhabitants have traditionally earned
their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets
operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been
declining, however, because of disputes with Canada over fishing
quotas and a steady decline in the number of ships stopping at Saint
Pierre. In 1992, an arbitration panel awarded the islands an
exclusive economic zone of 12,348 sq km to settle a longstanding
territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25% of
what France had sought. The islands are heavily subsidized by France
to the great betterment of living standards. The government hopes an
expansion of tourism will boost economic prospects. Recent test
drilling for oil may pave the way for development of the energy
sector.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Economic growth in this
lower-middle-income country hinges upon seasonal variations in the
agricultural and tourism sectors. Tropical storms wiped out
substantial portions of crops in 1994, 1995, and 2002, and tourism
in the Eastern Caribbean has suffered low arrivals following 11
September 2001. Saint Vincent is home to a small offshore banking
sector and has moved to adopt international regulatory standards.
Saint Vincent is also a large producer of marijuana and is being
used as a transshipment point for illegal narcotics from South
America.

Samoa
The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on
development aid, family remittances from overseas, agriculture, and
fishing. The country is vulnerable to devastating storms.
Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force, and furnishes 90%
of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, and copra. The
manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. The
decline of fish stocks in the area is a continuing problem. Tourism
is an expanding sector, accounting for 25% of GDP; about 88,000
tourists visited the islands in 2001. One factory in the Foreign
Trade Zone employs 3,000 people to make automobile electrical
harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. The Samoan Government
has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement
of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, meantime protecting
the environment. Observers point to the flexibility of the labor
market as a basic strength for future economic advances. Foreign
reserves are in a relatively healthy state, the external debt is
stable, and inflation is low.

San Marino
The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 2000
more than 3 million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries
are banking, wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main
agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of
output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most
prosperous regions of Italy, which supplies much of its food.

Sao Tome and Principe
This small poor island economy has become
increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence in 1975. Cocoa
production has substantially declined in recent years because of
drought and mismanagement, but strengthening prices helped boost
export earnings in 2003. Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most
manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a substantial amount of
food. Over the years, it has had difficulty servicing its external
debt and has relied heavily on concessional aid and debt
rescheduling. Sao Tome benefited from $200 million in debt relief in
December 2000 under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
program, but lacking a formal poverty reduction program with the
IMF, it has not benefited from subsequent HIPC debt reductions. Sao
Tome's external debt stands at over $300 million. Considerable
potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the
government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The
government also has attempted to reduce price controls and
subsidies. Sao Tome is optimistic about the development of petroleum
resources in its territorial waters in the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea.
The first production license was sold to a consortium led by
US-based oil firms. Much of the 2005 budget is dependent upon the
sale of additional production licenses.

Saudi Arabia
This is an oil-based economy with strong government
controls over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses 25%
of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest
exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The
petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% of
GDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 40% of GDP comes from the
private sector. Roughly five and a half million foreign workers play
an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and
service sectors. The government in 1999 announced plans to begin
privatizing the electricity companies, which follows the ongoing
privatization of the telecommunications company. The government is
encouraging private sector growth to lessen the kingdom's dependence
on oil and increase employment opportunities for the swelling Saudi
population. Priorities for government spending in the short term
include additional funds for education and for the water and sewage
systems. Economic reforms proceed cautiously because of deep-rooted
political and social conservatism.

Senegal
In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious
economic reform program with the support of the international donor
community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's
currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the
French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been
steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in
1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform
program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during
1995-2003. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single
digits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union
(WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with
a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. Senegal
still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance, however. Under
the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries debt relief program,
Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of its
bilateral, multilateral, and private sector debt.

Serbia and Montenegro
MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an
extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to
Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes
in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After
the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in
October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition
government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an
aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in
the IMF in December 2000, a down-sized Yugoslavia continued to
reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World
Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors'
Conference held in June 2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic
restructuring. An agreement rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion
Paris Club government debts was concluded in November 2001 - it
wrote off 66% of the debt - and the London Club of private creditors
forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just over half the total owed, in July
2004. The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from
federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and
continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the euro instead of
the Yugoslav dinar as official currency, collects customs tariffs,
and manages its own budget. Kosovo's economy continues to transition
to a market-based system, and is largely dependent on the
international community and the diaspora for financial and technical
assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav dinar are both accepted
currencies in Kosovo. While maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK
continues to work with the European Union and Kosovo's local
provisional government to accelerate economic growth, lower
unemployment, and attract foreign investment to help Kosovo
integrate into regional economic structures. The complexity of
Serbia and Montenegro political relationships, slow progress in
privatization, legal uncertainty over property rights, scarcity of
foreign-investment and a substantial foreign trade deficit are
holding back the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially
requirements for fiscal discipline, are an important element in
policy formation. Severe unemployment remains a key political
economic problem for this entire region.

Seychelles
Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this
Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the old
near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector,
which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than
70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years
the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade
hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has
moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the
development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. A
sharp drop illustrated the vulnerability of the tourist sector in
1991-92 due largely to the Gulf war, and once again following the 11
September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US. Growth slowed in
1998-2002, and fell in 2003, due to sluggish tourist and tuna
sectors, but resumed in 2004, erasing a persistent budget deficit.
Tight controls on exchange rates and the scarcity of foreign
exchange have impaired short-term economic prospects. The black
market value of the Seychelles rupee is half the official exchange
rate; without a devaluation of the currency the tourist sector may
remain sluggish as vacationers seek cheaper destinations such as
Comoros, Mauritius, and Madagascar.

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with
tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses
substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its
economic and social infrastructure is not well developed, and
serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development.
About two-thirds of the working-age population engages in
subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the
processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the
domestic market. Plans to reopen bauxite and rutile mines shut down
during an 11 year civil war have not been implemented due to lack of
foreign investment. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source
of hard currency earnings. The fate of the economy depends upon the
maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of
substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe
trade imbalance and supplement government revenues. International
financial institutions contributed over $600 million in development
aid and budgetary support in 2003.

Singapore
Singapore, a highly developed and successful free market
economy, enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment,
stable prices, and a per capita GDP equal to that of the Big 4 West
European countries. The economy depends heavily on exports,
particularly in electronics and manufacturing. It was hard hit in
2001-03 by the global recession, by the slump in the technology
sector, and by an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in
2003, which curbed tourism and consumer spending. The government
hopes to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to
the external business cycle and will continue efforts to establish
Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and high-tech hub. Fiscal
stimulus, low interest rates, a surge in exports, and internal
flexibility led to vigorous growth in 2004, with real GDP rising by
8 percent, by far the economy's best performance since 2000.

Slovakia
Slovakia has mastered much of the difficult transition from
a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. The DZURINDA
government made excellent progress during 2001-04 in macroeconomic
stabilization and structural reform. Major privatizations are nearly
complete, the banking sector is almost completely in foreign hands,
and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom
with business-friendly policies, such as labor market liberalization
and a 19% flat tax. Slovakia's economic growth exceeded expectations
in 2001-04, despite the general European slowdown. Unemployment, at
an unacceptable 15% in 2003-04, remains the economy's Achilles heel.
Slovakia joined the EU on 1 May 2004.

Slovenia
Slovenia, with its historical ties to Western Europe,
enjoys a GDP per capita substantially higher than that of the other
transitioning economies of Central Europe. In March 2004, Slovenia
became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status
to donor partner at the World Bank. Privatization of the economy
proceeded at an accelerated pace in 2002-04. Despite lackluster
performance in Europe in 2001-04, Slovenia maintained moderate
growth. Structural reforms to improve the business environment have
allowed for greater foreign participation in Slovenia's economy and
have helped to lower unemployment. Further measures to curb
inflation are still needed. Corruption and the high degree of
coordination between government, business, and central bank policy
were issues of concern in the run-up to Slovenia's 1 May 2004
accession to the European Union. In mid-2004 Slovenia agreed to
adopt the euro by 2007 and, therefore, must keep its debt levels,
budget deficits, interest rates, and inflation levels within the
EU's Maastrict criteria.

Solomon Islands
The bulk of the population depends on agriculture,
fishing, and forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Most
manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The
islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead,
zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of the Regional
Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic
violence, the closing of key businesses, and an empty government
treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI has enabled a return
to law and order, a new period of economic stability, and modest
growth as the economy rebuilds.

Somalia
Somalia's economic fortunes are driven by its deep political
divisions. The northwestern area has declared its independence as
the "Republic of Somaliland"; the northeastern region of Puntland is
a semi-autonomous state; and the remaining southern portion is
riddled with the struggles of rival factions. Economic life
continues, in part because much activity is local and relatively
easily protected. Agriculture is the most important sector, with
livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of
export earnings, but Saudi Arabia's recent ban on Somali livestock,
because of Rift Valley Fever concerns, has severely hampered the
sector. Nomads and semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for
their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population.
Livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are Somalia's
principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined
goods are the principal imports. Somalia's small industrial sector,
based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been
looted and sold as scrap metal. Despite the seeming anarchy,
Somalia's service sector has managed to survive and grow.
Telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major
cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the
continent. In the absence of a formal banking sector, money exchange
services have sprouted throughout the country, handling between $500
million and $1 billion in remittances annually. Mogadishu's main
market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic
gadgets. Hotels continue to operate, and militias provide security.
The ongoing civil disturbances and clan rivalries, however, have
interfered with any broad-based economic development and
international aid arrangements. In 2004 Somalia's overdue financial
obligations to the IMF continued to grow. Statistics on Somalia's
GDP, growth, per capita income, and inflation should be viewed
skeptically. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took an
estimated 150 lives and caused destruction of properity in coastal
areas.

South Africa
South Africa is a middle-income, emerging market with
an abundant supply of natural resources; well-developed financial,
legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock
exchange that ranks among the 10 largest in the world; and a modern
infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to
major urban centers throughout the region. However, growth has not
been strong enough to lower South Africa's high unemployment rate;
and daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era,
especially poverty and lack of economic empowerment among the
disadvantaged groups. South African economic policy is fiscally
conservative, but pragmatic, focusing on targeting inflation and
liberalizing trade as means to increase job growth and household
income.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Some fishing takes
place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of income from
harvesting finfish and krill. The islands receive income from
postage stamps produced in the UK, sale of fishing licenses, and
harbor and landing fees from tourist vessels. Tourism from
specialized cruise ships is increasing rapidly.

Southern Ocean
Fisheries in 2000-01 (1 July to 30 June) landed
112,934 metric tons, of which 87% was krill and 11% Patagonian
toothfish. International agreements were adopted in late 1999 to
reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the
2000-01 season landed, by one estimate, 8,376 metric tons of
Patagonian and antarctic toothfish. In the 2000-01 antarctic summer
12,248 tourists, most of them seaborne, visited the Southern Ocean
and Antarctica, compared to 14,762 the previous year.

Spain
The Spanish economy boomed from 1986 to 1990, averaging five
percent annual growth. After a European-wide recession in the early
1990s, the Spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting in 1994.
Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita
basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The
center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully
worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching
the European single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR
administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization,
and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to
that end. Unemployment fell steadily under the AZNAR administration
but remains high at 10.4%. Growth of 2.5% in 2003 and 2.6% in 2004
was satisfactory given the background of a faltering European
economy. The socialist president, RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO, has initiated
economic and social reforms that are generally popular among the
masses of people but that are anathema to religious and other
conservative elements. Adjusting to the monetary and other economic
policies of an integrated Europe, reducing unemployment, and
absorbing widespread social changes will pose challenges to Spain
over the next few years.

Spratly Islands
Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing.
The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins
suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is
largely unexplored; there are no reliable estimates of potential
reserves; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.

Sri Lanka
In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and
its import substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies
and export-oriented trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are
food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages,
telecommunications, and insurance and banking. In 2003, plantation
crops made up only 15% of exports (compared with 93% in 1970), while
textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew at an average
annual rate of 5.5% in the early 1990s until a drought and a
deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8% in 1996. The
economy rebounded in 1997-2000 with average growth of 5.3%, but 2001
saw the first contraction in the country's history, -1.4%, due to a
combination of power shortages, severe budgetary problems, the
global slowdown, and continuing civil strife. Growth recovered to
4.0% in 2002 and to 5.2% in both 2003 and 2004. About 800,000 Sri
Lankans work abroad, 90% in the Middle East. They send home about $1
billion a year. The struggle by the Tamil Tigers of the north and
east for a largely independent homeland continues to cast a shadow
over the economy. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took about
31,000 lives, left more than 6,300 missing and 443,000 displaced,
and destroyed an estimated $1.5 billion worth of property.

Sudan
Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound
economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces
formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per
capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF
macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and
in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which,
along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate.
Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded
export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 6.4% in 2004.
Agriculture production remains Sudan's most important sector,
employing 80% of the work force, contributing 39% of GDP, and
accounting for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed
and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - including the
long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the
Christian/pagan south, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural
prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below
the poverty line for years.

Suriname
The economy is dominated by the alumina industry, which
accounts for more than 15% of GDP and 70% of export earnings.
Suriname's economic prospects for the medium term will depend on
continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and
to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and
promote competition. The government of Ronald VENETIAAN has begun an
austerity program, raised taxes, and attempted to control spending.
While - in 2002 - President VENETIAAN agreed to a large pay raise
for civil servants, threatening his earlier gains in stabilizing the
economy, he has not repeated this promise in the run-up to the May
2005 elections. The Dutch Government has agreed to restart the aid
flow, which will allow Suriname to access international development
financing, but plans to phase out funds over the next five years.
The short-term economic outlook depends on the government's ability
to control inflation and on the development of projects in the
bauxite and gold mining sectors. Prospects for local onshore oil
production are good, as a drilling program is underway. Offshore oil
drilling was given a boost in 2004 when the State Oil Company
(Staatsolie) signed exploration agreements with Repsol and Mearsk.

Svalbard
Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The
treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to
exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although
US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past,
the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The
settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian
state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian
population on the island, runs many of the local services, and
provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some
hunting of seal, reindeer, and fox.

Swaziland
In this small, landlocked economy, subsistence agriculture
occupies more than 80% of the population. The manufacturing sector
has diversified since the mid-1980s. Sugar and wood pulp remain
important foreign exchange earners. Mining has declined in
importance in recent years with only coal and quarry stone mines
remaining active. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short
border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South
Africa from which it receives about nine-tenths of its imports and
to which it sends nearly three-quarters of its exports. Customs
duties from the Southern African Customs Union and worker
remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically
earned income. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere
for foreign investment. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and
sometimes floods persist as problems for the future. More than
one-fourth of the population needed emergency food aid in 2004
because of drought, and more than one-third of the adult population
was infected by HIV/AIDS.

Sweden
Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole 20th century,
Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed
system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It
has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and
iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented
toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of
industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50%
of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and
2% of the jobs. The government's commitment to fiscal discipline
resulted in a substantial budgetary surplus in 2001, which was cut
by more than half in 2002, due to the global economic slowdown,
declining revenue, and increased spending. The Swedish central bank
(the Riksbank) focuses on price stability with its inflation target
of 2%. Growth remained sluggish in 2003, but picked up in 2004.
Presumably because of generous sicktime benefits, Swedish workers
report in sick more often than other Europeans. On 14 September
2003, Swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system,
concerned about the impact on democracy and sovereignty.

Switzerland
Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern
market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force,
and a per capita GDP larger than that of the big Western European
economies. The Swiss in recent years have brought their economic
practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their
international competitiveness. Switzerland remains a safe haven for
investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy and
has kept up the franc's long-term external value. Reflecting the
anemic economic conditions of Europe, GDP growth dropped in 2001 to
about 0.8%, to 0.2% in 2002, and to -0.3% in 2003, with a small rise
to 1.8% in 2004. Even so, unemployment has remained at less than
half the EU average.

Syria
Real GDP growth rose to 2.3 percent in 2004, a slight increase
from 2003 when the predominantly statist economy suffered from
disruptions caused by the war in Iraq and other developments in the
region. Annual real GDP growth has averaged 2.3 percent for the last
seven years. The Government of Syria has implemented modest economic
reforms in the last few years, including cutting interest rates,
opening private banks, consolidating some of the multiple exchange
rates, and raising prices on some subsidized foodstuffs.
Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the
government. Long run economic constraints include declining oil
production and exports and pressure on water supplies caused by
rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and increased water
pollution.

Taiwan
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually
decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government
authorities. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned
banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Exports have
provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade
surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's third
largest. Agriculture contributes less than 2% to GDP, down from 32%
in 1952. Taiwan is a major investor throughout Southeast Asia. China
has overtaken the US to become Taiwan's largest export market.
Because of its conservative financial approach and its
entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many
of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998. The global
economic downturn, combined with problems in policy coordination by
the administration and bad debts in the banking system, pushed
Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first year of negative growth
ever recorded. Unemployment also reached record levels. Output
recovered moderately in 2002 in the face of continued global
slowdown, fragile consumer confidence, and bad bank loans; and the
essentially vibrant economy pushed ahead in 2003-04. Growing
economic ties with China are a dominant long-term factor, e.g.,
exports to China of parts and equipment for the assembly of goods
for export to developed countries.

Tajikistan
Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among
the 15 former Soviet republics. Only 5% to 6% of the land area is
arable. Cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied
but limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten.
Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower
facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry
and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the
already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in
industrial and agricultural production. Even though 60% of its
people continue to live in abject poverty, Tajikistan has
experienced steady economic growth since 1997. Continued
privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises will
further increase productivity. Tajikistan's economic situation,
however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural
reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external
debt burden. A debt restructuring agreement was reached with Russia
in December 2002, including an interest rate of 4%, a 3-year grace
period, and a US $49.8 million credit to the Central Bank of
Tajikistan.

Tanzania
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for almost
half of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work
force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated
crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally featured
the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods.
The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral
donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's out-of-date
economic infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. Growth in
1991-2002 featured a pickup in industrial production and a
substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Recent
banking reforms have helped increase private sector growth and
investment. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic
policies supported real GDP growth of nearly 6% in 2004.

Thailand
Thailand has a well developed infrastructure, a
free-enterprise economy, and welcomes foreign investment. Thailand
has fully recovered from the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis and was
one of East Asia's best performers in 2002-04. Increased consumption
and investment spending and strong export growth pushed GDP growth
up to 6.9% in 2003 and 6.1% in 2004 despite a sluggish global
economy. The highly popular government's expansionist policy,
including major support of village economic development, has raised
concerns about fiscal discipline and the health of financial
institutions. Bangkok has pursued preferential trade agreements with
a variety of partners in an effort to boost exports and maintain
high growth, and in 2004 began negotiations on a Free Trade
Agreement with the US. In late December 2004, a major tsunami took
8,500 lives in Thailand and caused massive destruction of property
in the southern provinces of Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket.

Togo
This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both
commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment
for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be
imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export
earnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is
the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate, but production
fell an estimated 22% in 2002 due to power shortages and the cost of
developing new deposits. The government's decade-long effort,
supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic
reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in
line with expenditures has moved slowly. Progress depends on
following through on privatization, increased openness in government
financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and
continued support from foreign donors.

Tokelau
Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack
of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aid
from New Zealand - about $4 million annually - to maintain public
services, with annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The
principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage
stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to
families from relatives in New Zealand.

Tonga
Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a
narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas,
and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make
up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high
proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the
second largest source of hard currency earnings following
remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and
remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade
deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the
private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is
committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a
reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social
services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in
inflation, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues
facing the government.

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago, the leading Caribbean
producer of oil and gas, has earned a reputation as an excellent
investment site for international businesses. Tourism is a growing
sector, although not proportionately as important as in many other
Caribbean islands. The economy benefits from low inflation and a
growing trade surplus. Prospects for growth in 2004 are good as
prices for oil, petrochemicals, and liquified natural gas are
expected to remain high, and foreign direct investment continues to
grow to support expanded capacity in the energy sector. The
government is coping with a rise in violent crime.

Tromelin Island
no economic activity

Tunisia
Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural,
mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental
control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened
over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification
of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Progressive
social policies also have helped raise living conditions in Tunisia
relative to the region. Real growth slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9%
in 2002 because of agricultural drought and lackluster tourism.
Better rains in 2003 and 2004, however, helped push GDP growth above
5% for these years. Tourism also recovered after the end of combat
operations in Iraq. Tunisia is gradually removing barriers to trade
with the European Union. Broader privatization, further
liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign
investment, improvements in government efficiency, and reduction of
the trade deficit are among the challenges ahead.

Turkey
Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry
and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that in
2004 still accounted for more than 35% of employment. It has a
strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays
a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and
communication. The largest industrial sector is textiles and
clothing, which accounts for one-third of industrial employment; it
faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the
global quota system. However, other sectors, notably the automotive
and electronics industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's
export mix. In recent years the economic situation has been marked
by erratic economic growth and serious imbalances. Real GNP growth
has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been
interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001.
Inflation, in recent years in the high double-digit range, fell to
9.3% by 2004 - a 30-year low. Despite these strong economic gains in
2002-04, which were largely due to renewed investor interest in
emerging markets, IMF backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the
economy is still plagued with high debt and deficits. The public
sector fiscal deficit exceeds 6% of GDP - due in large part to the
huge burden of interest payments, which accounted for more than 40%
of central government spending in 2004, and to populist spending.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey remains low - averaging
less than $1 billion annually, but further economic and judicial
reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost FDI. A
major political and economic issue over the next decade is whether
or not Turkey will become a member of the EU.

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive
agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was
the world's tenth-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years
have led to a nearly 46% decline in cotton exports. With an
authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based
social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to
economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its
inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In
1998-2004, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate
export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive
short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports
rose by perhaps 30% in 2003 and 19% in 2004, largely because of
higher international oil and gas prices. Overall prospects in the
near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty,
the burden of foreign debt, the government's irrational use of oil
and gas revenues, and its unwillingness to adopt market-oriented
reforms. Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and
GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error. In
particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain.

Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos economy is based on
tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Most capital
goods and food for domestic consumption are imported. The US is the
leading source of tourists, accounting for more than half of the
annual 93,000 visitors in the late 1990s. Major sources of
government revenue also include fees from offshore financial
activities and customs receipts.

Tuvalu
Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of
nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral
resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the
primary economic activities. Fewer than 1,000 tourists, on average,
visit Tuvalu annually. Government revenues largely come from the
sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. About 1,000
Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. Nauru has
begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however, as phosphate resources
decline. Substantial income is received annually from an
international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and
the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise
investments and conservative withdrawals, this fund has grown from
an initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US
government is also a major revenue source for Tuvalu because of
payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries. In an effort to reduce its
dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector
reforms, including privatization of some government functions and
personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue
from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the
lease of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new
technology sources could increase substantially over the next
decade. With merchandise exports only a fraction of merchandise
imports, continued reliance must be placed on fishing and
telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers,
official transfers, and income from overseas investments.

Uganda
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy,
employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk
of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of
foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to
rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency
reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices
of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy
changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting
production and export earnings. During 1990-2001, the economy turned
in a solid performance based on continued investment in the
rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production
and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic
security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs.
Corruption within the government and slippage in the government's
determination to press reforms raise doubts about the continuation
of strong growth. In 2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly
Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and
Paris Club debt relief worth $145 million. These amounts combined
with the original HIPC debt relief added up to about $2 billion.
Growth for 2001-02 was solid despite continued decline in the price
of coffee, Uganda's principal export. Solid growth in 2003-04
reflected an upturn in Uganda's export markets.

Ukraine
After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the
most important economic component of the former Soviet Union,
producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.
Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet
agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise,
its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for
example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and
mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the
former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially
natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements.
Shortly after independence in December 1991, the Ukrainian
Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for
privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the
government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led
to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of
the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to
hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on
Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural
reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external
shocks. Ukrainian government officials have taken some steps to
reform the country's Byzantine tax code, such as the implementation
of lower tax rates aimed at bringing more economic activity out of
Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed,
including closing tax loopholes and eliminating tax privileges and
exemptions. Reforms in the more politically sensitive areas of
structural reform and land privatization are still lagging. Outside
institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to
quicken the pace and scope of reforms. GDP in 2000 showed strong
export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence -
and industrial production grew 12.9%. The economy continued to
expand in 2001 as real GDP rose 9% and industrial output grew by
over 14%. Growth of 4.6% in 2002 was more moderate, in part a
reflection of faltering growth in the developed world. In general,
growth has been undergirded by strong domestic demand, low
inflation, and solid consumer and investor confidence. Growth was a
sturdy 9.3% in 2003 and a remarkable 12% in 2004, despite a loss of
momentum in needed economic reforms.

United Arab Emirates
The UAE has an open economy with a high per
capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is
based on oil and gas output (about 30% of GDP), and the fortunes of
the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
the discovery of oil in the UAE more than 30 years ago, the UAE has
undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of
small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard
of living. At present levels of production, oil and gas reserves
should last for more than 100 years. The government has increased
spending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening
up its utilities to greater private sector involvement. In April
2004, the UAE signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
(TIFA) with Washington and in November 2004 agreed to undertake
negotiations toward a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US.

United Kingdom
The UK, a leading trading power and financial center,
is one of the quartet of trillion dollar economies of Western
Europe. Over the past two decades the government has greatly reduced
public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare
programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient
by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less
than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and
oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one
of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services,
particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by
far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to
decline in importance. GDP growth slipped in 2001-03 as the global
downturn, the high value of the pound, and the bursting of the "new
economy" bubble hurt manufacturing and exports. Output recovered in
2004, to 3.2% growth. The economy is one of the strongest in Europe;
inflation, interest rates, and unemployment remain low. The
relatively good economic performance has complicated the BLAIR
government's efforts to make a case for Britain to join the European
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Critics point out that the
economy is doing well outside of EMU, and they cite public opinion
polls that continue to show a majority of Britons opposed to the
euro. Meantime, the government has been speeding up the improvement
of education, transport, and health services, at a cost in higher
taxes.

United States
The US has the largest and most technologically
powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $40,100. In
this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms
make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments
buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private
marketplace. US business firms enjoy considerably greater
flexibility than their counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in
decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and
to develop new products. At the same time, they face higher barriers
to entry in their rivals' home markets than the barriers to entry of
foreign firms in US markets. US firms are at or near the forefront
in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical,
aerospace, and military equipment; their advantage has narrowed
since the end of World War II. The onrush of technology largely
explains the gradual development of a "two-tier labor market" in
which those at the bottom lack the education and the
professional/technical skills of those at the top and, more and
more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage,
and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all the gains in
household income have gone to the top 20% of households. The
response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 showed the
remarkable resilience of the economy. The war in March/April 2003
between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the subsequent occupation
of Iraq, required major shifts in national resources to the
military. The rise in GDP in 2004 was undergirded by substantial
gains in labor productivity. The economy suffered from a sharp
increase in energy prices in the second half of 2004. Long-term
problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure,
rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population,
sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of family income
in the lower economic groups.

Uruguay
Uruguay's well-to-do economy is characterized by an
export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, and
high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5%
annually during 1996-98, in 1999-2002 the economy suffered a major
downturn, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the
economic problems of its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. For
instance, in 2001-02 massive withdrawals by Argentina of dollars
deposited in Uruguayan banks led to a plunge in the Uruguyan peso
and a massive rise in unemployment. Total GDP in these four years
dropped by nearly 20%, with 2002 the worst year due to the serious
banking crisis. Unemployment rose to nearly 20% in 2002, inflation
surged, and the burden of external debt doubled. Cooperation with
the IMF limited the damage. The debt swap with private creditors
carried out in 2003, which extended the maturity dates on nearly
half of Uruguay's $11.3 billion in public debt, substantially
alleviated the country's amortization burden in the coming years and
restored public confidence. The economy grew about 10% in 2004 as a
result of high commodity prices for Uruguayan exports, the weakness
of the dollar against the euro, growth in the region, low
international interest rates, and greater export competitiveness.

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11%
consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than
60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities.
Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter, a
large producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant
producer of chemicals and machinery. Following independence in
December 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style
command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and
prices. Uzbekistan responded to the negative external conditions
generated by the Asian and Russian financial crises by emphasizing
import substitute industrialization and by tightening export and
currency controls within its already largely closed economy. The
government, while aware of the need to improve the investment
climate, sponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, the
government's control over business decisions. A sharp increase in
the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of
society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted the
obligations of Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict
currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the
effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that
have further stifled economic activity.

Vanuatu
This South Pacific island economy is based primarily on
small-scale agriculture, which provides a living for 65% of the
population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with
about 50,000 visitors in 2004, are other mainstays of the economy.
Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum
deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market.
Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is
hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main
markets and between constituent islands. GDP growth rose less than
3% on average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the
government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore
financial center. In mid-2002 the government stepped up efforts to
boost tourism. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a
second target for growth. Australia and New Zealand are the main
suppliers of tourists and foreign aid.

Venezuela
Venezuela continues to be highly dependent on the
petroleum sector, accounting for roughly one-third of GDP, around
80% of export earnings, and over half of government operating
revenues. A disastrous two-month national oil strike from December
2002 to February 2003, temporarily halted economic activity. The
economy remained in depression in 2003, declining by 9.2% after an
8.9% fall in 2002. Despite continued domestic instability, output
recovered strongly in 2004, aided by high oil prices. Both inflation
and unemployment remain fundamental problems.

Vietnam
Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in
the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the
loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the
rigidities of a centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was
achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low
level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth
averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy
and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress towards
a market oriented economy. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in
1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth then rose to 7% in 2000-04 even against
the background of global recession. Since 2001, however, Vietnamese
authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic
liberalization and international integration. They have moved to
implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and
to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. However,
equitization of state-owned enterprises and reduction in the
proportion of non-performing loans has fallen behind schedule.
Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry
into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade in December 2001 have
led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade and economic
regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and again in
2003. Vietnam is working toward accession to the WTO in 2005. Among
other benefits, accession will allow Vietnam to take advantage of
the phase out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which
eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO partners on 1
January 2005. Vietnam is working to promote job creation to keep up
with the country's high population growth rate. However, in 2004,
high levels of inflation prompted Vietnamese authorities to tighten
monetary and fiscal policies.

Virgin Islands
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting
for 80% of GDP and employment. The islands normally host 2 million
visitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleum
refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch
assembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food being
imported. International business and financial services are a small
but growing component of the economy. One of the world's largest
petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are subject to
substantial damage from storms. The government is working to improve
fiscal discipline, to support construction projects in the private
sector, to expand tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and to
protect the environment.

Wake Island
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods
must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence
agriculture, with about 80% labor force earnings from agriculture
(coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing.
About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come
from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to
Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate
workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank
The West Bank - the larger of the two areas under the
Palestine Authority - has experienced a general decline in economic
growth and a degradation in economic conditions made worse since the
second intifadah began in September 2000. The downturn has been
largely the result of the Israeli closure policies - the imposition
of border closures in response to security incidents in Israel -
which disrupted labor and commodity market relationships. In 2001,
and even more severely in 2002, Israeli military measures in
Palestine Authority areas resulted in the destruction of much
capital plant, the disruption of administrative structure, and
widespread business closures. Including the Gaza Strip, the UN
estimates that more than 100,000 Palestinians out of the 125,000 who
used to work in Israeli settlements, or in joint industrial zones,
have lost their jobs. International aid of $2 billion to the West
Bank and Gaza strip in 2004 prevented the complete collapse of the
economy and allowed some reforms in the government's financial
operations. Meanwhile, unemployment has continued at more than half
the labor force. ARAFAT's death in 2004 leaves open more political
options that could affect the economy.

Western Sahara
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,
and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the
population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable
agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban
population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities
are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Moroccan energy interests
in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western
Sahara, which has angered the Polisario. Incomes and standards of
living in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World
Global output rose by 4.9% in 2004, led by China (9.1%),
Russia (6.7%), and India (6.2%). The other 14 successor nations of
the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced
widely divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as
strong performers, in the 7% range of growth. Growth results posted
by the major industrial countries varied from a small gain in Italy
(1.3%) to a strong gain by the United States (4.4%). The developing
nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries
facing population increases that erode gains in output. Externally,
the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is
steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods,
funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often
finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional
movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in
many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the
former Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.
Externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers
to international bodies, notably the European Union. In Western
Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of
channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase
investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The
addition of 75 million people each year to an already overcrowded
globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification,
underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own
internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries
devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer
areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view,
are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of the euro as
the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while
paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic
risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political
differences among the participating nations. The terrorist attacks
on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuate a further growing risk to
global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of
resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The
opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq
added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the
coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high
economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major
global problems that continued into 2005.

Yemen
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, has
reported strong growth since 2000, but its economic fortunes depend
mostly on oil. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural
adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline the economy,
which has led to substantial foreign debt relief and restructuring.
Yemen has worked to maintain tight control over spending and to
implement additional components of the IMF program, but a high
population growth rate and internal political dissension complicate
the government's task. Plans include a diversification of the
economy, encouragement of tourism, and more efficient use of scarce
water resources.

Zambia
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economic growth remains somewhat below the 5% to 7% needed
to reduce poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned
copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses
generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for
copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth.
Copper output increased in 2004 and is expected to increase again in
2005, due to higher copper prices and the opening of new mines. The
maize harvest was again good in 2004, helping boost GDP and
agricultural exports. Cooperation continues with international
bodies on programs to reduce poverty, including a new lending
arrangement with the IMF in the second quarter, 2004. A tighter
monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia still has a
serious problem with fiscal discipline.

Zimbabwe
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable
fiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and
bare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of
dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been
suspended because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals.
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 133% at the end
of 2004, while the exchange rate fell from 24 Zimbabwean dollars per
US dollar to 6,200 in the same time period. The government's land
reform program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly
damaged the commercial farming sector, the traditional source of
exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs.

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2117 Pipelines (km)

Afghanistan
gas 387 km (2004)

Albania
gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2004)

Algeria
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas
2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2004)

Angola
gas 214 km; liquid natural gas 14 km; liquid petroleum gas 30
km; oil 837 km; refined products 56 km (2004)

Argentina
gas 27,166 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 3,668 km;
refined products 2,945 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2004)

Armenia
gas 1,871 km (2004)

Australia
condensate/gas 492 km; gas 28,680 km; liquid petroleum gas
240 km; oil 4,773 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2004)

Austria
gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2004)

Azerbaijan
gas 4,451 km; oil 1,518 km (2004)

Bahrain
gas 20 km; oil 53 km (2004)

Bangladesh
gas 2,012 km (2004)

Belarus
gas 5,223 km; oil 2,443 km; refined products 1,686 km (2004)

Belgium
gas 1,485 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2004)

Bolivia
gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,457 km;
refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2004)

Brazil
condensate/gas 244 km; gas 10,739 km; liquid petroleum gas
341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2004)

Brunei
gas 665 km; oil 439 km (2004)

Bulgaria
gas 2,425 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2004)

Burma
gas 2,056 km; oil 558 km (2004)

Cameroon
gas 90 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,120 km (2004)

Canada
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980
km (2003)

Chad
oil 205 km (2004)

Chile
gas 2,583 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil
1,003 km; refined products 757 km (2004)

China
gas 15,890 km; oil 14,478 km; refined products 3,280 km (2004)

Colombia
gas 4,360 km; oil 6,134 km; refined products 3,140 km (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
gas 54 km; oil 71 km (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
gas 53 km; oil 646 km (2004)

Costa Rica
refined products 242 km (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
condensate 107 km; gas 223 km; oil 104 km (2004)

Croatia
gas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2004)

Cuba
gas 49 km; oil 230 km (2004)

Czech Republic
gas 7,020 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km
(2004)

Denmark
condensate 12 km; gas 3,892 km; oil 455 km; oil/gas/water 2
km; unknown (oil/water) 64 km (2004)

Ecuador
extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined
products 1,185 km (2004)

Egypt
condensate 289 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,115 km; liquid
petroleum gas 852 km; oil 5,032 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refined
products 246 km (2004)

Equatorial Guinea condensate 37 km; gas 39 km; liquid natural gas 4 km; oil 24 km (2004)

Estonia
gas 859 km (2004)

Finland
gas 694 km (2004)

France
gas 14,232 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2004)

Gabon
gas 210 km; oil 1,385 km (2004)

Georgia
gas 1,697 km; oil 1,027 km; refined products 232 km (2004)

Germany
condensate 325 km; gas 25,293 km; oil 3,540 km; refined
products 3,827 km (2004)

Ghana
refined products 74 km (2004)

Greece
gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2004)

Guatemala
oil 480 km (2004)

Hungary
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2004)

India
gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km;
refined products 5,567 km (2004)

Indonesia
condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km;
oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products 1,329 km (2004)

Iran
condensate/gas 212 km; gas 16,998 km; liquid petroleum gas 570
km; oil 8,256 km; refined products 7,808 km (2004)

Iraq
gas 1,739 km; oil 5,418 km; refined products 1,343 km (2004)

Ireland
gas 1,795 km (2004)

Israel
gas 140 km; oil 1,509 km (2004)

Italy
gas 17,335 km; oil 1,136 km (2004)

Japan
gas 2,719 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2004)

Jordan
gas 10 km; oil 743 km (2004)

Kazakhstan
condensate 18 km; gas 10,370 km; oil 10,158 km; refined
products 1,187 km (2004)

Kenya
refined products 752 km (2004)

Korea, North
oil 154 km (2004)

Korea, South
gas 1,433 km; refined products 827 km (2004)

Kuwait
gas 169 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
gas 367 km; oil 13 km (2004)

Laos
refined products 540 km (2004)

Latvia
gas 1,097 km; oil 409 km; refined products 415 km (2004)

Lebanon
oil 209 km (2004)

Libya
condensate 225 km; gas 3,611 km; oil 7,252 km (2004)

Liechtenstein
gas 20 km (2004)

Lithuania
gas 1,696 km; oil 331 km; refined products 109 km (2004)

Luxembourg
gas 155 km (2004)

Macedonia
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2004)

Malaysia
condensate 279 km; gas 5,047 km; oil 1,841 km; refined
products 114 km (2004)

Mexico
crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural
gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km (2003)

Moldova
gas 606 km (2004)

Morocco
gas 695 km; oil 285 km (2004)

Mozambique
gas 649 km; refined products 292 km (2004)

Netherlands
condensate 325 km; gas 6,998 km; oil 590 km; refined
products 716 km (2004)

New Zealand
gas 2,213 km; liquid petroleum gas 79 km; oil 160 km;
refined products 304 km (2004)

Nicaragua
oil 54 km (2004)

Nigeria
condensate 105 km; gas 1,896 km; oil 3,638 km; refined
products 3,626 km (2004)

Norway
condensate 411 km; gas 6,199 km; oil 2,213 km; oil/gas/water
746 km; unknown (oil/water) 38 km (2004)

Oman
gas 3,754 km; oil 3,212 km (2004)

Pakistan
gas 9,945 km; oil 1,821 km (2004)

Papua New Guinea
oil 264 km (2004)

Peru
gas 388 km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004)

Philippines
gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 100 km (2004)

Poland
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,772 km (2004)

Portugal
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2004)

Qatar
condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 702 km; oil/gas/water 41 km (2004)

Romania
gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2004)

Russia
condensate 122 km; gas 150,007 km; oil 75,539 km; refined
products 13,771 km (2004)

Saudi Arabia
condensate 212 km; gas 1,780 km; liquid petroleum gas
1,191 km; oil 5,068 km; refined products 1,162 km (2004)

Senegal
gas 564 km (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2004)

Singapore
gas 139 km (2004)

Slovakia
gas 6,769 km; oil 449 km (2004)

Slovenia
gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2004)

South Africa
condensate 100 km; gas 1,052 km; oil 847 km; refined
products 1,354 km (2004)

Spain
gas 7,306 km; oil 730 km; refined products 3,512 km (2004)

Sudan
gas 156 km; oil 2,365 km; refined products 810 km (2004)

Suriname
oil 51 km (2004)

Sweden
gas 798 km (2004)

Switzerland
gas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2004)

Syria
gas 2,300 km; oil 2,183 km (2004)

Taiwan
condensate 25 km; gas 435 km (2004)

Tajikistan
gas 541 km; oil 38 km (2004)

Tanzania
gas 29 km; oil 866 km (2004)

Thailand
gas 3,112 km; refined products 265 km (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago condensate 253 km; gas 1,117 km; oil 478 km (2004)

Tunisia
gas 3,059 km; oil 1,203 km; refined products 345 km (2004)

Turkey
gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)

Turkmenistan
gas 6,549 km; oil 1,395 km (2004)

Ukraine
gas 20,069 km; oil 4,540 km; refined products 4,169 km (2004)

United Arab Emirates
condensate 469 km; gas 2,655 km; liquid
petroleum gas 300 km; oil 2,936 km; oil/gas/water 5 km (2004)

United Kingdom
condensate 370 km; gas 21,446 km; liquid petroleum
gas 59 km; oil 6,420 km; oil/gas/water 63 km; refined products 4,474
km (2004)

United States
petroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km
(2003)

Uruguay
gas 192 km (2004)

Uzbekistan
gas 9,149 km; oil 869 km; refined products 33 km (2004)

Venezuela
extra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,262 km; oil 7,360 km;
refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2004)

Vietnam
condensate/gas 432 km; gas 210 km; oil 3 km; refined
products 206 km (2004)

Yemen
gas 88 km; oil 1,174 km (2004)

Zambia
oil 771 km (2004)

Zimbabwe
refined products 261 km (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2118 Political parties and leaders

Afghanistan
note - includes only political parties approved by the
Ministry of Justice: Afghan Millat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; De
Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz TANAI]; De Afghanistan
De Solay Mili Islami Gond [Shah Mahmood Polal ZAI]; Harakat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Asif MOHSINEE];
Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Iihaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];
Hezb-e-Aazadee Afghanistan [Abdul MALIK]; Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Kabeer MARZBAN]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid
[Mohammad Wasil RAHEEMEE]; Hezb-e-Afghan Watan Islami Gond [leader
NA]; Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan [Latif PEDRAM];
Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad ZAREEF];
Hezb-e-Libral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SOHAIL];
Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil
KARZAI]; Hezb-e-Hamnbatagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Nadir AATASH];
Hezb-e-Harak-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said Hssain
ANWARY]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan
[Baryalai NASRATEE]; Hezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Gh. Farooq
NIJZRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahan [Sibghatullah SANJAR];
Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiar OMID]; Hezb-e-Mili
Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed AARYAN]; Hezb-e-Mili
Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANEE];
Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOUD];
Hezb-e-Paiwand-e-Mili Afghanistan [Said Mansoor NADIRI];
Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Said ZAHIR];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASEEQ];
Hezb-e-Risalat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEEN];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Wa Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Usman
SALIGZADA]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Abdul
Qahir SHARYATEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul
Qadir IMAMEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum-e-Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Ahamad
SHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim
KHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ustad
Mohammad MOHAQQEQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed
Jalili]; Jamahat-ul-Dahwat ilal Qurhan-wa-Sunat-ul-Afghanistan
[Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e Milli [Abdul Rashid
DOSTAM]; Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Said Ahmad GAILANEE];
Majmah-e-Mili Fahaleen-e-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shams ul Haq Noor
SHAMS]; Nuhzat-e-Aazadee Wa democracy Afghanistan [Abdul Raqeeb
Jawid KUHISTANEE]; Nuhzat-e-Hambastagee Mili Afghanistan [Peer Said
Ishaq GAILANEE]; Sazman-e-Islami Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Siad Jawad
HUSSAINEE]; Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili [Sultan Mahmood DHAZI] (30 Sep
2004)

Albania
Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nikolle LESI]; Communist Party of
Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or PAD
[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality
Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or PBL
[Arjan STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK
[Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party
of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Party
or PDR [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic Party
or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI
[Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albanian Party of
Labor) [Fatos NANO]; Union for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel
DULE]

Algeria
Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; Democratic
National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation
Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi
MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR (self-exiled in Germany)]; National Entente
Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National Liberation Front or FLN
[Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general (also serves as Foreign
Minister)]; National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN)
[Abdellah DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine
TERKMANE]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for
Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general];
Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist
Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general
(self-exiled in Switzerland)]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed
KHELIL]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boujerra SOLTANI];
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted
in March 1997

American Samoa
Democratic Party [Oreta M. TOGAFAU]; Republican Party
[Tautai A. F. FAALEVAO]

Andorra
Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic
Party or PD) [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA (formerly
Liberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT]; Social Democratic Party or PS
(formerly part of National Democratic Group or AND) [Mariona
GONZALEZ REOLIT]

Angola
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA], largest
opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS
SANTOS], ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or
PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections
but only won a few seats and have little influence in the National
Assembly

Anguilla
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The
Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a
coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla
National Alliance or ANA; Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy
ROGERS]; Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United
Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three
opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP,
Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor
Movement or PLM)

Argentina
Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO];
Alternative for a Republic of Equals or ARI [Elisa CARRIO]; Federal
Recreate Movement or RECREAR [Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY]; Front for a
Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition) [Dario
Pedro ALESSANDRO]; Interbloque Federal or IF (a broad coalition of
approximately 12 parties including RECREAR) [leader NA];
Justicialist Party or PJ (Peronist umbrella political organization)
[leader NA]; Radical Civic Union or UCR [Angel ROZAS]; Socialist
Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All [Patricia BULLRICH];
several provincial parties

Armenia
Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALIAN]; Armenia Party
[Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Alex
ARZUMANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK
[Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Vahan HOVHANISSIAN]; Democratic Party
[Aram SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,
National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, and the
People's Party) [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; National Democratic Party
[Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen
MANUKIAN]; National Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman];
People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party
[Albert BAZEYAN and Aram SARKISYAN, chairmen]; Republican Party or
RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Rule of Law Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN,
chairman]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant KHACHATURYAN];
United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENIAN]

Aruba
Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]; Aruban
Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic
Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA
[Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN]; People's
Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; Real Democracy
or PDR [Andin BIKKER]; RED [Rudy LAMPE]; Workers Political Platform
or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Australia
Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Labor Party
[Kim BEAZLEY]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES];
Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD];
The Nationals [Mark VAILE]; One Nation Party [Len HARRIS]; Family
First Party [Steve FIELDING]

Austria
Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Joerg HAIDER];
Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party
of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social Democratic
Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [Alexander
VAN DER BELLEN]

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of
"Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic"
faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic
Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA
[Ramiz AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Party
for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party
[Ilyas ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat
HACIYEVA]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party or
NAP [vacant]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA
[Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan
or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Bahamas, The
Free National Movement or FNM [Tommy TURNQUEST];
Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Bahrain
political parties prohibited but politically oriented
societies are allowed

Bangladesh
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party
or BNP [Khaleda ZIA, chairperson]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti
Fazlul Haq AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];
Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]

Barbados
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor
Party or DLP [Clyde Mascoll]

Belarus
Pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [leader NA];
Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [leader NA]; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH];
Social-Sports Party [leader NA]; Opposition parties: Belarusian
Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat
Party Narodnaya Gromada or BSDP NG [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman];
Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH,
chairman]; United Civic Party or UCP [Anatol LEBEDKO]; Party of
Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Women's
Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina MATUSEVICH, chairperson]
note: the opposition Belarusian Party of Labor [Aleksandr
BUKHVOSTOV] was liquidated in August 2004, but remains active

Belgium
Flemish parties: Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V
[Jo VANDEURZEN]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS];
GROEN! (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; New Flemish
Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Socialist Party.Alternative or SP.A
[Caroline GENNEZ]; Spirit [Geert LAMBERT] (new party now associated
with SP.A); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Frank VANHECKE]
Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
Evelyne HUYTEBROECK, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center
of CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET];
Reformist Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS
[Elio DI RUPO]; other minor parties

Belize
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party
chairman]

Benin
African Congress for Renewal or DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; African
Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN];
Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD [Bruno AMOUSSOU];
Coalition of Democratic Forces [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal and
Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progress
and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Key Force or FC [leader NA];
Presidential Movement (UBF, MADEP, FC, IDP, and four small parties);
Renaissance Party du Benin or PRB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star
Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow's Benin
or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Bermuda
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [William Alexander SCOTT];
United Bermuda Party or UBP [Grant GIBBONS]

Bhutan
no legal parties

Bolivia
Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic
Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or
MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or
VIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR
[Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Evo MORALES];
Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO]; Nationalist
Democratic Action or ADN [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez];
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [leader NA]; New
Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti Indigenous
Movement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE]; Socialist Party or PS [Jeres
JUSTINIANO]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or
SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croatian Democratic Union
of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BH [Barisa COLAK]; Croat Christian
Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Mijo
IVANIC-LONIC]; Croat Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRISTIC]; Croat
Peasants Party or HSS [Marko TADIC]; Democratic National Union or
DNZ [Fikret ABDIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC];
New Croat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and
Herzegovina or SBiH [Safet HALILOVIC]; Party of Democratic Action or
SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen
IVANIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan CAVIC - acting]; Serb
Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA];
Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav
KANJERIC]; Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko
LAGUMDZIJA]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Miro LAZOVIC];
Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Botswana
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE];
Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Congress
Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or
BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties
are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the
Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; and the Botswana
Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Federal Deputy Roberto
JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator
Eduardo AZAREDO]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy
Miguel ARRAES]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Renato RABELO];
Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos LUPI]; Democratic Socialist
Party or PSD [Pedro Miguel SANTANA LOPES]; Green Party or PV [Jose
Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Senator Jorge
BORNHAUSEN]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy Valdemar COSTA
Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA [Federal Deputy
Dr. Eneas CARNEIRO]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy
Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro
CORREA]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS];
Worker's Party or PT [Jose GENOINO]

British Virgin Islands
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]

Brunei
National Development Party (NDP) [Yassin AFFENDI]; National
Unity Party of Brunei (PPKB) [leader NA]; People's Awareness Party
(PAKAR) [leader NA]
note: parties are small and inactive (2005)

Bulgaria
Attack National Union [Volen Siderov]; ATAKA (Attack
Coalition) (coalition of parties headed by the Attack National
Union); Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU
[Anastasia MOZER]; Bulgarian People's Union or BPU (coalition of
UFD, IMRO, and BANU); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei
STANISHEV]; Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties
dominated by BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong
Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization or IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights
and Freedoms or MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II
or NMS2 [Simeon SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union
of Democratic Forces or UDF [Nadezhda MIKHAYLOVA]; Union of Free
Democrats or UFD [Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or
UtDF (a coalition of center-right parties dominated by UDF)

Burkina Faso
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Confederation for Federation
and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for
Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement
for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party
for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Socialist Party
or PS [leader NA]; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina
Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]

Burma
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP
(pro-government) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy
or SNLD [KHUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties

Burundi
the three national, mainstream, governing parties are: Unity
for National Progress or UPRONA [Jean-Baptiste MANWANGARI, secretary
general]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI,
president]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Front for
the Defense of Democracy of CNDD-FDD [Pierre NKURUNZIZA, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
National Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen
or MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National
Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Cambodia
Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or
CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral,
Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM
Ranariddh]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA];
Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];
Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC
[leader Marcel YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC
[Dieudonne TINA]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP
[Maigari BELLO BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU
NDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin Frederic
KODOCK]

Canada
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada
(a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative
Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Green Party [Jim HARRIS]; Liberal Party
[Paul MARTIN]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

Cape Verde
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change
or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];
Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president];
Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES, president]; Party
for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president];
Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias RODRIGUES, president];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]

Cayman Islands
no national teams (loose groupings of political
organizations) were formed for the 2000 elections; United Democratic
Party or UDP [leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement or
PPM [leader Kurt TIBBETTS]

Central African Republic
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC
[Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA];
Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal
Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for
Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the
Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [the party of
deposed president, Ange-Felix PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress
or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre
Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO];
National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO];
Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol Mahamat CHOUA]; Union
for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE];
Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire
COUMAKOYE]

Chile
Alliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC (including National
Renewal or RN [Sebastian PINERA] and Independent Democratic Union or
UDI [Pablo LONGUEIRA]); Coalition of Parties for Democracy
("Concertacion") or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC
[Adolfo ZALDIVAR], Socialist Party or PS [Gonzalo MARTNER], Party
for Democracy or PPD [Victor BARRUETO], Radical Social Democratic
Party or PRSD [Orlando CANTUARIAS]); Communist Party or PC [Gladys
MARIN]

China
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretary
of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled
by CCP

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Colombian Communist Party or PCC [Jaime CAICEDO];
Conservative Party or PSC [Carlos HOLGUIN Sardi]; Democratic Pole or
PDI [Samuel MORENO Rojas]; Liberal Party or PL [Juan Fernando CRISTO]
note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties,
most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress

Comoros
Forces pour l'Action Republicaine or FAR [Col. Abdourazak
ABDULHAMID]; Forum pour la Redressement National or FRN (alliance of
12 parties); Front Democratique or FD [Moustoifa Said CHEIKH]; Front
National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [Ahmed
RACHID]; Movement des Citoyens pour la Republique or MCR [Mahamoud
MRADABI]; Mouvement Populaire Anjouanais or MPA (Anjouan separatist
movement) [leader NA]; Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress
or MDP-NGDC [Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Movement pour le Socialisme et la
Democratie or MSD (splinter group of FD) [Abdou SOEFOU]; Parti
Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE];
Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of the
government) [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Democratic Social Christian Party
or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Forces for Renovation for Union and
Solidarity or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY]; National Congolese
Lumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois LUMUMBA]; Popular Movement of
the Revolution or MPR (three factions: MPR-Fait Prive [Catherine
NZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga
[MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]); Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine
GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne
TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent
Republicans or UFERI (two factions: UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO];
UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])

Congo, Republic of the
the most important of the many parties are
the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of
Convention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT,
Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress,
Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for the
National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel
MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin
MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre
Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic
or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or
UDR [leader NA]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Geoffrey HENRY];
Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New Alliance
Party or NAP [Norman GEORGE]; Cook Islands National Party or CIN
[Teariki HEATHER]; Demo Party Tumu [Robert WOONTON]

Costa Rica
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or
PRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Juan Carlos
CHAVES Mora]; Democratic National Alliance [Emilia RODRIGUEZ];
General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega];
Homeland First [Juan Jose VARGAS]; Independent Worker Party or PIO
[Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML
[Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC
[Victor GONZALEZ]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ
Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio
PACHECO]; National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS
Vargas]; National Rescue Party or PRN [Carlos VARGAS Solano];
Patriotic Union [Humberto ARCE]; Popular Vanguard [Trino BARRANTES
Araya]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Lorena VASQUEZ Badilla]

Cote d'Ivoire
Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Eg Theodore MEL];
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or
PDCI-RDA [Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent
GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Rally of the
Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and
Peace or UDPCI [Paul Akoto YAO]; over 20 smaller parties

Croatia
Croatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC]; Croatian Christian
Democratic Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union
or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC];
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian Pensioner
Party or HSU [Vladimir JORDAN]; Croatian People's Party or HNS
[Vesna PUSIC] (in 2005 party merged with Libra to become Croatian
People's Party-Liberal Democrats or NS-LD [Vesna PUSIC]); Croatian
Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Ivan CEHOK]; Croatian True Revival
Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN]; Democratic Centre or DC [Vesna
SKARE-OZBOLT]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav
STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC];
Liberal Party or LS [Zlatko BENASIC]; Party of Liberal Democrats or
Libra [Jozo RADOS] (in 2005 merged with HNS); Social Democratic
Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

Cuba
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
first secretary]

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos
PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];
Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green
Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS]; New Horizons [Nikolaus KOUTSOU];
Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party)
[Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS
(formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Yiannakis
OMIROU]; United Democrats Movement or EDE [George VASSILIOU]; north
Cyprus: Democratic Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; National Birth
Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis
EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement
or YBH [Alpay DURDURAN]; Peace and Democratic Movement [Mustafa
AKINCI]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]

Czech Republic
Caucus SNK [Josef ZOSER]; Christian and Democratic
Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Miroslav KALOUSEK,
chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA,
chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Mirek TOPOLANEK,
chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Miroslav
GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or KSC
[Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National Social Party of CSNS
[Jaroslav ROVNY, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD
[Stanislav GROSS, acting chairman]; European Democrats [Jan KASL];
Freedom Union-Democratic Union or US-DEU [Hana Marvanova,
chairwoman]; Open Democracy [Sona PAUKRTOVA, chairwoman]

Denmark
Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian Democrats
(was Christian People's Party) [Marianne KARLSMOSE]; Conservative
Party (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt
BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party
[Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Social Democratic Party [Helle
THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the
Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Soren BALD, chairman];
Socialist People's Party [Villy SOEVNDAL]; Red-Green Unity List
(bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark,
Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]

Djibouti
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti
Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la
Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar
GUELLEH]; Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon
FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];
Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [leader NA]

Dominica
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica
Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; United Workers Party or UWP
[Edison JAMES]

Dominican Republic
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel
FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Vicente
Sanchez BARET]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Enrique
ATUN]

East Timor
Associacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [Francisco
Xavier do AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC
[Antonio XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC
[Vicente da Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando de
ARAUJO]; Liberal Party or PL [leader NA]; Maubere Democratic Party
or PDM [leader NA]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER];
Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Lu OLO];
Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario CARRASCALAO];
Socialist Party of Timor or PST [leader Avelino COELHO]; Sons of the
Mountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese Heroes) or
KOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union or UDT
[Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas DA
SILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]; Timorese
Popular Democratic Association or APODETI [Frederico Almeida-Santos
DA COSTA]

Ecuador
Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];
Democratic Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National Action
Institutional Renewal Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik
Movement [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio
GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel
FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta];
Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist
Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or
PS-FA [Victor GRANDA]

Egypt
Al-Ahrar Party [Helmi SALEM]; Nasserist Arab Democratic Party
or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (governing party)]; National Progressive
Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP
[No'man GOMAA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the
government

El Salvador
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER];
Democratic Convergence or CD (formerly United Democratic Center or
CDU) [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general]; Democratic Party or PD
[Jorge MELENDEZ]; Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN
[Medardo GONZALEZ]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo
SALGADO, president]; National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio
SALINAS, secretary general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN
[Ciro CRUZ ZEPEDA, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA
[Elias Antonio SACA Gonzalez]; Social Christian Union or USC (formed
by the merger of Christian Social Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity
Movement or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Juan MEDRANO]

Equatorial Guinea
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
[Placido MIKO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
(ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress
of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP
[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP
[Victorino Bolekia BONAY]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI
[Daniel OYONO]

Eritrea
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only
party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki]; note - a
National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in
January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or
voted on it

Estonia
Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR,
chairman]; Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN,
chairman]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP];
Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG,
chairman]; Pro Patria Union (Isamaaliit) [Tunne KELAM, chairman];
Res Publica [Juhan PARTS, chairman]; Social Democratic Party
(formerly People's Party Moodukad or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR,
chairman]; Social Liberals (group of 8 parliamentarians, former
Center Party members) [Peeter Kreitzberg]

Ethiopia
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA];
Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF
[Mulualem BESSE]; Coalition for Unity and Democracy or CUD [HAILU
Shawil]; Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF
[MELES Zenawi] (an alliance of ANDM, OPDO, SEPDF, and TPLF); Gurage
Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; United
Ethopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [MERARA Gudina]; dozens of small
parties

European Union
Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for
Europe or ALDE [Graham R. WATSON]; Independence/Democracy Group or
IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel FARAGE]; Group of
Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA [Monica FRASSONI and
Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT]; Socialist Group in the European Parliament
or PES [Martin SCHULZ]; Confederal Group of the European United
Left-Nordic Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's
Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Hans-Gert POETTERING]; Union for
Europe of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY and Cristiana
MUSCARDINI]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none; all independents

Faroe Islands
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party [Kari
P. HOJGAARD]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG]; Republican Party
[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union
Party [Kaj Oeo JOHANNESEN]

Fiji
Bai Kei Viti Party or BKV [Ratu Tevita MOMOEDONU]; Conservative
Alliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or MV [Ratu Rakuita VAKALALABURE];
Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic
Party or FDP [Felipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat
Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or
FAP [Adi Kuini SPEED], Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily
Fijian) [Felipe BOLE], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Tupeni
BABA]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDRHRY]; General Voters
Party or GVP [leader NA] (became part of United General Party);
Girmit Heritage Party or GHP [leader NA]; Justice and Freedom Party
or AIM [leader NA]; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR [leader NA];
National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];
Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of
National Unity or PANU [Meli BOGILEKA]; Party of the Truth or POTT
[leader NA]; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or
SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis Mick
BEDDOES]

Finland
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats
or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left
Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and
Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP
[Jan-Erik ENESTAM]

France
Citizen and Republican Movement or MCR [Jean Pierre
CHEVENEMENT]; Democratic and European Social Rally or RDSE (mainly
Radical Republican and Socialist Parties, and PRG) [Jacques
PELLETIER]; French Communist Party or PCF [Marie-George BUFFET];
Left Radical Party or PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS
and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Movement
for France or MPF [Philippe DE VILLIERS]; National Front or NF
[Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA];
Socialist Party or PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Greens [Yann WEHRLING,
national secretary]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Francois
BAYROU]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP (including RPR, DL, and
a part of UDF) [Nicolas SARKOZY]

French Guiana
Guyanese Democratic Action or ADG [Andre LECANTE];
Guyanese Socialist Party or PSG [Marie-Claude VERDAN]; Guyana
Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Popular National Guyanese
Party or PNPG [Jose DORCY]; Socialist Party or PS [Paul DEBRIETTE];
Union for a Popular Movement or UMP (includes RPR) [Muriel ICARE];
Walwari Committee (aligned with the PRG in France) [Christine
TAUBIRA-DELANON]

French Polynesia
Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia
(Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api)
[Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic of Polynesia or
RPR (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]; The New Star (Te Fetia
Api) [Philippe SHYLE]; This Country is Yours (No Oe E Te Nunaa)
[Nicle BOUTEAU]; Union for Democracy or UPD [Oscar TEMARU]

Gabon
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface
ASSELE]; Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide
Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE
[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG,
former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA]; Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE]; National Rally of
Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul
M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social
Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]; Union for
Democracy and Social Integration or UDIS [leader NA]; Union of
Gabonese People or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Gambia, The
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or
APRC - the ruling party [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; Gambian People's
Party-Progressive People's Party-United Democratic Party or
GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition [Ousainou DARBOE]; National Convention Party
or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat
N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for Independence and
Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]
note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowed
the reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties banned
since 1996

Georgia
Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People's
Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG
[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry
Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor
Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil
SAAKASHVILI] bloc composed of National Movement and
Burjanadze-Democrats; National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New
Right [David GAMKRELIDZE]; Republican Party [David BERDZENISHVILI];
Rightist Opposition [David GAMKRELIDZE] bloc composed of
Industrialists and New Right Party; Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli
MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; Union of National
Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and Zviad DZIDZIGURI]

Germany
Alliance '90/Greens [Angelika BEER and Reinhard BUETIKOFER];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or
FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Left Party or PDS/WASG [Oskar
LAFONTAINE and Gregor GYSI]; Party of Democratic Socialism or PDS
[Lothar BISKY]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Franz MUENTEFERING]

Ghana
Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general
secretary]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,
chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National
Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's
Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];
People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party
[Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]

Gibraltar
Gibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar Social
Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or
GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]

Greece
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Alekos
ALAVANOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New
Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];
Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU];
Popular Orthodox Rally [Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]

Greenland
Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring
continuing close relations with Denmark) [Augusta SALLING];
Demokratiit [Per BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo
Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence from
Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (Polar
Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an
independent right-of-center party with no official platform [leader
NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocating
more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from
Denmark) [Hans ENOKSEN]

Grenada
Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD];
National Democratic Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS]; New National
Party or NNP [Keith MITCHELL]; People Labor Movement or PLM [Dr.
Francis ALEXIS]

Guadeloupe
Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Mona CADOCE]; FGPS
[Dominique LARIFLA]; Left Radical Party or PRG [Flavien FERRANT];
Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Socialist Party
or PS [Marlene MELISSE and Favrot DAVRAIN]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]; Union for a Popular Movement or
UMP (including RPR) [Robert JOYEUX]

Guam
Democratic Party [leader Michael PHILLIPS]; Republican Party
(controls the legislature) [leader Philip J. FLORES]

Guatemala
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER];
Democratic Union or UD [Rodolfo PAIZ Andrade]; Grand National
Alliance or GANA [Oscar BERGER Perdomo]; Green Party or LOV [Rodolfo
ROSALES Garcis-Salaz]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG
[Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or
URNG [Alba ESTELA Maldonado, secretary general]; Guatemalan
Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for Guatemalan
Unity or MGU [Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principals and
Values or MPV [Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN
[Leonel LOPEZ Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope or
UNE [Alvarado COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN (formed
by an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of
whom subsequently defected) [led by three co-equal partners - Nineth
Varenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge Antonio
BALSELLS TUT]; Patriot Party or PP [retired General Otto PEREZ
Molina]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES
Molina]; Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE, secretary
general]; Unionista Party [leader NA]

Guernsey
none; all independents

Guinea
Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or
PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for
Progress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY]; Party for Unity and Progress
or PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; People's Party of
Guinea or PPG [Pascal TOLNO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG
[Alpha CONDE]; Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Mamadou
BA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]; Union for
Progress and Renewal or UPR [Siradiou DIALLO]; Union for Progress of
Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general]

Guinea-Bissau
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau
and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Front for the
Liberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY];
Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz
LOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES];
International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje
Bubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progress
or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for Democratic
Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS
[Kumba YALA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr.
Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Platform or UP [coalition
formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB]; United Social Democratic
Party or PUSD [Francisco Jose FADUL]

Guyana
Alliance for Guyana or AFG (includes Guyana Labor Party or
GLP and Working People's Alliance or WPA) [Rupert ROOPNARAINE];
Guyana Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Guyana Labor Party or GLP
[leader NA]; People's National Congress or PNC [Robert Herman
Orlando CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or PPP/C [Bharrat
JAGDEO]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi DEV]; The United
Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; Working People's Alliance or WPA
[Rupert ROOPNARAINE]

Haiti
Alliance for the Liberation and Advancement of Haiti or ALAH
[Reynold GEORGES]; Assembly of Progressive National Democrats or
RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Ayiti Kapab [Ernst VERDIEU]; Convention for
Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]; National Congress of
Democratic Movements or KONAKOM [Victor BENOIT]; Nationalist
Progressive Revolutionary Party or PANPRA [Serge GILLES]; Democratic
Movement for the Liberation of Haiti or MODELH [Francois LATORTUE];
Grand Center Right Front coalition (composed of MDN, MRN, and PDCH)
[Hubert de RONCERAY, Jean BUTEAU, Osner FEVRY and Marie-Denise
CLAUDE]; Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and
Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic Party or PADEMH [Clark
PARENT]; Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement or MODEREH [Dany
TOUSSAINT and Pierre Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together [Dr. Gerard
BLOT]; Lavalas Family or FL [leader NA]; Liberal Party of Haiti or
PLH [Michael MADSEN]; Mobilization for National Development or MDN
[Hubert DE RONCERAY]; Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN
[Jean Henold BUTEAU]; Movement for the Installation of Democracy in
Haiti or MIDH [Marc BAZIN]; National Front for the Reconstruction of
Haiti or FRON [Guy PHILIPPE]; National Progressive Democratic Party
or PNDPH [Turneb DELPE]; New Christian Movement for a New Haiti or
MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open the Gate Party (Parti Louvri Bayre) or
PLB [leader NA]; Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti, or
Generation 2000 [Claude ROMAIN and Daniel SUPPLICE]; Struggling
People's Organization or OPL [Edgard LEBLANC]; MNP28 [Dejean
BELIZAIRE]; KOMBA [Evans LESCOUFLAIR]

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Juan Ramon VELAZQUEZ
Nassar]; Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Matias FUNES]; Liberal
Party or PL [Roberto MICHELETTI Bain]; National Innovation and Unity
Party-Social Democratic Party or PINU-SD [Olban F. VALLADARES];
National Party of Honduras or PN [Jose Celin DISCUA Elvir]; United
Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH

Hong Kong
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee, chairman]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN
Kai-chung]; Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong or
DAB [MA Lik, chairman]; Democratic Party [LEE Wing-tat, chairman];
Frontier Party [Emily LAU Wai-hing, chairwoman]; Liberal Party
[James TIEN Pei-chun, chairman]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - Association for
Democracy and People's Livelihood, Democratic Party, Frontier Party;
pro-Beijing - Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, Liberal Party

Hungary
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE];
Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman];
Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian
Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman];
Hungarian Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman];
Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]

Iceland
Independence Party or IP [David ODDSSON]; Left-Green
Alliance or LGP [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon
KRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON]; Social
Democratic Alliance (includes People's Alliance or PA, Social
Democratic Party or SDP, Women's List) or SDA [Ingibjorg Solrun
GISLADOTTIR]

India
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C.
Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All India Forward Bloc or AIFB, [Debabrata
BISWAS]; Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; Bahujan Samaj Party
or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Lal Krishna
ADVANI]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of
India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India
(Marxist) or CPI (M) Hakishan Singh SURJEET]; Congress (I) Party
[Sonia GANDHI]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a regional party
in Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indian National Congress or INC
[Sonia GANDHI]; Indian National League [Suliaman SAITH]; Janata Dal
(Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad
YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [leader NA]; Kerala Congress
(Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [leader
NA]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim
League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad
PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA]; Rashtriya Janata
Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Revolutionary Socialist Party or
RSP [Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV];
Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal
THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; Telangana Rashtra
Samithi or TRS [leader NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu
NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE]

Indonesia
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,
chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO, chairman];
Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA, chairman]; Indonesia
Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,
chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB,
chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];
Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; United
Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]

Iran
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in
Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political
pressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reform coalition
called the 2nd Khordad front, which includes political parties as
well as less formal pressure groups and organizations, achieved
considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000;
groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front
(IIPF); Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran); Solidarity
Party; Islamic Labor Party; Mardom Salari; Mojahedin of the Islamic
Revolution Organization (MIRO); and Militant Clerics Society
(Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles
elections in early 2004; a new apparently conservative group, the
Builders of Islamic Iran, took a leading position in the new Majles
after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004

Iraq
Al-Sadr Movement [Muqtada Al-SADR]; Constitutional Monarchy
Movement or CMM [Sharif Ali Bin al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim
al-JA'FARI]; Independent Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB];
Iraqi Hizballah [Karim Mahud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi Independent
Democrats or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic
Party or IIP [Muhsin Abd al-HAMID, Hajim al-HASSANI]; Iraqi National
Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad
CHALABI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmad al-KUBAYSI,
chairman]; Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Ayatollah Muhammad ' Ali
al-YAQUBI]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI];
Muslim Ulama Council or MUC [Harith Sulayman al-DARI, secretary
general]; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]
note: the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan, the Iraqi
List, and the United Iraqi Alliance were only electoral slates
consisting of the representatives from the various Iraqi political
parties

Ireland
Fianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green
Party [Trevor SARGENT]; Labor Party [Pat RABITTE]; Progressive
Democrats [Mary HARNEY]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist Party
[Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]

Israel
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (Hadash) [Muhammad
BARAKA]; Green Leaf Party (no longer active) [Boaz WACHTEL and
Shlomi SANDAK]; Herut (no longer active) [Michael KLEINER]; Labor
Party [Shimon PERES]; Likud Party [Ariel SHARON]; Meretz (merged
with YAHAD) [Zahava GALON]; National Democratic Assembly (Balad)
[Azmi BISHARA]; National Religious Party [Ephraim "Efie" EITAM];
National Union (Haichud Haleumi) [Avigdor LIBERMAN] (includes Tekuma
Moledet and Yisra'el Beiteinu); One Nation [David TAL]; Shas
[Eliyahu YISHAI]; Shinui [Yosef "Tommy" LAPID]; United Arab List
[Abd al-Malik DAHAMSHAH]; United Torah Judaism [Yaakov LITZMAN];
YAHAD [Yossi BEILIN]; Yisra'el Ba'Aliya or YBA (merged with Likud)
[Natan SHARANSKY]

Italy
Center-Left Olive Tree Coalition [Francesco RUTELLI] -
Democrats of the Left, Daisy Alliance (including Italian Popular
Party, Italian Renewal, Union of Democrats for Europe, The
Democrats), Sunflower Alliance (including Green Federation, Italian
Democratic Socialists), Italian Communist Party; Center-Right
Freedom House Coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly House of
Liberties and Freedom Alliance) - Forza Italia, National Alliance,
The Whiteflower Alliance (includes Christian Democratic Center,
United Christian Democrats), Northern League; Democrats of the Left
or DS [Piero FASSINO]; Forza Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; Green
Federation [Alfonso Pecoraro SCANIO]; Italian Communist Party or
PdCI [Armando COSSUTTA]; Italian Renewal or RI [Lamberto DINI];
merged with PPI and I Democratici to form La Margherita (or The
Daisy Alliance); Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico BOSELLI];
Lega Padana [Roberto BERNARDELLI]; National Alliance or AN
[Gianfranco FINI]; Northern League or NL [Umberto BOSSI]; Per le
Autonomie [leader NA]; Socialist Movement-Tricolor Flame or
MS-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI]; South Tyrol People's Party or SVP
(German speakers) [Elmar Pichler ROLLE]; Sunflower Alliance
(includes Green Federation, Italian Social Democrats); The Daisy
Alliance (includes Italian Popular Party, Italian Renewal, Union of
Democrats for Europe, The Democrats) [Francesco RUTELLI]; The
Democrats [Arturo PARISI]; The Radicals (formerly Pannella Reformers
and Autonomous List) [Marco PANNELLA]; Union of Democrats for Europe
or UDEUR [Clemente MASTELLA]; Union of Christian and Center
Democrats or UDC [Marco FOLLINI]

Jamaica
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; National
Democratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National
Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

Japan
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Seiji MAEHARA, leader; Yukio
HATOYAMA, secretary general]; Japan Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo
SHII, chairman; Tadayoshi ICHIDA, secretary general]; Komeito
[Takenori KANZAKI, president; Tetsuzo FUYUSHIBA, secretary general];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Junichiro KOIZUMI, president;
Tsutomu TAKEBE, secretary general]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA, chairperson; Seiji MATAICHI, secretary general]

Jersey
none; all independents

Jordan
Al-Ajyal [Muhammad KHALAYLEH, secretary general]; Al-Umma
(Nation) Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; Arab Land
Party [Dr. Ayishah Salih HIJAZAYN, secretary general]; Ba'th Arab
Progressive Party [Fu'ad DABBUR, secretary general]; Communist Party
[Munir HAMARINAH, secretary general]; Constitutional National Party
[Ahmad al-SHUNNAQ, secretary general; Democratic Arab Islamic
Movement [Yusuf ABU BAKR, president]; Green Party [Muhammad
BATAYNEH, secretary general]; Islamic Action Front [Hazma MANSOUR,
secretary general]; Islamic al-Walsat Party [Marwan al-FAURI],
secretary general; Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH,
secretary general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id
Dhiyab Ali MUSTAFA, secretary general]; Jordanian People's
Democratic (Hashd) Party [Ahmad YUSUF, secretary general]; Jordanian
Progressive Party [Fawwaz al-ZUBI, secretary general]; Labor Party
[Dr. Mazin Sulayman Jiryis HANNA, secretary general]; Muslim
Centrist Party [leader NA]; National Action (Haqq) Party [Tariq
al-KAYYALI, secretary general]; National Constitutional Party [Abdul
Hadi MAJALI, secretary general]; National Movement for Direct
Democracy [Mahmud al-NUWAYHI, secretary general]; Pan-Arab
(Democratic) Movement [Mahmud al-NUWAYHI, secretary general]; (Arab)
Socialist Ba'th Party [Taysir al-HIMSI, secretary general]

Kazakhstan
Agrarian Party [Romin MADINOV]; Ak Zhol Party "Bright
Path" [Bulat ABILOV, Uraz ZHANDOSOV, Lyudmila ZHULANOVA, Alikhan
BAYMENOV, Altynbek SARSENBAYEV, co-chairs]; ASAR "All Together"
[Dariga NAZARBAYEVA, chairwoman]; AUL "Village" [Gani KALIYEV];
Civic Party [Azat PERUASHEV, first secretary]; Communist Party or
KPK [Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's
Party of Kazakhstan [Vladislav KOSAREV]; Democratic Party of
Kazakhstan [Maksut NARIKBAEV]; Otan "Fatherland" [Bakhytzhan
ZHUMAGULOV, acting chairman]; Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV];
Rukhaniyat [Altynshash JAGANOVA]

Kenya
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People
[Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU
[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI] -
the governing party

Kiribati
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON];
Maneaban Te Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Pati
or MKP [leader NA]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. Harry
TONG]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Korea, North
major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong
Il, general secretary]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU
Mi Yong, chairwoman] (under KWP control); Social Democratic Party
[KIM Yong Dae, chairman] (under KWP control)

Korea, South
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [KIM Hye-kyung,
chairwoman]; Democratic Party or DP [HAHN Hwa-kap, chairman]; Grand
National Party or GNP [PARK Geun-hye, chairwoman]; United Liberal
Democrats or ULD [KIM Hak-won, chairman]; Uri Party [MOON Hee-sang,
chairman]

Kuwait
none; formation of political parties is illegal

Kyrgyzstan
Adilet (Justice) Party [Toychubek KASYMOV]; Agrarian
Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson SYDYKOV]; Agrarian Party of
Kyrgyzstan [Erkin ALIYEV]; Alga, Kyrgyzstan (Forward, Kyrgyzstan)
[Bolot BEGALIYEV]; Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba
(Banner National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV]; Ata-Meken
(Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan
[Klara ADZHIBEKOVA]; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar
JEKSHEYEV]; Erkin Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party
[Bektur ASANOV]; Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV];
Future of Kyrgyzstan [Balbak TULEBAYEV]; Jany Kyrgyzstan (New
Kyrgyzstan) [Dosbol NUR UULU]; Kairan El [Dooronbek SADYKOV]; Kyrgyz
National Party [Bakyt BESHIMOV]; Kyrgyzstan Kelechegi [Ruslan
CHYNYBAYEV]; Manas El (Party of Spiritual Restoration) [Chingiz
AITMATOV]; Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action) [Joomart
OTORBAYEV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Bakytbek
BEKBOYEV]; Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV]; Party
of Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV]

Laos
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [KHAMTAI Siphadon,
party president]; other parties proscribed

Latvia
First Party of Latvia or LPP [Juris LUJANS]; For Human Rights
in a United Latvia or PCTVL [Tatjana ZDANOKA, Jakovs PLINERS]; For
the Fatherland and Freedom/Latvian National Independence Movement or
TB/LNNK [Janis STRAUME]; Harmony Center or SC [Sergejs DOLGOPOLOVS];
Latvian Green Party or LZP [Indulis EMSIS, Viesturs SILENIEKS,
Raimonds VEJONIS]; Latvian Farmer's Union or LZS [Augusts
BRIGMANIS]; Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Social
Democrats) or LSDSP [Juris BOJARS]; Latvian Socialist Party or LSP
[Alfreds RUBIKS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Ivars GODMANIS]; New Democrats
or JD [Maris GULBIS]; New Era Party or JL [Einars REPSE]; People's
Harmony Party or TSP [Aivars DATAVS]; People's Party or TP [Atis
SLAKTERIS]; Social Democratic Union or SDS [Egils BALDZENS]

Lebanon
Ba'th Party [leader NA]; Democratic Gathering [Walid
JUNBLATT]; Democratic Left [leader NA]; Development and Resistance
Bloc [Nabih BARRI, Amal leader/speaker]; Free Patriotic Movement
[Michel AWN]; Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Party
[leader NA]; Kataeb Reform Movement [leader NA]; Lebanese Forces
[leader NA]; Loyalty to the Resistance [Mohammad RA'AD]; Nasserite
Popular Movement [leader NA]; Popular Bloc [leader NA]; Qornet
Shewan [leader NA]; Syrian National Socialist Party [leader NA];
Tripoli Independent Bloc [leader NA]

Lesotho
Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE];
Basotholand Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]; Basotho
National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho
Congress for Democracy or LCD [Pakalitha MOSISILI] - the governing
party; Lesotho People's Congress or LPC [Kelebone MAOPE]; Lesotho
Workers Party of LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou Freedom Party or
MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony
MANYELI]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Chief Peete Nkoebe
PEETE]; Popular Front for Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho RAKUOANE];
Sefate Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]

Liberia
Alliance of Political Parties (a coalition of LAP and LUP)
[leader NA]; All Liberia Coalition Party or ALCOP [Peter KERBAY];
Liberian Action Party or LAP [C. Gyude BRYANT]; Liberian People's
Party or LPP [Koffa NAGBE]; Liberia Unification Party or LUP [leader
NA]; National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN] - governing
party; United People's Party or UPP [Wesley JOHNSON]; Unity Party or
UP [Charles CLARKE]

Libya
none

Liechtenstein
Patriotic Union (was Fatherland Union) or VU [Heinz
FROMMELT]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Johannes MATT]; The
Free List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Elisabeth TELLENBACH-FRICK, Adolf
RITTER]

Lithuania
Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar
TOMASZEVSKI, chairman]; Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS
[Andrius KUBILIUS, chairman]; Labor Party [Viktor USPASKICH,
chairman]; Liberal and Center Union [Arturas ZUOKAS, chairman];
Liberal Democratic Party [Valentinas MAZURONIS, chairman];
Lithuanian Christian Democrats or LKD [Valentinas STUNDYS,
chairman]; Lithuanian People's Union for a Fair Lithuania;
Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS,
chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor Party or LDDP
and the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP; New Democracy
and Farmer's Union or VNDPS [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE, chairman]; Social
Liberals (New Union) [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]; Social Union of
Christian Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS, chairman]; Young
Lithuania and New Nationalists

Luxembourg
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast
GIBERYEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (known also as
Christian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN]; Democratic Party
or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg
Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and Reformed
Communist Party dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left) [no formal
leadership]; other minor parties

Macau
Civil Service Union [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]; Development
Union [KWAN Tsui-hang]; Macau Development Alliance [Angela LEONG
On-kei]; Macau United Citizens' Association [CHAN Meng-kam]; New
Democratic Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]; United Forces
[leader NA]

Macedonia
Democratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic
Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI, president]; Democratic League
of the Bosniaks [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians or
PDSH/DPA [Arben XHAFERI, president]; Democratic Party of Serbs [Ivan
STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic
Republican Union of Macedonia or DRUM [Dosta DIMOVSKA]; Democratic
Union of Vlachs for Macedonia [leader NA]; Democratic Union for
Integration or BDI/DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-Agrarian Party or VMRO-Agrarian Party
[Marjan GJORCEV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE (including VMRO and LDT) [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal
Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-True Macedonian Option or
VMRO-Vistinska [Boris ZMEJKOVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Macedonian [Boris STOJMENOV]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [Vesna
JANEVSKA]; League for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Risto PENOV]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV];
National Democratic Party or PDK [Basri HALITI]; National Farmers'
Party [Vejljo TANTAROV]; Party for Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP
[Abduljhadi VEJSELI]; Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or
SDSM [Vlado BUCKOVSKI, president]; Socialist Party of Macedonia or
SP [Ljubisav IVANOV, president]; Together for Macedonia coalition
(including the SDSM and LDP) [Vlado BUCKOVSI]; United Party for
Emancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]

Madagascar
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA
[Pierrot RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for
National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana
Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc
RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD
[Evariste MARSON]

Malawi
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; Malawi
Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP
[Kampelo KALUA]; Malawi Forum for Unity and Development or MAFUNDE
[George MNESA]; Mgwirizano Coalition or MC (coalition of MAFUNDE,
MDP, MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP) [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; Movement
for Genuine Democratic Change or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA]; National
Democratic Alliance or NDA [Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National Unity Party
or NUP [Harry CHIUME]; New Congress for Democracy or NCD [Hetherwick
NTABA]; People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People's
Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]; Republican Party
or RP [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; United Democratic Front or UDF
[Bingu wa MUTHARIKA] - governing party

Malaysia
ruling-coalition National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN,
consisting of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party
or PGRM [LIM Keng Yaik]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal
Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat]; Malaysian Chinese
Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy
VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Pakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti
Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka
Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti
Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti
Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's
Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam];
United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH bin Ahmad
Badawi]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization
(Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard
DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk
Malaysia) or PPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party
or SPDP [William MAWANI]; opposition parties: Democratic Action
Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic
Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI
Awang]; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN
AZIZAH Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DANDUNG];
opposition coalition Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BA
consists of PAS and PKR

Maldives
although political parties are not banned, none exist

Mali
Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party
chairman]; Block of Alternative for the Renewal of Africa or BARA
[Yoro DIAKITE]; Democratic and Social Convention or CDS [Mamadou
Bakary SANGARE, chairman]; Hope 2002 [leader NA]; Movement for the
Independence, Renaissance and Integration of Africa or MIRIA
[Mohamed Lamine TRAORE, Mouhamedou DICKO]; National Congress for
Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL, chairman]; Party for
Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa TRAORE]; Party for
National Renewal or PARENA [Yoro DIAKITE, chairman; Tiebile DRAME,
secretary general]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT [Ali
GNANGADO]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Almamy SYLLA,
chairman]; Rally for Mali or RPM [Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, chairman];
Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou
TOURE, secretary general]; Union of Democratic Forces for Progress
or UFDP [Youssouf TOURE, secretary general]; Union for Democracy and
Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY]; Union for Republic and
Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Malta
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];
Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]

Man, Isle of
Man Labor Party [leader NA]; Alliance for Progressive
Government [leader NA]; Man Nationalist Party [leader NA]
note: most members sit as independents

Marshall Islands
traditionally there have been no formally organized
political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions
or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters,
formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings"
have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Kabua Party
[Imata KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa TOMEING]

Martinique
Martinique Communist Party or PCM [Georges ERICHOT];
Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE];
Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Pierre SUEDILE]; Martinique
Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU]; Movement of Democrats
and Ecologists for a Sovereign Martinique or Modemas [Garcin MALSA];
Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Socialist
Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Jean MAREN]

Mauritania
Action for Change or AC [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Kebe ABDOULAYE];
Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS (ruling party)
[President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA]; Mauritanian Party for
Renewal and Concorde or PMRC [Molaye El Hassen Ould JIYID]; National
Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD [Tidjane KOITA]; Party
for Liberty, Equality and Justice or PLEJ [Daouda M'BAGNIGA];
Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE]; Popular Progress
Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR]; Popular Social and
Democratic Union or UPSD [Mohamed Mahmoud Ould MAH]; Progress Force
Union or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or
RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH]; Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed
Ould SIDI BABA]; Union for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint
MOUKNASS]
note: the Action for Change party was banned in January 2002
although its members were permitted to keep their seats in the
National Assembly; parties legalized by constitution ratified 12
July 1991, however, politics continue to be tribally based

Mauritius
Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party
or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM
[Paul BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Social Democrat
Party or PMSD [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist
Movement or MSM [Pravind JUGNAUTH] - governing party; Rodrigues
Movement or MR [Joseph (Nicholas) Von MALLY]; Rodrigues Peoples
Organization or OPR [Serge CLAIR]

Mayotte
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular
Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; FARC [leader NA]; Federation of
Mahorans or RPR (UMP) [Mansour KAMARDINE]; Movement for Department
Status Mayotte or MDM [Mouhoutar SALIM]; Renewed Communist Party of
Mayotte or MRC [Omar SIMBA]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of
French Parti Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Mexico
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];
Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI [Roberto MADRAZO Pintado];
Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM [Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ
Martinez]; National Action Party or PAN [Luis Felipe BRAVO Mena];
Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD [Leonel GODOY]; Workers
Party or PT [Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]

Micronesia, Federated States of
no formal parties

Moldova
Democratic Modova Bloc [Serafim URECHEANU] includes:
Democratic Party [Dumitru DIACOV], Our Moldova Alliance [Dumitru
BRAGHIS, Serafim URECHEANU], Social Liberal Party [Oleg SEREBRIAN];
Communist Party of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir
VORONIN, first chairman]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD
[Iurie ROSCA]

Monaco
National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA];
Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of
Monaco or UNAM) [leader NA]

Mongolia
Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil
Courage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; Democratic
Party or DP [R. GONCHIKDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist
Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian
People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian
Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN]
note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in
2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party;
MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004

Montserrat
National Progressive Party or NPP [Reuben T. MEADE]; New
People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Morocco
Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI]; Alliance of
Liberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ]; Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj
[Abdellah EL HARIF]; Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS
[Ahmed BENJELLOUN]; Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED (interim)]; Democratic and
Independence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH]; Democratic and Social
Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD
[Aissa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]; Front of
Democratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI]; Istiqlal Party
(Independence Party) or PI [Abbas El FASSI]; Justice and Development
Party or PJD [Saad Eddine OTHMANI]; Moroccan Liberal Party or PML
[Mohamed ZIANE]; National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally
of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; National Union of Popular
Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM]; Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL
OUAZZANI, chairman]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail
ALAOUI]; Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]; Party
of the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];
Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Reform and Development
Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]; Social Center Party or PSC
[Lahcen MADIH]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Mohammed
El-YAZGHI]

Mozambique
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de
Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA,
president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union
(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or RENAMO-UE
[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Namibia
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic
Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
Monitor Action Group or MAG [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa
People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA]; United
Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Nauru
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];
Nauru Party (informal) [leader NA]; Naoero Amo (Nauru First) Party
[leader NA]

Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML
[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party
or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Surya Bahadur
THAPA, chairman]; People's Front Nepal (Rastriya Jana Morcha)
[Chitra BAHADUR, chairman]; Nepali Congress-Democratic [Sher Bahadur
DEUBA, president]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA,
party president; Sushil KOIRALA, general secretary]; Nepal
Sadbhavana (Goodwill) Party or NSP [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, acting
party president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan
Man BIJUKCHHE, party chairman]; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [leader NA]

Netherlands
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Maxime Jacques
Marcel VERHAGEN]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats
66 or D66 [Boris DITTRICH]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party
or PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Gerard van AS]; People's
Party for Freedom and Democracy (Liberal) or VVD [Jozias VAN
AARTSEN]; Socialist Party [Jan MARIJNISSEN]; plus a few minor parties

Netherlands Antilles
Antillean Restructuring Party or PAR [Etienne
YS]; C 93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB [Jopi
ABRAHAM]; Democratic Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ];
Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E [Julian WOODLEY];
Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah
WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Foundation Energetic Management Anti-Narcotics or
FAME [Eric LODEWIJKS]; Labor Party People's Crusade or PLKP [Errol
COVA]; National Alliance [William MARLIN]; National People's Party
or PNP [Susanne F. C. CAMELIA-ROMER]; New Antilles Movement or MAN
[Kenneth GIJSBERTHA]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UP Bonaire
[Ramonsito BOOI]; Patriotic Movement of Sint Maarten or SPA [Vance
JAMES, Jr.]; People's Party or PAPU [Richard HODI]; Pro Curacao
Party or PPK [Winston LOURENS]; Saba Democratic Labor Movement
[Steve HASSELL]; Saba Unity Party [Carmen SIMMONDS]; St. Eustatius
Alliance or SEA [Kenneth VAN PUTTEN]; Serious Alternative People's
Party or Sapp [Julian ROLLOCKS]; Social Action Cause or KAS [Benny
DEMEI]; Windward Islands People's Movement or WIPM [Will JOHNSTON];
Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT, Rignald LAK,
Editha WRIGHT]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island

New Caledonia
Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX];
Caleonian Union or UC [leader NA]; Federation des Comites de
Coordination des Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front
National or FN [Guy GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK
[Ernest UNE]; Kanak Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS
[leader NA] (includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation
Kanak or PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for
Caledonia in the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR-UMP [Jacques
LAFLEUR]; The Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationale
pour l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer
exist, but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de
Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM
[Victor TUTUGORO]

New Zealand
ACT New Zealand [Rodney HIDE]; Green Party [Jeanette
FITZSIMONS and Rod DONALD]; Maori Party [Whatarangi WINIATA];
National Party or NP [Don BRASH]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP
[Winston PETERS]; New Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK];
Progressive Party [James (Jim) ANDERTON]; United Future or UF [Peter
DUNNE]

Nicaragua
Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon,
Oscar WENDOLYN Vargas, Karla WHITE]; Central American Unionist Party
or PUCA [leader NA]; Christian Alternative Party or AC [Orlando
TARDENCILLA Espinoza]; Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Mario
RAPPACCIOLI]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ
Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Independent Liberal Party for National
Unity or PLIUN [leader NA]; Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC
[Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Liberal Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo
NUNEZ Hernandez]; New Liberal Party or PALI [leader NA]; Nicaraguan
Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina];
Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista
National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra];
Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [leader NA]; Unity Alliance or
AU [leader NA]

Niger
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ANDP [leader NA];
Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane
OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or
MNSD-Nassara [TANDJA Mamadou, chairman]; Nigerien Alliance for
Democracy and Social Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya
[Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE]; Nigerien Party for Democracy and
Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]; Party for
Socialism and Democracy in Niger [leader NA]; Rally for Social
Democracy or RSD [Cheiffou AMADOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and
Progressives-Chamoua or UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU,
chairman]

Nigeria
Alliance for Democracy or AD [Alhaji Adamu ABDULKADIR]; All
Nigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Don ETIEBET]; All Progressives Grand
Alliance or APGA [Chekwas OKORIE]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Aliyu Habu FARI]; Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Dr. Ahmadu ALI];
Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA]; Peoples
Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE]; United Nigeria Peoples
Party or UNPP [Saleh JAMBO]

Niue
Niue People's Action Party or NPP [Young VIVIAN]; Alliance of
Independents or AI [leader NA]

Norfolk Island
none

Northern Mariana Islands
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO];
Republican Party [NA]; Covenant Party [Benigno R. FITIAL]

Norway
Center Party [Aslaug Marie HAGA]; Christian People's Party
[Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Coastal Party [Roy WAAGE]; Conservative Party
[Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars
SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Carl I. HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party
[Kristin HALVORSEN]

Oman
none

Pakistan
Awami National Party or ANP [Wali KHAN]; Balochistan
National Movement/Hayee Group or BNM/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH]; Baluch
National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH]; Baluch
National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL]; Jamhoori
Watan Party or JWP [Akbar Khan BUGTI]; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH
[Sajid MIR]; Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Islam, Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN];
Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ];
Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Millat Party or
MP [Farooq LEGHARI]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan or MMA [Qazi
Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement, Altaf faction or MQM/A
[Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Quami Movement, Haqiqi faction or MQM/H
[Afaq AHMAD]; National People's Party or NPP [Ghulam Mustapha
JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan
ACHAKZAI]; Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal KHAN];
Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan Democratic
Party or PDP [Mehbooba Mufti SAYEED]; Pakistan Muslim League,
Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan Muslim League,
Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF]; Pakistan Muslim League
or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as of May 2004, the PML/Q
changed its name to PML and absorbed the PML/J, PML/Z, and NA;
Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's
Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO]; Pakistan People's Party
Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO]; Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf
or PTI [Imran KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami [Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Palau
none

Panama
Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic
Revolutionary Party or PRD [Martin TORRIJOS]; National Liberal Party
or PLN [Anibal GALINDO]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or
MOLIRENA [Jesus ROSAS]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly the
Arnulfista Party) [Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez]; Popular Party or
PP (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ruben AROSEMENA];
Solidarity Party or PS [Jose Raul MULINO]

Papua New Guinea
Christian Democratic Party [Dr. Banare BUN, party
leader]; Melanesian Alliance Party or MAP [Sir Moi AVEL, party
leader]; National Alliance Party or NA [Michael SOMARE, party
leader; George MANOA, party president]; National Party [Melchior
PEP, party leader]; Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Chris
HAIVETA, party leader]; Papua New Guinea First Party [Cecilking
DORUBA, party leader]; Papua New Guinea Labor Party [Bob DANAYA,
party leader]; Papua New Guinea Party (was People's Democratic
Movement or PDM) [Sir Mekere MORAUTA, party leader]; People's Action
Party or PAP [Moses MALADINA, party leader]; People's Labor Party or
PLP [Ekis ROPENU, party leader]; People's National Congress or PNC
[Peter O'NEILL, party leader]; People's Progressive Party or PPP
[Andrew BAING, party leader]; Pipol First Party [Luther WENGE, party
leader]; Rural People's Party [Peter NAMUS, party leader]; United
Party [Bire KIMASOPA, party leader]; United Resources Party or URP
[Tim NEVILLE, party leader] (2004)

Paraguay
Asociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR
[Herminio CACERES, interim president]; Movimiento Union Nacional de
Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE [Enrique GONZALEZ Quintana, acting
chairman]; Patria Querida (Beloved Fatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro
Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or PEN [Luis
TORALES Kenney]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA [Julio
Cesar FRANCO]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto
FILIZZOLA Pallares]
note: Nicanor DUARTE Frutos on leave as party leader of the Colorado
Party or ANR while serving as President of Paraguay; Lino Cesar
OVIEDO Silva, leader of UNACE, is currently serving a ten-year
prison term

Peru
Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega];
National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru
Posible or PP [David WAISMAN]; Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also
referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria
Americana or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Popular Action or AP [Javier DIAZ
Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos Peru or SP
[Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [Roger GUERRA Garcia]

Philippines
Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino
Democrats) or LDP [Edgardo ANGARA, president]; Lakas Ng Edsa
(National Union of Christian Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA,
president; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, chairperson]; Liberal Party or
LP [Franklin DRILON, president; Jose ATIENZA, JR., chairman];
National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO, chairman
emeritus; Frisco SAN JUAN, president]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL,
president]; Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine
Masses) or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA, president; Juan Ponce ENRILE,
chairman]; Aksyon Demokratiko Party [Raul ROCO, president]; Reporma
[Renato DE VILLA, chairman]; PROMDI [Emilio OSMENA, president];
Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR, president]; People's Reform Party
[Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO, president}

Pitcairn Islands
none

Poland
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; Civic
Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or KL
[Artur BALAZS]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Jozef OLEKSY]; Dom
Ojczysty (Fatherland Home); Freedom Union or UW [Wladyslaw
FRASYNIUK]; German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Henryk KROLL];
Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League of Polish
Families or LPR [Marek KOTLINOWSKI]; Movement for the Reconstruction
of Poland or ROP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic Party or PLD
[Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish
Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej
LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI];
Social Movement or RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP
[Izabela JARUGA-NOWACKA]

Portugal
Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA]; Popular
Party or PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO]; Portuguese Communist Party or
PCP [Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose
SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Luis Marques MENDES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto
LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or UDC [Jeronimo de SOUSA]

Puerto Rico
National Democratic Party [Celeste BENITEZ]; National
Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive
Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic
Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican
Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Qatar
none

Reunion
Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Paul VERGES]; Rally for
the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Jean-Claude FRUTEAU]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert
GERARD]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [leader NA]

Romania
Conservative Party [Dan VOICULESCU], formerly Humanist Party
or PUR; Democratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party
or PNL [Calin Popescu TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA], formerly Party of Social Democracy
in Romania or PDSR

Russia
Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR
[Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Motherland Bloc (Rodina) [Dmitriy
ROGOZIN]; People's Party [Gennadiy RAYKOV]; Union of Right Forces or
SPS [Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS, Yegor Timurovich GAYDAR, Irina
Mutsuovna KHAKAMADA, Boris Yefimovich NEMTSOV]; United Russia [Boris
Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY]

Rwanda
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA];
Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA];
Democratic Republican Movement or MDR (officially banned) [Celestin
KABANDA]; Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal
Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal
(officially banned) [Pasteur BIZIMUNGU and Charles NTAKARUTINKA];
Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]

Saint Helena
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance
AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's
Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor
Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Saint Lucia
National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia
Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or
SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher
HUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Dr. Morella JOSEPH]

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Left Radical Party or PRG [leader NA];
Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR (now UMP) [leader NA];
Socialist Party or PS [leader NA]; Union pour la Democratie
Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
National Reform Party or NRP [Joel
MIGUEL]; New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim EUSTACE]; People's
Progressive Movement or PPM [Ken BOYEA]; Progressive Labor Party or
PLP [leader NA]; United People's Movement or UPM [Adrian SAUNDERS];
Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the coalition
of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for National
Unity or MNU)

Samoa
Christian Democratic Party [leader NA]; Human Rights
Protection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA, chairman];
Samoan Democratic United Party or SDUP [LE MAMEA Ropati, chairman]
(opposition)

San Marino
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in
Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN [leader
NA]; Party of Democrats or PD [Claudio FELICI]; San Marino Christian
Democratic Party or PDCS [Giovanni LONFERNINI]; San Marino Popular
Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto GIORGETTI]; San Marino
Socialist Party or PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI]; Socialists for Reform or
SR [Renzo GIARDI]

Sao Tome and Principe
Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];
Force for Change Democratic Movement [leader NA]; Independent
Democratic Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation
of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD
[Manuel Pinto Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD
[Aldo BANDEIRA]; Ue-Kedadji coalition [leader NA]; other small
parties

Saudi Arabia
none

Senegal
African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also
known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party
of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or
AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP
(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic
League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front
for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde
Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party
or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier
DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a
coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic
Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties

Serbia and Montenegro
Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC];
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic
Party of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC];
Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar BOJOVIC]; G17
Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Liberal
Party of Montenegro or LSCG [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of
Montenegro or NS [Dragan SOC]; Power of Serbia Movement or PSS
[Bogoljub KARIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian Socialist
Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party of Slobodan
MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of Main Board]; Social Democratic
Party of Montenegro or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's
Party of Montenegro or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
note: the following political parties participate in elections and
institutions only in Kosovo, which has been governed by the UN under
UNSCR 1244 since 1999: Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK
[Mark KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [Ramush
HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or GIS [Slavisa
PETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit
RRAHMANI]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA];
Democratic Party of Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party of
PD [Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of KDTP
[Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK [Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora
[Veton SURROI]; New Democratic Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Bislim
HOTI]; Party of Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular
Movement of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-Dragas
Initiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for Kosovo and
Metohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United Roma Party of Kosovo or
PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA]; Vakat [leader NA]

Seychelles
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Daniel BELLE];
Mouvement Seychellois pour la Democratie [Jacques HODOUL];
Seychelles National Party or SNP (formerly the United Opposition or
UO) [Wavel RAMKALAWAN]; Seychelles People's Progressive Front or
SPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] - the governing party

Sierra Leone
All People's Congress or APC [Ben KANU]; Peace and
Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman];
Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Sama BANYA]; numerous others

Singapore
governing party: People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien
Loong]; opposition parties: Democratic Progressive Party or DPP
[LING How Dong]; National Solidarity Party or NSP [vacant] (SDA
group); Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong]
(includes SPP, PKMS, NSP, SJP); Singapore Democratic Party or SDP
[CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore Justice Party or SJP [Desmond LIM] (SDA
group); Singapore National Malay Organization or PKMS [Malik ISMAIL]
(SDA group); Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong] (SDA
group); Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia Lim Swee LIAN]

Slovakia
Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];
Direction (Smer) [Robert FICO]; Free Forum [Zuzana MARTINAKOVA];
Movement for Democracy or HZD [Jozef GRAPA]; Movement for a
Democratic Slovakia-People's Party or HZDS-LS [Vladimir MECIAR]; New
Citizens Alliance or ANO [Pavol RUSKO]; Party of the Hungarian
Coalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR]; People's Union or LU [Gustav KRAJCI];
Slovak Communist Party or KSS [Jozef SEVC]; Slovak Democratic and
Christian Union or SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or
SNS [Peter SULOVSKY]

Slovenia
Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS
[Anton ROUS]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Anton ROP]; New
Slovenia or NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovene Democratic Party or SDS
[Janez JANSA]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC];
Slovene People's Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Party
or SMS [Darko KRANJC]; United List of Social Democrats or ZLSD
[Borut PAHOR]

Solomon Islands
Association of Independents [Snyder RINI]; People's
Alliance Party or PAP [Allan KEMAKEZA]; People's Progressive Party
or PPP [Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon Islands Alliance for
Change Coalition or SIACC [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; Solomon Islands
Labor Party or SILP [Joses TUHANUKU]
note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions

Somalia
none

South Africa
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth
MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,
president]; Democratic Alliance or DA (formed from the merger of the
Democratic Party or DP and the Freedom Alliance or FA) [Anthony
LEON]; Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI,
president]; Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA,
president]; United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]

Spain
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Canarian
Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO
Baute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a
coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur
MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep
Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate
coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA)
[leader NA]; Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel
QUINTANA]; Party of Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN
Martin]; Popular Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left of
Catalonia or ERC [Josep-Lluis CAROD-ROVIRA]; Spanish Socialist
Workers Party or PSOE [Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or
IU (a coalition of parties including the PCE and other small
parties) [Gaspar LLAMAZARES]

Sri Lanka
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; Ceylon
Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP
[D. GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF
[Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP
[Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP
[Tilvan SILVA]; National Heritage Party or JHU [Tilak KARUNARATNE];
National Unity Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF]; People's Liberation
Organization of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [leader NA]; Sihala Urumaya or
SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika
Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff
HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA];
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM]; Tamil
National Alliance or TNA [R. SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil United Liberation
Front or TULF [V. ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Party or UNP
[Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People's Front or UPF [P.
CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,
represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Sudan
the government allows political "associations" under a 1998
law revised in 2000; to obtain government approval parties must
accept the constitution and refrain from advocating or using
violence against the regime; approved parties include the National
Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed UMAR], Popular National
Congress or PNC [Hassan al-TURABI], and over 20 minor,
pro-government parties

Suriname
A-Combinatie (coalition of Brotherhood and Unity in
Politics or BEP [Caprino ALENDY], General Interior Development Party
or ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK], Progressive Laborers and Farmers Union
or PALU [Jim HOK], Seeka [Paul ABENA]); Alternative-1 or A-1 (a
coalition of Democratic Alternative 1991 or DA-91 [Winston
JESSURUN], Democrats of the 21st Century or D-21 [Soewarto
MOESTADJA], Nieuw Suriname or NS [Radjen Nanan PANDAY], Political
Wing of the FAL or PVF [Jiwan SITAL], Trefpunt 2000 or T-2000 [Arti
JESSURUN]); National Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; New
Front for Democracy and Development or NF (a coalition includes
National Party Suriname or NPS (Ronald VENETIAAN], United Reform
Party or VHP [Ram SARDJOE], Pertjaja Luhur or PL [Salam Paul
SOMOHARDJO], Surinamese Labor Party or SPA [Siegfried GILDS]); Party
for Democracy and Development in Unity or DOE [Marten Schalkwijk];
People's Alliance for Progress or VVV (a coalition of Democratic
National Platform 2000 or DNP-2000 [Jules WIJDENBOSCH], Grassroots
Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN], Party for
National Unity and Solidarity of the Highest Order or KTPI [Willy
SOEMITA], Party for Progression, Justice, and Perserverance or PPRS
[Renee KAIMAN], Pendawalima or PL [Raymond SAPOEN]); Union of
Progressive Surinamers or UPS [Sheoradj PANDAY]

Swaziland
political parties are banned by the government - the
following are considered political associations; Imbokodvo National
Movement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane National Liberatory Congress or
NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]; People's United Democratic Movement
or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]

Sweden
Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party
[Goran HAGGLUND]; Green Party [no formal leader but party
spokespersons are Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left Party
or V (formerly Communist) [Lars OHLY]; Liberal People's Party [Lars
LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT];
Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]

Switzerland
Green Party (Grune Partei der Schweiz or Grune, Parti
Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I
Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Ruth GENNER];
Christian Democratic People's Party (Christichdemokratische
Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or
PDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida
Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Doris LEUTHARD,
president]; Radical Free Democratic Party (Freisinnig-Demokratische
Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD,
Partitio Liberal-Radicale Svizzero or PLR) [Marianne
KLEINER-SCHLAEPFER, president]; Social Democratic Party
(Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialist
Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida
Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Hans-Juerg FEHR, president];
Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union
Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or UDC,
Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president]; and
other minor parties

Syria
Arab Socialist Unionist Movement [Ahmed al-AHMED]; National
Progressive Front or NPF (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance
(Ba'th) Party; the governing party) [President Bashar al-ASAD,
secretary general]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallal
Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan QUDSI];
Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yuusuf
Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social National Party [Jubran URAYJI];
Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]

Taiwan
Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [SU Tseng-chang,
chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [MA Ying-jeou,
chairman]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG (SOONG Chu-yu),
chairman]; Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [SU Chin-chiang,
chairman]; other minor parties including the Chinese New Party or CNP

Tajikistan
Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV]; Islamic
Revival Party [Said Abdullo NURI]; People's Democratic Party of
Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or
SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOIROV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn
NAZRIYEV]; Tajik Communist Party or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Tanzania
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and
Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM
(Revolutionary Party) [Benjamin William MKAPA]; Civic United Front
or CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party (unregistered)
[Christopher MTIKLA]; Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine
Lyatonga MREME]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Thailand
Democrat Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [ABHISIT
Wetchachiwa]; People's Party or PP (Mahachon Party) [ANEK
Laothamatas]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BARNHARN
SILPA-ARCHA]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [THAKSIN Chinnawat]

Togo
Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace
and Equality or MOCEP [leader NA]; Rally for the Support for
Development and Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the
Togolese People or RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Union for Democracy and
Social Progress or UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President
GNASSINGBE, was the only party until the formation of multiple
parties was legalized 12 April 1991

Tokelau
none

Tonga
there are no political parties

Trinidad and Tobago
National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR
[Lennox SANKERSINGH]; People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick
MANNING]; Team Unity or TU [Ramesh MAHARAJ]; United National
Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]; Democratic Action Committee or DAC
[Hochoy CHARLES], note - only active in Tobago

Tunisia
Al-Tajdid Movement [Ali HALOUANI]; Constitutional Democratic
Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD
[President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal
Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Socialist Democrats
or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed
BOUCHIHA]; Progressive Democratic Party [Nejib CHEBBI]; Unionist
Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]

Turkey
Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER]; Democratic
People's Party or DEHAP [Tuncer BAKIRHAN]; Justice and Development
Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP
[Emin SIRIN]; Motherland Party or ANAP [Ali Talip OZDEMIR];
Nationalist Action Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; Republican
People's Party or CHP (includes the New Turkey Party) [Deniz
BAYKAL]; Felicity Party (sometimes translated as Contentment Party)
or SP [Necmettin ERBEKAN]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP
[Murat KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct
Way Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of
the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004

Turkmenistan
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat
NIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the
two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been Gundogar and
Erkin; Gundogar was led by former Foreign Minister Boris
SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the wake of the 25
November 2002 assassination attempt on President NIYAZOV; Erkin is
led by former Foreign Minister Abdy KULIEV and is based out of
Moscow; the Union of Democratic Forces, a coalition of
opposition-in-exile groups, is based in Europe

Turks and Caicos Islands
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek
H. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene MISICK]

Tuvalu
there are no political parties but members of Parliament
usually align themselves in informal groupings

Uganda
only one political organization, the Movement (formerly the
NRM) [President MUSEVENI, chairman] is allowed to operate
unfettered; note - the president maintains that the Movement is not
a political party, but a mass organization, which claims the loyalty
of all Ugandans
note: the constitution requires the suspension of political parties
while the Movement organization is in governance; of the political
parties that exist but are prohibited from sponsoring candidates,
the most important are the Ugandan People's Congress or UPC [Milton
OBOTE]; Democratic Party or DP [Paul SSEMOGERERE]; Conservative
Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]; Justice Forum [Muhammad Kibirige
MAYANJA]; and National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]

Ukraine
Agrarian Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]; Communist Party of
Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]; Democratic Initiatives [Stepan
HAVRYSH]; Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH]; Our
Ukraine bloc (comprised of several parties the most prominent of
which are Rukh, the Ukrainian People's Party, Reforms and Order, and
Solidarity) [Viktor YUSHCHENKO]; People's Democratic Party or PDP
[Valeriy PUSTOVOYTENKO]; Regions of Ukraine [Viktor YANUKOVYCH];
Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman];
United Social Democratic Party [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK]; Working Ukraine
[Serhiy TYHYPKO]; Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]
note: as well as numerous smaller parties; United Ukraine and Center
Group are not actual political parties, but rather deputy groups
(factions not based on a party)

United Arab Emirates
none

United Kingdom
Conservative and Unionist Party [Michael HOWARD];
Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY];
Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) BLAIR]; Liberal Democrats [Charles
KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Dafydd IWAN]; Scottish
National Party or SNP [Alex SALMOND]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)
[Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern
Ireland) [Mark DURKAN]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)
[Sir Reg EMPEY]

United States
Democratic Party [Howard DEAN]; Green Party [leader
NA]; Libertarian Party [Steve DAMERELL]; Republican Party [Ken
MEHLMAN]

Uruguay
Colorado Party [Jorge BATLLE Ibanez]; National Party or
Blanco [Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera]; New Sector/Space Coalition
(Nuevo Espacio) [Rafael MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter/Broad
Front Coalition (Encuentro Progresista/Frente Amplio) or EP-FA
[Tabare VAZQUEZ]; Independent Party (Partido Independiente) [leader
NA]

Uzbekistan
Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom
TOSHMUHAMMADOVA, chairman]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly
Tiklanish) or MTP [Xurshid DOSTMUHAMMADOV, chief]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Adham SHODMONOV, chairman];
People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party)
[Asliddin RUSTAMOV, first secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or
Fidokorlar National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, chief]; note -
Fatherland Progress Party merged with Self-Sacrificers Party

Vanuatu
Jon Frum Movement [Song KEASPAI]; Melanesian Progressive
Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; National United Party or NUP [leader NA];
Union of Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanua'aku Pati (Our
Land Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Republican Party or VRP
[Maxime Carlot KORMAN]; Vanuatu Greens Party or VGP [Moana CARCASSES]

Venezuela
Democratic Action or AD [Jesus MENDEZ Quijada]; Fifth
Republic Movement or MVR [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Homeland for All or PPT
[Jose ALBORNOZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward
Socialism or MAS [Hector MUJICA]; National Convergence or
Convergencia [Juan Jose CALDERA]; Radical Cause or La Causa R
[Andres VELASQUEZ]; Social Christian Party or COPEI [Eduardo
FERNANDEZ]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer]

Vietnam
only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nong Duc
MANH, general secretary]

Virgin Islands
Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; Independent
Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS]; Republican Party [Gary
SPRAUVE]

Wallis and Futuna
Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians) [leader NA]; Mouvement
des Radicaux de Gauche or MRG [leader NA]; Rally for the Republic or
RPR [Clovis LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni UHILA]; Union
Populaire Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la Democratie
Francaise or UDF [leader NA]

Yemen
there are more than 12 political parties active in Yemen, some
of the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC
[President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah
[Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; Nasserite Unionist Party
[Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Dr.
Qassim SALAAM]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]
note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a
landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no
longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn
al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had
been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a
loyal opposition party, represents the remnants of the former South
Yemeni leadership; leaders of the 1994 secessionist movement have
been pardoned by President SALIH and some are now returning to Yemen
from exile

Zambia
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA]; Forum
for Democracy and Development or FDD [Christon TEMBO]; Heritage
Party or HP [Godfrey MIYANDA]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF
[Roger CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD
[Levy MWANAWASA, acting president]; National Leadership for
Development or NLD [Yobert SHAMAPANDE]; National Party or NP [Dr.
Sam CHIPUNGU]; Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA]; Zambian
Republican Party or ZRP [Benjamin MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or
SDP [Gwendoline KONIE]; United National Independence Party or UNIP
[Francis NKHOMA, president]; United Party for National Development
or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]

Zimbabwe
Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI];
National Alliance for Good Governance or NAGG [Shakespeare MAYA];
United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National
Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African
National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE];
Zimbabwe African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2119 Population

Afghanistan
29,928,987 (July 2005 est.)

Akrotiri
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,300 military personnel are on the base; there
are another 5,000 British citizens who are families of military
personnel or civilian staff on both Akrotiri and Dhekelia; Cyprus
citizens work on the base, but do not live there

Albania
3,563,112 (July 2005 est.)

Algeria
32,531,853 (July 2005 est.)

American Samoa
57,881 (July 2005 est.)

Andorra
70,549 (July 2005 est.)

Angola
11,190,786 (July 2005 est.)

Anguilla
13,254 (July 2005 est.)

Antarctica
no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent
and summer-only staffed research stations
note: 26 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, operate
seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent
and in its surrounding oceans; the population of persons doing and
supporting science on the continent and its nearby islands south of
60 degrees south latitude (the region covered by the Antarctic
Treaty) varies from approximately 4,000 in summer to 1,000 in
winter; in addition, approximately 1,000 personnel including ship's
crew and scientists doing onboard research are present in the waters
of the treaty region; summer (January) population - 3,687 total;
Argentina 302, Australia 201, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Bulgaria 16,
Chile 352, China 70, Finland 11, France 100, Germany 51, India 60,
Italy 106, Japan 136, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, NZ 60, Norway
40, Peru 28, Poland 70, Russia 254, South Africa 80, Spain 43,
Sweden 20, UK 192, US 1,378 (1998-99); winter (July) population -
964 total; Argentina 165, Australia 75, Brazil 12, Chile 129, China
33, France 33, Germany 9, India 25, Japan 40, South Korea 14, NZ 10,
Poland 20, Russia 102, South Africa 10, UK 39, US 248 (1998-99);
research stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south
of 60 degrees south) by members of the Council of Managers of
National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP): year-round stations - 38
total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 4, China 2, France
1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1,
Russia 6, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay 1, Italy
and France jointly 1 (2005); summer-only stations - 34 total;
Argentina 8, Australia 2, Bulgaria 1, Chile 5, Ecuador 1, Finland 1,
Germany 2, Italy 1, Japan 3, Norway 2, Peru 1, Russia 2, South
Africa 1, Spain 2, Sweden 1, UK 1 (2004-2005); in addition, during
the austral summer some nations have numerous occupied locations
such as tent camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile
traverses in support of research

Antigua and Barbuda
68,722 (July 2005 est.)

Argentina
39,537,943 (July 2005 est.)

Armenia
2,982,904 (July 2005 est.)

Aruba
71,566 (July 2005 est.)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands no indigenous inhabitants note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island (July 2005 est.)

Australia
20,090,437 (July 2005 est.)

Austria
8,184,691 (July 2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
7,911,974 (July 2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
301,790
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Bahrain
688,345
note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Baker Island
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and
remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the
middle of the west coast; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife
Service (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
144,319,628 (July 2005 est.)

Barbados
279,254 (July 2005 est.)

Bassas da India
uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Belarus
10,300,483 (July 2005 est.)

Belgium
10,364,388 (July 2005 est.)

Belize
279,457 (July 2005 est.)

Benin
7,460,025
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Bermuda
65,365 (July 2005 est.)

Bhutan 2,232,291 note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2005 est.)

Bolivia
8,857,870 (July 2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
4,025,476 (July 2005 est.)

Botswana
1,640,115
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Bouvet Island
uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Brazil
186,112,794
note: Brazil took a count in August 2000, which reported a
population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than
projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied
underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this
country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality
due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and
changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would
otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in
the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois,
were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and
1970s, in November 2000 they were granted the right of return by a
British High Court ruling, though no timetable has been set; in
2001, there were approximately 1,500 UK and US military personnel
and 2,000 civilian contractors living on the island of Diego Garcia
(July 2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
22,643 (July 2005 est.)

Brunei
372,361 (July 2005 est.)

Bulgaria
7,450,349 (July 2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
13,925,313
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Burma
42,909,464
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Burundi
6,370,609
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Cambodia
13,607,069
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Cameroon
16,380,005
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Canada
32,805,041 (July 2005 est.)

Cape Verde
418,224 (July 2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
44,270 (July 2005 est.)

Central African Republic
3,799,897
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Chad
9,826,419 (July 2005 est.)

Chile
15,980,912 (July 2005 est.)

China
1,306,313,812 (July 2005 est.)

Christmas Island
361 (July 2005 est.)

Clipperton Island
uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
628 (July 2005 est.)

Colombia
42,954,279 (July 2005 est.)

Comoros
671,247 (July 2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
60,085,804
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
3,039,126
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Cook Islands
21,388 (July 2005 est.)

Coral Sea Islands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a staff of three to four at the meteorological
station (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
4,016,173 (July 2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
17,298,040
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Croatia
4,495,904 (July 2005 est.)

Cuba
11,346,670 (July 2005 est.)

Cyprus
780,133 (July 2005 est.)

Czech Republic
10,241,138 (July 2005 est.)

Denmark
5,432,335 (July 2005 est.)

Dhekelia
no indigenous personnel
note: approximately 2,200 military personnel are on the base; there
are another 5,000 British citizens who are families of military
personnel or civilian staff on both the bases of Akrotiri and
Dhekelia; Cyprus citizens work on the base, but do not live there

Djibouti
476,703 (July 2005 est.)

Dominica
69,029 (July 2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
8,950,034 (July 2005 est.)

East Timor 1,040,880 note: other estimates range as low as 800,000 (July 2005 est.)

Ecuador
13,363,593 (July 2005 est.)

Egypt
77,505,756 (July 2005 est.)

El Salvador
6,704,932 (July 2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
535,881 (July 2005 est.)

Eritrea
4,561,599 (July 2005 est.)

Estonia
1,332,893 (July 2005 est.)

Ethiopia
73,053,286
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Europa Island
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison and a few
meteorologists; visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)

European Union
456,953,258 (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
2,967 (July 2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
46,962 (July 2005 est.)

Fiji
893,354 (July 2005 est.)

Finland
5,223,442 (July 2005 est.)

France
60,656,178 (July 2005 est.)

French Guiana
195,506 (July 2005 est.)

French Polynesia
270,485 (July 2005 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
no indigenous inhabitants (July
2005 est.)
note: in 2002, there were 145 researchers whose numbers vary from
winter (July) to summer (January) (July 2005 est.)

Gabon
1,389,201
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Gambia, The
1,593,256 (July 2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
1,376,289
note: in addition, there are more than 5,000 Israeli settlers in the
Gaza Strip (July 2005 est.)

Georgia
4,677,401 (July 2005 est.)

Germany
82,431,390 (July 2005 est.)

Ghana
21,029,853
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Gibraltar
27,884 (July 2005 est.)

Glorioso Islands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison along with a few
meteorologists; visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)

Greece
10,668,354 (July 2005 est.)

Greenland
56,375 (July 2005 est.)

Grenada
89,502 (July 2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
448,713 (July 2005 est.)

Guam
168,564 (July 2005 est.)

Guatemala
14,655,189 (July 2005 est.)

Guernsey
65,228 (July 2005 est.)

Guinea
9,467,866 (July 2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
1,416,027 (July 2005 est.)

Guyana
765,283
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Haiti
8,121,622
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
921 (July 2005 est.)

Honduras
6,975,204
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Hong Kong
6,898,686 (July 2005 est.)

Howland Island
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually
by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2005 est.)

Hungary
10,006,835 (July 2005 est.)

Iceland
296,737 (July 2005 est.)

India
1,080,264,388 (July 2005 est.)

Indonesia
241,973,879 (July 2005 est.)

Iran
68,017,860 (July 2005 est.)

Iraq
26,074,906 (July 2005 est.)

Ireland
4,015,676 (July 2005 est.)

Israel
6,276,883
note: includes about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank,
about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, more than 5,000
in the Gaza Strip, and fewer than 177,000 in East Jerusalem (July
2005 est.)

Italy
58,103,033 (July 2005 est.)

Jamaica
2,731,832 (July 2005 est.)

Jan Mayen
no indigenous inhabitants
note: personnel operate the Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base and
the weather and coastal services radio station (July 2005 est.)

Japan
127,417,244 (July 2005 est.)

Jarvis Island
uninhabited
note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally
used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was
abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical
Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use
permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally
restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish
and Wildlife Service (July 2005 est.)

Jersey
90,812 (July 2005 est.)

Johnston Atoll
361 no indigenous inhabitants
note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military
and civilian contractor personnel present; as of September 2001,
population had decreased significantly when US Army Chemical
Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed; as of January 2004 the island
population was just above 200 personnel, including US Air Force, US
Fish and Wildlife Service, and civilian contractor personnel (July
2005 est.)

Jordan
5,759,732 (July 2005 est.)

Juan de Nova Island no indigenous inhabitants note: there is a small French military garrison along with a few meteorologists; occasionally visited by scientists (July 2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
15,185,844 (July 2005 est.)

Kenya
33,829,590
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Kingman Reef
uninhabited (July 2005 est.)

Kiribati
103,092 (July 2005 est.)

Korea, North
22,912,177 (July 2005 est.)

Korea, South
48,422,644 (July 2005 est.)

Kuwait 2,335,648 note: includes 1,291,354 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
5,146,281 (July 2005 est.)

Laos
6,217,141 (July 2005 est.)

Latvia
2,290,237 (July 2005 est.)

Lebanon
3,826,018 (July 2005 est.)

Lesotho
1,867,035
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Liberia
3,482,211 (July 2005 est.)

Libya 5,765,563 note: includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
33,717 (July 2005 est.)

Lithuania
3,596,617 (July 2005 est.)

Luxembourg
468,571 (July 2005 est.)

Macau
449,198 (July 2005 est.)

Macedonia
2,045,262 (July 2005 est.)

Madagascar
18,040,341 (July 2005 est.)

Malawi
12,158,924
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Malaysia
23,953,136 (July 2005 est.)

Maldives
349,106 (July 2005 est.)

Mali
12,291,529 (July 2005 est.)

Malta
398,534 (July 2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
75,049 (July 2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
59,071 (July 2005 est.)

Martinique
432,900 (July 2005 est.)

Mauritania
3,086,859 (July 2005 est.)

Mauritius
1,230,602 (July 2005 est.)

Mayotte
193,633 (July 2005 est.)

Mexico
106,202,903 (July 2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
108,105 (July 2005 est.)

Midway Islands
no indigenous inhabitants; approximately 40 people
make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services
contractor living at the atoll (July 2005 est.)

Moldova
4,455,421 (July 2005 est.)

Monaco
32,409 (July 2005 est.)

Mongolia
2,791,272 (July 2005 est.)

Montserrat
9,341
note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the
resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned
(July 2005 est.)

Morocco
32,725,847 (July 2005 est.)

Mozambique
19,406,703
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997
Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2005
est.)

Namibia
2,030,692
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Nauru
13,048 (July 2005 est.)

Navassa Island
uninhabited
note: transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island
(July 2005 est.)

Nepal
27,676,547 (July 2005 est.)

Netherlands
16,407,491 (July 2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
219,958 (July 2005 est.)

New Caledonia
216,494 (July 2005 est.)

New Zealand
4,035,461 (July 2005 est.)

Nicaragua
5,465,100 (July 2005 est.)

Niger
11,665,937 (July 2005 est.)

Nigeria
128,771,988
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Niue
2,166 (July 2005 est.)

Norfolk Island
1,828 (July 2005 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
80,362 (July 2005 est.)

Norway
4,593,041 (July 2005 est.)

Oman 3,001,583 note: includes 577,293 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Pakistan
162,419,946 (July 2005 est.)

Palau
20,303 (July 2005 est.)

Palmyra Atoll
no indigenous inhabitants; 4 to 20 Nature Conservancy
staff, US Fish and Wildlife staff (July 2005 est.)

Panama
3,039,150 (July 2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
5,545,268 (July 2005 est.)

Paracel Islands no indigenous inhabitants note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons

Paraguay
6,347,884 (July 2005 est.)

Peru
27,925,628 (July 2005 est.)

Philippines
87,857,473 (July 2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
46 (July 2005 est.)

Poland
38,635,144 (July 2005 est.)

Portugal
10,566,212 (July 2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
3,916,632 (July 2005 est.)

Qatar
863,051 (July 2005 est.)

Reunion
776,948 (July 2005 est.)

Romania
22,329,977 (July 2005 est.)

Russia
143,420,309 (July 2005 est.)

Rwanda
8,440,820
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Saint Helena
7,460 (July 2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
38,958 (July 2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
166,312 (July 2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7,012 (July 2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
117,534 (July 2005 est.)

Samoa
177,287 (July 2005 est.)

San Marino
28,880 (July 2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
187,410 (July 2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia 26,417,599 note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals (July 2005 est.)

Senegal
11,126,832 (July 2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
10,829,175 (July 2005 est.)

Seychelles
81,188 (July 2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
6,017,643 (July 2005 est.)

Singapore
4,425,720 (July 2005 est.)

Slovakia
5,431,363 (July 2005 est.)

Slovenia
2,011,070 (July 2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
538,032 (July 2005 est.)

Somalia
8,591,629
note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in
1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is
complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements
in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2005 est.)

South Africa
44,344,136
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
no indigenous
inhabitants
note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March
2001, to be replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the
British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on
Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited (July 2005
est.)

Spain
40,341,462 (July 2005 est.)

Spratly Islands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several
claimant states (2004)

Sri Lanka
20,064,776
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and
armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand
Tamil civilians have fled the island and more than 200,000 Tamils
have sought refuge in the West (July 2005 est.)

Sudan
40,187,486 (July 2005 est.)

Suriname
438,144 (July 2005 est.)

Svalbard
2,701 (July 2005 est.)

Swaziland
1,173,900
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Sweden
9,001,774 (July 2005 est.)

Switzerland
7,489,370 (July 2005 est.)

Syria
18,448,752
note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied
Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and
about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2005 est.)

Taiwan
22,894,384 (July 2005 est.)

Tajikistan
7,163,506 (July 2005 est.)

Tanzania
36,766,356
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Thailand
65,444,371
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Togo
5,681,519
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Tokelau
1,405 (July 2005 est.)

Tonga
112,422 (July 2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
1,088,644 (July 2005 est.)

Tromelin Island
uninhabited, except for visits by scientists (July
2005 est.)

Tunisia
10,074,951 (July 2005 est.)

Turkey
69,660,559 (July 2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
4,952,081 (July 2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
20,556 (July 2005 est.)

Tuvalu
11,636 (July 2005 est.)

Uganda
27,269,482
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Ukraine
47,425,336 (July 2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2,563,212
note: includes an estimated 1,606,079 non-nationals; the 17 December
1995 census presents a total population figure of 2,377,453, and
there are estimates of 3.44 million for 2002 (July 2005 est.)

United Kingdom
60,441,457 (July 2005 est.)

United States
295,734,134 (July 2005 est.)

Uruguay
3,415,920 (July 2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
26,851,195 (July 2005 est.)

Vanuatu
205,754 (July 2005 est.)

Venezuela
25,375,281 (July 2005 est.)

Vietnam
83,535,576 (July 2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
108,708 (July 2005 est.)

Wake Island
no indigenous inhabitants
note: US military personnel have left the island, but contractor
personnel remain; as of October 2001, 200 contractor personnel were
present (July 2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
16,025 (July 2005 est.)

West Bank
2,385,615
note: in addition, there are about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the
West Bank and fewer than 177,000 in East Jerusalem (July 2004 est.)

Western Sahara
273,008 (July 2005 est.)

World
6,446,131,400 (July 2005 est.)

Yemen
20,727,063 (July 2005 est.)

Zambia
11,261,795
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
12,746,990
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2120 Ports and harbors

Afghanistan
Kheyrabad, Shir Khan

Albania
Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Algeria
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel,
Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda

American Samoa
Pago Pago

Angola
Cabinda, Luanda, Soyo

Anguilla
Blowing Point, Road Bay

Antarctica
there are no developed ports and harbors in Antarctica;
most coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are
transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and
helicopters; a few stations have a basic wharf facility; US coastal
stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E), Palmer (64 43 S, 64 03
W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under
"Legal System"); all ships at port are subject to inspection in
accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; offshore anchorage is
sparse and intermittent; relevant legal instruments and
authorization procedures adopted by the states party to the
Antarctic Treaty regulating access to the Antarctic Treaty area, to
all areas between 60 and 90 degrees of latitude South, have to be
complied with (see "Legal System") (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda
Saint John's

Arctic Ocean
Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Argentina
Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Concepcion del Uruguay, La
Plata, Punta Colorada, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin, San Nicolas

Aruba
Barcadera, Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Atlantic Ocean
Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp
(Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca
(Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal),
Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas
(Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal),
London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal
(Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran
(Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg
(Russia), Stockholm (Sweden)

Australia
Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point,
Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney

Austria
Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna

Azerbaijan
Baku (Baki)

Bahamas, The
Freeport, Nassau, South Riding Point

Bahrain
Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Baker Island
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area along the middle of the west coast

Bangladesh
Chittagong, Mongla Port

Barbados
Bridgetown

Bassas da India
none; offshore anchorage only

Belarus
Mazyr

Belgium
Antwerp, Brussels, Gent, Liege, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Belize
Belize City

Benin
Cotonou

Bermuda
Hamilton, Saint George

Bolivia
Puerto Aguirre (on the Paraguay/Parana waterway, at the
Bolivia/Brazil border); also, Bolivia has free port privileges in
maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski
Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje

Bouvet Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Brazil
Gebig, Itaqui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, San Sebasttiao,
Santos, Sepetiba Terminal, Tubarao, Vitoria

British Indian Ocean Territory
Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands
Road Town

Brunei
Lumut, Muara, Seria

Bulgaria
Burgas, Varna

Burma
Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe

Burundi
Bujumbura

Cambodia
Phnom Penh

Cameroon
Douala, Limboh Terminal

Canada
Fraser River Port, Goderich, Montreal, Port Cartier, Quebec,
Saint John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Vancouver

Cape Verde
Mindelo, Praia, Tarrafal

Cayman Islands
Cayman Brac, George Town

Central African Republic
Bangui, Nola, Salo, Nzinga

Chile
Antofagasta, Arica, Huasco, Iquique, Lirquen, San Antonio, San
Vicente, Valparaiso

China
Dalian, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao,
Shanghai

Christmas Island
Flying Fish Cove

Clipperton Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Port Refuge

Colombia
Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Muelles El Bosque,
Puerto Bolivar, Santa Marta, Turbo

Comoros
Mayotte, Moutsamoudou

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma,
Kalemie, Kindu, Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka

Congo, Republic of the
Brazzaville, Djeno, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo,
Pointe-Noire

Cook Islands
Avatiu

Coral Sea Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Costa Rica
Caldera, Puerto Limon

Cote d'Ivoire
Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro

Croatia
Omisalj, Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Vukovar (on Danube)

Cuba
Cienfuegos, Havana, Matanzas

Cyprus
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos

Czech Republic
Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem

Denmark
Aalborg, Aarhus, Asnaesvaerkets, Copenhagen, Elsinore,
Ensted, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Frederikshavn, Graasten, Kalundborg,
Odense, Roenne

Djibouti
Djibouti

Dominica
Portsmouth, Roseau

Dominican Republic
Boca Chica, Puerto Plata, Rio Haina, Santo Domingo

East Timor
Dili

Ecuador
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar

Egypt
Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said, Suez, Zeit

El Salvador
Acajutla, Puerto Cutuco

Equatorial Guinea
Malabo

Eritrea
Assab, Massawa

Estonia
Kopli, Kuivastu, Muuga, Tallinn, Virtsu

Ethiopia
Ethiopia is landlocked and has used ports of Assab and
Massawa in Eritrea and port of Djibouti

Europa Island
none; offshore anchorage only

European Union
Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Bremen
(Germany), Copenhagen (Denmark), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany),
Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre
(France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Naples
(Italy), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Riga (Latvia), Rotterdam
(Netherlands), Stockholm (Sweden), Talinn (Estonia)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Stanley

Faroe Islands
Torshavn

Fiji
Lambasa, Lautoka, Suva

Finland
Hamina, Hanko, Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Porvou,
Raahe, Rauma, Turku

France
Bordeaux, Calais, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre, Marseille,
Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Strasbourg

French Guiana
Degrad des Cannes

French Polynesia
Papeete

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
none; offshore anchorage only

Gabon
Gamba, Libreville, Lucinda, Owendo, Port-Gentil

Gambia, The
Banjul

Gaza Strip
Gaza

Georgia
Bat'umi, P'ot'i

Germany
Bremen, Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Duisburg, Frankfurt,
Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Mainz, Rostock, Wilhemshaven

Ghana
Takoradi, Tema

Gibraltar
Gibraltar

Glorioso Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Greece
Agioitheodoroi, Aspropyrgos, Irakleion, Pachi, Peiraiefs,
Thessaloniki

Greenland
Sisimiut

Grenada
Saint George's

Guadeloupe
Basse-Terre, Gustavia, Pointe-a-Pitre

Guam
Apra Harbor

Guatemala
Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla

Guernsey
Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson

Guinea
Kamsar

Guinea-Bissau
Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim

Guyana
Georgetown

Haiti
Cap-Haitien

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Honduras
Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela

Hong Kong
Hong Kong

Howland Island
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area along the middle of the west coast

Hungary
Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs
(2003)

Iceland
Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Hornafjordhur, Reykjavik,
Seydhisfjordhur

India
Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta),
Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam

Indian Ocean
Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban
(South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India)
Melbourne (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South
Africa)

Indonesia
Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang,
Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Iran
Assaluyeh, Bushehr

Iraq
Al Basrah, Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr

Ireland
Cork, Dublin, New Ross, Shannon Foynes, Waterford

Israel
Ashdod, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa

Italy
Augusta, Genoa, Livorno, Melilli Oil Terminal, Ravenna,
Taranto, Trieste, Venice

Jamaica
Kingston, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Port Rhoades, Rocky
Point

Jan Mayen
none; offshore anchorage only

Japan
Chiba, Kawasaki, Kiire, Kisarazu, Kobe, Mizushima, Nagoya,
Osaka, Tokyo, Yohohama

Jarvis Island
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area in the middle of the west coast and another
near the southwest corner of the island

Jersey
Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier

Johnston Atoll
Johnston Island

Jordan
Al 'Aqabah

Juan de Nova Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Kazakhstan
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Kenya
Mombasa

Kingman Reef
none; offshore anchorage only

Kiribati
Betio

Korea, North
Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Kimch'aek, Kosong,
Najin, Namp'o, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang,
Wonsan

Korea, South
Inch'on, Masan, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan

Kuwait
Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' 'Abd Allah, Mina' al
Ahmadi, Mina' Su'ud

Kyrgyzstan
Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)

Latvia
Riga, Ventspils

Lebanon
Beirut, Chekka, Jounie, Tripoli

Liberia
Buchanan, Monrovia

Libya
As Sidrah, Az Zuwaytinah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf,
Tripoli, Zawiyah

Liechtenstein
none

Lithuania
Klaipeda

Luxembourg
Mertert

Macau
Macau

Madagascar
Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara

Malawi
Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba

Malaysia
Bintulu, Johor, Labuan, Lahad Datu, Lumut, Miri, George
Town (Penang), Port Kelang, Tanjung Pelepas

Maldives
Male

Mali
Koulikoro

Malta
Marsaxlokk, Valletta

Man, Isle of
Castletown, Douglas, Ramsey

Marshall Islands
Majuro

Martinique
Fort-de-France, La Trinite, Marin

Mauritania
Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

Mauritius
Port Louis

Mayotte
Dzaoudzi

Mexico
Altamira, Manzanillo, Morro Redondo, Salina Cruz, Tampico,
Topolobampo, Veracruz

Micronesia, Federated States of
Tomil Harbor

Midway Islands
Sand Island

Monaco
Monaco

Montserrat
Plymouth

Morocco
Agadir, Casablanca, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, Tangier

Mozambique
Beira, Maputo, Nacala

Namibia
Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Nauru
Nauru

Navassa Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Netherlands
Amsterdam, Groningen, Ijmuiden, Rotterdam, Terneuzen,
Vlissingen, Zaanstad

Netherlands Antilles
Bopec Terminal, Fuik Bay, Kralendijk, Willemstad

New Caledonia
Noumea

New Zealand
Auckland, Lyttelton, Tauranga, Wellington, Whangarei

Nicaragua
Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff

Niger
none

Nigeria
Calabar, Lagos, Onne, Port Harcourt

Niue
none; offshore anchorage only

Norfolk Island
none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade

Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan, Tinian

Norway
Borg Havn, Bergen, Mo i Rana, Molde, Mongstad, Narvik, Oslo,
Sture

Oman
Mina' Qabus, Salalah

Pacific Ocean
Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong (China), Kao-hsiung
(Taiwan), Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South
Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China),
Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington
(NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Pakistan
Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim

Palau
Koror

Palmyra Atoll
West Lagoon

Panama
Balboa, Colon, Cristobal

Papua New Guinea
Kimbe, Lae, Rabaul

Paracel Islands
small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and
Duncan Island being expanded

Paraguay
Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion

Peru
Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas
note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of
the Amazon and its tributaries

Philippines
Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Manila,
Surigao

Pitcairn Islands
Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)

Poland
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin

Portugal
Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines

Puerto Rico
Las Mareas, Mayaguez, San Juan

Qatar
Doha

Reunion
Le Port

Romania
Braila, Constanta, Galati, Tulcea

Russia
Anapa, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk,
Rostov-na-Donu, Saint Petersburg, Taganrog, Vanino, Vostochnyy

Rwanda
Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Saint Helena
Georgetown (on Ascension), Jamestown

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Basseterre, Charlestown

Saint Lucia
Castries, Cul-de-Sac, Vieux-Fort

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kingstown

Samoa
Apia

Sao Tome and Principe
Sao Tome

Saudi Arabia
Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jiddah, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah

Senegal
Dakar

Serbia and Montenegro
Bar

Seychelles
Victoria

Sierra Leone
Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands

Singapore
Singapore

Slovakia
Bratislava, Komarno

Slovenia
Koper

Solomon Islands
Honiara, Malloco Bay, Shortland Harbor, Viru Harbor,
Yandina

Somalia
Boosaaso, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, Mogadishu

South Africa
Cape Town, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth,
Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Grytviken

Southern Ocean
McMurdo, Palmer, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica
note: few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the
Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most of them to short
periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without
icebreaker escort; most antarctic ports are operated by government
research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to
commercial or private vessels; vessels in any port south of 60
degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty
observers (see Article 7)

Spain
Algeciras, Barcelona, Cartagena, Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna,
Tarragona, Valencia

Spratly Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Sri Lanka
Colombo, Galle

Sudan
Port Sudan

Suriname
Paramaribo

Svalbard
Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Sweden
Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Oxelosund,
Stenungsund, Stockholm, Trelleborg

Switzerland
Basel

Syria
Baniyas, Latakia

Taiwan
Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Kao-hsiung, Su-ao, T'ai-chung

Tanzania
Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Zanzibar City

Thailand
Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Prachuap Port, Si Racha

Togo
Kpeme, Lome

Tokelau
none; offshore anchorage only

Tonga
Nuku'alofa

Trinidad and Tobago
Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain

Tromelin Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Tunisia
Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Skhira

Turkey
Aliaga, Ambarli, Eregli, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Kocaeli
(Izmit), Skhira, Toros

Turkmenistan
Turkmenbasy

Turks and Caicos Islands
Grand Turk, Providenciales

Tuvalu
Funafuti

Uganda
Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell

Ukraine
Feodosiya, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa,
Reni, Yuzhnyy

United Arab Emirates
Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali,
Mina' Rashid, Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid, Sharjan

United Kingdom
Hound Point, Immingham, Milford Haven, Liverpool,
London, Southampton, Sullom Voe, Teesport

United States
Corpus Christi, Duluth, Hampton Roads, Houston, Long
Beach, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa,
Texas City
note: 13 ports north of New Orleans (South Louisiana Ports) on the
Mississippi River handle 290,000,000 tons of cargo annually.

Uruguay
Montevideo

Uzbekistan
Termiz (Amu Darya)

Vanuatu
Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo)

Venezuela
Amuay, La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

Vietnam
Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie, Limetree Bay

Wake Island
none; two offshore anchorages for large ships

Wallis and Futuna
Leava, Mata-Utu

Western Sahara
Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, Laayoune (El Aaiun)

Yemen
Aden, Nishtun

Zambia
Mpulungu

Zimbabwe
Binga, Kariba

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2121 Railways (km)

Albania total: 447 km standard gauge: 447 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Algeria
total: 3,973 km
standard gauge: 2,888 km 1.435-m gauge (283 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,085 km 1.055-m gauge (2004)

Angola
total: 2,761 km
narrow gauge: 2,638 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2004)

Argentina
total: 34,091 km (167 km electrified)
broad gauge: 20,594 km 1.676-m gauge (141 km electrified)
standard gauge: 2,885 km 1.435-m gauge (26 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 10,375 km 1.000-m gauge; 237 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)

Armenia
total: 845 km
broad gauge: 845 km 1.520-m gauge (828 km electrified)
note: some lines are out of service (2004)

Australia
total: 54,439 km (3859 km electrified)
broad gauge: 5,434 km 1.600-m gauge
standard gauge: 34,110 km 1.435-m gauge (1,397 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 14,895 km 1.067-m gauge (2,462 km electrified)
dual gauge: 213 km dual gauge (2004)

Austria
total: 6,021 km (3,552 km electrified)
standard gauge: 5,565 km 1.435-m gauge (3,430 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 34 km 1.000-m gauge (28 km electrified); 422 km
0.760-m gauge (94 km electrified) (2004)

Azerbaijan
total: 2,957 km
broad gauge: 2,957 km 1.520-m gauge (1,278 km electrified) (2004)

Bangladesh
total: 2,706 km
broad gauge: 884 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Belarus
total: 5,512 km
broad gauge: 5,497 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified)
standard gauge: 15 km 1.435-m (2004)

Belgium
total: 3,521 km
standard gauge: 3,521 km 1.435-m gauge (2,927 km electrified) (2004)

Benin
total: 578 km
narrow gauge: 578 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Bolivia
total: 3,519 km
narrow gauge: 3,519 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 1,021 km (795 km electrified)
standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Botswana
total: 888 km
narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Brazil
total: 29,412 km (1,567 km electrified)
broad gauge: 4,907 km 1.600-m gauge (908 km electrified)
standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge
narrow gauge: 23,915 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)
dual gauge: 396 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km
electrified) (2004)

Bulgaria
total: 4,294 km
standard gauge: 4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,710 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 245 km 0.760-m gauge (2004)

Burkina Faso
total: 622 km
narrow gauge: 622 km 1.000-m gauge
note:: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote D'Ivoire
(2004)

Burma
total: 3,955 km
narrow gauge: 3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Cambodia
total: 602 km
narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Cameroon
total: 1,008 km
narrow gauge: 1,008 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Canada
total: 48,683 km
standard gauge: 48,683 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Chile
total: 6,585 km
broad gauge: 2,831 km 1.676-m gauge (1,317 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 3,754 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

China
total: 71,898 km
standard gauge: 71,898 km 1.435-m gauge (18,115 km electrified)
dual gauge: 23,945 km (multiple track not included in total) (2002)

Colombia
total: 3,304 km
standard gauge: 150 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 3,154 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 5,138 km
narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km
1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 894 km
narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Costa Rica
total: 278 km
narrow gauge: 278 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 660 km
narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000-meter gauge
note: an additional 622 km of this railroad extends into Burkina
Faso (2004)

Croatia
total: 2,726 km
standard gauge: 2,726 km 1.435-m gauge (984 km electrified) (2004)

Cuba
total: 4,226 km
standard gauge: 4,226 km 1.435-m gauge (140 km electrified)
note: an additional 7,742 km of track is used by sugar plantations;
about 65% of this track is standard gauge; the rest is narrow gauge
(2004)

Czech Republic
total: 9,543 km
standard gauge: 9,421 km 1.435-m gauge (2,893 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 122 km 0.760-m gauge (23 km electrified) (2004)

Denmark
total: 2,628 km
standard gauge: 2,628 km 1.435-m gauge (595 km electrified) (2004)

Djibouti
total: 100 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti
railway)
narrow gauge: 100 km 1.000-m gauge
note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2004)

Dominican Republic
total: 1,743 km
standard gauge: 375 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge
note: additional 1,226 km operated by sugar companies in 1.076-m,
0.889-m, and 0.762-m gauges (2004)

Ecuador
total: 966 km
narrow gauge: 966 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Egypt
total: 5,063 km
standard gauge: 5,063 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2004)

El Salvador
total: 283 km
narrow gauge: 283 km 0.914-m gauge
note: length of operational route reduced from 562 km to 283 km by
disuse and lack of maintenance (2004)

Eritrea
total: 306 km
narrow gauge: 306 km 0.950-m gauge (2004)

Estonia
total: 958 km
broad gauge: 958 km 1.520-m/1.524-m gauge (132 km electrified) (2004)

Ethiopia
total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the Addis
Ababa-Djibouti railroad)
narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge
note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2004)

European Union total: 222,293 km broad gauge: 28,438 km standard gauge: 186,405 km narrow gauge: 7,427 km other: 23 km (2003)

Fiji
total: 597 km
narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge
note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used
to haul sugarcane during harvest season (May to December) (2003)

Finland
total: 5,851 km
broad gauge: 5,851 km 1.524-m gauge (2,400 km electrified) (2004)

France
total: 29,519 km
standard gauge: 29,352 km 1.435-m gauge (14,481 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 167 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Gabon
total: 814 km
standard gauge: 814 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Georgia
total: 1,612 km (1,612 km electrified)
broad gauge: 1,575 km 1.520-m gauge (1,575 electrified)
narrow gauge: 37 km 0.912-m gauge (37 electrified) (2004)

Germany
total: 46,142 km (20,100 km electrified)
standard gauge: 45,928 km 1.435-m gauge (20,084 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 214 km 1.000-m gauge (16 km electrified); 24 km
0.750-m gauge (2004)

Ghana
total: 953 km
narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Greece
total: 2,571 km (764 km electrified)
standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge
dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges (three rail
system) (2004)

Guatemala
total: 886 km
narrow gauge: 886 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Guinea
total: 837 km
standard gauge: 175 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 662 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Guyana
total: 187 km
standard gauge: 139 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 48 km 0.914-m gauge
note: all dedicated to ore transport (2001 est.)

Honduras
total: 699 km
narrow gauge: 279 km 1.067-m gauge; 420 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Hungary
total: 7,937 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,682 km 1.435-m gauge (2,628 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2004)

India
total: 63,230 km (16,693 km electrified)
broad gauge: 45,718 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 14,406 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,106 km 0.762-m gauge and
0.610-m gauge (2004)

Indonesia
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km
0.750-m gauge (2004)

Iran
total: 7,203 km
broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,109 km 1.435-m gauge (189 km electrified) (2004)

Iraq
total: 2,200 km
standard gauge: 2,200 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Ireland
total: 3,312 km
broad gauge: 1,947 km 1.600-m gauge (46 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,365 km 0.914-m gauge (operated by the Irish Peat
Board to transport peat to power stations and briquetting plants)
(2004)

Israel
total: 640 km
standard gauge: 640 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Italy
total: 19,319 km (11,613 km electrified)
standard gauge: 18,001 km 1.435-m gauge (11,333 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 123 km 1.000-m gauge (122 km electrified); 1,195 km
0.950-m gauge (158 km electrified) (2004)

Jamaica
total: 272 km
standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge
note: 207 of these km belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation
had been in common carrier service until 1992 but are no longer
operational; 57 km of the remaining track is privately owned and
used by ALCAN to transport bauxite (2003)

Japan
total: 23,577 km (16,519 km electrified)
standard gauge: 3,204 km 1.435-m gauge (3,204 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 77 km 1.372-m gauge (77 km electrified); 20,265 km
1.067-m gauge (13,227 km electrified); 11 km 0.762-m gauge (11 km
electrified) (2004)

Jordan
total: 505 km
narrow gauge: 505 km 1.050-m gauge (2004)

Kazakhstan
total: 13,700 km
broad gauge: 13,700 km 1.520-m gauge (3,700 km electrified) (2004)

Kenya
total: 2,778 km
narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Korea, North
total: 5,214 km
standard gauge: 5,214 km 1.435-m gauge (3,500 km electrified) (2004)

Korea, South
total: 3,472 km
standard gauge: 3,472 km 1.435-m gauge (1,342 km electrified) (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 470 km
broad gauge: 470 km 1.520-m gauge (2004)

Latvia
total: 2,303 km
broad gauge: 2,270 km 1.520-m gauge (257 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 33 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)

Lebanon
total: 401 km
standard gauge: 319 km 1.435-m
narrow gauge: 82 km 1.050-m
note: rail system became unusable because of damage during the civil
war in the 1980s; short sections are operable (2004)

Liberia
total: 490 km
standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 145 km 1.067-m gauge
note: none of the railways are in operation because of the civil war
(2004)

Libya
0 km
note: Libya is working on 7 lines totaling 2,757 km of 1.435-m gauge
track; it hopes to have trains running by 2008 (2004)

Lithuania
total: 1,998 km
broad gauge: 1,807 km 1.524-m gauge (122 km electrified)
standard gauge: 22 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 169 km 0.750-m gauge (2004)

Luxembourg
total: 274 km
standard gauge: 274 km 1.435-m gauge (242 km electrified) (2004)

Macedonia
total: 699 km
standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km electrified) (2004)

Madagascar
total: 732 km
narrow gauge: 732 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Malawi
total: 797 km
narrow gauge: 797 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Malaysia
total: 1,890 km (207 km electrified)
standard gauge: 57 km 1.435-m gauge (57 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,833 km 1.000-m gauge (150 km electrified) (2004)

Mali
total: 729 km
narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Man, Isle of
total: 61 km (35 km electrified) (2003)

Mauritania
717 km
standard gauge: 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Mexico
total: 17,634 km
standard gauge: 17,634 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Moldova
total: 1,138 km
broad gauge: 1,124 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 14 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Mongolia
total: 1,810 km
broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2004)

Morocco
total: 1,907 km
standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1,003 km electrified) (2004)

Mozambique
total: 3,123 km
narrow gauge: 2,983 km 1.067-m gauge; 140 km 0.762-m gauge (2004)

Namibia
total: 2,382 km
narrow gauge: 2,382 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Nepal
total: 59 km
narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2004)

Netherlands
total: 2,808 km
standard gauge: 2,808 km 1.435-m gauge (2,061 km electrified) (2004)

New Zealand
total: 3,898 km
narrow gauge: 3,898 km 1.067-m gauge (506 km electrified) (2004)

Nicaragua
total: 6 km
narrow gauge: 6 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Nigeria
total: 3,557 km
narrow gauge: 3,505 km 1.067-m gauge
standard gauge: 52 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Norway
total: 4,077 km
standard gauge: 4,077 km 1.435-m gauge (2,518 km electrified) (2004)

Pakistan
total: 8,163 km
broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Panama
total: 355 km
standard gauge: 76 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 279 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Paraguay
total: 441 km
standard gauge: 441 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Peru
total: 3,462 km
standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2004)

Philippines
total: 897 km
narrow gauge: 897 km 1.067-m gauge (492 km are in operation) (2004)

Poland
total: 23,852 km
broad gauge: 629 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 23,223 km 1.435-m gauge (20,555 km operational)
(11,962 km electrified) (2004)

Portugal
total: 2,850 km
broad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Puerto Rico
total: 96 km
narrow gauge: 96 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Romania
total: 11,385 km (3,888 km electrified)
standard gauge: 10,898 km 1.435-m gauge
broad gauge: 60 km 1.524-m gauge
narrow gauge: 427 km 0.760-m gauge (2004)

Russia
total: 87,157 km
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)
note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve
industries (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 50 km
narrow gauge: 50 km 0.762-m gauge on Saint Kitts to serve sugarcane
plantations during harvest season (2003)

Saudi Arabia
total: 1,392 km
standard gauge: 1,392 km 1.435-m gauge (with branch lines and
sidings) (2004)

Senegal
total: 906 km
narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 4,380 km
standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km electrified) (2004)

Slovakia
total: 3,662 km
broad gauge: 100 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 3,512 km 1.435-m gauge (1,588 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 50 km (1.000-m or 0.750-m gauge) (2004)

Slovenia
total: 1,201 km
standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (499 km electrified) (2004)

South Africa
total: 20,872 km
narrow gauge: 20,436 km 1.065-m gauge (10,436 km electrified); 436
km 0.610-m gauge
note: includes a 1,210 km commuter rail system (2004)

Spain
total: 14,781 km (7,718 km electrified)
broad gauge: 11,829 km 1.668-m gauge (6,950 km electrified)
standard gauge: 998 km 1.435-m gauge (998 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,926 km 1.000-m gauge (815 km electrified); 28 km
0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified) (2004)

Sri Lanka
total: 1,449 km
broad gauge: 1,449 km 1.676-m gauge (2004)

Sudan
total: 5,995 km
narrow gauge: 4,595 km 1.067-m gauge; 1,400 km .600-m gauge for
cotton plantations (2004)

Swaziland
total: 301 km
narrow gauge: 301 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)

Sweden
total: 11,481 km
standard gauge: 11,481 km 1.435-m gauge (9,400 km electrified) (2004)

Switzerland
total: 4,527 km
standard gauge: 3,232 km 1.435-m gauge (3,211 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,285 km 1.000-m gauge (1,273 km electrified); 10 km
0.800-m gauge (10 km electrified) (2004)

Syria
total: 2,711 km
standard gauge: 2,460 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2004)

Taiwan
total: 2,497 km
narrow gauge: 1,097 km 1.067-m gauge (685 km electrified)
note: 1,400 km .762-m gauge (belonging to the Taiwan Sugar
Corporation and to the Taiwan Forestry Bureau used to haul products
and limited numbers of passengers (2004)

Tajikistan
total: 482 km
broad gauge: 482 km 1.520-m gauge (2004)

Tanzania
total: 3,690 km
narrow gauge: 969 km 1.067-m gauge; 2,721 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Thailand
total: 4,071 km
narrow gauge: 4,071 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Togo
total: 568 km
narrow gauge: 568 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Tunisia
total: 2,152 km
standard gauge: 468 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,674 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)
dual gauge: 10 km 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges (three rails) (2004)

Turkey
total: 8,697 km
standard gauge: 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (2,122 km electrified) (2004)

Turkmenistan
total: 2,440 km
broad gauge: 2,440 km 1.520-m gauge (2004)

Uganda
total: 1,241 km
narrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gauge (2004)

Ukraine
total: 22,473 km
broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2004)

United Kingdom
total: 17,274 km
standard gauge: 16,814 km 1.435-m gauge (5,296 km electrified)
broad gauge: 460 km 1.600-m gauge (in Northern Ireland) (2004)

United States
total: 227,736 km
standard gauge: 227,736 km 1.435-m gauge (2003)

Uruguay
total: 2,073 km
standard gauge: 2,073 km 1.435-m gauge
note: 461 km have been taken out of service and 460 km are in
partial use (2004)

Uzbekistan
total: 3,950 km
broad gauge: 3,950 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km electrified) (2004)

Venezuela
total: 682 km
standard gauge: 682 km 1.435-m gauge (2004)

Vietnam
total: 2,600 km
standard gauge: 178 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 2,169 km 1.000-m gauge
dual gauge: 253 km three-rail track combining 1.435-m and 1.000-m
gauges (2004)

World
total: 1,115,205 km
broad gauge: 257,481 km
standard gauge: 671,413 km
narrow gauge: 186,311 km (2003)

Zambia
total: 2,173 km
narrow gauge: 2,173 km 1.067-m gauge
note: includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority
(TAZARA) (2004)

Zimbabwe total: 3,077 km narrow gauge: 3,077 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2122 Religions (%)

Afghanistan
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1%

Albania
Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%
note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current
statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were
closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November
1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

Algeria
Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%

American Samoa
Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%,
Protestant and other 30%

Andorra
Roman Catholic (predominant)

Angola
indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15%
(1998 est.)

Anguilla
Anglican 29%, Methodist 23.9%, other Protestant 30.2%,
Roman Catholic 5.7%, other Christian 1.7%, other 5.2%, none or
unspecified 4.3% (2001 Census)

Antigua and Barbuda
Christian, (predominantly Anglican with other
Protestant, and some Roman Catholic)

Argentina
nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing),
Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%

Armenia
Armenian Apostolic 94.7%, other Christian 4%, Yezidi
(monotheist with elements of nature worship) 1.3%

Aruba
Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian,
Jewish

Australia
Catholic 26.4%, Anglican 20.5%, other Christian 20.5%,
Buddhist 1.9%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 12.7%, none
15.3% (2001 Census)

Austria
Roman Catholic 73.6%, Protestant 4.7%, Muslim 4.2%, other
3.5%, unspecified 2%, none 12% (2001 census)

Azerbaijan
Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox
2.3%, other 1.8% (1995 est.)
note: religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan;
percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower

Bahamas, The
Baptist 35.4%, Anglican 15.1%, Roman Catholic 13.5%,
Pentecostal 8.1%, Church of God 4.8%, Methodist 4.2%, other
Christian 15.2%, none or unspecified 2.9%, other 0.8% (2000 census)

Bahrain
Muslim (Shi'a and Sunni) 81.2%, Christian 9%, other 9.8%
(2001 census)

Bangladesh
Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)

Barbados
Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%,
other 12%), Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, other 12%

Belarus
Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic,
Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)

Belgium
Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%

Belize
Roman Catholic 49.6%, Protestant 27% (Pentecostal 7.4%,
Anglican 5.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5.2%, Mennonite 4.1%, Methodist
3.5%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.5%), other 14%, none 9.4% (2000)

Benin
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%

Bermuda
Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 15%, African Methodist
Episcopal 11%, other Protestant 18%, other 12%, unaffiliated 6%,
unspecified 1%, none 14% (2000 census)

Bhutan
Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced
Hinduism 25%

Bolivia
Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist) 5%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%,
other 14%

Botswana
Christian 71.6%, Badimo 6%, other 1.4%, unspecified 0.4%,
none 20.6% (2001 census)

Brazil
Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%,
Spriritualist 1.3%, Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%,
none 7.4% (2000 census)

British Virgin Islands
Protestant 86% (Methodist 33%, Anglican 17%,
Church of God 9%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's
Witnesses 2%, other 15%), Roman Catholic 10%, none 2%, other 2%
(1991)

Brunei
Muslim (official) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%,
indigenous beliefs and other 10%

Bulgaria
Bulgarian Orthodox 82.6%, Muslim 12.2%, other Christian
1.2%, other 4% (2001 census)

Burkina Faso
indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly
Roman Catholic) 10%

Burma
Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%),
Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%

Burundi
Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%),
indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%

Cambodia
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%

Cameroon
indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

Canada
Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United
Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other
Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%, none 16%
(2001 census)

Cape Verde
Roman Catholic (infused with indigenous beliefs);
Protestant (mostly Church of the Nazarene)

Cayman Islands
United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational),
Anglican, Baptist, Church of God, other Protestant, Roman Catholic

Central African Republic
indigenous beliefs 35%, Protestant 25%,
Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%
note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the
Christian majority

Chad
Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist 7%, other 7%

Chile
Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish NEGL%

China
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Muslim 1%-2%, Christian 3%-4%
note: officially atheist (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
Buddhist 36%, Muslim 25%, Christian 18%, other 21%
(1997)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Sunni Muslim 80%, other 20% (2002 est.)

Colombia
Roman Catholic 90%, other 10%

Comoros
Sunni Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant
20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and
indigenous beliefs 10%

Congo, Republic of the
Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

Cook Islands
Cook Islands Christian Church 55.9%, Roman Catholic
16.8%, Seventh Day Saint 7.9%, Church of Latter Day Saints 3.8%,
other Protestant 5.8%, other 4.2%, unspecified 2.6%, none 3% (2001
census)

Costa Rica
Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah's
Witnesses 1.3%, other Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%

Cote d'Ivoire
Christian 20-30%, Muslim 35-40%, indigenous 25-40%
(2001)
note: the majority of foreigners (migratory workers) are Muslim
(70%) and Christian (20%)

Croatia
Roman Catholic 87.8%, Orthodox 4.4%, other Christian 0.4%,
Muslim 1.3%, other and unspecified 0.9%, none 5.2% (2001 census)

Cuba
nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power;
Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also
represented

Cyprus
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian Apostolic,
and other 4%

Czech Republic
Roman Catholic 26.8%, Protestant 2.1%, other 3.3%,
unspecified 8.8%, unaffiliated 59% (2001 census)

Denmark
Evangelical Lutheran 95%, other Protestant and Roman
Catholic 3%, Muslim 2%

Djibouti
Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

Dominica
Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%,
Pentecostal 3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%),
other 6%, none 2%

Dominican Republic
Roman Catholic 95%

East Timor
Roman Catholic 90%, Muslim 4%, Protestant 3%, Hindu 0.5%,
Buddhist, Animist (1992 est.)

Ecuador
Roman Catholic 95%, other 5%

Egypt
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%

El Salvador
Roman Catholic 83%, other 17%
note: there is extensive activity by Protestant groups throughout
the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 million
Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea
nominally Christian and predominantly Roman
Catholic, pagan practices

Eritrea
Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant

Estonia
Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian
(including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic,
Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%,
none 6.1% (2000 census)

Ethiopia
Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%,
other 3%-8%

European Union
Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
primarily Anglican, Roman
Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist Church, Jehovah's
Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist

Faroe Islands
Evangelical Lutheran

Fiji
Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%,
Muslim 8%, other 2%
note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is
a Muslim minority (1986)

Finland
Lutheran National Church 84.2%, Greek Orthodox in Finland
1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 13.5% (2003)

France
Roman Catholic 83%-88%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim
5%-10%, unaffiliated 4%

French Guiana
Roman Catholic

French Polynesia
Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 10%, no
religion 6%

Gabon
Christian 55%-75%, animist, Muslim less than 1%

Gambia, The
Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Gaza Strip
Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 98.7%, Christian 0.7%,
Jewish 0.6%

Georgia
Orthodox Christian 83.9%, Armenian-Gregorian 3.9%, Catholic
0.8%, Muslim 9.9%, other 0.8%, none 0.7% (2002 census)

Germany
Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 3.7%,
unaffiliated or other 28.3%

Ghana
Christian 63%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 21%

Gibraltar
Roman Catholic 78.1%, Church of England 7%, other
Christian 3.2%, Muslim 4%, Jewish 2.1%, Hindu 1.8%, other or
unspecified 0.9%, none 2.9% (2001 census)

Greece
Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%

Greenland
Evangelical Lutheran

Grenada
Roman Catholic 53%, Anglican 13.8%, other Protestant 33.2%

Guadeloupe
Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 4%,
Protestant 1%

Guam
Roman Catholic 85%, other 15% (1999 est.)

Guatemala
Roman Catholic, Protestant, indigenous Mayan beliefs

Guernsey
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist,
Congregational, Methodist

Guinea
Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%

Guinea-Bissau
indigenous beliefs 50%, Muslim 45%, Christian 5%

Guyana
Christian 50%, Hindu 35%, Muslim 10%, other 5%

Haiti
Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal
4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982)
note: roughly half of the population practices Voodoo

Holy See (Vatican City)
Roman Catholic

Honduras
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant 3%

Hong Kong
eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10%

Hungary
Roman Catholic 51.9%, Calvinist 15.9%, Lutheran 3%, Greek
Catholic 2.6%, other Christian 1%, other or unspecified 11.1%,
unaffiliated 14.5% (2001 census)

Iceland
Lutheran Church of Iceland 85.5%, Reykjavik Free Church
2.1%, Roman Catholic Church 2%, Hafnarfjorour Free Church 1.5%,
other Christian 2.7%, other or unspecified 3.8%, unaffiliated 2.4%
(2004)

India
Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other
1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)

Indonesia
Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Iran
Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 9%, Zoroastrian, Jewish,
Christian, and Baha'i 2%

Iraq
Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%

Ireland
Roman Catholic 88.4%, Church of Ireland 3%, other Christian
1.6%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2%, none 3.5% (2002 census)

Israel
Jewish 76.5%, Muslim 15.9%, Arab Christians 1.7%, other
Christian 0.4%, Druze 1.6%, unspecified 3.9% (2003)

Italy
predominately Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and Jewish
communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community

Jamaica
Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%,
Anglican 5.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist
2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%,
Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other including some spiritual
cults 34.7%

Japan
observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including
Christian 0.7%)

Jersey
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church,
Methodist, Presbyterian

Jordan
Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6% (majority Greek Orthodox, but
some Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox,
Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), other 2% (several
small Shi'a Muslim and Druze populations) (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%

Kenya
Protestant 45%, Roman Catholic 33%, indigenous beliefs 10%,
Muslim 10%, other 2%
note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for
the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous
beliefs vary widely

Kiribati
Roman Catholic 52%, Protestant (Congregational) 40%, some
Seventh-Day Adventist, Muslim, Baha'i, Latter-day Saints, and Church
of God (1999)

Korea, North
traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some Christian
and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)
note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent;
government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of
religious freedom

Korea, South
no affiliation 46%, Christian 26%, Buddhist 26%,
Confucianist 1%, other 1%

Kuwait
Muslim 85% (Sunni 70%, Shi'a 30%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi,
and other 15%

Kyrgyzstan
Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5%

Laos
Buddhist 60%, animist and other 40% (including various
Christian denominations 1.5%)

Latvia
Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox

Lebanon
Muslim 59.7% (Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite, Alawite or
Nusayri), Christian 39% (Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Melkite
Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Catholic, Armenian Catholic,
Syrian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Chaldean, Assyrian, Copt,
Protestant), other 1.3%
note: seventeen religious sects recognized

Lesotho
Christian 80%, indigenous beliefs 20%

Liberia
indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

Libya
Sunni Muslim 97%

Liechtenstein
Roman Catholic 76.2%, Protestant 7%, unknown 10.6%,
other 6.2% (June 2002)

Lithuania
Roman Catholic 79%, Russian Orthodox 4.1%, Protestant
(including Lutheran and Evangelical Christian Baptist) 1.9%, other
or unspecified 5.5%, none 9.5% (2001 census)

Luxembourg
87% Roman Catholic, 13% Protestants, Jews, and Muslims
(2000)

Macau
Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997
est.)

Macedonia
Macedonian Orthodox 32.4%, other Christian 0.2%, Muslim
16.9%, other and unspecified 50.5% (2002 census)

Madagascar
indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%

Malawi
Christian 79.9%, Muslim 12.8%, other 3%, none 4.3% (1998
census)

Malaysia
Muslim, Buddhist, Daoist, Hindu, Christian, Sikh; note - in
addition, Shamanism is practiced in East Malaysia

Maldives
Sunni Muslim

Mali
Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%

Malta
Roman Catholic 98%

Man, Isle of
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist,
Presbyterian, Society of Friends

Marshall Islands
Protestant 54.8%, Assembly of God 25.8%, Roman
Catholic 8.4%, Bukot nan Jesus 2.8%, Mormon 2.1%, other Christian
3.6%, other 1%, none 1.5% (1999 census)

Martinique
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 10.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu
0.5%, other 3.5% (1997)

Mauritania
Muslim 100%

Mauritius
Hindu 48%, Roman Catholic 23.6%, other Christian 8.6%,
Muslim 16.6%, other 2.5%, unspecified 0.3%, none 0.4% (2000 census)

Mayotte
Muslim 97%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)

Mexico
nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%, other 5%

Micronesia, Federated States of
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%

Moldova
Eastern Orthodox 98%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist and other 0.5%
(2000)

Monaco
Roman Catholic 90%

Mongolia
Buddhist Lamaist 50%, none 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%,
Muslim 4% (2004)

Montserrat
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal,
Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations

Morocco
Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique
Catholic 23.8%, Zionist Christian 17.5%, Muslim 17.8%,
other 17.8%, none 23.1% (1997 census)

Namibia
Christian 80% to 90% (Lutheran 50% at least), indigenous
beliefs 10% to 20%

Nauru
Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)

Nepal
Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other
0.9% (2001 census)
note: only official Hindu state in the world

Netherlands
Roman Catholic 31%, Dutch Reformed 13%, Calvinist 7%,
Muslim 5.5%, other 2.5%, none 41% (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
Roman Catholic 72%, Pentecostal 4.9%,
Protestant 3.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3.1%, Methodist 2.9%,
Jehovah's Witnesses 1.7%, other Christian 4.2%, Jewish 1.3%, other
or unspecified 1.2%, none 5.2% (2001 census)

New Caledonia
Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%

New Zealand
Anglican 14.9%, Roman Catholic 12.4%, Presbyterian
10.9%, Methodist 2.9%, Pentecostal 1.7%, Baptist 1.3%, other
Christian 9.4%, other 3.3%, unspecified 17.2%, none 26% (2001 census)

Nicaragua
Roman Catholic 72.9%, Evangelical 15.1%, Moravian 1.5%,
Episcopal 0.1%, other 1.9%, none 8.5% (1995 census)

Niger
Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christian

Nigeria
Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Niue
Ekalesia Niue (Niuean Church - a Protestant church closely
related to the London Missionary Society) 61.1%, Latter-Day Saints
8.8%, Roman Catholic 7.2%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2.4%, Seventh-Day
Adventist 1.4%, other 8.4%, unspecified 8.7%, none 1.9% (2001 census)

Norfolk Island
Anglican 34.9%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church
in Australia 11.2%, Seventh-Day Adventist 2.8%, Australian Christian
2.4%, Jehovah's Witness 0.9%, other 2.7%, unspecified 15.3%, none
18.1% (2001 census)

Northern Mariana Islands
Christian (Roman Catholic majority,
although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found)

Norway
Church of Norway 85.7%, Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1%,
other Christian 2.4%, Muslim 1.8%, other 8.1% (2004)

Oman
Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu

Pakistan
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and
other 3%

Palau
Roman Catholic 41.6%, Protestant 23.3%, Modekngei 8.8%
(indigenous to Palau), Seventh-Day Adventist 5.3%, Jehovah's Witness
0.9%, Latter-Day Saints 0.6%, other religion 3.1%, unspecified or
none 16.4% (2000 census)

Panama
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%

Papua New Guinea
Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%,
Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%,
Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant
10%, indigenous beliefs 34%

Paraguay
Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant 10%

Peru
Roman Catholic 81%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, other Christian
0.7%, other 0.6%, unspecified or none 16.3% (2003 est.)

Philippines
Roman Catholic 80.9%, Evangelical 2.8%, Iglesia ni
Kristo 2.3%, Aglipayan 2%, other Christian 4.5%, Muslim 5%, other
1.8%, unspecified 0.6%, none 0.1% (2000 census)

Pitcairn Islands
Seventh-Day Adventist 100%

Poland
Roman Catholic 89.8% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox
1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)

Portugal
Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant (1995)

Puerto Rico
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%

Qatar
Muslim 95%

Reunion
Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995)

Romania
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%,
Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and
Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and
unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)

Russia
Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

Rwanda
Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim
4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001)

Saint Helena
Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
Roman Catholic

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Anglican, other Protestant, Roman Catholic

Saint Lucia
Roman Catholic 67.5%, Seventh Day Adventist 8.5%,
Pentecostal 5.7%, Anglican 2%, Evangelical 2%, other Christian 5.1%,
Rastafarian 2.1%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.5%, none 4.5% (2001
census)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Roman Catholic 99%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%, Roman
Catholic 13%, Hindu, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Protestant

Samoa
Congregationalist 34.8%, Roman Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%,
Latter-Day Saints 12.7%, Assembly of God 6.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist
3.5%, other Christian 4.5%, Worship Centre 1.3%, other 1.7%,
unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)

San Marino
Roman Catholic

Sao Tome and Principe
Catholic 70.3%, Evangelical 3.4%, New
Apostolic 2%, Adventist 1.8%, other 3.1%, none 19.4% (2001 census)

Saudi Arabia
Muslim 100%

Senegal
Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly
Roman Catholic)

Serbia and Montenegro
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%,
Protestant 1%, other 11%

Seychelles
Roman Catholic 82.3%, Anglican 6.4%, Seventh Day
Adventist 1.1%, other Christian 3.4%, Hindu 2.1%, Muslim 1.1%, other
non-Christian 1.5%, unspecified 1.5%, none 0.6% (2002 census)

Sierra Leone
Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%

Singapore
Buddhist 42.5%, Muslim 14.9%, Taoist 8.5%, Hindu 4%,
Catholic 4.8%, other Christian 9.8%, other 0.7%, none 14.8% (2000
census)

Slovakia
Roman Catholic 68.9%, Protestant 10.8%, Greek Catholic
4.1%, other or unspecified 3.2%, none 13% (2001 census)

Slovenia
Catholic 57.8%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, Muslim
2.4%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002
census)

Solomon Islands
Church of Melanesia 32.8%, Roman Catholic 19%, South
Seas Evangelical 17%, Seventh-Day Adventist 11.2%, United Church
10.3%, Christian Fellowship Church 2.4%, other Christian 4.4%, other
2.4%, unspecified 0.3%, none 0.2% (1999 census)

Somalia
Sunni Muslim

South Africa
Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%,
Catholic 7.1%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%,
other Christian 36%, Islam 1.5%, other 2.3%, unspecified 1.4%, none
15.1% (2001 census)

Spain
Roman Catholic 94%, other 6%

Sri Lanka
Buddhist 69.1%, Muslim 7.6%, Hindu 7.1%, Christian 6.2%,
unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)

Sudan
Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%, Christian
5% (mostly in south and Khartoum)

Suriname
Hindu 27.4%, Protestant 25.2% (predominantly Moravian),
Roman Catholic 22.8%, Muslim 19.6%, indigenous beliefs 5%

Swaziland
Zionist (a blend of Christianity and indigenous ancestral
worship) 40%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 10%, Anglican, Bahai,
Methodist, Mormon, Jewish and other 30%

Sweden
Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim,
Jewish, Buddhist

Switzerland
Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Orthodox 1.8%,
other Christian 0.4%, Muslim 4.3%, other 1%, unspecified 4.3%, none
11.1% (2000 census)

Syria
Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%,
Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus,
Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Taiwan
mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian
4.5%, other 2.5%

Tajikistan
Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi'a Muslim 5%, other 10% (2003 est.)

Tanzania
mainland - Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs
35%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim

Thailand
Buddhist 94.6%, Muslim 4.6%, Christian 0.7%, other 0.1%
(2000 census)

Togo
indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 29%, Muslim 20%

Tokelau
Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%,
other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant

Tonga
Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)

Trinidad and Tobago
Roman Catholic 26%, Hindu 22.5%, Anglican 7.8%,
Baptist 7.2%, Pentecostal 6.8%, Seventh Day Adventist 4%, other
Christian 5.8%, Muslim 5.8%, other 10.8%, unspecified 1.4%, none
1.9% (2000 census)

Tunisia
Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians
and Jews)

Turkmenistan
Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

Turks and Caicos Islands
Baptist 40%, Methodist 16%, Anglican 18%,
Church of God 12%, other 14% (1990)

Tuvalu
Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day
Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%

Uganda
Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous
beliefs 18%

Ukraine
Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate 19%, Orthodox (no
particular jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow
Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian
Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%, Protestant, Jewish, none 38% (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and
other 4%

United Kingdom
Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian,
Methodist) 71.6%, Muslim 2.7%, Hindu 1%, other 1.6%, unspecified or
none 23.1% (2001 census)

United States
Protestant 52%, Roman Catholic 24%, Mormon 2%, Jewish
1%, Muslim 1%, other 10%, none 10% (2002 est.)

Uruguay
Roman Catholic 66% (less than half of the adult population
attends church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, nonprofessing
or other 31%

Uzbekistan
Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Vanuatu
Presbyterian 31.4%, Anglican 13.4%, Roman Catholic 13.1%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 10.8%, other Christian 13.8%, indigenous
beliefs 5.6% (including Jon Frum cargo cult), other 9.6%, none 1%,
unspecified 1.3% (1999 Census)

Venezuela
nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%

Vietnam
Buddhist 9.3%, Catholic 6.7%, Hoa Hao 1.5%, Cao Dai 1.1%,
Protestant 0.5%, Muslim 0.1%, none 80.8% (1999 census)

Virgin Islands
Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%,
other 7%

Wallis and Futuna
Roman Catholic 99%, other 1%

West Bank
Muslim 75% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 17%, Christian
and other 8%

Western Sahara
Muslim

World
Christians 32.84% (of which Roman Catholics 17.34%,
Protestants 5.78%, Orthodox 3.44%, Anglicans 1.27%), Muslims 19.9%,
Hindus 13.29%, Buddhists 5.92%, Sikhs 0.39%, Jews 0.23%, other
religions 12.63%, non-religious 12.44%, atheists 2.36% (2003 est.)

Yemen
Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small
numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu

Zambia
Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous
beliefs 1%

Zimbabwe
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%,
Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2123 Suffrage

Afghanistan
18 years of age; universal

Albania
18 years of age; universal

Algeria
18 years of age; universal

American Samoa
18 years of age; universal

Andorra
18 years of age; universal

Angola
18 years of age; universal

Anguilla
18 years of age; universal

Antigua and Barbuda
18 years of age; universal

Argentina
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Armenia
18 years of age; universal

Aruba
18 years of age; universal

Australia
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Austria
18 years of age; universal; compulsory for presidential
elections

Azerbaijan
18 years of age; universal

Bahamas, The
18 years of age; universal

Bahrain
18 years of age; universal

Bangladesh
18 years of age; universal

Barbados
18 years of age; universal

Belarus
18 years of age; universal

Belgium
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Belize
18 years of age; universal

Benin
18 years of age; universal

Bermuda
18 years of age; universal

Bhutan
each family has one vote in village-level elections; note -
in late 2003 Bhutan's legislature passed a new election law

Bolivia
18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21
years of age, universal and compulsory (single)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
18 years of age, universal

Botswana
18 years of age; universal

Brazil
voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70;
compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age; note - military
conscripts do not vote

British Virgin Islands
18 years of age; universal

Brunei
none

Bulgaria
18 years of age; universal

Burkina Faso
universal

Burma
18 years of age; universal

Burundi
NA years of age; universal adult

Cambodia
18 years of age; universal

Cameroon
20 years of age; universal

Canada
18 years of age; universal

Cape Verde
18 years of age; universal

Cayman Islands
18 years of age; universal

Central African Republic
21 years of age; universal

Chad
18 years of age; universal

Chile
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

China
18 years of age; universal

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
18 years of age; universal

Comoros
18 years of age; universal

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Congo, Republic of the
18 years of age; universal

Cook Islands
NA years of age; universal adult

Costa Rica
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Cote d'Ivoire
18 years of age; universal

Croatia
18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Cuba
16 years of age; universal

Cyprus
18 years of age; universal

Czech Republic
18 years of age; universal

Denmark
18 years of age; universal

Djibouti
18 years of age; universal adult

Dominica
18 years of age; universal

Dominican Republic 18 years of age, universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age note: members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote

East Timor
17 years of age; universal

Ecuador
18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons
ages 18-65, optional for other eligible voters

Egypt
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

El Salvador
18 years of age; universal

Equatorial Guinea
18 years of age; universal adult

Eritrea
18 years of age; universal

Estonia
18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens

Ethiopia
18 years of age; universal

European Union
18 years of age; universal

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
18 years of age; universal

Faroe Islands
18 years of age; universal

Fiji
21 years of age; universal

Finland
18 years of age; universal

France
18 years of age; universal

French Guiana
18 years of age; universal

French Polynesia
18 years of age; universal

Gabon
21 years of age; universal

Gambia, The
18 years of age; universal

Georgia
18 years of age; universal

Germany
18 years of age; universal

Ghana
18 years of age; universal

Gibraltar
18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects who
have been residents six months or more

Greece
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Greenland
18 years of age; universal

Grenada
18 years of age; universal

Guadeloupe
18 years of age; universal

Guam
18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US
presidential elections

Guatemala
18 years of age; universal (active duty members of the
armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on
election day)

Guernsey
18 years of age; universal

Guinea
18 years of age; universal

Guinea-Bissau
18 years of age; universal

Guyana
18 years of age; universal

Haiti
18 years of age; universal

Holy See (Vatican City)
limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

Honduras
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Hong Kong
direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent
residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven
years; indirect election limited to about 200,000 members of
functional constituencies and an 800-member election committee drawn
from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central
government bodies

Hungary
18 years of age; universal

Iceland
18 years of age; universal

India
18 years of age; universal

Indonesia
17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless
of age

Iran
15 years of age; universal

Iraq
formerly 18 years of age; universal

Ireland
18 years of age; universal

Israel
18 years of age; universal

Italy
18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections,
where minimum age is 25)

Jamaica
18 years of age; universal

Japan
20 years of age; universal

Jersey
NA years of age; universal adult

Jordan
18 years of age; universal

Kazakhstan
18 years of age; universal

Kenya
18 years of age; universal

Kiribati
18 years of age; universal

Korea, North
17 years of age; universal

Korea, South
20 years of age; universal

Kuwait
adult males who have been naturalized for 30 years or more or
have resided in Kuwait since before 1920 and their male descendants
at age 21
note: only 10% of all citizens are eligible to vote; in 1996,
naturalized citizens who do not meet the pre-1920 qualification but
have been naturalized for 30 years were eligible to vote for the
first time

Kyrgyzstan
18 years of age; universal

Laos
18 years of age; universal

Latvia
18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens

Lebanon
21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for
women at age 21 with elementary education

Lesotho
18 years of age; universal

Liberia
18 years of age; universal

Libya
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Liechtenstein
18 years of age; universal

Lithuania
18 years of age; universal

Luxembourg
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Macau
direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent
residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect
election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters"
(257 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee
drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and
central government bodies

Macedonia
18 years of age; universal

Madagascar
18 years of age; universal

Malawi
18 years of age; universal

Malaysia
21 years of age; universal

Maldives
21 years of age; universal

Mali
18 years of age; universal

Malta
18 years of age; universal

Man, Isle of
18 years of age; universal

Marshall Islands
18 years of age; universal

Martinique
18 years of age; universal

Mauritania
18 years of age; universal

Mauritius
18 years of age; universal

Mayotte
18 years of age; universal

Mexico
18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)

Micronesia, Federated States of
18 years of age; universal

Moldova
18 years of age; universal

Monaco
21 years of age; universal

Mongolia
18 years of age; universal

Montserrat
18 years of age; universal

Morocco
18 years of age; universal (as of January 2003)

Mozambique
18 years of age; universal

Namibia
18 years of age; universal

Nauru
20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Nepal
18 years of age; universal

Netherlands
18 years of age; universal

Netherlands Antilles
18 years of age; universal

New Caledonia
18 years of age; universal

New Zealand
18 years of age; universal

Nicaragua
16 years of age; universal

Niger
18 years of age; universal

Nigeria
18 years of age; universal

Niue
18 years of age; universal

Norfolk Island
18 years of age; universal

Northern Mariana Islands 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Norway
18 years of age; universal

Oman
in Oman's most recent Majlis al-Shura elections in 2003,
suffrage was universal for all Omanis over age 21 except for members
of the military and security forces; the next Majlis al-Shura
elections are scheduled for 2007

Pakistan
18 years of age; universal; joint electorates and reserved
parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims

Palau
18 years of age; universal

Panama
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Papua New Guinea
18 years of age; universal

Paraguay
18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 75

Peru
18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70;
note - members of the military and national police may not vote

Philippines
18 years of age; universal

Pitcairn Islands 18 years of age; universal with three years residency

Poland
18 years of age; universal

Portugal
18 years of age; universal

Puerto Rico
18 years of age; universal; island residents are US
citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Qatar
18 years of age; universal

Reunion
18 years of age; universal

Romania
18 years of age; universal

Russia
18 years of age; universal

Rwanda
18 years of age; universal adult

Saint Helena
NA years of age

Saint Kitts and Nevis
18 years of age; universal

Saint Lucia
18 years of age; universal

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
18 years of age; universal

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
18 years of age; universal

Samoa
21 years of age; universal

San Marino
18 years of age; universal

Sao Tome and Principe
18 years of age; universal

Saudi Arabia
adult male citizens age 21 or older
note: voter registration began in November 2004 for partial
municipal council elections scheduled nationwide for February
through April 2005

Senegal
18 years of age; universal

Serbia and Montenegro 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Seychelles
17 years of age; universal

Sierra Leone
18 years of age; universal

Singapore
21 years of age; universal and compulsory

Slovakia
18 years of age; universal

Slovenia
18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Solomon Islands
21 years of age; universal

Somalia
18 years of age; universal

South Africa
18 years of age; universal

Spain
18 years of age; universal

Sri Lanka
18 years of age; universal

Sudan
17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory

Suriname
18 years of age; universal

Swaziland
18 years of age

Sweden
18 years of age; universal

Switzerland
18 years of age; universal

Syria
18 years of age; universal

Taiwan
20 years of age; universal

Tajikistan
18 years of age; universal

Tanzania
18 years of age; universal

Thailand
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Togo
NA years of age; universal adult

Tokelau
21 years of age; universal

Tonga
21 years of age; universal

Trinidad and Tobago
18 years of age; universal

Tunisia
20 years of age; universal

Turkey
18 years of age; universal

Turkmenistan
18 years of age; universal

Turks and Caicos Islands
18 years of age; universal

Tuvalu
18 years of age; universal

Uganda
18 years of age; universal

Ukraine
18 years of age; universal

United Arab Emirates
none

United Kingdom
18 years of age; universal

United States
18 years of age; universal

Uruguay
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Uzbekistan
18 years of age; universal

Vanuatu
18 years of age; universal

Venezuela
18 years of age; universal

Vietnam
18 years of age; universal

Virgin Islands
18 years of age; universal; note - island residents
are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Wallis and Futuna
18 years of age; universal

Western Sahara
none; a UN-sponsored voter identification campaign
not yet completed

Yemen
18 years of age; universal

Zambia
18 years of age; universal

Zimbabwe
18 years of age; universal

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2124 Telephone system

Afghanistan
general assessment: very limited telephone and telegraph
service
domestic: telephone service improving with the establishment of two
mobile phone operators by 2003; telephone main lines remain weak
with only 0.1 line per 10 people
international: country code - 93; five VSAT's installed in Kabul,
Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif, Kandahar, and Jalalabad provide international
and domestic voice and data connectivity

Albania
general assessment: despite new investment in fixed lines,
the density of main lines remains the lowest in Europe with roughly
8 lines per 100 people; however, cellular telephone use is
widespread and generally effective
domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile
phone service has been available since 1996; by 2003 two companies
were providing mobile services at a greater density than some of
Albania's Balkan neighbors
international: country code - 355; inadequate fixed main lines;
adequate cellular connections; international traffic carried by
microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece
(2003)

Algeria
general assessment: telephone density in Algeria is very
low, not exceeding five telephones per 100 persons; the number of
fixed main lines increased in the last few years to a little more
than 2,000,000, but only about two-thirds of these have subscribers;
much of the infrastructure is outdated and inefficient
domestic: good service in north but sparse in south; domestic
satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic
earth stations are planned)
international: country code - 213; 5 submarine cables; microwave
radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial
cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1
Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat (1998)

American Samoa
general assessment: NA
domestic: good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular telephone
services; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth station
international: country code - 1-684; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Andorra
general assessment: NA
domestic: modern system with microwave radio relay connections
between exchanges
international: country code - 376; landline circuits to France and
Spain

Angola
general assessment: telephone service limited mostly to
government and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for
military links
domestic: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and
tropospheric scatter
international: country code - 244; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Anguilla
general assessment: NA
domestic: modern internal telephone system
international: country code - 1-264; microwave radio relay to island
of Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)

Antarctica
general assessment: local systems at some research
stations
domestic: NA
international: country code - 672; via satellite (mobile Inmarsat
and Iridium system) from some research stations

Antigua and Barbuda
general assessment: NA
domestic: good automatic telephone system
international: country code - 1-268; 1 coaxial submarine cable;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric
scatter to Saba (Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe

Argentina
general assessment: by opening the telecommunications
market to competition and foreign investment with the
"Telecommunications Liberalization Plan of 1998," Argentina
encouraged the growth of modern telecommunication technology;
fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all major
cities; the major networks are entirely digital and the availability
of telephone service is being improved; however, telephone density
is presently minimal, and making telephone service universally
available will take time
domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic
satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network;
more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephone
use is rapidly expanding
international: country code - 54; satellite earth stations - 8
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Atlantis II and Unisur submarine cables;
two international gateways near Buenos Aires (1999)

Armenia
general assessment: system inadequate; now 90% privately
owned and undergoing modernization and expansion
domestic: the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment
are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)
international: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the
Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional
international service is available by microwave radio relay and
landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and
by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (2000)

Aruba
general assessment: modern fully automatic telecommunications
system
domestic: increased competition through privatization; 3 wireless
service providers are now licensed
international: country code - 297; 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten
(Netherlands Antilles); extensive interisland microwave radio relay
links

Australia
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
service
domestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone in
areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular
telephones
international: country code - 61; submarine cables to New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 10
Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian
and Pacific Ocean regions) (1998)

Austria
general assessment: highly developed and efficient
domestic: there are 48 main lines for every 100 persons; the fiber
optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet
services are available
international: country code - 43; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat; in
addition, there are about 600 VSAT (very small aperture terminals)
(2002)

Azerbaijan
general assessment: inadequate; requires considerable
expansion and modernization; teledensity of 10 main lines per 100
persons is low (2002)
domestic: the majority of telephones are in Baku and other
industrial centers - about 700 villages still without public
telephone service; satellite service connects Baku to a modern
switch in its exclave of Naxcivan
international: country code - 994; the old Soviet system of cable
and microwave is still serviceable; a satellite connection to Turkey
enables Baku to reach about 200 additional countries, some of which
are directly connected to Baku by satellite providers other than
Turkey (1997)

Bahamas, The
general assessment: modern facilities
domestic: totally automatic system; highly developed
international: country code - 1-242; tropospheric scatter and
submarine cable to Florida; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (1997)

Bahrain
general assessment: modern system
domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network
with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones
international: country code - 973; tropospheric scatter to Qatar and
UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to
Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat
(1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)

Bangladesh
general assessment: totally inadequate for a modern
country
domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems
include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some
fiber-optic cable in cities
international: country code - 880; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international radiotelephone communications
and landline service to neighboring countries (2000)

Barbados
general assessment: NA
domestic: island-wide automatic telephone system
international: country code - 1-246; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and
Saint Lucia

Belarus
general assessment: the Ministry of Telecommunications
controls all telecommunications through its carrier (a joint stock
company) Beltelcom which is a monopoly
domestic: local - Minsk has a digital metropolitan network and a
cellular NMT-450 network; waiting lists for telephones are long;
local service outside Minsk is neglected and poor; intercity -
Belarus has a partly developed fiber-optic backbone system presently
serving at least 13 major cities (1998); Belarus' fiber optics form
synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries'
systems; an inadequate analog system remains operational
international: country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the
Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line,
and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); three fiber-optic
segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and
Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this
infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat,
Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations

Belgium
general assessment: highly developed, technologically
advanced, and completely automated domestic and international
telephone and telegraph facilities
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cable
network; limited microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 32; 5 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat

Belize
general assessment: above-average system
domestic: trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay
international: country code - 501; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Benin
general assessment: NA
domestic: fair system of open-wire, microwave radio relay, and
cellular connections
international: country code - 229; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Bermuda
general assessment: good
domestic: fully automatic digital telephone system; fiber optic
trunk lines
international: country code - 1-441; 3 fiber optic submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Bhutan
general assessment: telecommunications facilities are poor
domestic: very low tele-density; domestic service is very poor
especially in rural areas; wireless service available since 2003
international: country code - 975; international telephone and
telegraph service via landline and microwave relay through India;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2005)

Bolivia
general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic
difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other
cities; mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly
domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs
digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic
cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded
international: country code - 591; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
general assessment: telephone and telegraph
network needs modernization and expansion; many urban areas are
below average as contrasted with services in other former Yugoslav
republics
domestic: NA
international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations

Botswana
general assessment: the system is expanding with the growth
of mobile cellular service and participation in regional development
domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations; mobile
cellular service is growing fast
international: country code - 267; two international exchanges;
digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe,
and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Brazil
general assessment: good working system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic
satellite system with 64 earth stations
international: country code - 55; 3 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat
(Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to
Mercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station

British Indian Ocean Territory general assessment: separate facilities for military and public needs are available domestic: all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet international: international telephone service is carried by satellite (2000)

British Virgin Islands
general assessment: worldwide telephone
service
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-284; submarine cable to Bermuda

Brunei
general assessment: service throughout the country is
excellent; international service is good to East Asia, Europe, and
the US
domestic: every service available
international: country code - 673; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarine
cable links to Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore (2001)

Bulgaria
general assessment: extensive but antiquated
domestic: more than two-thirds of the lines are residential;
telephone service is available in most villages; a fairly modern
digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of
the regions, the others are connected by digital microwave radio
relay
international: country code - 359; direct dialing to 58 countries;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2
Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)

Burkina Faso
general assessment: all services only fair
domestic: microwave radio relay, open-wire, and radiotelephone
communication stations
international: country code - 226; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Burma
general assessment: barely meets minimum requirements for
local and intercity service for business and government;
international service is fair
domestic: NA
international: country code - 95; satellite earth station - 2,
Intelsat (Indian Ocean), and ShinSat

Burundi
general assessment: primitive system
domestic: sparse system of open-wire, radiotelephone communications,
and low-capacity microwave radio relay
international: country code - 257; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Cambodia
general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular
service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; mobile phone
coverage is rapidly expanding in rural areas
domestic: NA
international: country code - 855; adequate but expensive landline
and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and
major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean region)

Cameroon
general assessment: available only to business and
government
domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter
international: country code - 237; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Canada
general assessment: excellent service provided by modern
technology
domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
international: country code - 1-xxx; 5 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1
Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Cape Verde
general assessment: effective system, extensive
modernization from 1996-2000 following partial privatization in 1995
domestic: major service provider is Cabo Verde Telecom (CVT); fiber
optic ring, completed in 2001, links all islands providing Internet
access and ISDN services; cellular service introduced in 1998
international: country code - 238; 2 coaxial submarine cables; HF
radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station
- 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Cayman Islands
general assessment: reasonably good system
domestic: liberalization of telecom market in 2003 reflected in
falling prices and improving services
international: country code - 1-345; 2 submarine fiber optic cables
(Maya-1, Cayman-Jamaica); satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)

Central African Republic
general assessment: fair system
domestic: network consists principally of microwave radio relay and
low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication
international: country code - 236; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Chad
general assessment: primitive system
domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations
international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Chile
general assessment: modern system based on extensive microwave
radio relay facilities
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite
system with 3 earth stations
international: country code - 56; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

China
general assessment: domestic and international services are
increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed
domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and
many towns
domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular
telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite system
with 55 earth stations is in place
international: country code - 86; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean
regions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South
Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany (2000)

Christmas Island
general assessment: service provided by the
Australian network
domestic: GSM mobile telephone service replaced older analog system
in February 2005
international: country code - 61-891; satellite earth stations - one
Intelsat earth station provides telephone and telex service (2000)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
general assessment: connected within
Australia's telecommunication system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 61-891; telephone, telex, and
facsimile communications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite;
1 satellite earth station of NA type (2002)

Colombia
general assessment: modern system in many respects
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system; domestic
satellite system with 41 earth stations; fiber-optic network linking
50 cities
international: country code - 57; satellite earth stations - 6
Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat; 3 fully digitalized international switching
centers; 8 submarine cables

Comoros
general assessment: sparse system of microwave radio relay
and HF radiotelephone communication stations
domestic: HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 269; HF radiotelephone communications
to Madagascar and Reunion

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
general assessment: poor
domestic: barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in
and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth
stations
international: country code - 243; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Congo, Republic of the
general assessment: services barely adequate
for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire,
and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out of order
domestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and
coaxial cable
international: country code - 242; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Cook Islands
general assessment: Telecom Cook Islands offers
international direct dialing, Internet, email, fax, and Telex
domestic: the individual islands are connected by a combination of
satellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HF
radiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by small
exchanges connected to subscribers by open-wire, cable, and
fiber-optic cable
international: country code - 682; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Costa Rica
general assessment: good domestic telephone service in
terms of breadth of coverage; restricted cellular telephone service
domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave,
fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is
available
international: country code - 506; connected to Central American
Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); two submarine cables (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire
general assessment: well developed by African
standards but operating well below capacity
domestic: open-wire lines and microwave radio relay; 90% digitalized
international: country code - 225; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 submarine cables
(June 1999)

Croatia
general assessment: NA
domestic: reconstruction plan calls for replacement of all analog
circuits with digital and enlarging the network; a backup will be
included in the plan for the main trunk
international: country code - 385; digital international service is
provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in
the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project, which consists of
two fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic
trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; Croatia is also
investing in ADRIA 1, a joint fiber-optic project with Germany,
Albania, and Greece (2000)

Cuba
general assessment: greater investment beginning in 1994 and
the establishment of a new Ministry of Information Technology and
Communications in 2000 has resulted in improvements in the system;
wireless service is expensive and remains restricted to foreigners
and regime elites, many Cubans procure wireless service illegally
with the help of foreigners
domestic: national fiber-optic system under development; 85% of
switches digitized by end of 2004; telephone line density remains
low, at 10 per 100 inhabitants; domestic cellular service expanding
international: country code - 53; fiber-optic cable laid to but not
linked to US network; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region)

Cyprus
general assessment: excellent in both Republic of Cyprus and
north Cyprus areas
domestic: open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 357; tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial
and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2
Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat

Czech Republic
general assessment: privatization and modernization
of the Czech telecommunication system got a late start but is
advancing steadily; growth in the use of mobile cellular telephones
is particularly vigorous
domestic: 86% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber
systems now being enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals;
trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 2
Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1
Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar

Denmark
general assessment: excellent telephone and telegraph
services
domestic: buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form
trunk network, 4 cellular mobile communications systems
international: country code - 45; 18 submarine fiber-optic cables
linking Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany, Iceland,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite earth
stations - 6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat
(Blaavand-Atlantic-East); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark,
Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station
and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (1997)

Djibouti
general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of
Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections
to outlying areas of the country
domestic: microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 253; submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez,
Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations
- 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regional
microwave radio relay telephone network

Dominica
general assessment: NA
domestic: fully automatic network
international: country code - 1-767; microwave radio relay and SHF
radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF
radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia

Dominican Republic
general assessment: NA
domestic: relatively efficient system based on island-wide microwave
radio relay network
international: country code - 1-809; 1 coaxial submarine cable;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable
international: country code - 593; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Egypt
general assessment: large system; underwent extensive
upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access and
cellular service are available
domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah,
Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and
microwave radio relay
international: country code - 20; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1
Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan;
microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel

El Salvador
general assessment: NA
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system
international: country code - 503; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave
System

Equatorial Guinea
general assessment: poor system with adequate
government services
domestic: NA
international: country code - 240; international communications from
Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth
station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Eritrea
general assessment: inadequate
domestic: very inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government
is seeking international tenders to improve the system (2002)
international: country code - 291; note - international connections
exist

Estonia
general assessment: foreign investment in the form of joint
business ventures greatly improved telephone service; substantial
fiber-optic cable systems carry telephone, TV, and radio traffic in
the digital mode; Internet services are available throughout most of
the country - only about 11,000 subscriber requests were unfilled by
September 2000
domestic: a wide range of high quality voice, data, and Internet
services is available throughout the country
international: country code - 372; fiber-optic cables to Finland,
Sweden, Latvia, and Russia provide worldwide packet-switched
service; two international switches are located in Tallinn (2001)

Ethiopia
general assessment: adequate for government use
domestic: open-wire; microwave radio relay; radio communication in
the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; two domestic satellites provide
the national trunk service
international: country code - 251; open-wire to Sudan and Djibouti;
microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth
stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)

European Union
note - see individual country entries of member states

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
general assessment: NA
domestic: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB
radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all
points on both islands
international: country code - 500; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other
countries

Faroe Islands
general assessment: good international communications;
good domestic facilities
domestic: digitalization was completed in 1998; both NMT (analog)
and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed
international: country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1
Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands,
linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic
submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable

Fiji
general assessment: modern local, interisland, and
international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose
telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio
communications center
domestic: NA
international: country code - 679; access to important cable links
between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Finland
general assessment: modern system with excellent service
domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive
cellular network provide domestic needs
international: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (Finland
Estonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat
transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1
Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares
the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark,
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

France
general assessment: highly developed
domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive
introduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system
international: country code - 33; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for
Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HF
radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries

French Guiana
general assessment: NA
domestic: fair open-wire and microwave radio relay system
international: country code - 594; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

French Polynesia
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 689; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Gabon
general assessment: adequate service by African standards and
improving with the help of the growing mobile cell system
domestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay,
tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a
domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 241; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC)
provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Gambia, The
general assessment: adequate; a packet switched data
network is available
domestic: adequate network of microwave radio relay and open-wire
international: country code - 220; microwave radio relay links to
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)

Gaza Strip
general assessment: NA
domestic: rudimentary telephone services provided by an open-wire
system
international: NA

Georgia
general assessment: NA
domestic: local - T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi have cellular telephone
networks; urban telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; rural
telephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilities
include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi;
nationwide pager service is available
international: country code - 995; Georgia and Russia are working on
a fiber-optic line between P'ot'i and Sochi (Russia); present
international service is available by microwave, landline, and
satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail
and telex service are available

Germany
general assessment: Germany has one of the world's most
technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of
intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly
backward system of the eastern part of the country, dating back to
World War II, has been modernized and integrated with that of the
western part
domestic: Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic
telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic
cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic
satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available,
expanding rapidly, and includes roaming service to many foreign
countries
international: country code - 49; Germany's international service is
excellent worldwide, consisting of extensive land and undersea cable
facilities as well as earth stations in the Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Eutelsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems (2001)

Ghana
general assessment: poor to fair system; Internet accessible;
many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services is
underway
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has
been installed
international: country code - 233; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel
system connects Ghana to its neighbors; fiber optic submarine cable
(SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Gibraltar
general assessment: adequate, automatic domestic system
and adequate international facilities
domestic: automatic exchange facilities
international: country code - 350; radiotelephone; microwave radio
relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Greece
general assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all
areas; good mobile telephone and international service
domestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire
connections; submarine cable to offshore islands
international: country code - 30; tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine
cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and
1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Greenland
general assessment: adequate domestic and international
service provided by satellite, cables and microwave radio relay;
totally digitalized in 1995
domestic: microwave radio relay and satellite
international: country code - 299; satellite earth stations - 12
Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)

Grenada
general assessment: automatic, islandwide telephone system
domestic: interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links
international: country code - 1-473; new SHF radiotelephone links to
Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to
Trinidad

Guadeloupe
general assessment: domestic facilities inadequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 590; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua and
Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique

Guam
general assessment: modern system, integrated with US
facilities for direct dialing, including free use of 800 numbers
domestic: modern digital system, including cellular mobile service
and local access to the Internet
international: country code - 1-671; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to US and Japan (Guam is
a trans-Pacific communications hub for MCI, Sprint, AT&T, IT&E, and
GTE, linking the US and Asia)

Guatemala
general assessment: fairly modern network centered in the
city of Guatemala
domestic: NA
international: country code - 502; connected to Central American
Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Guernsey
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: 1 submarine cable

Guinea
general assessment: poor to fair system of open-wire lines,
small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radio
relay system
domestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communication
international: country code - 224; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Guinea-Bissau
general assessment: small system
domestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone, and cellular communications
international: country code - 245

Guyana
general assessment: fair system for long-distance service
domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines
international: country code - 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Haiti
general assessment: domestic facilities barely adequate;
international facilities slightly better
domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk service
international: country code - 509; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Holy See (Vatican City)
general assessment: automatic exchange
domestic: tied into Italian system
international: country code - 39; uses Italian system

Honduras
general assessment: inadequate system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 504; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave
System

Hong Kong
general assessment: modern facilities provide excellent
domestic and international services
domestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic
network
international: country code - 852; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to
Guangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cables
providing connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan,
Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe

Hungary
general assessment: the telephone system has been modernized
and is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication
service
domestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk
services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave
radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was
initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones
international: country code - 36; Hungary has fiber-optic cable
connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch
is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture
terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals

Iceland
general assessment: extensive domestic service
domestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic
cables and microwave radio relay links
international: country code - 354; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean
regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the
other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)

India
general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization of
telecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change;
local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of
the country, with services primarily concentrated in the urban
areas; steady improvement is taking place with the recent admission
of private and private-public investors, but telephone density
remains low at about seven for each 100 persons nationwide but only
one per 100 persons in rural areas and a national waiting list of
over 1.7 million; fastest growth is in cellular service with modest
growth in fixed lines
domestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak in
rural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramatic
reductions in price led in large part by wireless service; mobile
cellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced in 1994 and
organized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecom
circles each with about three private service providers and one
state-owned service provider; in recent years significant trunk
capacity added in the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the
world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian National
Satellite system (INSAT), with five satellites supporting 33,000
very small aperture terminals (VSAT)
international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); nine
gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata
(Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar,
Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3
with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic Link
Around the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), South
Africa - Far East (SAFE) with landing site at Cochin, i2icn linking
to Singapore with landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai
(Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras),
provide a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both
voice and data traffic (2004)

Indonesia
general assessment: domestic service fair, international
service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;
domestic satellite communications system
international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Iran
general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized
and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and
increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing
telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently
connected
domestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system
since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave
radio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been
brought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systems
has approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellular
subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the
system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital
switches
international: country code - 98; HF radio and microwave radio relay
to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria,
Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to
UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG);
Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan
through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion
to Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and
4 Inmarsat

Iraq
general assessment: the 2003 war severely disrupted
telecommunications throughout Iraq including international
connections; USAID is overseeing the repair of switching capability
and the construction of mobile and satellite communication facilities
domestic: repairs to switches and lines destroyed in the recent
fighting continue, but sabotage remains a problem; cellular service
is expected to be in place within two years
international: country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable
and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey;
Kuwait line is probably nonoperational

Ireland
general assessment: modern digital system using cable and
microwave radio relay
domestic: microwave radio relay
international: country code - 353; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Israel
general assessment: most highly developed system in the
Middle East although not the largest
domestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay;
all systems are digital
international: country code - 972; 3 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Italy
general assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fully
automated telephone, telex, and data services
domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
international: country code - 39; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2
for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA
Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables

Jamaica
general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone
network
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables

Japan
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
service
domestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service of
every kind
international: country code - 81; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean
regions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US
(via Guam) (1999)

Jersey
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: 3 submarine cables

Johnston Atoll
general assessment: NA
domestic: 512 KB satellite link to Hawaii teleport; 20 (POTS) voice
and data lines
international: NA (2002)

Jordan
general assessment: service has improved recently with
increased use of digital switching equipment, but better access to
the telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier access
to pay telephones is needed by the urban public
domestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and
fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use of
mobile cellular systems; Internet service is available
international: country code - 962; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals;
fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link
with Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cable
FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL;
international links total about 4,000

Kazakhstan
general assessment: service is poor; equipment antiquated
domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile
cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan
international: country code - 7; international traffic with other
former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave
radio relay and with other countries by satellite and by the
Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations
- 2 Intelsat

Kenya
general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize
except for service to business
domestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data
commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system
international: country code - 254; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat

Kiribati
general assessment: generally good quality national and
international service
domestic: wire line service available on Tarawa and Kiritimati;
connections to outer islands by HF/VHF radiotelephone; wireless
service available in Tarawa since 1999
international: country code - 686; Kiribati is being linked to the
Pacific Ocean Cooperative Telecommunications Network, which should
improve telephone service; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Pacific Ocean)

Korea, North
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 850; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean region); other
international connections through Moscow and Beijing

Korea, South
general assessment: excellent domestic and
international services
domestic: NA
international: country code - 82; fiber-optic submarine cable to
China; the Russia-Korea-Japan submarine cable; satellite earth
stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1
Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)

Kuwait
general assessment: the quality of service is excellent
domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new
subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay,
coaxial cable, and open-wire and fiber-optic cable; a cellular
telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well
supplied with pay telephones
international: country code - 965; coaxial cable and microwave radio
relay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the
Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat
(1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and
2 Arabsat

Kyrgyzstan
general assessment: poorly developed; about 100,000
unsatisfied applications for household telephones
domestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider,
probably limited to Bishkek region
international: country code - 996; connections with other CIS
countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other
countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway
switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik
and 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe
(TAE) fiber-optic line

Laos
general assessment: service to general public is poor but
improving with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and an
additional 48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on a
radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas
domestic: radiotelephone communications
international: country code - 856; satellite earth station - 1
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Latvia
general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to
provide an international capability independent of the Moscow
international switch; more facilities are being installed for
individual use
domestic: expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections,
rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfied
subscriber applications
international: country code - 371; international connections are now
available via cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enabling
direct connections for most calls (1998)

Lebanon
general assessment: telecommunications system severely
damaged by civil war; rebuilding well underway
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay and cable
international: country code - 961; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations);
coaxial cable to Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but
inoperable beyond Syria to Jordan; 3 submarine coaxial cables

Lesotho
general assessment: rudimentary system
domestic: consists of a modest but growing number of landlines, a
small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone
communication system; a cellular mobile telephone system is growing
international: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Liberia
general assessment: the limited services available are found
almost exclusively in the capital Monrovia
domestic: fully automatic system with very low density of .21 fixed
mainlines per 100 persons; limited wireless service available
international: country code - 231; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Libya
general assessment: telecommunications system is being
modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in
1996
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular,
tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth
stations
international: country code - 218; satellite earth stations - 4
Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to
France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;
tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)

Liechtenstein
general assessment: automatic telephone system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 423; linked to Swiss networks by cable
and microwave radio relay

Lithuania
general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to
provide an improved international capability and better residential
access
domestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system is
nearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded;
mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internet
is available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriber
applications
international: country code - 370; landline connections to Latvia
and Poland; major international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway by submarine cable for further transmission by satellite

Luxembourg
general assessment: highly developed, completely
automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable
international: country code - 352; 3 channels leased on TAT-6
coaxial submarine cable (Europe to North America)

Macau
general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities
maintained for domestic and international services
domestic: NA
international: country code - 853; HF radiotelephone communication
facility; access to international communications carriers provided
via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Indian Ocean)

Macedonia
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 389

Madagascar
general assessment: system is above average for the region
domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay,
and tropospheric scatter links connect regions
international: country code - 261; submarine cable to Bahrain;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1
Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Malawi
general assessment: NA
domestic: system employs open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and radiotelephone communications stations
international: country code - 265; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Malaysia
general assessment: modern system; international service
excellent
domestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia
mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio
relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic
satellite system with 2 earth stations
international: country code - 60; submarine cables to India, Hong
Kong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2001)

Maldives
general assessment: minimal domestic and international
facilities
domestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; all
inhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax service
international: country code - 960; satellite earth station - 3
Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Mali
general assessment: domestic system unreliable but improving;
provides only minimal service
domestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open-wire, and
radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio
relay in progress
international: country code - 223; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Malta
general assessment: automatic system satisfies normal
requirements
domestic: submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands
international: country code - 356; 2 submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Man, Isle of
general assessment: NA
domestic: landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone system
international: fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satellite
earth station, submarine cable

Marshall Islands
general assessment: digital switching equipment;
modern services include telex, cellular, internet, international
calling, caller ID, and leased data circuits
domestic: Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular,
seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by
shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)
international: country code - 692; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); US Government satellite communications
system on Kwajalein (2001)

Martinique
general assessment: domestic facilities are adequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 596; microwave radio relay to
Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Mauritania
general assessment: limited system of cable and open-wire
lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone
communications stations (improvements being made)
domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed
domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with
regional capitals
international: country code - 222; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat

Mauritius
general assessment: small system with good service
domestic: primarily microwave radio relay trunk system
international: country code - 230; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new microwave link to Reunion; HF
radiotelephone links to several countries; fiber optic submarine
cable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Mayotte
general assessment: small system administered by French
Department of Posts and Telecommunications
domestic: NA
international: country code - 269; microwave radio relay and HF
radiotelephone communications to Comoros (2001)

Mexico
general assessment: low telephone density with about 15.2
main lines per 100 persons; privatized in December 1990; the opening
to competition in January 1997 improved prospects for development,
but Telmex remains dominant
domestic: adequate telephone service for business and government,
but the population is poorly served; mobile subscribers far
outnumber fixed-line subscribers; domestic satellite system with 120
earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network;
considerable use of fiber-optic cable and coaxial cable
international: country code - 52; satellite earth stations - 32
Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South
America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing
domestic communications), numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations;
linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections;
high capacity Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to
the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, and Italy
(1997)

Micronesia, Federated States of
general assessment: adequate system
domestic: islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used
mostly for government purposes), satellite (Intelsat) ground
stations, and some coaxial and fiber-optic cable; cellular service
available on Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap
international: country code - 691; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2002)

Moldova
general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service
outside Chisinau; some effort to modernize is under way
domestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile
cellular telephone service being introduced
international: country code - 373; service through Romania and
Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat,
and Intersputnik

Monaco
general assessment: modern automatic telephone system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 377; no satellite earth stations;
connected by cable into the French communications system

Mongolia
general assessment: network is improving with international
direct dialing available in many areas
domestic: very low density of about 6.5 telephones for each thousand
persons; two wireless providers cover all but two provinces
international: country code - 976; satellite earth station - 1
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)

Montserrat
general assessment: modern and fully digitalized
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-664

Morocco
general assessment: modern system with all important
capabilities; however, density is low with only 4.6 main lines
available for each 100 persons
domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and
microwave radio relay links; Internet available but expensive;
principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national
network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural
service employs microwave radio relay
international: country code - 212; 7 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara;
coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in
Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and
Tunisia (1998)

Mozambique
general assessment: fair system but not available
generally (telephone density is only 16 telephones for each 1,000
persons)
domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk
connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter
international: country code - 258; satellite earth stations - 5
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)

Namibia
general assessment: good system; about 6 telephones for each
100 persons
domestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio
relay links major towns; connections to other populated places are
by open wire; 100% digital
international: country code - 264; fiber-optic cable to South
Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to
other neighboring countries; connected to Africa ONE and South
African Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through South Africa;
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (2002)

Nauru
general assessment: adequate local and international
radiotelephone communication provided via Australian facilities
domestic: NA
international: country code - 674; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Nepal
general assessment: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair
radiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular telephone
network
domestic: NA
international: country code - 977; radiotelephone communications;
microwave landline to India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Indian Ocean)

Netherlands
general assessment: highly developed and well maintained
domestic: extensive fixed-line fiber-optic network; cellular
telephone system is one of the largest in Europe with five major
network operators utilizing the third generation of the Global
System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
international: country code - 31; 9 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1
Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
general assessment: generally adequate
facilities
domestic: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links
international: country code - 599; submarine cables - 2; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

New Caledonia
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 687; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

New Zealand
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
systems
domestic: NA
international: country code - 64; submarine cables to Australia and
Fiji; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Nicaragua
general assessment: inadequate system being upgraded by
foreign investment
domestic: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being
expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System
international: country code - 505; satellite earth stations - 1
Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Niger
general assessment: small system of wire, radio telephone
communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in the
southwestern area of Niger
domestic: wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio
relay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned
international: country code - 227; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Nigeria
general assessment: an inadequate system, further limited by
poor maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has been
made
domestic: intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave
radio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19
earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular
facilities and the Internet are available
international: country code - 234; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); fiber optic
submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia

Niue
domestic: single-line telephone system connects all villages on
island
international: country code - 683

Norfolk Island
general assessment: adequate
domestic: free local calls
international: country code - 672; undersea coaxial cable links with
Australia, New Zealand, and Canada; satellite earth station

Northern Mariana Islands
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-670; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Norway
general assessment: modern in all respects; one of the most
advanced telecommunications networks in Europe
domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; moreover, the
prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of cellular mobile
systems instead of fixed-wire systems
international: country code - 47; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4
coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean
regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the
other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)

Oman
general assessment: modern system consisting of open-wire,
microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited
coaxial cable
domestic: open-wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and a
domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations
international: country code - 968; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

Pakistan
general assessment: the domestic system is mediocre, but
improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in
part because major businesses have established their own private
systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the
national telecommunications system on a priority basis,
significantly increasing network capacity; despite major
improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services
are still not readily available to the majority of the rural
population
domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
cellular, and satellite networks
international: country code - 92; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational
international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad);
microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)

Palau
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 680; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Panama
general assessment: domestic and international facilities
well developed
domestic: NA
international: country code - 507; 1 coaxial submarine cable;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to
the Central American Microwave System

Papua New Guinea
general assessment: services are adequate;
facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
aeronautical radio, and international radio communication services
domestic: mostly radiotelephone
international: country code - 675; submarine cables to Australia and
Guam; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean);
international radio communication service

Paraguay
general assessment: meager telephone service; principal
switching center is Asuncion
domestic: fair microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 595; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Peru
general assessment: adequate for most requirements
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic
satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 51; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable

Philippines
general assessment: good international radiotelephone
and submarine cable services; domestic and inter-island service
adequate
domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations
international: country code - 63; 9 international gateways;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific
Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and
Japan

Pitcairn Islands
general assessment: satellite phone services
domestic: domestic communication via radio (CB)
international: country code - 872; satellite earth station (Inmarsat)

Poland
general assessment: underdeveloped and outmoded system in the
process of being overhauled; partial privatization of the
state-owned telephone monopoly is underway; the long waiting list
for main line telephone service has resulted in a boom in mobile
cellular telephone use
domestic: cable, open-wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellular
networks; local exchanges 56.6% digital
international: country code - 48; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean
regions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Portugal
general assessment: Portugal's telephone system has
achieved a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed
capabilities and a main line telephone density of 53%
domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire, microwave
radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international: country code - 351; 6 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean),
NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station
for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is planned

Puerto Rico
general assessment: modern system integrated with that
of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with
high-speed data capability
domestic: digital telephone system; cellular telephone service
international: country code - 1-787, 939; satellite earth station -
1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US

Qatar
general assessment: modern system centered in Doha
domestic: NA
international: country code - 974; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;
microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to
Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

Reunion
general assessment: adequate system; principal center is
Saint-Denis
domestic: modern open-wire and microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 262; radiotelephone communication to
Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius;
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); fiber optic
submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC/SAFE) provides connectivity to Europe
and Asia

Romania
general assessment: poor domestic service, but improving
domestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is
mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about
one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages
have no service
international: country code - 40; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat; new digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate
in Bucharest; note - Romania is an active participant in several
international telecommunication network projects (1999)

Russia
general assessment: the telephone system underwent
significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000
companies licensed to offer communication services; access to
digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet
and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward
building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a
market economy; however, a large demand for main line service
remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint
Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the
telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital
infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are
available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are
still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally
by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several
cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls;
satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik,
Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems

Rwanda
general assessment: telephone system primarily serves
business and government
domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the
provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular
telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF
radiotelephone
international: country code - 250; international connections employ
microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite
communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations -
1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax
service)

Saint Helena
general assessment: can communicate worldwide
domestic: automatic network
international: country code - 290; HF radiotelephone from Saint
Helena to Ascension Island, which is a major coaxial submarine cable
relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
general assessment: good interisland and
international connections
domestic: inter-island links via Eastern Caribbean Fiber Optic
cable; construction of enhanced wireless infrastructure launched in
November 2004
international: country code - 1-869; international calls are carried
by submarine cable or Intelsat

Saint Lucia
general assessment: adequate system
domestic: system is automatically switched
international: country code - 1-758; direct microwave radio relay
link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
tropospheric scatter to Barbados; international calls beyond these
countries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 508; radiotelephone communication with
most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic
satellite system

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
general assessment: adequate system
domestic: islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHF
radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the
Grenadines
international: country code - 1-784; VHF/UHF radiotelephone from
Saint Vincent to Barbados; new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and to
Saint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through
Saint Lucia

Samoa
general assessment: adequate
domestic: NA
international: country code - 685; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

San Marino
general assessment: adequate connections
domestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated into
Italian system
international: country code - 378; connected to Italian
international network

Sao Tome and Principe
general assessment: adequate facilities
domestic: minimal system
international: country code - 239; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Saudi Arabia
general assessment: modern system
domestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and
fiber-optic cable systems
international: country code - 966; microwave radio relay to Bahrain,
Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to
Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain;
satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian
Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Senegal
general assessment: good system
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial
cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system
international: country code - 221; 4 submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Serbia and Montenegro
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 381; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Seychelles
general assessment: effective system
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands in the
archipelago
international: country code - 248; direct radiotelephone
communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal
countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Sierra Leone
general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph
service
domestic: the national microwave radio relay trunk system connects
Freetown to Bo and Kenema
international: country code - 232; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Singapore
general assessment: excellent service
domestic: excellent domestic facilities
international: country code - 65; submarine cables to Malaysia
(Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific
Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)

Slovakia
general assessment: a modernization and privatization
program is increasing accessibility to telephone service, reducing
the waiting time for new subscribers, and generally improving
service quality
domestic: predominantly an analog system that is now receiving
digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable,
especially in the larger cities; mobile cellular capability has been
added
international: country code - 421; three international exchanges
(one in Bratislava and two in Banska Bystrica) are available;
Slovakia is participating in several international
telecommunications projects that will increase the availability of
external services

Slovenia
general assessment: NA
domestic: 100% digital (2000)
international: country code - 386

Solomon Islands
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 677; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Somalia
general assessment: the public telecommunications system was
almost completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions;
private wireless companies offer service in most major cities and
charge the lowest international rates on the continent
domestic: local cellular telephone systems have been established in
Mogadishu and in several other population centers
international: country code - 252; international connections are
available from Mogadishu by satellite

South Africa
general assessment: the system is the best developed
and most modern in Africa
domestic: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial
cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable,
radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port
Elizabeth, and Pretoria
international: country code - 27; 2 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken

Spain
general assessment: generally adequate, modern facilities;
teledensity is 44 main lines for each 100 persons
domestic: NA
international: country code - 34; 22 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries

Sri Lanka
general assessment: very inadequate domestic service,
particularly in rural areas; likely improvement with privatization
of national telephone company and encouragement to private
investment; good international service (1999)
domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital
microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area
and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition
is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low
at 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999)
international: country code - 94; submarine cables to Indonesia and
Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)

Sudan
general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional
standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in
1996 and have expanded substantially
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone
communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite
system with 14 earth stations
international: country code - 249; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000)

Suriname
general assessment: international facilities are good
domestic: microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 597; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Svalbard
general assessment: probably adequate
domestic: local telephone service
international: country code - 47-790; satellite earth station - 1 of
unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)

Swaziland
general assessment: a somewhat modern but not an advanced
system
domestic: system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and
low-capacity, microwave radio relay
international: country code - 268; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Sweden
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
facilities; automatic system
domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice
traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some
additional telephone channels
international: country code - 46; 5 submarine coaxial cables;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat,
and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden
shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries
(Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)

Switzerland
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
services
domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks
international: country code - 41; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean)

Syria
general assessment: fair system currently undergoing
significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic
technology
domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 963; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region);
1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq,
Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel

Taiwan
general assessment: provides telecommunications service for
every business and private need
domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized
international: country code - 886; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables to
Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)

Tajikistan
general assessment: poorly developed and not well
maintained; many towns are not linked to the national network
domestic: cable and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 992; linked by cable and microwave
radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the
Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to
international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth
stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat

Tanzania
general assessment: fair system operating below capacity
and being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperture
terminal) system under construction
domestic: trunk service provided by open-wire, microwave radio
relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being
made digital
international: country code - 255; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Thailand
general assessment: high quality system, especially in
urban areas like Bangkok; WTO requirement for privatization of
telecom sector is planned to be complete by 2006
domestic: fixed line system provided by both a government owned and
commercial provider; wireless service expanding rapidly and
outpacing fixed lines
international: country code - 66; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); landing country for
APCN submarine cable

Togo
general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave
radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile
cellular system
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional
system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international: country code - 228; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie

Tokelau
general assessment: modern satellite-based communications
system;
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: country code - 690; radiotelephone service to Samoa;
government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite
earth stations, established in 1997

Tonga
general assessment: competition between Tonga
Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications
Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT
recently granted authority to develop high-speed digital service for
telephone, Internet, and television
domestic: fully automatic switched network
international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
general assessment: excellent international
service; good local service
domestic: NA
international: country code - 1-868; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and
Guyana

Tunisia
general assessment: above the African average and continuing
to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis;
Internet access available
domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial
cable, and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 216; 5 submarine cables; satellite
earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial
cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in
Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches

Turkey
general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and
expansion, especially with cellular telephones
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid
increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of
technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both
fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating
communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a
domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile
cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
international: country code - 90; international service is provided
by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black
Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania,
and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile
satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)

Turkmenistan
general assessment: poorly developed
domestic: NA
international: country code - 993; linked by cable and microwave
radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased
connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new
telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new
exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey
via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat

Turks and Caicos Islands
general assessment: fully digital system
with international direct dialing
domestic: full range of services available
international: country code - 1-649; 2 submarine cables; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Tuvalu
general assessment: serves particular needs for internal
communications
domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands
international: country code - 688; international calls can be made
by satellite

Uganda
general assessment: seriously inadequate; two cellular
systems have been introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of
main lines is essential; e-mail and Internet services are available
domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellular
systems for short-range traffic
international: country code - 256; satellite earth stations - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and
Tanzania

Ukraine
general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development
plan, running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk
lines, international connections, and the mobile cellular system
domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a
telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair;
more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be
satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic
trunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system
is expanding at a high rate
international: country code - 380; two new domestic trunk lines are
a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three
Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic
Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries;
additional international service is provided by the
Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and
by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik
satellite systems

United Arab Emirates
general assessment: modern fiber-optic
integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of
mobile cellular telephones; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai
domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber optic and coaxial cable
international: country code - 971; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan;
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi
Arabia

United Kingdom
general assessment: technologically advanced domestic
and international system
domestic: equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and
fiber-optic systems
international: country code - 44; 40 coaxial submarine cables;
satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3
Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat;
at least 8 large international switching centers

United States
general assessment: a large, technologically advanced,
multipurpose communications system
domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio
relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of
telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile
telephone traffic throughout the country
international: country code - 1; 24 ocean cable systems in use;
satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16
Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4
Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000)

Uruguay
general assessment: fully digitalized
domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 598; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2002)

Uzbekistan
general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in serious
need of modernization
domestic: the domestic telephone system is being expanded and
technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent (Toshkent) and
Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in
industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks
had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System
for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile
Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System)
international: country code - 998; linked by landline or microwave
radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased
connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the
completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE)
fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian
facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides
an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite
earth stations - NA (1998)

Vanuatu
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 678; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Venezuela
general assessment: modern and expanding
domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent
substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas;
substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines;
installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of
digital multimedia services
international: country code - 58; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1
PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in
the construction of an international fiber-optic network

Vietnam
general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort
into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system,
but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern
neighbors
domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to
Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or
microwave radio relay networks; main lines have been substantially
increased, and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly
international: country code - 84; satellite earth stations - 2
Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Virgin Islands
general assessment: modern system with total digital
switching, uses fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
domestic: full range of services available
international: country code - 1-340; 2 submarine cable connections
(Taino Carib, Americas-1); satellite earth stations - NA

Wake Island
general assessment: satellite communications; 1 DSN
circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS)
domestic: NA
international: NA

Wallis and Futuna
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 681

West Bank
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA
note: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are
responsible for communication services in the West Bank

Western Sahara
general assessment: sparse and limited system
domestic: NA
international: country code - 212; tied into Morocco's system by
microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to
Rabat, Morocco

World
general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: NA

Yemen
general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have
been made to create a national telecommunications network
domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay,
cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone
systems
international: country code - 967; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik
(Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to
Saudi Arabia and Djibouti

Zambia
general assessment: facilities are aging but still among the
best in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation;
Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal
(VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: country code - 260; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Zimbabwe
general assessment: system was once one of the best in
Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000
outstanding requests for connection despite an equally large number
of installed but unused main lines
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop
installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet
connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns
and for some of the smaller ones
international: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and
Gweru)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2125 Terrain

Afghanistan
mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest

Albania
mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

Algeria
mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow,
discontinuous coastal plain

American Samoa
five volcanic islands with rugged peaks and limited
coastal plains, two coral atolls (Rose Island, Swains Island)

Andorra
rugged mountains dissected by narrow valleys

Angola
narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau

Anguilla
flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone

Antarctica
about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock,
with average elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain
ranges up to nearly 5,000 meters; ice-free coastal areas include
parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land, the Antarctic
Peninsula area, and parts of Ross Island on McMurdo Sound; glaciers
form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating ice
shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent

Antigua and Barbuda
mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands,
with some higher volcanic areas

Arctic Ocean
central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar
icepack that, on average, is about 3 meters thick, although pressure
ridges may be three times that thickness; clockwise drift pattern in
the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly straight-line movement from
the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark Strait (between
Greenland and Iceland); the icepack is surrounded by open seas
during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter
and extends to the encircling landmasses; the ocean floor is about
50% continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the
remainder a central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges
(Alpha Cordillera, Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonosov Ridge)

Argentina
rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to
rolling plateau of Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western
border

Armenia
Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast
flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Aruba
flat with a few hills; scant vegetation

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
low with sand and coral

Atlantic Ocean
surface usually covered with sea ice in Labrador Sea,
Denmark Strait, and coastal portions of the Baltic Sea from October
to June; clockwise warm-water gyre (broad, circular system of
currents) in the northern Atlantic, counterclockwise warm-water gyre
in the southern Atlantic; the ocean floor is dominated by the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire
Atlantic basin

Australia
mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast

Austria
in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the
eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

Azerbaijan
large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland) (much
of it below sea level) with Great Caucasus Mountains to the north,
Qarabag Yaylasi (Karabakh Upland) in west; Baku lies on Abseron
Yasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that juts into Caspian Sea

Bahamas, The
long, flat coral formations with some low rounded hills

Bahrain
mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central
escarpment

Baker Island
low, nearly level coral island surrounded by a narrow
fringing reef

Bangladesh
mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast

Barbados
relatively flat; rises gently to central highland region

Bassas da India
volcanic rock

Belarus
generally flat and contains much marshland

Belgium
flat coastal plains in northwest, central rolling hills,
rugged mountains of Ardennes Forest in southeast

Belize
flat, swampy coastal plain; low mountains in south

Benin
mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains

Bermuda
low hills separated by fertile depressions

Bhutan
mostly mountainous with some fertile valleys and savanna

Bolivia
rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano),
hills, lowland plains of the Amazon Basin

Bosnia and Herzegovina
mountains and valleys

Botswana
predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari
Desert in southwest

Bouvet Island
volcanic; coast is mostly inaccessible

Brazil
mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,
mountains, and narrow coastal belt

British Indian Ocean Territory
flat and low (most areas do not
exceed four meters in elevation)

British Virgin Islands
coral islands relatively flat; volcanic
islands steep, hilly

Brunei
flat coastal plain rises to mountains in east; hilly lowland
in west

Bulgaria
mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast

Burkina Faso
mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in
west and southeast

Burma
central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Burundi
hilly and mountainous, dropping to a plateau in east, some
plains

Cambodia
mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Cameroon
diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau
in center, mountains in west, plains in north

Canada
mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

Cape Verde
steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic

Cayman Islands
low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs

Central African Republic
vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau;
scattered hills in northeast and southwest

Chad
broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in
northwest, lowlands in south

Chile
low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in
east

China
mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains,
deltas, and hills in east

Christmas Island
steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central
plateau

Clipperton Island
coral atoll

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
flat, low-lying coral atolls

Colombia
flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes
Mountains, eastern lowland plains

Comoros
volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low
hills

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
vast central basin is a low-lying
plateau; mountains in east

Congo, Republic of the
coastal plain, southern basin, central
plateau, northern basin

Cook Islands
low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in
south

Coral Sea Islands
sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)

Costa Rica
coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including
over 100 volcanic cones, of which several are major volcanoes

Cote d'Ivoire
mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in
northwest

Croatia
geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border,
low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands

Cuba
mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and mountains
in the southeast

Cyprus
central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered
but significant plains along southern coast

Czech Republic
Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains,
hills, and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east
consists of very hilly country

Denmark
low and flat to gently rolling plains

Djibouti
coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains

Dominica
rugged mountains of volcanic origin

Dominican Republic rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed

East Timor
mountainous

Ecuador
coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands
(sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente)

Egypt
vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta

El Salvador
mostly mountains with narrow coastal belt and central
plateau

Equatorial Guinea
coastal plains rise to interior hills; islands are
volcanic

Eritrea
dominated by extension of Ethiopian north-south trending
highlands, descending on the east to a coastal desert plain, on the
northwest to hilly terrain and on the southwest to flat-to-rolling
plains

Estonia
marshy, lowlands; flat in the north, hilly in the south

Ethiopia
high plateau with central mountain range divided by Great
Rift Valley

Europa Island
low and flat

European Union
fairly flat along the Baltic and Atlantic coast;
mountainous in the central and southern areas

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
rocky, hilly, mountainous with
some boggy, undulating plains

Faroe Islands
rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of
coast

Fiji
mostly mountains of volcanic origin

Finland
mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes
and low hills

France
mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west;
remainder is mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east

French Guiana
low-lying coastal plains rising to hills and small
mountains

French Polynesia
mixture of rugged high islands and low islands with
reefs

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
volcanic

Gabon
narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south

Gambia, The
flood plain of the Gambia River flanked by some low hills

Gaza Strip
flat to rolling, sand- and dune-covered coastal plain

Georgia
largely mountainous with Great Caucasus Mountains in the
north and Lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south; Kolkhet'is Dablobi
(Kolkhida Lowland) opens to the Black Sea in the west; Mtkvari River
Basin in the east; good soils in river valley flood plains,
foothills of Kolkhida Lowland

Germany
lowlands in north, uplands in center, Bavarian Alps in south

Ghana
mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Gibraltar
a narrow coastal lowland borders the Rock of Gibraltar

Glorioso Islands
low and flat

Greece
mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as
peninsulas or chains of islands

Greenland
flat to gradually sloping icecap covers all but a narrow,
mountainous, barren, rocky coast

Grenada
volcanic in origin with central mountains

Guadeloupe
Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin with interior
mountains; Grande-Terre is low limestone formation; most of the
seven other islands are volcanic in origin

Guam
volcanic origin, surrounded by coral reefs; relatively flat
coralline limestone plateau (source of most fresh water), with steep
coastal cliffs and narrow coastal plains in north, low hills in
center, mountains in south

Guatemala
mostly mountains with narrow coastal plains and rolling
limestone plateau (Peten)

Guernsey
mostly level with low hills in southwest

Guinea
generally flat coastal plain, hilly to mountainous interior

Guinea-Bissau
mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east

Guyana
mostly rolling highlands; low coastal plain; savanna in south

Haiti
mostly rough and mountainous

Heard Island and McDonald Islands Heard Island - 80% ice-covered, bleak and mountainous, dominated by a large massif (Big Ben) and an active volcano (Mawson Peak); McDonald Islands - small and rocky

Holy See (Vatican City)
low hill

Honduras
mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains

Hong Kong
hilly to mountainous with steep slopes; lowlands in north

Howland Island
low-lying, nearly level, sandy, coral island
surrounded by a narrow fringing reef; depressed central area

Hungary
mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on
the Slovakian border

Iceland
mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields;
coast deeply indented by bays and fiords

India
upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain
along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north

Indian Ocean
surface dominated by counterclockwise gyre (broad,
circular system of currents) in the southern Indian Ocean; unique
reversal of surface currents in the northern Indian Ocean; low
atmospheric pressure over southwest Asia from hot, rising, summer
air results in the southwest monsoon and southwest-to-northeast
winds and currents, while high pressure over northern Asia from
cold, falling, winter air results in the northeast monsoon and
northeast-to-southwest winds and currents; ocean floor is dominated
by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge and subdivided by the Southeast Indian
Ocean Ridge, Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge, and Ninetyeast Ridge

Indonesia
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior
mountains

Iran
rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts,
mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts

Iraq
mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in
south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran
and Turkey

Ireland
mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged
hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast

Israel
Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central
mountains; Jordan Rift Valley

Italy
mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

Jamaica
mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Jan Mayen
volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers

Japan
mostly rugged and mountainous

Jarvis Island
sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing
reef

Jersey
gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast

Johnston Atoll
mostly flat

Jordan
mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great
Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River

Juan de Nova Island
low and flat

Kazakhstan
extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from
the plains in western Siberia to oases and desert in Central Asia

Kenya
low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift
Valley; fertile plateau in west

Kingman Reef
low and nearly level

Kiribati
mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

Korea, North
mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow
valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east

Korea, South
mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west
and south

Kuwait
flat to slightly undulating desert plain

Kyrgyzstan
peaks of Tien Shan and associated valleys and basins
encompass entire nation

Laos
mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus

Latvia
low plain

Lebanon
narrow coastal plain; El Beqaa (Bekaa Valley) separates
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountains

Lesotho
mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains

Liberia
mostly flat to rolling coastal plains rising to rolling
plateau and low mountains in northeast

Libya
mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions

Liechtenstein
mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western
third

Lithuania
lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil

Luxembourg
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow
valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope
down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Macau
generally flat

Macedonia
mountainous territory covered with deep basins and
valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country
bisected by the Vardar River

Madagascar
narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center

Malawi
narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills,
some mountains

Malaysia
coastal plains rising to hills and mountains

Maldives
flat, with white sandy beaches

Mali
mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna
in south, rugged hills in northeast

Malta
mostly low, rocky, flat to dissected plains; many coastal
cliffs

Man, Isle of
hills in north and south bisected by central valley

Marshall Islands
low coral limestone and sand islands

Martinique
mountainous with indented coastline; dormant volcano

Mauritania
mostly barren, flat plains of the Sahara; some central
hills

Mauritius
small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains
encircling central plateau

Mayotte
generally undulating, with deep ravines and ancient volcanic
peaks

Mexico
high, rugged mountains; low coastal plains; high plateaus;
desert

Micronesia, Federated States of islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Chuuk

Midway Islands
low, nearly level

Moldova
rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Monaco
hilly, rugged, rocky

Mongolia
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains
in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Montserrat
volcanic island, mostly mountainous, with small coastal
lowland

Morocco
northern coast and interior are mountainous with large areas
of bordering plateaus, intermontane valleys, and rich coastal plains

Mozambique
mostly coastal lowlands, uplands in center, high plateaus
in northwest, mountains in west

Namibia
mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari
Desert in east

Nauru
sandy beach rises to fertile ring around raised coral reefs
with phosphate plateau in center

Navassa Island
raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to
undulating; ringed by vertical white cliffs (9 to 15 m high)

Nepal
Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill
region, rugged Himalayas in north

Netherlands
mostly coastal lowland and reclaimed land (polders);
some hills in southeast

Netherlands Antilles
generally hilly, volcanic interiors

New Caledonia
coastal plains with interior mountains

New Zealand
predominately mountainous with some large coastal plains

Nicaragua
extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central
interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by
volcanoes

Niger
predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling
plains in south; hills in north

Nigeria
southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus;
mountains in southeast, plains in north

Niue
steep limestone cliffs along coast, central plateau

Norfolk Island
volcanic formation with mostly rolling plains

Northern Mariana Islands
southern islands are limestone with level
terraces and fringing coral reefs; northern islands are volcanic

Norway
glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken
by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply
indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north

Oman
central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south

Pacific Ocean
surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated
by a clockwise, warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents)
and in the southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre;
in the northern Pacific, sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of
Okhotsk in winter; in the southern Pacific, sea ice from Antarctica
reaches its northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the
eastern Pacific is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the
western Pacific is dissected by deep trenches, including the Mariana
Trench, which is the world's deepest

Pakistan
flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
Balochistan plateau in west

Palau
varying geologically from the high, mountainous main island of
Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large barrier
reefs

Palmyra Atoll
very low

Panama
interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland
plains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills

Papua New Guinea
mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling
foothills

Paracel Islands
mostly low and flat

Paraguay
grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran
Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the
river, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere

Peru
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Philippines
mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal
lowlands

Pitcairn Islands
rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with
cliffs

Poland
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border

Portugal
mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in
south

Puerto Rico
mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north;
mountains precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most
coastal areas

Qatar
mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and
gravel

Reunion
mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast

Romania
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of
Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from
the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Russia
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous
forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern
border regions

Rwanda
mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with
altitude declining from west to east

Saint Helena
Saint Helena - rugged, volcanic; small scattered
plateaus and plains
note: the other islands of the group have a volcanic origin

Saint Kitts and Nevis
volcanic with mountainous interiors

Saint Lucia
volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
mostly barren rock

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
volcanic, mountainous

Samoa
two main islands (Savaii, Upolu) and several smaller islands
and uninhabited islets; narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky,
rugged mountains in interior

San Marino
rugged mountains

Sao Tome and Principe
volcanic, mountainous

Saudi Arabia
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

Senegal
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in
southeast

Serbia and Montenegro
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile
plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast,
ancient mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high
shoreline with no islands off the coast

Seychelles
Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky,
hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs

Sierra Leone
coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country,
upland plateau, mountains in east

Singapore
lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water
catchment area and nature preserve

Slovakia
rugged mountains in the central and northern part and
lowlands in the south

Slovenia
a short coastal strip on the Adriatic, an alpine mountain
region adjacent to Italy and Austria, mixed mountains and valleys
with numerous rivers to the east

Solomon Islands
mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls

Somalia
mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north

South Africa
vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow
coastal plain

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
most of the islands,
rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous; South
Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains;
the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active
volcanoes

Southern Ocean
the Southern Ocean is deep, 4,000 to 5,000 meters
over most of its extent with only limited areas of shallow water;
the Antarctic continental shelf is generally narrow and unusually
deep, its edge lying at depths of 400 to 800 meters (the global mean
is 133 meters); the Antarctic icepack grows from an average minimum
of 2.6 million square kilometers in March to about 18.8 million
square kilometers in September, better than a sixfold increase in
area; the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (21,000 km in length) moves
perpetually eastward; it is the world's largest ocean current,
transporting 130 million cubic meters of water per second - 100
times the flow of all the world's rivers

Spain
large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills;
Pyrenees in north

Spratly Islands
flat

Sri Lanka
mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in
south-central interior

Sudan
generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in far south,
northeast and west; desert dominates the north

Suriname
mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps

Svalbard
wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west
coast clear of ice about one-half of the year; fjords along west and
north coasts

Swaziland
mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains

Sweden
mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west

Switzerland
mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with
a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes

Syria
primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain;
mountains in west

Taiwan
eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently
rolling plains in west

Tajikistan
Pamir and Alay Mountains dominate landscape; western
Fergana Valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest

Tanzania
plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north,
south

Thailand
central plain; Khorat Plateau in the east; mountains
elsewhere

Togo
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

Tokelau
low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons

Tonga
most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral
formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base

Trinidad and Tobago
mostly plains with some hills and low mountains

Tromelin Island
low, flat, and sandy; likely volcanic

Tunisia
mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south
merges into the Sahara

Turkey
high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain;
several mountain ranges

Turkmenistan
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to
mountains in the south; low mountains along border with Iran;
borders Caspian Sea in west

Turks and Caicos Islands low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps

Tuvalu
very low-lying and narrow coral atolls

Uganda
mostly plateau with rim of mountains

Ukraine
most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and
plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians),
and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south

United Arab Emirates
flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling
sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east

United Kingdom
mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to
rolling plains in east and southeast

United States
vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low
mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in
Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii

Uruguay
mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland

Uzbekistan
mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad,
flat intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu Darya,
Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana Valley in east
surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral
Sea in west

Vanuatu
mostly mountainous islands of volcanic origin; narrow
coastal plains

Venezuela
Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest;
central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast

Vietnam
low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands;
hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest

Virgin Islands
mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little
level land

Wake Island
atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater
volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim

Wallis and Futuna
volcanic origin; low hills

West Bank
mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west,
but barren in east

Western Sahara
mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or
sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast

World
the greatest ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at 10,924 m in
the Pacific Ocean

Yemen
narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged
mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the
desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula

Zambia
mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

Zimbabwe
mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high
veld); mountains in east

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2127 Total fertility rate (children born/woman)

Afghanistan
6.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Albania
2.04 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Algeria
1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.)

American Samoa
3.25 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Andorra
1.29 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Angola
6.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Anguilla
1.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
2.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Argentina
2.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Armenia
1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Aruba
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Australia
1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Austria
1.36 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
2.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bahrain
2.63 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
3.13 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Barbados
1.65 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Belarus
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Belgium
1.64 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Belize
3.68 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Benin
5.86 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bermuda
1.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bhutan
4.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bolivia
2.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.71 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Botswana
2.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Brazil
1.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
1.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Brunei
2.3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
1.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
6.23 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Burma
2.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Burundi
5.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cambodia
3.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cameroon
4.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Canada
1.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
3.48 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
1.9 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
4.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Chad
6.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Chile
2.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

China
1.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
2.56 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Comoros
5.09 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
3.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cook Islands
NA children born/woman (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
2.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
4.58 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Croatia
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cuba
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Cyprus
1.83 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
1.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Denmark
1.74 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Djibouti
5.4 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Dominica
1.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
2.86 children born/woman (2005 est.)

East Timor
3.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Ecuador
2.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Egypt
2.88 children born/woman (2005 est.)

El Salvador
3.16 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
4.62 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Eritrea
5.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Estonia
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
5.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

European Union
1.47 children born/woman (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA children born/woman (2005 est.)

Faroe Islands
2.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Fiji
2.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Finland
1.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

France
1.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

French Guiana
3.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
2.04 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Gabon
4.77 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
5.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
5.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Georgia
1.41 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Germany
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Ghana
3.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
1.65 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Greece
1.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Greenland
2.41 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Grenada
2.37 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guam
2.6 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guatemala
4.53 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guernsey
1.38 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guinea
5.83 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
4.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Guyana
2.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Haiti
5.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Honduras
3.87 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
0.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Hungary
1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Iceland
1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.)

India
2.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Indonesia
2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Iran
1.82 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Iraq
4.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Ireland
1.87 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Israel
2.44 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Italy
1.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Jamaica
1.95 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Japan
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Jersey
1.57 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Jordan
2.71 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
1.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Kenya
4.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Kiribati
4.2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Korea, North
2.15 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Korea, South
1.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Kuwait
2.97 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
2.7 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Laos
4.77 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Latvia
1.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Lebanon
1.92 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Lesotho
3.35 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Liberia
6.09 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Libya
3.34 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
1.51 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Lithuania
1.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Macau
0.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Macedonia
1.57 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Madagascar
5.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Malawi
5.98 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Malaysia
3.07 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Maldives
5.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mali
6.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Malta
1.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
1.65 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
3.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Martinique
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mauritania
5.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mauritius
1.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mayotte
5.89 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mexico
2.45 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
3.25 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Moldova
1.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Monaco
1.76 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mongolia
2.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Montserrat
1.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Morocco
2.73 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Mozambique
4.7 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Namibia
3.18 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Nauru
3.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Nepal
4.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Netherlands
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
2 children born/woman (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
2.31 children born/woman (2005 est.)

New Zealand
1.79 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
2.81 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Niger
6.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Nigeria
5.53 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
1.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Norway
1.78 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Oman
5.84 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Pakistan
4.14 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Palau
2.46 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Panama
2.45 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
3.96 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Paraguay
3.93 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Peru
2.56 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Philippines
3.16 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
1.39 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Portugal
1.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Qatar
2.87 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Reunion
2.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Romania
1.36 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Russia
1.27 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Rwanda
5.49 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
1.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
2.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
2.21 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2.03 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Samoa
3.01 children born/woman (2005 est.)

San Marino
1.33 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
5.71 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
4.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Senegal
4.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
1.67 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Seychelles
1.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
5.72 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Singapore
1.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Slovakia
1.32 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Slovenia
1.24 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
4.04 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Somalia
6.84 children born/woman (2005 est.)

South Africa
2.24 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Spain
1.28 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
1.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Sudan
4.85 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Suriname
2.34 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Svalbard
NA children born/woman

Swaziland
3.7 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Sweden
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Switzerland
1.42 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Syria
3.5 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Taiwan
1.57 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
4.05 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Tanzania
5.06 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Thailand
1.88 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Togo
4.61 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
1.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Tunisia
1.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Turkey
1.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
3.41 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
3.08 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
3 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Uganda
6.74 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Ukraine
1.4 children born/woman (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
1.66 children born/woman (2005 est.)

United States
2.08 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Uruguay
1.91 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
2.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
2.77 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Venezuela
2.26 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Vietnam
1.94 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
2.19 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA children born/woman

West Bank
4.4 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Western Sahara
NA children born/woman

World
2.6 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Yemen
6.67 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Zambia
5.47 children born/woman (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
3.54 children born/woman (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2128 Government type

Afghanistan
Islamic republic

Albania
emerging democracy

Algeria
republic

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
parliamentary democracy (since March 1993) that retains as
its chiefs of state a coprincipality; the two princes are the
president of France and bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain, who are
represented locally by coprinces' representatives

Angola
republic, nominally a multiparty democracy with a strong
presidential system

Anguilla
NA

Antarctica Antarctic Treaty Summary - the Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica; the 27th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting was held in Cape Town, South Africa in May-June 2004; at these periodic meetings, decisions are made by consensus (not by vote) of all consultative member nations; at the end of 2003, there were 45 treaty member nations: 28 consultative and 17 non-consultative; consultative (decision-making) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 21 non-claimant nations; the US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US does not recognize the claims of others; Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations; decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; the year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was accepted as a consultative member, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory; claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1983), Bulgaria (1998) China (1985), Ecuador (1990), Finland (1989), Germany (1981), India (1983), Italy (1987), Japan, South Korea (1989), Netherlands (1990), Peru (1989), Poland (1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1988), Sweden (1988), Ukraine (1992), Uruguay (1985), and the US; non-consultative members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Czech Republic (1993), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1995), and Venezuela (1999); Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations; other agreements - some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for Fauna and Flora (1964) which were later incorporated into the Environmental Protocol; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but remains unratified; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes: 1) environmental impact assessment, 2) conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora, 3) waste disposal and waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, and 5) area protection and management; it prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Antigua and Barbuda
constitutional monarchy with UK-style parliament

Argentina
republic

Armenia
republic

Aruba
parliamentary democracy

Australia
democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British
monarch as sovereign

Austria
federal republic

Azerbaijan
republic

Bahamas, The
constitutional parliamentary democracy

Bahrain
constitutional hereditary monarchy

Bangladesh
parliamentary democracy

Barbados
parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within
the Commonwealth

Belarus
republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship

Belgium
federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional
monarch

Belize
parliamentary democracy

Benin
republic under multiparty democratic rule; dropped
Marxism-Leninism December 1989

Bermuda
parliamentary British overseas territory with internal
self-government

Bhutan
monarchy; special treaty relationship with India

Bolivia
republic

Bosnia and Herzegovina
emerging federal democratic republic

Botswana
parliamentary republic

Brazil
federative republic

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
constitutional sultanate

Bulgaria
parliamentary democracy

Burkina Faso
parliamentary republic

Burma
military junta

Burundi
republic

Cambodia
multiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy
established in September 1993

Cameroon
unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime
(opposition parties legalized in 1990)
note: preponderance of power remains with the president

Canada
a constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary
democracy and a federation

Cape Verde
republic

Cayman Islands
British crown colony

Central African Republic
republic

Chad
republic

Chile
republic

China
Communist state

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
republic; executive branch dominates government structure

Comoros
independent republic

Congo, Democratic Republic of the dictatorship; presumably undergoing a transition to representative government

Congo, Republic of the
republic

Cook Islands
self-governing parliamentary democracy

Costa Rica
democratic republic

Cote d'Ivoire
republic; multiparty presidential regime established
1960

Croatia
presidential/parliamentary democracy

Cuba
Communist state

Cyprus
republic
note: a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the
island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this
separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in
July 1974 that followed a Greek junta-supported coup attempt gave
the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots
control the only internationally recognized government; on 15
November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared
independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey

Czech Republic
parliamentary democracy

Denmark
constitutional monarchy

Djibouti
republic

Dominica
parliamentary democracy; republic within the Commonwealth

Dominican Republic
representative democracy

East Timor
Republic

Ecuador
republic

Egypt
republic

El Salvador
republic

Equatorial Guinea
republic

Eritrea
transitional government
note: following a successful referendum on independence for the
Autonomous Region of Eritrea on 23-25 April 1993, a National
Assembly, composed entirely of the People's Front for Democracy and
Justice or PFDJ, was established as a transitional legislature; a
Constitutional Commission was also established to draft a
constitution; ISAIAS Afworki was elected president by the
transitional legislature; the constitution, ratified in May 1997,
did not enter into effect, pending parliamentary and presidential
elections; parliamentary elections had been scheduled in December
2001, but were postponed indefinitely; currently the sole legal
party is the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ)

Estonia
parliamentary republic

Ethiopia
federal republic

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
republic
note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally
declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987

Finland
republic

France
republic

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties
legalized in 1990)

Gambia, The
republic under multiparty democratic rule

Georgia
republic

Germany
federal republic

Ghana
constitutional democracy

Gibraltar
NA

Greece
parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8
December 1974

Greenland
parliamentary democracy within a constitutional monarchy

Grenada
constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style parliament

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
NA

Guatemala
constitutional democratic republic

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
republic

Guinea-Bissau
republic, multiparty since mid-1991

Guyana
republic within the Commonwealth

Haiti
elected government

Holy See (Vatican City)
ecclesiastical

Honduras
democratic constitutional republic

Hong Kong
limited democracy

Hungary
parliamentary democracy

Iceland
constitutional republic

India
federal republic

Indonesia
republic

Iran
theocratic republic

Iraq
none; note - the Iraqi Interim Government (IG) was appointed on
1 June 2004

Ireland
republic

Israel
parliamentary democracy

Italy
republic

Jamaica
constitutional parliamentary democracy

Japan
constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government

Jersey
NA

Jordan
constitutional monarchy

Kazakhstan
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little
power outside the executive branch

Kenya
republic

Kiribati
republic

Korea, North
Communist state one-man dictatorship

Korea, South
republic

Kuwait
nominal constitutional monarchy

Kyrgyzstan
republic

Laos
Communist state

Latvia
parliamentary democracy

Lebanon
republic

Lesotho
parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Liberia
republic

Libya
Jamahiriya (a state of the masses) in theory, governed by the
populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship

Liechtenstein
hereditary constitutional monarchy on a democratic and
parliamentary basis

Lithuania
parliamentary democracy

Luxembourg
constitutional monarchy

Macau
limited democracy

Macedonia
parliamentary democracy

Madagascar
republic

Malawi
multiparty democracy

Malaysia
constitutional monarchy
note: nominally headed by paramount ruler and a bicameral Parliament
consisting of a nonelected upper house and an elected lower house;
all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers except Melaka
and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and
Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government;
powers of state governments are limited by federal constitution;
under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain
constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own
immigration controls); Sabah - holds 20 seats in House of
Representatives and will hold 25 seats after the next election;
Sarawak holds 28 seats in House of Representatives

Maldives
republic

Mali
republic

Malta
republic

Man, Isle of
parliamentary democracy

Marshall Islands
constitutional government in free association with
the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 21
October 1986 and the Amended Compact entered into force in May 2004

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
republic

Mauritius
parliamentary democracy

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
federal republic

Micronesia, Federated States of constitutional government in free association with the US; the Compact of Free Association entered into force 3 November 1986 and the Amended Compact entered into force May 2004

Moldova
republic

Monaco
constitutional monarchy

Mongolia
mixed parliamentary/presidential

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
constitutional monarchy

Mozambique
republic

Namibia
republic

Nauru
republic

Nepal
parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy

Netherlands
constitutional monarchy

Netherlands Antilles
parliamentary

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
parliamentary democracy

Nicaragua
republic

Niger
republic

Nigeria
federal republic

Niue
self-governing parliamentary democracy

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands commonwealth; self-governing with locally elected governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature

Norway
constitutional monarchy

Oman
monarchy

Pakistan
federal republic

Palau
constitutional government in free association with the US; the
Compact of Free Association entered into force 1 October 1994

Panama
constitutional democracy

Papua New Guinea
constitutional monarchy with parliamentary democracy

Paraguay
constitutional republic

Peru
constitutional republic

Philippines
republic

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
republic

Portugal
parliamentary democracy

Puerto Rico
commonwealth

Qatar
traditional monarchy

Reunion
NA

Romania
republic

Russia
federation

Rwanda
republic; presidential, multiparty system

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
constitutional monarchy with Westminster-style
parliament

Saint Lucia
Westminster-style parliamentary democracy

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines parliamentary democracy; independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth

Samoa
mix of parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy

San Marino
independent republic

Sao Tome and Principe
republic

Saudi Arabia
monarchy

Senegal
republic under multiparty democratic rule

Serbia and Montenegro
republic

Seychelles
republic

Sierra Leone
constitutional democracy

Singapore
parliamentary republic

Slovakia
parliamentary democracy

Slovenia
parliamentary democratic republic

Solomon Islands
parliamentary democracy

Somalia
no permanent national government; transitional,
parliamentary federal government

South Africa
republic

Spain
parliamentary monarchy

Sri Lanka
republic

Sudan
authoritarian regime - ruling military junta took power in
1989; government is run by an alliance of the military and the
National Congress Party (NCP), formerly the National Islamic Front
(NIF), which espouses an Islamist platform

Suriname
constitutional democracy

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth

Sweden
constitutional monarchy

Switzerland
formally a confederation, but similar in structure to a
federal republic

Syria
republic under military regime since March 1963

Taiwan
multiparty democratic regime headed by popularly-elected
president and unicameral legislature

Tajikistan
republic

Tanzania
republic

Thailand
constitutional monarchy

Togo
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
hereditary constitutional monarchy

Trinidad and Tobago
parliamentary democracy

Tunisia
republic

Turkey
republican parliamentary democracy

Turkmenistan
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little
power outside the executive branch

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began
debating republic status in 1992

Uganda
republic

Ukraine
republic

United Arab Emirates
federation with specified powers delegated to
the UAE federal government and other powers reserved to member
emirates

United Kingdom
constitutional monarchy

United States
Constitution-based federal republic; strong democratic
tradition

Uruguay
constitutional republic

Uzbekistan
republic; authoritarian presidential rule, with little
power outside the executive branch

Vanuatu
parliamentary republic

Venezuela
federal republic

Vietnam
Communist state

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA

Western Sahara
legal status of territory and issue of sovereignty
unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front
(Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de
Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a
government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR),
led by President Mohamed ABDELAZIZ; territory partitioned between
Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring
northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario
guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since
asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government-in-exile
was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued
sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6
September 1991

Yemen
republic

Zambia
republic

Zimbabwe
parliamentary democracy

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2129 Unemployment rate (%)

Afghanistan
NA

Albania
14.8% officially; may be as high as 30% (2001 est.)

Algeria
25.4% (2004 est.)

American Samoa
6% (2000)

Andorra
0% (1996 est.)

Angola
extensive unemployment and underemployment affecting more
than half the population (2001 est.)

Anguilla
8% (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
11% (2001 est.)

Argentina
14.8% (2004 est.)

Armenia
30% (2003 est.)

Aruba
0.6% (2003 est.)

Australia
5.1% (December 2004 est.)

Austria
4.4% (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
1.2% (official rate) (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
10.2% (2004 est.)

Bahrain
15% (1998 est.)

Bangladesh
40% (includes underemployment) (2004 est.)

Barbados
10.7% (2003 est.)

Belarus
2% officially registered unemployed; large number of
underemployed workers (2004)

Belgium
12% (first half, 2004)

Belize
12.9% (2003)

Benin
NA

Bermuda
5% (2002 est.)

Bhutan
NA

Bolivia
9.2% in urban areas
note: widespread underemployment (2003 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
44% officially; however, grey economy may
reduce actual unemployment to near 20% (2004 est.)

Botswana
23.8% (2004 est.)

Brazil
11.5% (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
3% (1995)

Brunei
3.2% (2002 est.)

Bulgaria
12.7% (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
NA%

Burma
5.2% (2004 est.)

Burundi
NA

Cambodia
2.5% (2000 est.)

Cameroon
30% (2001 est.)

Canada
7% (2004)

Cape Verde
21% (2000 est.)

Cayman Islands
4.1% (1997)

Central African Republic
8% (23% for Bangui) (2001 est.)

Chad
NA

Chile
8.5% (2004 est.)

China
9.8% in urban areas; substantial unemployment and
underemployment in rural areas; an official Chinese journal
estimated overall unemployment (including rural areas) for 2003 at
20% (2004 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
60% (2000 est.)

Colombia
13.6% (2004 est.)

Comoros
20% (1996 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA (2003 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
NA (2003)

Cook Islands
13% (1996)

Costa Rica
6.6% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
13% in urban areas (1998)

Croatia
13.8% (2004 est.)

Cuba
2.5% (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 3.2%; north Cyprus: 5.6% (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
10.6% (2004 est.)

Denmark
6.2% (2004 est.)

Djibouti
50% (2004 est.)

Dominica
23% (2000 est.)

Dominican Republic
17% (2004 est.)

East Timor
50% (including underemployment) (1992 est.)

Ecuador
11.1%; note - underemployment of 47% (2004 est.)

Egypt
10.9% (2004 est.)

El Salvador
6.3% - but the economy has much underemployment (2004
est.)

Equatorial Guinea
30% (1998 est.)

Eritrea
NA (2003 est.)

Estonia
9.6% (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
NA (2002)

European Union
9.5% (2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) full employment; labor shortage (2001)

Faroe Islands
1% (October 2000)

Fiji
7.6% (1999)

Finland
8.9% (2004 est.)

France
10.1% (2004 est.)

French Guiana
22% (2001)

French Polynesia
11.8% (1994)

Gabon
21% (1997 est.)

Gambia, The
NA (2002 est.)

Gaza Strip
50% (includes West Bank) (2003 est.)

Georgia
17% (2001 est.)

Germany
10.6% (2004 est.)

Ghana
20% (1997 est.)

Gibraltar
2% (2001 est.)

Greece
10% (2004 est.)

Greenland
10% (2000 est.)

Grenada
12.5% (2000)

Guadeloupe
27.8% (1998)

Guam
15% (2000 est.)

Guatemala
7.5% (2003 est.)

Guernsey
0.5% (1999 est.)

Guinea
NA (2002 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
NA (1998)

Guyana
9.1% (understated) (2000)

Haiti
widespread unemployment and underemployment; more than
two-thirds of the labor force do not have formal jobs (2002 est.)

Honduras
28.5% (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
6.7% (2004 est.)

Hungary
5.9% (2004 est.)

Iceland
3.1% (2004 est.)

India
9.2% (2004 est.)

Indonesia
9.2% (2004 est.)

Iran
11.2% (2004 est.)

Iraq
25% to 30% (2004 est.)

Ireland
4.3% (2004 est.)

Israel
10.7% (2004 est.)

Italy
8.6% (2004 est.)

Jamaica
15% (2004 est.)

Japan
4.7% (2004 est.)

Jersey
0.9% (2004 est.)

Jordan
15% official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30% (2004
est.)

Kazakhstan
8% (2004 est.)

Kenya
40% (2001 est.)

Kiribati
2%; underemployment 70% (1992 est.)

Korea, North
NA (2003)

Korea, South
3.6% (2004 est.)

Kuwait
2.2% (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
18% (2004 est.)

Laos
5.7% (1997 est.)

Latvia
8.8% (2004 est.)

Lebanon
18% (1997 est.)

Lesotho
45% (2002)

Liberia
85% (2003 est.)

Libya
30% (2004)

Liechtenstein
1.3% (September 2002)

Lithuania
8% (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
4.5% (December, 2004 est.)

Macau
4.7% (3rd Quarter, 2004)

Macedonia
37.7% (3rd quarter, 2004 est.)

Malawi
NA (2003 est.)

Malaysia
3% (2004 est.)

Maldives
NEGL% (2003 est.)

Mali
14.6% urban areas; 5.3% rural areas (2001 est.)

Malta
7% (2003 est.)

Man, Isle of
0.6% (2004 est.)

Marshall Islands
30.9% (1999 est.)

Martinique
27.2% (1998)

Mauritania
20% (2004 est.)

Mauritius
10.8% (2004 est.)

Mayotte
38% (1999)

Mexico
3.2% plus underemployment of perhaps 25% (2004 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
16% (1999 est.)

Moldova
8% (roughly 25% of working age Moldovans are employed
abroad) (2002 est.)

Monaco
22% (1999)

Mongolia
6.7% (2003)

Montserrat
6% (1998 est.)

Morocco
12.1% (2004 est.)

Mozambique
21% (1997 est.)

Namibia
35% (1998)

Nauru
90% (2004 est.)

Nepal
47% (2001 est.)

Netherlands
6% (2004 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
15.6% (2002 est.)

New Caledonia
19% (1996)

New Zealand
4.2% (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
7.8% plus underemployment of 46.5% (2003 est.)

Niger
NA (2002 est.)

Nigeria
NA

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
0%

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
4.3% (2004 est.)

Oman
15% (2004 est.)

Pakistan
8.3% plus substantial underemployment (2004 est.)

Palau
2.3% (2000 est.)

Panama
12.6% (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
NA

Paraguay
15.1% (2004 est.)

Peru
9.6% in metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment (2004
est.)

Philippines
11.7% (2004 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
19.5% (2004 est.)

Portugal
6.5% (2004 est.)

Puerto Rico
12% (2002)

Qatar
2.7% (2001)

Reunion
36% (1999 est.)

Romania
6.3% (2004 est.)

Russia
8.3% plus considerable underemployment (2004 est.)

Rwanda
NA

Saint Helena
14% (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
4.5% (1997)

Saint Lucia
20% (2003 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
9.8% (1997)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15% (2001 est.)

Samoa
NA; note - substantial underemployment

San Marino
2.6% (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
25% (unofficial estimate) (2004 est.)

Senegal
48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
30%
note: unemployment is approximately 50% in Kosovo (2004 est.)

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
NA

Singapore
3.4% (2004 est.)

Slovakia
13.1% (31 December 2004 est.)

Slovenia
6.4% (2004 est.)

Solomon Islands
NA%

Somalia
NA

South Africa
26.2% (2004 est.)

Spain
10.4% (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
7.8% (2004 est.)

Sudan
18.7% (2002 est.)

Suriname
17% (2000)

Swaziland
34% (2000 est.)

Sweden
5.6% (2004 est.)

Switzerland
3.4% (2004 est.)

Syria
20% (2002 est.)

Taiwan
4.5% (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
40% (2002 est.)

Tanzania
NA

Thailand
1.5% (November 2004 est.)

Togo
NA (2003 est.)

Tokelau
NA%

Tonga
13.3% (1996 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
10.4% (2004 est.)

Tunisia
13.8% (2004 est.)

Turkey
9.3% (plus underemployment of 4.0%) (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
60% (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
10% (1997 est.)

Tuvalu
NA%

Uganda
NA (2002 est.)

Ukraine
3.5% officially registered; large number of unregistered or
underemployed workers; the International Labor Organization
calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is around 9-10
percent (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2.4% (2001)

United Kingdom
4.8% (2004 est.)

United States
5.5% (2004 est.)

Uruguay
13% (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
0.6% officially, plus another 20% underemployed (2004
est.)

Vanuatu
NA%

Venezuela
17.1% (2004 est.)

Vietnam
1.9% (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
9.3% (2003 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
27.2% (includes Gaza Strip) (2004 est.)

Western Sahara
NA

World
30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many
non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12%
unemployment

Yemen
35% (2003 est.)

Zambia
50% (2000 est.)

Zimbabwe
70% (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2137 Military - note

Akrotiri
Akrotiri has a full RAF base, Headquarters for British
Forces on Cyprus, and Episkopi Support Unit

American Samoa
defense is the responsibility of the US

Andorra
defense is the responsibility of France and Spain

Anguilla
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Antarctica
the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any measures of a military
nature, such as the establishment of military bases and
fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, or the
testing of any type of weapon; it permits the use of military
personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other
peaceful purposes

Argentina
the Argentine military is a well-organized force
constrained by the country's prolonged economic hardship; the
country has recently experienced a strong recovery, and the military
is now implementing "Plan 2000," aimed at making the ground forces
lighter and more responsive (2005)

Aruba
defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
defense is the responsibility of
Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal
Australian Air Force

Baker Island
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited
annually by the US Coast Guard

Barbados
the Royal Barbados Defense Force includes a land-based
Troop Command and a small Coast Guard; the primary role of the land
element is to defend the island against external aggression; the
Command consists of a single, part-time battalion with a small
regular cadre that is deployed throughout the island; it
increasingly supports the police in patrolling the coastline to
prevent smuggling and other illicit activities (2005)

Bassas da India
defense is the responsibility of France

Bermuda
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Bouvet Island
defense is the responsibility of Norway

British Indian Ocean Territory
defense is the responsibility of the
UK; the US lease on Diego Garcia expires in 2016

British Virgin Islands
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Cayman Islands
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Christmas Island
defense is the responsibility of Australia

Clipperton Island
defense is the responsibility of France

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
defense is the responsibility of Australia;
the territory does have a five-person police force

Cook Islands
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand, in
consultation with the Cook Islands and at its request

Coral Sea Islands
defense is the responsibility of Australia;
visited regularly by the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has
control over the activities of visitors

Cuba
Moscow, for decades the key military supporter and supplier of
Cuba, cut off almost all military aid by 1993

Dhekelia
includes Dheklia Garrison and Ayios Nikolaos Station
connected by a roadway

Europa Island
defense is the responsibility of France

European Union
In November 2004, the European Union heads of
government signed a "Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe"
that offers possibilities - with some limits - for increased defense
and security cooperation. If ratified, in a process that may take
some two years, this treaty will in effect make operational the
European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) approved in the 2000
Nice Treaty. Despite limits of cooperation for some EU members,
development of a European military planning unit is likely to
continue. So is creation of a rapid-reaction military force and a
humanitarian aid system, which the planning unit will support.
France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy
continue to press for wider coordination. The five-nation Eurocorps
- created in 1992 by France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Luxembourg
- has already deployed troops and police on peacekeeping missions to
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and the Democratic Republic of
Congo and assumed command of the International Security Assistance
Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan in August 2004. Eurocorps directly
commands the 5,000-man Franco-German Brigade, the Multinational
Command Support Brigade, and EUFOR, which took over from SFOR in
Bosnia in December 2004. Other troop contributions are under
national command - committments to provide 67,100 troops were made
at the Helsinki EU session in 2000. Some 56,000 EU troops were
actually deployed in 2003. In August 2004, the new European Defense
Agency, tasked with promoting cooperative European defense
capabilities, began operations. In November 2004, the EU Council of
Ministers formally committed to creating thirteen 1,500-man "battle
groups" by the end of 2007, to respond to international crises on a
rotating basis. Twenty-two of the EU's 25 nations have agreed to
supply troops. France, Italy, and the UK are to form the first three
battle groups in 2005, with Spain to follow. In May 2005, Norway,
Sweden, and Finland agreed to establish one of the battle groups,
possibly to include Estonian forces. The remaining groups are to be
formed by 2007. (2005)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) defense is the responsibility of the UK

Faroe Islands
defense is the responsibility of Denmark

French Guiana
defense is the responsibility of France

French Polynesia
defense is the responsibility of France

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
defense is the responsibility of
France

Georgia
a CIS peacekeeping force of Russian troops is deployed in
the Abkhazia region of Georgia together with a UN military observer
group; a Russian peacekeeping battalion is deployed in South Ossetia

Gibraltar
defense is the responsibility of the UK; the last British
regular infantry forces left Gibraltar in 1992, replaced by the
Royal Gibraltar Regiment

Glorioso Islands
defense is the responsibility of France

Greenland
defense is the responsibility of Denmark

Guadeloupe
defense is the responsibility of France

Guam
defense is the responsibility of the US

Guernsey
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
defense is the responsibility of
Australia; Australia conducts fisheries patrols

Holy See (Vatican City) defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard

Hong Kong
defense is the responsibility of China

Howland Island
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited
annually by the US Coast Guard

Iceland
defense is provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force
(IDF) headquartered at Keflavik

Jan Mayen
defense is the responsibility of Norway

Jarvis Island
defense is the responsibility of the US; visited
annually by the US Coast Guard

Jersey
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Johnston Atoll
defense is the responsibility of the US

Juan de Nova Island
defense is the responsibility of France

Kingman Reef
defense is the responsibility of the US

Kiribati
Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance
is provided by Australia and NZ

Laos
Laos is one of the world's least developed countries; the Lao
People's Armed Forces are small, poorly funded, and ineffectively
resourced; there is little political will to allocate sparse funding
to the military, and the armed forces' gradual degradation is likely
to continue; the massive drug production and trafficking industry
centered in the Golden Triangle makes Laos an important narcotics
transit country, and armed Wa and Chinese smugglers are active on
the Lao-Burma border (2005)

Lesotho
the Lesotho Government in 1999 began an open debate on the
future structure, size, and role of the armed forces, especially
considering the Lesotho Defense Force's (LDF) history of intervening
in political affairs

Liechtenstein
defense is the responsibility of Switzerland

Man, Isle of
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Marshall Islands
defense is the responsibility of the US

Martinique
defense is the responsibility of France

Mayotte
defense is the responsibility of France; small contingent of
French forces stationed on the island

Micronesia, Federated States of
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)
is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the
US; FSM is totally dependent on the US for its defense

Midway Islands
defense is the responsibility of the US

Monaco
defense is the responsibility of France; the Palace Guard
performs ceremonial duties (2003)

Montserrat
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Nauru
Nauru maintains no defense forces; under an informal
agreement, defense is the responsibility of Australia

Navassa Island
defense is the responsibility of the US

Netherlands Antilles defense is the responsibility of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

New Caledonia
defense is the responsibility of France

Niue
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

Norfolk Island
defense is the responsibility of Australia

Northern Mariana Islands
defense is the responsibility of the US

Palau
defense is the responsibility of the US; under a Compact of
Free Association between Palau and the US, the US military is
granted access to the islands for 50 years

Palmyra Atoll
defense is the responsibility of the US

Panama
on 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA
abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by
creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's
Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting
the creation of a standing military force, but allowing the
temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of
"external aggression"

Paracel Islands
occupied by China

Pitcairn Islands
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Puerto Rico
defense is the responsibility of the US

Reunion
defense is the responsibility of France

Saint Helena
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
defense is the responsibility of France

Samoa
Samoa has no formal defense structure or regular armed forces;
informal defense ties exist with NZ, which is required to consider
any Samoan request for assistance under the 1962 Treaty of Friendship

San Marino
defense is the responsibility of Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
Sao Tome and Principe's army is a tiny force
with almost no resouces at its disposal and would be wholly
ineffective operating unilaterally; infantry equipment is considered
simple to operate and maintain but may require refurbishment or
replacement after 25 years in tropical climates; poor pay and
conditions have been a problem in the past, as has alleged nepotism
in the promotion of officers, as reflected in the 1995 and 2003
coups; these issues are being addressed with foreign assistance as
intial steps towards the improvement of the army and its focus on
realistic security concerns; command is excersized from the
president, through the Minister of Defense, to the Chief of the
Armed Forces staff (2005)

South Africa
with the end of apartheid and the establishment of
majority rule, former military, black homelands forces, and
ex-opposition forces were integrated into the South African National
Defense Force (SANDF); as of 2003 the integration process was
considered complete

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
defense is the
responsibility of the UK

Spratly Islands
Spratly Islands consist of more than 100 small
islands or reefs, of which about 45 are claimed and occupied by
China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam

Svalbard
demilitarized by treaty on 9 February 1920

Tokelau
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand

Tromelin Island
defense is the responsibility of France

Turkey
in the early 1990s, the Turkish Land Force was a large but
badly equipped infantry force; there were 14 infantry divisions, but
only one was mechanized, and out of 16 infantry brigades, only six
were mechanized; the overhaul that has taken place since has
produced highly moblie forces with greatly enhanced firepower in
accordance with NATO's new strategic concept (2005)

Turks and Caicos Islands
defense is the responsibility of the UK

Virgin Islands
defense is the responsibility of the US

Wake Island
defense is the responsibility of the US; launch support
facility is part of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test
Site (RTS) administered by US Army Space and Missile Defense Command
(SMDC)

Wallis and Futuna
defense is the responsibility of France

Yemen
a Coast Guard was established in 2002

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2138 Communications - note

Afghanistan
in March 2003 'af' was established as Afghanistan's
domain name; Internet access is growing through Internet cafes as
well as public "telekiosks" in Kabul that are part of a nationwide
network proposed by the Transitional Authority for Internet access
(2002)

Bouvet Island
automatic meteorological station

Coral Sea Islands there are automatic weather stations on many of the isles and reefs relaying data to the mainland

Europa Island
1 meteorological station

Glorioso Islands
1 meteorological station

Juan de Nova Island
1 meteorological station

Saint Helena
Gough Island has a meteorological station

Tromelin Island
important meteorological station

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2140 Government - note

Malawi
the executive exerts considerable influence over the
legislature

Solomon Islands
June 2003 Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA sought
the intervention of Australia to aid in restoring order; parliament
approved the request for intervention in July 2003; troops from
Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Tonga arrived 24
July 2003. By the end of 2004 the Regional Assistance Mission to the
Solomon Islands (RAMSI) had been scaled back to 302 police officers
and 120 military in addition to civilian technical advisors.

Somalia
although an interim government was created in 2004 other
governing bodies continue to exist and control various cities and
regions of the country, including the self-declared Republic of
Somaliland, and traditional clan and faction strongholds

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2142 Country name

Afghanistan
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Afghanestan
local short form: Afghanestan
former: Republic of Afghanistan

Akrotiri
conventional long form: Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area
conventional short form: Akrotiri

Albania
conventional long form: Republic of Albania
conventional short form: Albania
local long form: Republika e Shqiperise
local short form: Shqiperia
former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Algeria
conventional long form: People's Democratic Republic of
Algeria
conventional short form: Algeria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Jaza'iriyah ad Dimuqratiyah ash
Sha'biyah
local short form: Al Jaza'ir

American Samoa
conventional long form: Territory of American Samoa
conventional short form: American Samoa
abbreviation: AS

Andorra
conventional long form: Principality of Andorra
conventional short form: Andorra
local long form: Principat d'Andorra
local short form: Andorra

Angola
conventional long form: Republic of Angola
conventional short form: Angola
local long form: Republica de Angola
local short form: Angola
former: People's Republic of Angola

Anguilla
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Anguilla

Antarctica
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Antarctica

Antigua and Barbuda
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina
conventional long form: Argentine Republic
conventional short form: Argentina
local long form: Republica Argentina
local short form: Argentina

Armenia
conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
conventional short form: Armenia
local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
local short form: Hayastan
former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic

Aruba
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Aruba

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
conventional long form: Territory of
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands

Australia
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia

Austria
conventional long form: Republic of Austria
conventional short form: Austria
local long form: Republik Oesterreich
local short form: Oesterreich

Azerbaijan
conventional long form: Republic of Azerbaijan
conventional short form: Azerbaijan
local long form: Azarbaycan Respublikasi
local short form: none
former: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

Bahamas, The
conventional long form: Commonwealth of The Bahamas
conventional short form: The Bahamas

Bahrain
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain
conventional short form: Bahrain
local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn
local short form: Al Bahrayn
former: Dilmun

Baker Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Baker Island

Bangladesh
conventional long form: People's Republic of Bangladesh
conventional short form: Bangladesh
former: East Pakistan

Barbados
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Barbados

Bassas da India
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bassas da India

Belarus
conventional long form: Republic of Belarus
conventional short form: Belarus
local long form: Respublika Byelarus'
local short form: none
former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

Belgium
conventional long form: Kingdom of Belgium
conventional short form: Belgium
local long form: Royaume de Belgique/Koninkrijk Belgie
local short form: Belgique/Belgie

Belize
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Belize
former: British Honduras

Benin
conventional long form: Republic of Benin
conventional short form: Benin
local long form: Republique du Benin
local short form: Benin
former: Dahomey

Bermuda
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bermuda
former: Somers Islands

Bhutan
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bhutan
conventional short form: Bhutan

Bolivia
conventional long form: Republic of Bolivia
conventional short form: Bolivia
local long form: Republica de Bolivia
local short form: Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: none local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana
conventional long form: Republic of Botswana
conventional short form: Botswana
former: Bechuanaland

Bouvet Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bouvet Island

Brazil
conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazil
conventional short form: Brazil
local long form: Republica Federativa do Brasil
local short form: Brasil

British Indian Ocean Territory
conventional long form: British
Indian Ocean Territory
conventional short form: none
abbreviation: BIOT

British Virgin Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: British Virgin Islands
abbreviation: BVI

Brunei
conventional long form: Negara Brunei Darussalam
conventional short form: Brunei

Bulgaria
conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form: Bulgaria

Burkina Faso
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Burkina Faso
former: Upper Volta, Republic of Upper Volta

Burma
conventional long form: Union of Burma
conventional short form: Burma
local long form: Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the
US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of
Myanmar)
local short form: Myanma Naingngandaw
former: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
note: since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the
name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision
was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the US
Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the
Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw

Burundi
conventional long form: Republic of Burundi
conventional short form: Burundi
local long form: Republika y'u Burundi
local short form: Burundi
former: Urundi

Cambodia
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form: Cambodia
local long form: Preahreacheanacha Kampuchea (phonetic pronunciation)
local short form: Kampuchea
former: Kingdom of Cambodia, Khmer Republic, Democratic Kampuchea,
People's Republic of Kampuchea, State of Cambodia

Cameroon
conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon
conventional short form: Cameroon
former: French Cameroon

Canada
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada

Cape Verde
conventional long form: Republic of Cape Verde
conventional short form: Cape Verde
local long form: Republica de Cabo Verde
local short form: Cabo Verde

Cayman Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Cayman Islands

Central African Republic
conventional long form: Central African
Republic
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republique Centrafricaine
local short form: none
former: Ubangi-Shari, Central African Empire
abbreviation: CAR

Chad
conventional long form: Republic of Chad
conventional short form: Chad
local long form: Republique du Tchad
local short form: Tchad

Chile
conventional long form: Republic of Chile
conventional short form: Chile
local long form: Republica de Chile
local short form: Chile

China
conventional long form: People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo
local short form: Zhong Guo
abbreviation: PRC

Christmas Island
conventional long form: Territory of Christmas
Island
conventional short form: Christmas Island

Clipperton Island conventional long form: none conventional short form: Clipperton Island local long form: none local short form: Ile Clipperton former: sometimes called Ile de la Passion

Cocos (Keeling) Islands conventional long form: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands conventional short form: Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Colombia
conventional long form: Republic of Colombia
conventional short form: Colombia
local long form: Republica de Colombia
local short form: Colombia

Comoros
conventional long form: Union of the Comoros
conventional short form: Comoros
local long form: Union des Comores
local short form: Comores

Congo, Democratic Republic of the conventional long form: Democratic Republic of the Congo conventional short form: none local long form: Republique Democratique du Congo local short form: none former: Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo/Leopoldville, Congo/Kinshasa, Zaire abbreviation: DROC

Congo, Republic of the conventional long form: Republic of the Congo conventional short form: Congo (Brazzaville) local long form: Republique du Congo local short form: none former: Middle Congo, Congo/Brazzaville, Congo

Cook Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Cook Islands
former: Harvey Islands

Coral Sea Islands
conventional long form: Coral Sea Islands Territory
conventional short form: Coral Sea Islands

Costa Rica
conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica
conventional short form: Costa Rica
local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
local short form: Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire
conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire
conventional short form: Cote d'Ivoire
local long form: Republique de Cote d'Ivoire
local short form: Cote d'Ivoire
former: Ivory Coast

Croatia
conventional long form: Republic of Croatia
conventional short form: Croatia
local long form: Republika Hrvatska
local short form: Hrvatska
former: People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia

Cuba
conventional long form: Republic of Cuba
conventional short form: Cuba
local long form: Republica de Cuba
local short form: Cuba

Cyprus
conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form: Cyprus
note: the Turkish Cypriot community (north Cyprus) refers to itself
as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC)

Czech Republic
conventional long form: Czech Republic
conventional short form: Czech Republic
local long form: Ceska Republika
local short form: Ceska Republika

Denmark
conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark
conventional short form: Denmark
local long form: Kongeriget Danmark
local short form: Danmark

Dhekelia
conventional long form: Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area
conventional short form: Dhekelia

Djibouti
conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti
conventional short form: Djibouti
former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas, French Somaliland

Dominica
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Dominica
conventional short form: Dominica

Dominican Republic conventional long form: Dominican Republic conventional short form: The Dominican local long form: Republica Dominicana local short form: La Dominicana

East Timor
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
conventional short form: East Timor
local long form: Republika Demokratika Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum];
Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste [Portuguese]
local short form: Timor Lorosa'e [Tetum]; Timor-Leste [Portuguese]
former: Portuguese Timor

Ecuador
conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form: Ecuador
local long form: Republica del Ecuador
local short form: Ecuador

Egypt
conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)

El Salvador
conventional long form: Republic of El Salvador
conventional short form: El Salvador
local long form: Republica de El Salvador
local short form: El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea
conventional long form: Republic of Equatorial
Guinea
conventional short form: Equatorial Guinea
local long form: Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial
local short form: Guinea Ecuatorial
former: Spanish Guinea

Eritrea
conventional long form: State of Eritrea
conventional short form: Eritrea
local long form: Hagere Ertra
local short form: Ertra
former: Eritrea Autonomous Region in Ethiopia

Estonia
conventional long form: Republic of Estonia
conventional short form: Estonia
local long form: Eesti Vabariik
local short form: Eesti
former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Ethiopia
conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia
conventional short form: Ethiopia
local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik
local short form: Ityop'iya
former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa
abbreviation: FDRE

Europa Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Europa Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Europa

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Faroe Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Faroe Islands
local long form: none
local short form: Foroyar

Fiji
conventional long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands
conventional short form: Fiji

Finland
conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form: Finland
local long form: Suomen Tasavalta
local short form: Suomi

France
conventional long form: French Republic
conventional short form: France
local long form: Republique Francaise
local short form: France

French Guiana
conventional long form: Department of Guiana
conventional short form: French Guiana
local long form: none
local short form: Guyane

French Polynesia
conventional long form: Overseas Lands of French
Polynesia
conventional short form: French Polynesia
local long form: Pays d'outre-mer de la Polynesie Francaise
local short form: Polynesie Francaise
former: French Colony of Oceania

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
conventional long form:
Territory of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
conventional short form: French Southern and Antarctic Lands
local long form: Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques
Francaises
local short form: Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises

Gabon
conventional long form: Gabonese Republic
conventional short form: Gabon
local long form: Republique Gabonaise
local short form: Gabon

Gambia, The
conventional long form: Republic of The Gambia
conventional short form: The Gambia

Gaza Strip
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Gaza Strip
local long form: none
local short form: Qita Ghazzah

Georgia
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Georgia
local long form: none
local short form: Sak'art'velo
former: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

Germany
conventional long form: Federal Republic of Germany
conventional short form: Germany
local long form: Bundesrepublik Deutschland
local short form: Deutschland
former: German Empire, German Republic, German Reich

Ghana
conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
conventional short form: Ghana
former: Gold Coast

Gibraltar
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Gibraltar

Glorioso Islands conventional long form: none conventional short form: Glorioso Islands local long form: none local short form: Iles Glorieuses

Greece
conventional long form: Hellenic Republic
conventional short form: Greece
local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia
local short form: Ellas or Ellada
former: Kingdom of Greece

Greenland
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Greenland
local long form: none
local short form: Kalaallit Nunaat

Grenada
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Grenada

Guadeloupe
conventional long form: Department of Guadeloupe
conventional short form: Guadeloupe
local long form: Departement de la Guadeloupe
local short form: Guadeloupe

Guam
conventional long form: Territory of Guam
conventional short form: Guam
local long form: Guahan

Guatemala
conventional long form: Republic of Guatemala
conventional short form: Guatemala
local long form: Republica de Guatemala
local short form: Guatemala

Guernsey
conventional long form: Bailiwick of Guernsey
conventional short form: Guernsey

Guinea
conventional long form: Republic of Guinea
conventional short form: Guinea
local long form: Republique de Guinee
local short form: Guinee
former: French Guinea

Guinea-Bissau
conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau
local long form: Republica da Guine-Bissau
local short form: Guine-Bissau
former: Portuguese Guinea

Guyana
conventional long form: Co-operative Republic of Guyana
conventional short form: Guyana
former: British Guiana

Haiti
conventional long form: Republic of Haiti
conventional short form: Haiti
local long form: Republique d'Haiti
local short form: Haiti

Heard Island and McDonald Islands conventional long form: Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands conventional short form: Heard Island and McDonald Islands

Holy See (Vatican City) conventional long form: The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) conventional short form: Holy See (Vatican City) local long form: Santa Sede (Stato della Citta del Vaticano) local short form: Santa Sede (Citta del Vaticano)

Honduras
conventional long form: Republic of Honduras
conventional short form: Honduras
local long form: Republica de Honduras
local short form: Honduras

Hong Kong
conventional long form: Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region
conventional short form: Hong Kong
local long form: Xianggang Tebie Xingzhengqu
local short form: Xianggang
abbreviation: HK

Howland Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Howland Island

Hungary
conventional long form: Republic of Hungary
conventional short form: Hungary
local long form: Magyar Koztarsasag
local short form: Magyarorszag

Iceland
conventional long form: Republic of Iceland
conventional short form: Iceland
local long form: Lydhveldidh Island
local short form: Island

India
conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India

Indonesia
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Iran
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Iran
conventional short form: Iran
local long form: Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran
local short form: Iran
former: Persia

Iraq
conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah
local short form: Al Iraq

Ireland
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ireland
local long form: none
local short form: Eire

Israel
conventional long form: State of Israel
conventional short form: Israel
local long form: Medinat Yisra'el
local short form: Yisra'el

Italy
conventional long form: Italian Republic
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy

Jamaica
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jamaica

Jan Mayen
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jan Mayen

Japan
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Japan

Jarvis Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Jarvis Island

Jersey
conventional long form: Bailiwick of Jersey
conventional short form: Jersey

Johnston Atoll
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Johnston Atoll

Jordan
conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
conventional short form: Jordan
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah
local short form: Al Urdun
former: Transjordan

Juan de Nova Island conventional long form: none conventional short form: Juan de Nova Island local long form: none local short form: Ile Juan de Nova

Kazakhstan
conventional long form: Republic of Kazakhstan
conventional short form: Kazakhstan
local long form: Qazaqstan Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Kenya
conventional long form: Republic of Kenya
conventional short form: Kenya
former: British East Africa

Kingman Reef
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Kingman Reef

Kiribati
conventional long form: Republic of Kiribati
conventional short form: Kiribati
note: pronounced keer-ree-bahss
former: Gilbert Islands

Korea, North
conventional long form: Democratic People's Republic of
Korea
conventional short form: North Korea
local long form: Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk
local short form: none
note: the North Koreans generally use the term "Choson" to refer to
their country
abbreviation: DPRK

Korea, South
conventional long form: Republic of Korea
conventional short form: South Korea
local long form: Taehan-min'guk
local short form: none
note: the South Koreans generally use the term "Han'guk" to refer to
their country
abbreviation: ROK

Kuwait
conventional long form: State of Kuwait
conventional short form: Kuwait
local long form: Dawlat al Kuwayt
local short form: Al Kuwayt

Kyrgyzstan
conventional long form: Kyrgyz Republic
conventional short form: Kyrgyzstan
local long form: Kyrgyz Respublikasy
local short form: none
former: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Laos
conventional long form: Lao People's Democratic Republic
conventional short form: Laos
local long form: Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
local short form: none

Latvia
conventional long form: Republic of Latvia
conventional short form: Latvia
local long form: Latvijas Republika
local short form: Latvija
former: Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

Lebanon
conventional long form: Lebanese Republic
conventional short form: Lebanon
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Lubnaniyah
local short form: Lubnan

Lesotho
conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
conventional short form: Lesotho
former: Basutoland

Liberia
conventional long form: Republic of Liberia
conventional short form: Liberia

Libya
conventional long form: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya
conventional short form: Libya
local long form: Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah
al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma
local short form: none

Liechtenstein
conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein
conventional short form: Liechtenstein
local long form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein
local short form: Liechtenstein

Lithuania
conventional long form: Republic of Lithuania
conventional short form: Lithuania
local long form: Lietuvos Respublika
local short form: Lietuva
former: Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Luxembourg
conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duche de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg

Macau
conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region
conventional short form: Macau
local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao
Administrativa Especial de Macau (Portuguese)
local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese)

Macedonia
conventional long form: Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form: Macedonia; note - the provisional
designation used by the UN, EU, and NATO is Former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia (FYROM)
local long form: Republika Makedonija
local short form: Makedonija
former: People's Republic of Macedonia, Socialist Republic of
Macedonia

Madagascar
conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar
conventional short form: Madagascar
local long form: Republique de Madagascar
local short form: Madagascar
former: Malagasy Republic

Malawi
conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
conventional short form: Malawi
former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland
Protectorate, Nyasaland

Malaysia
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Malaysia
former: Federation of Malaysia

Maldives
conventional long form: Republic of Maldives
conventional short form: Maldives
local long form: Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa
local short form: Dhivehi Raajje

Mali
conventional long form: Republic of Mali
conventional short form: Mali
local long form: Republique de Mali
local short form: Mali
former: French Sudan and Sudanese Republic

Malta
conventional long form: Republic of Malta
conventional short form: Malta
local long form: Repubblika ta' Malta
local short form: Malta

Man, Isle of
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Isle of Man

Marshall Islands
conventional long form: Republic of the Marshall
Islands
conventional short form: Marshall Islands
former: Marshall Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands)

Martinique
conventional long form: Department of Martinique
conventional short form: Martinique
local long form: Departement de la Martinique
local short form: Martinique

Mauritania
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
conventional short form: Mauritania
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Islamiyah al Muritaniyah
local short form: Muritaniyah

Mauritius
conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius
conventional short form: Mauritius

Mayotte
conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Mayotte
conventional short form: Mayotte

Mexico
conventional long form: United Mexican States
conventional short form: Mexico
local long form: Estados Unidos Mexicanos
local short form: Mexico

Micronesia, Federated States of conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia conventional short form: none former: Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) abbreviation: FSM

Midway Islands conventional long form: none conventional short form: Midway Islands

Moldova
conventional long form: Republic of Moldova
conventional short form: Moldova
local long form: Republica Moldova
local short form: none
former: Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic; Moldovan Soviet
Socialist Republic

Monaco
conventional long form: Principality of Monaco
conventional short form: Monaco
local long form: Principaute de Monaco
local short form: Monaco

Mongolia
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia

Montserrat
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Montserrat

Morocco
conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco
conventional short form: Morocco
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah
local short form: Al Maghrib

Mozambique
conventional long form: Republic of Mozambique
conventional short form: Mozambique
local long form: Republica de Mocambique
local short form: Mocambique
former: Portuguese East Africa

Namibia
conventional long form: Republic of Namibia
conventional short form: Namibia
former: German Southwest Africa, South-West Africa

Nauru
conventional long form: Republic of Nauru
conventional short form: Nauru
former: Pleasant Island

Navassa Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Navassa Island

Nepal
conventional long form: Kingdom of Nepal
conventional short form: Nepal

Netherlands
conventional long form: Kingdom of the Netherlands
conventional short form: Netherlands
local long form: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
local short form: Nederland

Netherlands Antilles
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Netherlands Antilles
local long form: none
local short form: Nederlandse Antillen
former: Curacao and Dependencies

New Caledonia
conventional long form: Territory of New Caledonia and
Dependencies
conventional short form: New Caledonia
local long form: Territoire des Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances
local short form: Nouvelle-Caledonie

New Zealand
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: New Zealand
abbreviation: NZ

Nicaragua
conventional long form: Republic of Nicaragua
conventional short form: Nicaragua
local long form: Republica de Nicaragua
local short form: Nicaragua

Niger
conventional long form: Republic of Niger
conventional short form: Niger
local long form: Republique du Niger
local short form: Niger

Nigeria
conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria
conventional short form: Nigeria

Niue
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Niue
former: Savage Island

Norfolk Island
conventional long form: Territory of Norfolk Island
conventional short form: Norfolk Island

Northern Mariana Islands
conventional long form: Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands
conventional short form: Northern Mariana Islands
former: Mariana Islands District (Trust Territory of the Pacific
Islands)

Norway
conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway
conventional short form: Norway
local long form: Kongeriket Norge
local short form: Norge

Oman
conventional long form: Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form: Oman
local long form: Saltanat Uman
local short form: Uman
former: Muscat and Oman

Pakistan
conventional long form: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form: Pakistan
former: West Pakistan

Palau
conventional long form: Republic of Palau
conventional short form: Palau
local long form: Beluu er a Belau
local short form: Belau
former: Palau District (Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)

Palmyra Atoll
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Palmyra Atoll

Panama
conventional long form: Republic of Panama
conventional short form: Panama
local long form: Republica de Panama
local short form: Panama

Papua New Guinea
conventional long form: Independent State of Papua
New Guinea
conventional short form: Papua New Guinea
former: Territory of Papua and New Guinea
abbreviation: PNG

Paracel Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Paracel Islands

Paraguay
conventional long form: Republic of Paraguay
conventional short form: Paraguay
local long form: Republica del Paraguay
local short form: Paraguay

Peru
conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: Republica del Peru
local short form: Peru

Philippines
conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines
conventional short form: Philippines
local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas
local short form: Pilipinas

Pitcairn Islands
conventional long form: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie,
and Oeno Islands
conventional short form: Pitcairn Islands

Poland
conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form: Poland
local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form: Polska

Portugal
conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal

Puerto Rico
conventional long form: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
conventional short form: Puerto Rico

Qatar
conventional long form: State of Qatar
conventional short form: Qatar
local long form: Dawlat Qatar
local short form: Qatar
note: closest approximation of the native pronunciation falls
between cutter and gutter, but not like guitar

Reunion
conventional long form: Department of Reunion
conventional short form: Reunion
local long form: none
local short form: Ile de la Reunion
former: Bourbon Island

Romania
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Romania
local long form: none
local short form: Romania

Russia
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Rwanda
conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form: Rwanda
local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form: Rwanda
former: Ruanda

Saint Helena conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Helena

Saint Kitts and Nevis conventional long form: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis conventional short form: Saint Kitts and Nevis former: Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis

Saint Lucia conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Lucia

Saint Pierre and Miquelon conventional long form: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon conventional short form: Saint Pierre and Miquelon local long form: Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon local short form: Saint-Pierre et Miquelon

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines conventional long form: none conventional short form: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Samoa
conventional long form: Independent State of Samoa
conventional short form: Samoa
former: Western Samoa

San Marino
conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
conventional short form: San Marino
local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
local short form: San Marino

Sao Tome and Principe conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe local short form: Sao Tome e Principe

Saudi Arabia
conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form: Saudi Arabia
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah

Senegal
conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form: Senegal
local long form: Republique du Senegal
local short form: Senegal

Serbia and Montenegro conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro conventional short form: none local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora local short form: none former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia abbreviation: SCG

Seychelles
conventional long form: Republic of Seychelles
conventional short form: Seychelles

Sierra Leone
conventional long form: Republic of Sierra Leone
conventional short form: Sierra Leone

Singapore
conventional long form: Republic of Singapore
conventional short form: Singapore

Slovakia
conventional long form: Slovak Republic
conventional short form: Slovakia
local long form: Slovenska Republika
local short form: Slovensko

Slovenia
conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
conventional short form: Slovenia
local long form: Republika Slovenija
local short form: Slovenija
former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia

Solomon Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Solomon Islands
former: British Solomon Islands

Somalia
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Somalia
former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic

South Africa
conventional long form: Republic of South Africa
conventional short form: South Africa
former: Union of South Africa
abbreviation: RSA

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
conventional long form:
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
conventional short form: none

Spain
conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local short form: Espana

Spratly Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Spratly Islands

Sri Lanka
conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of
Sri Lanka
conventional short form: Sri Lanka
former: Serendib, Ceylon

Sudan
conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
conventional short form: Sudan
local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
local short form: As-Sudan
former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Suriname
conventional long form: Republic of Suriname
conventional short form: Suriname
local long form: Republiek Suriname
local short form: Suriname
former: Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana

Svalbard
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Svalbard (sometimes referred to as
Spitzbergen)

Swaziland
conventional long form: Kingdom of Swaziland
conventional short form: Swaziland

Sweden
conventional long form: Kingdom of Sweden
conventional short form: Sweden
local long form: Konungariket Sverige
local short form: Sverige

Switzerland
conventional long form: Swiss Confederation
conventional short form: Switzerland
local long form: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German),
Confederation Suisse (French), Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
local short form: Schweiz (German), Suisse (French), Svizzera
(Italian)

Syria
conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic
conventional short form: Syria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
local short form: Suriyah
former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

Taiwan
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Taiwan
local long form: none
local short form: T'ai-wan
former: Formosa

Tajikistan
conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan
conventional short form: Tajikistan
local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston
local short form: Tojikiston
former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

Tanzania
conventional long form: United Republic of Tanzania
conventional short form: Tanzania
former: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

Thailand
conventional long form: Kingdom of Thailand
conventional short form: Thailand
former: Siam

Togo
conventional long form: Togolese Republic
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togoland

Tokelau
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tokelau

Tonga
conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form: Tonga
former: Friendly Islands

Trinidad and Tobago
conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and
Tobago
conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago

Tromelin Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tromelin Island
local long form: none
local short form: Ile Tromelin

Tunisia
conventional long form: Tunisian Republic
conventional short form: Tunisia
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form: Tunis

Turkey
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye

Turkmenistan
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turkmenistan
local long form: none
local short form: Turkmenistan
former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Turks and Caicos Islands
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Turks and Caicos Islands

Tuvalu
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tuvalu
former: Ellice Islands
note: "Tuvalu" means "group of eight," referring to the country's
eight traditionally inhabited islands

Uganda
conventional long form: Republic of Uganda
conventional short form: Uganda

Ukraine
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic

United Arab Emirates
conventional long form: United Arab Emirates
conventional short form: none
local long form: Al Imarat al Arabiyah al Muttahidah
local short form: none
former: Trucial Oman, Trucial States
abbreviation: UAE

United Kingdom
conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland; note - Great Britain includes England,
Scotland, and Wales
conventional short form: United Kingdom
abbreviation: UK

United States
conventional long form: United States of America
conventional short form: United States
abbreviation: US or USA

Uruguay
conventional long form: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
conventional short form: Uruguay
local long form: Republica Oriental del Uruguay
local short form: Uruguay
former: Banda Oriental, Cisplatine Province

Uzbekistan
conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: Ozbekiston
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Vanuatu
conventional long form: Republic of Vanuatu
conventional short form: Vanuatu
former: New Hebrides

Venezuela
conventional long form: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela
local short form: Venezuela

Vietnam
conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
conventional short form: Vietnam
local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam
local short form: Viet Nam
abbreviation: SRV

Virgin Islands
conventional long form: United States Virgin Islands
conventional short form: Virgin Islands
former: Danish West Indies

Wake Island
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Wake Island

Wallis and Futuna
conventional long form: Territory of the Wallis
and Futuna Islands
conventional short form: Wallis and Futuna
local long form: Territoire des Iles Wallis et Futuna
local short form: Wallis et Futuna

West Bank
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: West Bank

Western Sahara
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Western Sahara
former: Spanish Sahara

Yemen
conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
conventional short form: Yemen
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
local short form: Al Yaman
former: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and
People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]

Zambia
conventional long form: Republic of Zambia
conventional short form: Zambia
former: Northern Rhodesia

Zimbabwe
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2144 Location

Afghanistan
Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran

Akrotiri
peninsula on the southwest coast of Cyprus

Albania
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian
Sea, between Greece and Serbia and Montenegro

Algeria
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between
Morocco and Tunisia

American Samoa
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about half way between Hawaii and New Zealand

Andorra
Southwestern Europe, between France and Spain

Angola
Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between
Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo

Anguilla
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and North
Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Antarctica
continent mostly south of the Antarctic Circle

Antigua and Barbuda
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and
the North Atlantic Ocean, east-southeast of Puerto Rico

Arctic Ocean
body of water between Europe, Asia, and North America,
mostly north of the Arctic Circle

Argentina
Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic
Ocean, between Chile and Uruguay

Armenia
Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey

Aruba
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, north of Venezuela

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian
Ocean, midway between northwestern Australia and Timor island

Atlantic Ocean
body of water between Africa, Europe, the Southern
Ocean, and the Western Hemisphere

Australia
Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South
Pacific Ocean

Austria
Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

Azerbaijan
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between
Iran and Russia, with a small European portion north of the Caucasus
range

Bahamas, The
Caribbean, chain of islands in the North Atlantic
Ocean, southeast of Florida, northeast of Cuba

Bahrain
Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi
Arabia

Baker Island
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about half
way between Hawaii and Australia

Bangladesh
Southern Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Burma
and India

Barbados
Caribbean, island in the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of
Venezuela

Bassas da India
Southern Africa, islands in the southern Mozambique
Channel, about one-half of the way from Madagascar to Mozambique

Belarus
Eastern Europe, east of Poland

Belgium
Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between France and
the Netherlands

Belize
Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between
Guatemala and Mexico

Benin
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Nigeria
and Togo

Bermuda
North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean,
east of South Carolina (US)

Bhutan
Southern Asia, between China and India

Bolivia
Central South America, southwest of Brazil

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic
Sea and Croatia

Botswana
Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Bouvet Island
island in the South Atlantic Ocean, southwest of the
Cape of Good Hope (South Africa)

Brazil
Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

British Indian Ocean Territory
archipelago in the Indian Ocean,
south of India, about one-half the way from Africa to Indonesia

British Virgin Islands
Caribbean, between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Brunei
Southeastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and Malaysia

Bulgaria
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between
Romania and Turkey

Burkina Faso
Western Africa, north of Ghana

Burma
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Burundi
Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between
Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos

Cameroon
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between
Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria

Canada
Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on
the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on
the north, north of the conterminous US

Cape Verde
Western Africa, group of islands in the North Atlantic
Ocean, west of Senegal

Cayman Islands
Caribbean, island group in Caribbean Sea, nearly
one-half of the way from Cuba to Honduras

Central African Republic
Central Africa, north of Democratic
Republic of the Congo

Chad
Central Africa, south of Libya

Chile
Southern South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean,
between Argentina and Peru

China
Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow
Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam

Christmas Island
Southeastern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean,
south of Indonesia

Clipperton Island
Middle America, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean,
1,120 km southwest of Mexico

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Southeastern Asia, group of islands in the
Indian Ocean, southwest of Indonesia, about halfway from Australia
to Sri Lanka

Colombia
Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea,
between Panama and Venezuela, and bordering the North Pacific Ocean,
between Ecuador and Panama

Comoros
Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of
the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern
Madagascar and northern Mozambique

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Central Africa, northeast of Angola

Congo, Republic of the
Western Africa, bordering the South Atlantic
Ocean, between Angola and Gabon

Cook Islands
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Coral Sea Islands
Oceania, islands in the Coral Sea, northeast of
Australia

Costa Rica
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the
North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama

Cote d'Ivoire
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Ghana and Liberia

Croatia
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia

Cuba
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North
Atlantic Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida

Cyprus
Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey

Czech Republic
Central Europe, southeast of Germany

Denmark
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea,
on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes two major
islands (Sjaelland and Fyn)

Dhekelia
on the southeast coast of Cyprus near Famagusta

Djibouti
Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea,
between Eritrea and Somalia

Dominica
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North
Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from Puerto Rico to
Trinidad and Tobago

Dominican Republic
Caribbean, eastern two-thirds of the island of
Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,
east of Haiti

East Timor
Southeastern Asia, northwest of Australia in the Lesser
Sunda Islands at the eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago; note
- East Timor includes the eastern half of the island of Timor, the
Oecussi (Ambeno) region on the northwest portion of the island of
Timor, and the islands of Pulau Atauro and Pulau Jaco

Ecuador
Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the
Equator, between Colombia and Peru

Egypt
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between
Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and
includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula

El Salvador
Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean,
between Guatemala and Honduras

Equatorial Guinea
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra,
between Cameroon and Gabon

Eritrea
Eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Djibouti and
Sudan

Estonia
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of
Finland, between Latvia and Russia

Ethiopia
Eastern Africa, west of Somalia

Europa Island
Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel,
about half way between southern Madagascar and southern Mozambique

European Union
Europe between Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, southeastern
Europe, and the North Atlantic Ocean

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Southern South America, islands in
the South Atlantic Ocean, east of southern Argentina

Faroe Islands
Northern Europe, island group between the Norwegian
Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, about one-half of the way from
Iceland to Norway

Fiji
Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Finland
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia,
and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

France
Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English
Channel, between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering
the Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

French Guiana
Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic
Ocean, between Brazil and Suriname

French Polynesia
Oceania, archipelagoes in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from South America to Australia

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
southeast of Africa, islands in
the southern Indian Ocean, about equidistant between Africa,
Antarctica, and Australia; note - French Southern and Antarctic
Lands include Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet, and Iles
Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean, along with the
French-claimed sector of Antarctica, "Adelie Land"; the US does not
recognize the French claim to "Adelie Land"

Gabon
Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator,
between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Gambia, The
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and
Senegal

Gaza Strip
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between
Egypt and Israel

Georgia
Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey
and Russia

Germany
Central Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea,
between the Netherlands and Poland, south of Denmark

Ghana
Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote
d'Ivoire and Togo

Gibraltar
Southwestern Europe, bordering the Strait of Gibraltar,
which links the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, on
the southern coast of Spain

Glorioso Islands
Southern Africa, group of islands in the Indian
Ocean, northwest of Madagascar

Greece
Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and
the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

Greenland
Northern North America, island between the Arctic Ocean
and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Canada

Grenada
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic
Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Guadeloupe
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of Puerto Rico

Guam
Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about
three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines

Guatemala
Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean,
between El Salvador and Mexico, and bordering the Gulf of Honduras
(Caribbean Sea) between Honduras and Belize

Guernsey
Western Europe, islands in the English Channel, northwest
of France

Guinea
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone

Guinea-Bissau
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Guinea and Senegal

Guyana
Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Suriname and Venezuela

Haiti
Caribbean, western one-third of the island of Hispaniola,
between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of the
Dominican Republic

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
islands in the Indian Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica

Holy See (Vatican City)
Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)

Honduras
Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between
Guatemala and Nicaragua and bordering the Gulf of Fonseca (North
Pacific Ocean), between El Salvador and Nicaragua

Hong Kong
Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Howland Island
Oceania, island in the North Pacific Ocean, about
half way between Hawaii and Australia

Hungary
Central Europe, northwest of Romania

Iceland
Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the UK

India
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan

Indian Ocean
body of water between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia,
and Australia

Indonesia
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean
and the Pacific Ocean

Iran
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and
the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan

Iraq
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait

Ireland
Western Europe, occupying five-sixths of the island of
Ireland in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Great Britain

Israel
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt
and Lebanon

Italy
Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central
Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia

Jamaica
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Jan Mayen
Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the
Norwegian Sea, northeast of Iceland

Japan
Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and
the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula

Jarvis Island
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, about half
way between Hawaii and the Cook Islands

Jersey
Western Europe, island in the English Channel, northwest of
France

Johnston Atoll
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean 717 nm
(1328 km) southwest of Honolulu, Hawaii, about one-third of the way
from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands

Jordan
Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia

Juan de Nova Island
Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique
Channel, about one-third of the way between Madagascar and Mozambique

Kazakhstan
Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of
the Ural River in eastern-most Europe

Kenya
Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia
and Tanzania

Kingman Reef
Oceania, reef in the North Pacific Ocean, about half
way between Hawaii and American Samoa

Kiribati
Oceania, group of 33 coral atolls in the Pacific Ocean,
straddling the equator; the capital Tarawa is about one-half of the
way from Hawaii to Australia; note - on 1 January 1995, Kiribati
proclaimed that all of its territory lies in the same time zone as
its Gilbert Islands group (GMT +12) even though the Phoenix Islands
and the Line Islands under its jurisdiction lie on the other side of
the International Date Line

Korea, North
Eastern Asia, northern half of the Korean Peninsula
bordering the Korea Bay and the Sea of Japan, between China and
South Korea

Korea, South
Eastern Asia, southern half of the Korean Peninsula
bordering the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea

Kuwait
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and
Saudi Arabia

Kyrgyzstan
Central Asia, west of China

Laos
Southeastern Asia, northeast of Thailand, west of Vietnam

Latvia
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Estonia and
Lithuania

Lebanon
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Israel
and Syria

Lesotho
Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Liberia
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone

Libya
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between
Egypt and Tunisia

Liechtenstein
Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland

Lithuania
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia
and Russia

Luxembourg
Western Europe, between France and Germany

Macau
Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Macedonia
Southeastern Europe, north of Greece

Madagascar
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of
Mozambique

Malawi
Southern Africa, east of Zambia

Malaysia
Southeastern Asia, peninsula bordering Thailand and
northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia,
Brunei, and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam

Maldives
Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean,
south-southwest of India

Mali
Western Africa, southwest of Algeria

Malta
Southern Europe, islands in the Mediterranean Sea, south of
Sicily (Italy)

Man, Isle of
Western Europe, island in the Irish Sea, between Great
Britain and Ireland

Marshall Islands
Oceania, group of atolls and reefs in the North
Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Martinique
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North
Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Mauritania
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Senegal and Western Sahara

Mauritius
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of
Madagascar

Mayotte
Southern Africa, island in the Mozambique Channel, about
one-half of the way from northern Madagascar to northern Mozambique

Mexico
Middle America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of
Mexico, between Belize and the US and bordering the North Pacific
Ocean, between Guatemala and the US

Micronesia, Federated States of
Oceania, island group in the North
Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to
Indonesia

Midway Islands
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about
one-third of the way from Honolulu to Tokyo

Moldova
Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Monaco
Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the
southern coast of France, near the border with Italy

Mongolia
Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Montserrat
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of
Puerto Rico

Morocco
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara

Mozambique
South-eastern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel,
between South Africa and Tanzania

Namibia
Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between
Angola and South Africa

Nauru
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, south of the
Marshall Islands

Navassa Island
Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, 35 miles west
of Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti

Nepal
Southern Asia, between China and India

Netherlands
Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium
and Germany

Netherlands Antilles
Caribbean, two island groups in the Caribbean
Sea - composed of five islands, Curacao and Bonaire located off the
coast of Venezuela, and St. Maarten, Saba, and St. Eustatius lie
east of the US Virgin Islands

New Caledonia
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, east of
Australia

New Zealand
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast
of Australia

Nicaragua
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the
North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras

Niger
Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Nigeria
Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin
and Cameroon

Niue
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Tonga

Norfolk Island
Oceania, island in the South Pacific Ocean, east of
Australia

Northern Mariana Islands
Oceania, islands in the North Pacific
Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to the Philippines

Norway
Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North
Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden

Oman
Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and
Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE

Pacific Ocean
body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia,
Australia, and the Western Hemisphere

Pakistan
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on
the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Palau
Oceania, group of islands in the North Pacific Ocean,
southeast of the Philippines

Palmyra Atoll
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about half
way between Hawaii and American Samoa

Panama
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the
North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica

Papua New Guinea
Oceania, group of islands including the eastern
half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South
Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia

Paracel Islands
Southeastern Asia, group of small islands and reefs
in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way from central
Vietnam to the northern Philippines

Paraguay
Central South America, northeast of Argentina

Peru
Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean,
between Chile and Ecuador

Philippines
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine
Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnam

Pitcairn Islands
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
midway between Peru and New Zealand

Poland
Central Europe, east of Germany

Portugal
Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
west of Spain

Puerto Rico
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Dominican Republic

Qatar
Middle East, peninsula bordering the Persian Gulf and Saudi
Arabia

Reunion
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of
Madagascar

Romania
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between
Bulgaria and Ukraine

Russia
Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is included with
Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North
Pacific Ocean

Rwanda
Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo

Saint Helena
islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about midway
between South America and Africa

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Caribbean, islands in the Caribbean Sea, about
one-third of the way from Puerto Rico to Trinidad and Tobago

Saint Lucia
Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and North
Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Northern North America, islands in the
North Atlantic Ocean, south of Newfoundland (Canada)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Caribbean, islands between the
Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago

Samoa
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

San Marino
Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea,
straddling the Equator, west of Gabon

Saudi Arabia
Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red
Sea, north of Yemen

Senegal
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania

Serbia and Montenegro
Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic
Sea, between Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Seychelles
archipelago in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar

Sierra Leone
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Guinea and Liberia

Singapore
Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia

Slovakia
Central Europe, south of Poland

Slovenia
Central Europe, eastern Alps bordering the Adriatic Sea,
between Austria and Croatia

Solomon Islands
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific
Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea

Somalia
Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian
Ocean, east of Ethiopia

South Africa
Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent
of Africa

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Southern South America,
islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, east of the tip of South America

Southern Ocean
body of water between 60 degrees south latitude and
Antarctica

Spain
Southwestern Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay,
Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and Pyrenees Mountains,
southwest of France

Spratly Islands
Southeastern Asia, group of reefs and islands in the
South China Sea, about two-thirds of the way from southern Vietnam
to the southern Philippines

Sri Lanka
Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India

Sudan
Northern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and
Eritrea

Suriname
Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between French Guiana and Guyana

Svalbard
Northern Europe, islands between the Arctic Ocean, Barents
Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea, north of Norway

Swaziland
Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa

Sweden
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia,
Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway

Switzerland
Central Europe, east of France, north of Italy

Syria
Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon
and Turkey

Taiwan
Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea,
Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the
Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China

Tajikistan
Central Asia, west of China

Tanzania
Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya
and Mozambique

Thailand
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf
of Thailand, southeast of Burma

Togo
Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and
Ghana

Tokelau
Oceania, group of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean,
about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Tonga
Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and
the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela

Tromelin Island
Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of
Madagascar

Tunisia
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between
Algeria and Libya

Turkey
southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia (that portion of
Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe),
bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering
the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Turkmenistan
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran
and Kazakhstan

Turks and Caicos Islands
Caribbean, two island groups in the North
Atlantic Ocean, southeast of The Bahamas, north of Haiti

Tuvalu
Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the
South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to
Australia

Uganda
Eastern Africa, west of Kenya

Ukraine
Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland,
Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east

United Arab Emirates
Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the
Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

United Kingdom
Western Europe, islands including the northern
one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean
and the North Sea, northwest of France

United States
North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean
and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico

Uruguay
Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean,
between Argentina and Brazil

Uzbekistan
Central Asia, north of Afghanistan

Vanuatu
Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Venezuela
Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and
the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana

Vietnam
Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of
Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia

Virgin Islands
Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, east of Puerto Rico

Wake Island
Oceania, atoll in the North Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to the Northern Mariana Islands

Wallis and Futuna
Oceania, islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

West Bank
Middle East, west of Jordan

Western Sahara
Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean,
between Mauritania and Morocco

Yemen
Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red
Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Zambia
Southern Africa, east of Angola

Zimbabwe
Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2145 Map references

Afghanistan
Asia

Akrotiri
Middle East

Albania
Europe

Algeria
Africa

American Samoa
Oceania

Andorra
Europe

Angola
Africa

Anguilla
Central America and the Caribbean

Antarctica
Antarctic Region

Antigua and Barbuda
Central America and the Caribbean

Arctic Ocean
Arctic Region

Argentina
South America

Armenia
Asia

Aruba
Central America and the Caribbean

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Southeast Asia

Atlantic Ocean
Political Map of the World

Australia
Oceania

Austria
Europe

Azerbaijan
Asia

Bahamas, The
Central America and the Caribbean

Bahrain
Middle East

Baker Island
Oceania

Bangladesh
Asia

Barbados
Central America and the Caribbean

Bassas da India
Africa

Belarus
Europe

Belgium
Europe

Belize
Central America and the Caribbean

Benin
Africa

Bermuda
North America

Bhutan
Asia

Bolivia
South America

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe

Botswana
Africa

Bouvet Island
Antarctic Region

Brazil
South America

British Indian Ocean Territory
Political Map of the World

British Virgin Islands
Central America and the Caribbean

Brunei
Southeast Asia

Bulgaria
Europe

Burkina Faso
Africa

Burma
Southeast Asia

Burundi
Africa

Cambodia
Southeast Asia

Cameroon
Africa

Canada
North America

Cape Verde
Political Map of the World

Cayman Islands
Central America and the Caribbean

Central African Republic
Africa

Chad
Africa

Chile
South America

China
Asia

Christmas Island
Southeast Asia

Clipperton Island
Political Map of the World

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Southeast Asia

Colombia
South America

Comoros
Africa

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Africa

Congo, Republic of the
Africa

Cook Islands
Oceania

Coral Sea Islands
Oceania

Costa Rica
Central America and the Caribbean

Cote d'Ivoire
Africa

Croatia
Europe

Cuba
Central America and the Caribbean

Cyprus
Middle East

Czech Republic
Europe

Denmark
Europe

Dhekelia
Middle East

Djibouti
Africa

Dominica
Central America and the Caribbean

Dominican Republic
Central America and the Caribbean

East Timor
Southeast Asia

Ecuador
South America

Egypt
Africa

El Salvador
Central America and the Caribbean

Equatorial Guinea
Africa

Eritrea
Africa

Estonia
Europe

Ethiopia
Africa

Europa Island
Africa

European Union
Europe

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
South America

Faroe Islands
Europe

Fiji
Oceania

Finland
Europe

France
Europe

French Guiana
South America

French Polynesia
Oceania

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Antarctic Region

Gabon
Africa

Gambia, The
Africa

Gaza Strip
Middle East

Georgia
Asia

Germany
Europe

Ghana
Africa

Gibraltar
Europe

Glorioso Islands
Africa

Greece
Europe

Greenland
Arctic Region

Grenada
Central America and the Caribbean

Guadeloupe
Central America and the Caribbean

Guam
Oceania

Guatemala
Central America and the Caribbean

Guernsey
Europe

Guinea
Africa

Guinea-Bissau
Africa

Guyana
South America

Haiti
Central America and the Caribbean

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Antarctic Region

Holy See (Vatican City)
Europe

Honduras
Central America and the Caribbean

Hong Kong
Southeast Asia

Howland Island
Oceania

Hungary
Europe

Iceland
Arctic Region

India
Asia

Indian Ocean
Political Map of the World

Indonesia
Southeast Asia

Iran
Middle East

Iraq
Middle East

Ireland
Europe

Israel
Middle East

Italy
Europe

Jamaica
Central America and the Caribbean

Jan Mayen
Arctic Region

Japan
Asia

Jarvis Island
Oceania

Jersey
Europe

Johnston Atoll
Oceania

Jordan
Middle East

Juan de Nova Island
Africa

Kazakhstan
Asia

Kenya
Africa

Kingman Reef
Oceania

Kiribati
Oceania

Korea, North
Asia

Korea, South
Asia

Kuwait
Middle East

Kyrgyzstan
Asia

Laos
Southeast Asia

Latvia
Europe

Lebanon
Middle East

Lesotho
Africa

Liberia
Africa

Libya
Africa

Liechtenstein
Europe

Lithuania
Europe

Luxembourg
Europe

Macau
Southeast Asia

Macedonia
Europe

Madagascar
Africa

Malawi
Africa

Malaysia
Southeast Asia

Maldives
Asia

Mali
Africa

Malta
Europe

Man, Isle of
Europe

Marshall Islands
Oceania

Martinique
Central America and the Caribbean

Mauritania
Africa

Mauritius
Political Map of the World

Mayotte
Africa

Mexico
North America

Micronesia, Federated States of
Oceania

Midway Islands
Oceania

Moldova
Europe

Monaco
Europe

Mongolia
Asia

Montserrat
Central America and the Caribbean

Morocco
Africa

Mozambique
Africa

Namibia
Africa

Nauru
Oceania

Navassa Island
Central America and the Caribbean

Nepal
Asia

Netherlands
Europe

Netherlands Antilles
Central America and the Caribbean

New Caledonia
Oceania

New Zealand
Oceania

Nicaragua
Central America and the Caribbean

Niger
Africa

Nigeria
Africa

Niue
Oceania

Norfolk Island
Oceania

Northern Mariana Islands
Oceania

Norway
Europe

Oman
Middle East

Pacific Ocean
Political Map of the World

Pakistan
Asia

Palau
Oceania

Palmyra Atoll
Oceania

Panama
Central America and the Caribbean

Papua New Guinea
Oceania

Paracel Islands
Southeast Asia

Paraguay
South America

Peru
South America

Philippines
Southeast Asia

Pitcairn Islands
Oceania

Poland
Europe

Portugal
Europe

Puerto Rico
Central America and the Caribbean

Qatar
Middle East

Reunion
World

Romania
Europe

Russia
Asia

Rwanda
Africa

Saint Helena
Africa

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Central America and the Caribbean

Saint Lucia
Central America and the Caribbean

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
North America

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Central America and the Caribbean

Samoa
Oceania

San Marino
Europe

Sao Tome and Principe
Africa

Saudi Arabia
Middle East

Senegal
Africa

Serbia and Montenegro
Europe

Seychelles
Africa

Sierra Leone
Africa

Singapore
Southeast Asia

Slovakia
Europe

Slovenia
Europe

Solomon Islands
Oceania

Somalia
Africa

South Africa
Africa

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Antarctic Region

Southern Ocean
Antarctic Region

Spain
Europe

Spratly Islands
Southeast Asia

Sri Lanka
Asia

Sudan
Africa

Suriname
South America

Svalbard
Arctic Region

Swaziland
Africa

Sweden
Europe

Switzerland
Europe

Syria
Middle East

Taiwan
Southeast Asia

Tajikistan
Asia

Tanzania
Africa

Thailand
Southeast Asia

Togo
Africa

Tokelau
Oceania

Tonga
Oceania

Trinidad and Tobago
Central America and the Caribbean

Tromelin Island
Africa

Tunisia
Africa

Turkey
Middle East

Turkmenistan
Asia

Turks and Caicos Islands
Central America and the Caribbean

Tuvalu
Oceania

Uganda
Africa

Ukraine
Asia, Europe

United Arab Emirates
Middle East

United Kingdom
Europe

United States
North America

Uruguay
South America

Uzbekistan
Asia

Vanuatu
Oceania

Venezuela
South America

Vietnam
Southeast Asia

Virgin Islands
Central America and the Caribbean

Wake Island
Oceania

Wallis and Futuna
Oceania

West Bank
Middle East

Western Sahara
Africa

World
Physical Map of the World, Political Map of the World,
Standard Time Zones of the World

Yemen
Middle East

Zambia
Africa

Zimbabwe
Africa

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2146 Irrigated land (sq km)

Afghanistan
23,860 sq km (1998 est.)

Albania
3,400 sq km (1998 est.)

Algeria
5,600 sq km (1998 est.)

American Samoa
NA sq km

Andorra
NA sq km

Angola
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Anguilla
NA

Antarctica
0 sq km

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
15,610 sq km (1998 est.)

Armenia
2,870 sq km (1998 est.)

Aruba
0.01 sq km (1998 est.)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Australia
24,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Austria
457 sq km (2000 est.)

Azerbaijan
14,550 sq km (1998 est.)

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
50 sq km (1998 est.)

Baker Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Bangladesh
38,440 sq km (1998 est.)

Barbados
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Bassas da India
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Belarus
1,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Belgium
40 sq km (includes Luxembourg) (1998 est.)

Belize
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Benin
120 sq km (1998 est.)

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
400 sq km (1998 est.)

Bolivia
1,280 sq km (1998 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Botswana
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Bouvet Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Brazil
26,560 sq km (1998 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory
0 sq km (1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Bulgaria
8,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Burkina Faso
250 sq km (1998 est.)

Burma
15,920 sq km (1998 est.)

Burundi
740 sq km (1998 est.)

Cambodia
2,700 sq km (1998 est.)

Cameroon
330 sq km (1998 est.)

Canada
7,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Cape Verde
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Cayman Islands
NA sq km

Central African Republic
NA sq km

Chad
200 sq km (1998 est.)

Chile
18,000 sq km (1998 est.)

China
525,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Christmas Island
NA sq km

Clipperton Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA sq km

Colombia
8,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Comoros
NA sq km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
110 sq km (1998 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Coral Sea Islands
0 sq km

Costa Rica
1,260 sq km (1998 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
730 sq km (1998 est.)

Croatia
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Cuba
870 sq km (1998 est.)

Cyprus
382 sq km (2001 est.)

Czech Republic
240 sq km (1998 est.)

Denmark
4,760 sq km (1998 est.)

Djibouti
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Dominica
NA sq km

Dominican Republic
2,590 sq km (1998 est.)

East Timor
1,065 sq km (est.)

Ecuador
8,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Egypt
33,000 sq km (1998 est.)

El Salvador
360 sq km (1998 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
NA sq km

Eritrea
220 sq km (1998 est.)

Estonia
40 sq km (1998 est.)

Ethiopia
1,900 sq km (1998 est.)

Europa Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

European Union
115,807 sq km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA sq km

Faroe Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Fiji
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Finland
640 sq km (1998 est.)

France
20,000 sq km (1998 est.)

French Guiana
20 sq km (1998 est.)

French Polynesia
NA sq km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Gabon
150 sq km (1998 est.)

Gambia, The
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Gaza Strip
120 sq km (1998 est.)

Georgia
4,700 sq km (1998 est.)

Germany
4,850 sq km (1998 est.)

Ghana
110 sq km (1998 est.)

Gibraltar
NA sq km

Glorioso Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Greece
14,220 sq km (1998 est.)

Greenland
NA sq km

Grenada
NA sq km

Guadeloupe
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Guam
NA

Guatemala
1,250 sq km (1998 est.)

Guernsey
NA sq km

Guinea
950 sq km (1998 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
170 sq km (1998 est.)

Guyana
1,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Haiti
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
0 sq km

Holy See (Vatican City)
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Honduras
760 sq km (1998 est.)

Hong Kong
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Howland Island
0 sq km

Hungary
2,100 sq km (1998 est.)

Iceland
NA sq km

India
590,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Indonesia
48,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Iran
75,620 sq km (1998 est.)

Iraq
35,250 sq km (1998 est.)

Ireland
NA sq km

Israel
1,990 sq km (1998 est.)

Italy
26,980 sq km (1998 est.)

Jamaica
250 sq km (1998 est.)

Jan Mayen
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Japan
26,790 sq km (1998 est.)

Jarvis Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Jersey
NA sq km

Johnston Atoll
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Jordan
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Juan de Nova Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Kazakhstan
23,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Kenya
670 sq km (1998 est.)

Kingman Reef
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
14,600 sq km (1998 est.)

Korea, South
11,590 sq km (1998 est.)

Kuwait
60 sq km (1998 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
10,740 sq km (1998 est.)

Laos
1,640 sq km
note: rainy season irrigation - 2,169 sq km; dry season irrigation -
750 sq km (1998 est.)

Latvia
200 sq km
note: land in Latvia is often too wet, and in need of drainage, not
irrigation; approximately 16,000 sq km or 85% of agricultural land
has been improved by drainage (1998 est.)

Lebanon
1,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Lesotho
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Liberia
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Libya
4,700 sq km (1998 est.)

Liechtenstein
NA sq km

Lithuania
90 sq km (1998 est.)

Luxembourg
40 sq km (includes Belgium) (1998 est.)

Macau
NA sq km

Macedonia
550 sq km (1998 est.)

Madagascar
10,900 sq km (2000 est.)

Malawi
280 sq km (1998 est.)

Malaysia
3,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Maldives
NA sq km

Mali
1,380 sq km (1998 est.)

Malta
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Man, Isle of
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Marshall Islands
0 sq km

Martinique
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Mauritania
490 sq km (1998 est.)

Mauritius
200 sq km (2000 est.)

Mayotte
NA sq km

Mexico
65,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Midway Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Moldova
3,070 sq km (1998 est.)

Monaco
NA sq km

Mongolia
840 sq km (1998 est.)

Montserrat
NA sq km

Morocco
12,910 sq km (1998 est.)

Mozambique
1,070 sq km (1998 est.)

Namibia
70 sq km (1998 est.)

Nauru
NA

Navassa Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Nepal
11,350 sq km (1998 est.)

Netherlands
5,650 sq km (1998 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA sq km

New Caledonia
160 sq km (1991)

New Zealand
2,850 sq km (1998 est.)

Nicaragua
880 sq km (1998 est.)

Niger
660 sq km (1998 est.)

Nigeria
2,330 sq km (1998 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
1,270 sq km (1998 est.)

Oman
620 sq km (1998 est.)

Pakistan
180,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Palau
NA

Palmyra Atoll
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Panama
320 sq km (1998 est.)

Papua New Guinea
NA sq km

Paracel Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Paraguay
670 sq km (1998 est.)

Peru
11,950 sq km (1998 est.)

Philippines
15,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
1,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Portugal
6,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Puerto Rico
400 sq km (1998 est.)

Qatar
130 sq km (1998 est.)

Reunion
120 sq km (1998 est.)

Romania
28,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Russia
46,630 sq km (1998 est.)

Rwanda
40 sq km (1998 est.)

Saint Helena
NA sq km

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA sq km

Saint Lucia
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA sq km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10 sq km (1998 est.)

Samoa
NA

San Marino
NA sq km

Sao Tome and Principe
100 sq km (1998 est.)

Saudi Arabia
16,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Senegal
710 sq km (1998 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
570 sq km

Seychelles
NA sq km

Sierra Leone
290 sq km (1998 est.)

Singapore
NA sq km

Slovakia
1,740 sq km (1998 est.)

Slovenia
20 sq km (1998 est.)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
2,000 sq km (1998 est.)

South Africa
13,500 sq km (1998 est.)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Spain
36,400 sq km (1998 est.)

Spratly Islands
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Sri Lanka
6,510 sq km (1998 est.)

Sudan
19,500 sq km (1998 est.)

Suriname
490 sq km (1998 est.)

Svalbard
NA sq km

Swaziland
690 sq km (1998 est.)

Sweden
1,150 sq km (1998 est.)

Switzerland
250 sq km (1998 est.)

Syria
12,130 sq km (1998 est.)

Taiwan
NA sq km

Tajikistan
7,200 sq km (1998 est.)

Tanzania
1,550 sq km (1998 est.)

Thailand
47,490 sq km (1998 est.)

Togo
70 sq km (1998 est.)

Tokelau
NA sq km

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
30 sq km (1998 est.)

Tromelin Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Tunisia
3,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Turkey
42,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Turkmenistan
17,500 sq km (2003 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA sq km

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
90 sq km (1998 est.)

Ukraine
24,540 sq km (1998 est.)

United Arab Emirates
720 sq km (1998 est.)

United Kingdom
1,080 sq km (1998 est.)

United States
214,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Uruguay
1,800 sq km (1998 est.)

Uzbekistan
42,810 sq km (1998 est.)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
540 sq km (1998 est.)

Vietnam
30,000 sq km (1998 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wake Island
0 sq km (1998 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
NA sq km

West Bank
NA sq km

Western Sahara
NA sq km

World
2,714,320 sq km (1998 est.)

Yemen
4,900 sq km (1998 est.)

Zambia
460 sq km (1998 est.)

Zimbabwe
1,170 sq km (1998 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2147 Area (sq km)

Afghanistan total: 647,500 sq km land: 647,500 sq km water: 0 sq km

Akrotiri total: 123 sq km note: includes a salt lake and wetlands

Albania
total: 28,748 sq km
land: 27,398 sq km
water: 1,350 sq km

Algeria
total: 2,381,740 sq km
land: 2,381,740 sq km
water: 0 sq km

American Samoa total: 199 sq km land: 199 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Rose Island and Swains Island

Andorra
total: 468 sq km
land: 468 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Angola
total: 1,246,700 sq km
land: 1,246,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Anguilla
total: 102 sq km
land: 102 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Antarctica
total: 14 million sq km
land: 14 million sq km (280,000 sq km ice-free, 13.72 million sq km
ice-covered) (est.)
note: fifth-largest continent, following Asia, Africa, North
America, and South America, but larger than Australia and the
subcontinent of Europe

Antigua and Barbuda total: 442.6 sq km (Antigua 280 sq km; Barbuda 161 sq km) land: 442.6 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Redonda, 1.6 sq km

Arctic Ocean
total: 14.056 million sq km
note: includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea,
East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara
Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, and other tributary water bodies

Argentina
total: 2,766,890 sq km
land: 2,736,690 sq km
water: 30,200 sq km

Armenia
total: 29,800 sq km
land: 28,400 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km

Aruba
total: 193 sq km
land: 193 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
total: 5 sq km
land: 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and
Cartier Island

Atlantic Ocean
total: 76.762 million sq km
note: includes Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait,
Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Labrador
Sea, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, almost all of the
Scotia Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Australia
total: 7,686,850 sq km
land: 7,617,930 sq km
water: 68,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island

Austria
total: 83,870 sq km
land: 82,444 sq km
water: 1,426 sq km

Azerbaijan
total: 86,600 sq km
land: 86,100 sq km
water: 500 sq km
note: includes the exclave of Naxcivan Autonomous Republic and the
Nagorno-Karabakh region; the region's autonomy was abolished by
Azerbaijani Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1991

Bahamas, The
total: 13,940 sq km
land: 10,070 sq km
water: 3,870 sq km

Bahrain
total: 665 sq km
land: 665 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Baker Island
total: 1.4 sq km
land: 1.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Bangladesh
total: 144,000 sq km
land: 133,910 sq km
water: 10,090 sq km

Barbados
total: 431 sq km
land: 431 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Bassas da India
total: 0.2 sq km
land: 0.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Belarus
total: 207,600 sq km
land: 207,600 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Belgium
total: 30,528 sq km
land: 30,278 sq km
water: 250 sq km

Belize
total: 22,966 sq km
land: 22,806 sq km
water: 160 sq km

Benin
total: 112,620 sq km
land: 110,620 sq km
water: 2,000 sq km

Bermuda
total: 53.3 sq km
land: 53.3 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Bhutan
total: 47,000 sq km
land: 47,000 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Bolivia
total: 1,098,580 sq km
land: 1,084,390 sq km
water: 14,190 sq km

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 51,129 sq km
land: 51,129 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Botswana
total: 600,370 sq km
land: 585,370 sq km
water: 15,000 sq km

Bouvet Island
total: 58.5 sq km
land: 58.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Brazil
total: 8,511,965 sq km
land: 8,456,510 sq km
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas,
Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao
Paulo

British Indian Ocean Territory total: 60 sq km land: 60 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes the entire Chagos Archipelago

British Virgin Islands total: 153 sq km land: 153 sq km water: 0 sq km note: comprised of 16 inhabited and more than 20 uninhabited islands; includes the island of Anegada

Brunei
total: 5,770 sq km
land: 5,270 sq km
water: 500 sq km

Bulgaria
total: 110,910 sq km
land: 110,550 sq km
water: 360 sq km

Burkina Faso
total: 274,200 sq km
land: 273,800 sq km
water: 400 sq km

Burma
total: 678,500 sq km
land: 657,740 sq km
water: 20,760 sq km

Burundi
total: 27,830 sq km
land: 25,650 sq km
water: 2,180 sq km

Cambodia
total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km

Cameroon
total: 475,440 sq km
land: 469,440 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

Canada
total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km

Cape Verde
total: 4,033 sq km
land: 4,033 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Cayman Islands
total: 262 sq km
land: 262 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Central African Republic
total: 622,984 sq km
land: 622,984 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Chad
total: 1.284 million sq km
land: 1,259,200 sq km
water: 24,800 sq km

Chile
total: 756,950 sq km
land: 748,800 sq km
water: 8,150 sq km
note: includes Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) and Isla Sala y Gomez

China
total: 9,596,960 sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km

Christmas Island
total: 135 sq km
land: 135 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Clipperton Island
total: 6 sq km
land: 6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands total: 14 sq km land: 14 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes the two main islands of West Island and Home Island

Colombia
total: 1,138,910 sq km
land: 1,038,700 sq km
water: 100,210 sq km
note: includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and
Serranilla Bank

Comoros
total: 2,170 sq km
land: 2,170 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 2,345,410 sq km
land: 2,267,600 sq km
water: 77,810 sq km

Congo, Republic of the
total: 342,000 sq km
land: 341,500 sq km
water: 500 sq km

Cook Islands
total: 240 sq km
land: 240 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Coral Sea Islands
total: less than 3 sq km
land: less than 3 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea
area of about 780,000 sq km, with the Willis Islets the most
important

Costa Rica total: 51,100 sq km land: 50,660 sq km water: 440 sq km note: includes Isla del Coco

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 322,460 sq km
land: 318,000 sq km
water: 4,460 sq km

Croatia
total: 56,542 sq km
land: 56,414 sq km
water: 128 sq km

Cuba
total: 110,860 sq km
land: 110,860 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Cyprus
total: 9,250 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus)
land: 9,240 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Czech Republic
total: 78,866 sq km
land: 77,276 sq km
water: 1,590 sq km

Denmark
total: 43,094 sq km
land: 42,394 sq km
water: 700 sq km
note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest
of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major
islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and
Greenland

Dhekelia
total: 130.8 sq km
note: area surrounds three Cypriot enclaves

Djibouti
total: 23,000 sq km
land: 22,980 sq km
water: 20 sq km

Dominica
total: 754 sq km
land: 754 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Dominican Republic
total: 48,730 sq km
land: 48,380 sq km
water: 350 sq km

East Timor
total: 15,007 sq km
land: NA
water: NA

Ecuador
total: 283,560 sq km
land: 276,840 sq km
water: 6,720 sq km
note: includes Galapagos Islands

Egypt
total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

El Salvador
total: 21,040 sq km
land: 20,720 sq km
water: 320 sq km

Equatorial Guinea
total: 28,051 sq km
land: 28,051 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Eritrea
total: 121,320 sq km
land: 121,320 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Estonia
total: 45,226 sq km
land: 43,211 sq km
water: 2,015 sq km
note: includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea

Ethiopia
total: 1,127,127 sq km
land: 1,119,683 sq km
water: 7,444 sq km

Europa Island
total: 28 sq km
land: 28 sq km
water: 0 sq km

European Union
total: 3,976,372 sq km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) total: 12,173 sq km land: 12,173 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes the two main islands of East and West Falkland and about 200 small islands

Faroe Islands
total: 1,399 sq km
land: 1,399 sq km
water: 0 sq km (some lakes and streams)

Fiji
total: 18,270 sq km
land: 18,270 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Finland
total: 338,145 sq km
land: 304,473 sq km
water: 33,672 sq km

France
total: 547,030 sq km
land: 545,630 sq km
water: 1,400 sq km
note: includes only metropolitan France; excludes the overseas
administrative divisions

French Guiana
total: 91,000 sq km
land: 89,150 sq km
water: 1,850 sq km

French Polynesia
total: 4,167 sq km (118 islands and atolls)
land: 3,660 sq km
water: 507 sq km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
total: 7,829 sq km
land: 7,829 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Ile Amsterdam, Ile Saint-Paul, Iles Crozet and Iles
Kerguelen; excludes "Adelie Land" claim of about 500,000 sq km in
Antarctica that is not recognized by the US

Gabon
total: 267,667 sq km
land: 257,667 sq km
water: 10,000 sq km

Gambia, The
total: 11,300 sq km
land: 10,000 sq km
water: 1,300 sq km

Gaza Strip
total: 360 sq km
land: 360 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Georgia
total: 69,700 sq km
land: 69,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Germany
total: 357,021 sq km
land: 349,223 sq km
water: 7,798 sq km

Ghana
total: 239,460 sq km
land: 230,940 sq km
water: 8,520 sq km

Gibraltar
total: 6.5 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Glorioso Islands total: 5 sq km land: 5 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Ile Glorieuse, Ile du Lys, Verte Rocks, Wreck Rock, and South Rock

Greece
total: 131,940 sq km
land: 130,800 sq km
water: 1,140 sq km

Greenland
total: 2,166,086 sq km
land: 2,166,086 sq km (410,449 sq km ice-free, 1,755,637 sq km
ice-covered) (2000 est.)

Grenada
total: 344 sq km
land: 344 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Guadeloupe
total: 1,780 sq km
land: 1,706 sq km
water: 74 sq km
note: Guadeloupe is an archipelago of nine inhabited islands,
including Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Desirade,
Iles des Saintes (2), Saint-Barthelemy, Iles de la Petite Terre, and
Saint-Martin (French part of the island of Saint Martin)

Guam
total: 549 sq km
land: 549 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Guatemala
total: 108,890 sq km
land: 108,430 sq km
water: 460 sq km

Guernsey
total: 78 sq km
land: 78 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Alderney, Guernsey, Herm, Sark, and some other
smaller islands

Guinea
total: 245,857 sq km
land: 245,857 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Guinea-Bissau
total: 36,120 sq km
land: 28,000 sq km
water: 8,120 sq km

Guyana
total: 214,970 sq km
land: 196,850 sq km
water: 18,120 sq km

Haiti
total: 27,750 sq km
land: 27,560 sq km
water: 190 sq km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
total: 412 sq km
land: 412 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Holy See (Vatican City)
total: 0.44 sq km
land: 0.44 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Honduras
total: 112,090 sq km
land: 111,890 sq km
water: 200 sq km

Hong Kong
total: 1,092 sq km
land: 1,042 sq km
water: 50 sq km

Howland Island
total: 1.6 sq km
land: 1.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Hungary
total: 93,030 sq km
land: 92,340 sq km
water: 690 sq km

Iceland
total: 103,000 sq km
land: 100,250 sq km
water: 2,750 sq km

India
total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km

Indian Ocean
total: 68.556 million sq km
note: includes Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Flores Sea,
Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Java Sea,
Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Savu Sea, Strait of
Malacca, Timor Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Indonesia
total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km

Iran
total: 1.648 million sq km
land: 1.636 million sq km
water: 12,000 sq km

Iraq
total: 437,072 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km
water: 4,910 sq km

Ireland
total: 70,280 sq km
land: 68,890 sq km
water: 1,390 sq km

Israel
total: 20,770 sq km
land: 20,330 sq km
water: 440 sq km

Italy
total: 301,230 sq km
land: 294,020 sq km
water: 7,210 sq km
note: includes Sardinia and Sicily

Jamaica
total: 10,991 sq km
land: 10,831 sq km
water: 160 sq km

Jan Mayen
total: 373 sq km
land: 373 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Japan
total: 377,835 sq km
land: 374,744 sq km
water: 3,091 sq km
note: includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto,
Minami-jima, Okino-tori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and
Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)

Jarvis Island
total: 4.5 sq km
land: 4.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Jersey
total: 116 sq km
land: 116 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Johnston Atoll
total: 2.8 sq km
land: 2.8 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Jordan
total: 92,300 sq km
land: 91,971 sq km
water: 329 sq km

Juan de Nova Island
total: 4.4 sq km
land: 4.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Kazakhstan
total: 2,717,300 sq km
land: 2,669,800 sq km
water: 47,500 sq km

Kenya
total: 582,650 sq km
land: 569,250 sq km
water: 13,400 sq km

Kingman Reef
total: 1 sq km
land: 1 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Kiribati
total: 811 sq km
land: 811 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands,
Phoenix Islands

Korea, North
total: 120,540 sq km
land: 120,410 sq km
water: 130 sq km

Korea, South
total: 98,480 sq km
land: 98,190 sq km
water: 290 sq km

Kuwait
total: 17,820 sq km
land: 17,820 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Kyrgyzstan
total: 198,500 sq km
land: 191,300 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km

Laos
total: 236,800 sq km
land: 230,800 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km

Latvia
total: 64,589 sq km
land: 63,589 sq km
water: 1,000 sq km

Lebanon
total: 10,400 sq km
land: 10,230 sq km
water: 170 sq km

Lesotho
total: 30,355 sq km
land: 30,355 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Liberia
total: 111,370 sq km
land: 96,320 sq km
water: 15,050 sq km

Libya
total: 1,759,540 sq km
land: 1,759,540 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Liechtenstein
total: 160 sq km
land: 160 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Lithuania
total: 65,200 sq km
land: NA sq km
water: NA sq km

Luxembourg
total: 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Macau
total: 25.4 sq km
land: 25.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Macedonia
total: 25,333 sq km
land: 24,856 sq km
water: 477 sq km

Madagascar
total: 587,040 sq km
land: 581,540 sq km
water: 5,500 sq km

Malawi
total: 118,480 sq km
land: 94,080 sq km
water: 24,400 sq km

Malaysia
total: 329,750 sq km
land: 328,550 sq km
water: 1,200 sq km

Maldives
total: 300 sq km
land: 300 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Mali
total: 1.24 million sq km
land: 1.22 million sq km
water: 20,000 sq km

Malta
total: 316 sq km
land: 316 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Man, Isle of
total: 572 sq km
land: 572 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Marshall Islands total: 181.3 sq km land: 181.3 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes the atolls of Bikini, Enewetak, Kwajalein, Majuro, Rongelap, and Utirik

Martinique
total: 1,100 sq km
land: 1,060 sq km
water: 40 sq km

Mauritania
total: 1,030,700 sq km
land: 1,030,400 sq km
water: 300 sq km

Mauritius
total: 2,040 sq km
land: 2,030 sq km
water: 10 sq km
note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint
Brandon), and Rodrigues

Mayotte
total: 374 sq km
land: 374 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Mexico
total: 1,972,550 sq km
land: 1,923,040 sq km
water: 49,510 sq km

Micronesia, Federated States of total: 702 sq km land: 702 sq km water: 0 sq km (fresh water only) note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae (Kosaie)

Midway Islands total: 6.2 sq km land: 6.2 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Eastern Island, Sand Island, and Spit Island

Moldova
total: 33,843 sq km
land: 33,371 sq km
water: 472 sq km

Monaco
total: 1.95 sq km
land: 1.95 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Mongolia
total: 1,564,116 sq km

Montserrat
total: 102 sq km
land: 102 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Morocco
total: 446,550 sq km
land: 446,300 sq km
water: 250 sq km

Mozambique
total: 801,590 sq km
land: 784,090 sq km
water: 17,500 sq km

Namibia
total: 825,418 sq km
land: 825,418 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Nauru
total: 21 sq km
land: 21 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Navassa Island
total: 5.4 sq km
land: 5.4 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Nepal
total: 140,800 sq km
land: 136,800 sq km
water: 4,000 sq km

Netherlands
total: 41,526 sq km
land: 33,883 sq km
water: 7,643 sq km

Netherlands Antilles total: 960 sq km land: 960 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten (Dutch part of the island of Saint Martin)

New Caledonia total: 19,060 sq km land: 18,575 sq km water: 485 sq km

New Zealand
total: 268,680 sq km
land: 268,021 sq km
water: NA
note: includes Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands, Bounty Islands,
Campbell Island, Chatham Islands, and Kermadec Islands

Nicaragua
total: 129,494 sq km
land: 120,254 sq km
water: 9,240 sq km

Niger
total: 1.267 million sq km
land: 1,266,700 sq km
water: 300 sq km

Nigeria
total: 923,768 sq km
land: 910,768 sq km
water: 13,000 sq km

Niue
total: 260 sq km
land: 260 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Norfolk Island
total: 34.6 sq km
land: 34.6 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Northern Mariana Islands total: 477 sq km land: 477 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes 14 islands including Saipan, Rota, and Tinian

Norway
total: 324,220 sq km
land: 307,860 sq km
water: 16,360 sq km

Oman
total: 212,460 sq km
land: 212,460 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Pacific Ocean
total: 155.557 million sq km
note: includes Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait, Coral Sea, East
China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Philippine Sea, Sea of
Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, South China Sea, Tasman Sea, and other
tributary water bodies

Pakistan
total: 803,940 sq km
land: 778,720 sq km
water: 25,220 sq km

Palau
total: 458 sq km
land: 458 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Palmyra Atoll
total: 11.9 sq km
land: 11.9 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Panama
total: 78,200 sq km
land: 75,990 sq km
water: 2,210 sq km

Papua New Guinea
total: 462,840 sq km
land: 452,860 sq km
water: 9,980 sq km

Paracel Islands
total: NA sq km
land: NA sq km
water: 0 sq km

Paraguay
total: 406,750 sq km
land: 397,300 sq km
water: 9,450 sq km

Peru
total: 1,285,220 sq km
land: 1.28 million sq km
water: 5,220 sq km

Philippines
total: 300,000 sq km
land: 298,170 sq km
water: 1,830 sq km

Pitcairn Islands
total: 47 sq km
land: 47 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Poland
total: 312,685 sq km
land: 304,465 sq km
water: 8,220 sq km

Portugal
total: 92,391 sq km
land: 91,951 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands

Puerto Rico
total: 9,104 sq km
land: 8,959 sq km
water: 145 sq km

Qatar
total: 11,437 sq km
land: 11,437 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Reunion
total: 2,517 sq km
land: 2,507 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Romania
total: 237,500 sq km
land: 230,340 sq km
water: 7,160 sq km

Russia
total: 17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km
water: 79,400 sq km

Rwanda
total: 26,338 sq km
land: 24,948 sq km
water: 1,390 sq km

Saint Helena
total: 410 sq km
land: 410 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Saint Helena Island, Ascension, and the island group
of Tristan da Cunha, which consists of Tristan da Cunha Island,
Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, and the three Nightingale Islands

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 261 sq km (Saint Kitts 168 sq km; Nevis
93 sq km)
land: 261 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Saint Lucia total: 616 sq km land: 606 sq km water: 10 sq km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon total: 242 sq km land: 242 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 389 sq km (Saint Vincent 344
sq km)
land: 389 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Samoa
total: 2,944 sq km
land: 2,934 sq km
water: 10 sq km

San Marino
total: 61.2 sq km
land: 61.2 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 1,001 sq km
land: 1,001 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Saudi Arabia
total: 1,960,582 sq km
land: 1,960,582 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Senegal
total: 196,190 sq km
land: 192,000 sq km
water: 4,190 sq km

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 102,350 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
water: 214 sq km

Seychelles
total: 455 sq km
land: 455 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Sierra Leone
total: 71,740 sq km
land: 71,620 sq km
water: 120 sq km

Singapore
total: 692.7 sq km
land: 682.7 sq km
water: 10 sq km

Slovakia
total: 48,845 sq km
land: 48,800 sq km
water: 45 sq km

Slovenia
total: 20,273 sq km
land: 20,151 sq km
water: 122 sq km

Solomon Islands
total: 28,450 sq km
land: 27,540 sq km
water: 910 sq km

Somalia
total: 637,657 sq km
land: 627,337 sq km
water: 10,320 sq km

South Africa
total: 1,219,912 sq km
land: 1,219,912 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince
Edward Island)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
total: 3,903 sq km
land: 3,903 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Shag Rocks, Black Rock, Clerke Rocks, South Georgia
Island, Bird Island, and the South Sandwich Islands, which consist
of some nine islands

Southern Ocean
total: 20.327 million sq km
note: includes Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake
Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, Weddell Sea, and
other tributary water bodies

Spain
total: 504,782 sq km
land: 499,542 sq km
water: 5,240 sq km
note: there are 19 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands
and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the
coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon
de Velez de la Gomera

Spratly Islands
total: less than 5 sq km
land: less than 5 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts
scattered over an area of nearly 410,000 sq km of the central South
China Sea

Sri Lanka
total: 65,610 sq km
land: 64,740 sq km
water: 870 sq km

Sudan
total: 2,505,810 sq km
land: 2.376 million sq km
water: 129,810 sq km

Suriname
total: 163,270 sq km
land: 161,470 sq km
water: 1,800 sq km

Svalbard
total: 62,049 sq km
land: 62,049 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island)

Swaziland
total: 17,363 sq km
land: 17,203 sq km
water: 160 sq km

Sweden
total: 449,964 sq km
land: 410,934 sq km
water: 39,030 sq km

Switzerland
total: 41,290 sq km
land: 39,770 sq km
water: 1,520 sq km

Syria
total: 185,180 sq km
land: 184,050 sq km
water: 1,130 sq km
note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory

Taiwan
total: 35,980 sq km
land: 32,260 sq km
water: 3,720 sq km
note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy

Tajikistan
total: 143,100 sq km
land: 142,700 sq km
water: 400 sq km

Tanzania
total: 945,087 sq km
land: 886,037 sq km
water: 59,050 sq km
note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

Thailand
total: 514,000 sq km
land: 511,770 sq km
water: 2,230 sq km

Togo
total: 56,785 sq km
land: 54,385 sq km
water: 2,400 sq km

Tokelau
total: 10 sq km
land: 10 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Tonga
total: 748 sq km
land: 718 sq km
water: 30 sq km

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 5,128 sq km
land: 5,128 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Tromelin Island
total: 1 sq km
land: 1 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Tunisia
total: 163,610 sq km
land: 155,360 sq km
water: 8,250 sq km

Turkey
total: 780,580 sq km
land: 770,760 sq km
water: 9,820 sq km

Turkmenistan
total: 488,100 sq km
land: 488,100 sq km
water: negl.

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 430 sq km
land: 430 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Tuvalu
total: 26 sq km
land: 26 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Uganda
total: 236,040 sq km
land: 199,710 sq km
water: 36,330 sq km

Ukraine
total: 603,700 sq km
land: 603,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km

United Arab Emirates
total: 82,880 sq km
land: 82,880 sq km
water: 0 sq km

United Kingdom
total: 244,820 sq km
land: 241,590 sq km
water: 3,230 sq km
note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands

United States
total: 9,631,418 sq km
land: 9,161,923 sq km
water: 469,495 sq km
note: includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia

Uruguay
total: 176,220 sq km
land: 173,620 sq km
water: 2,600 sq km

Uzbekistan
total: 447,400 sq km
land: 425,400 sq km
water: 22,000 sq km

Vanuatu
total: 12,200 sq km
land: 12,200 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes more than 80 islands, about 65 of which are inhabited

Venezuela
total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km

Vietnam
total: 329,560 sq km
land: 325,360 sq km
water: 4,200 sq km

Virgin Islands
total: 352 sq km
land: 349 sq km
water: 3 sq km

Wake Island
total: 6.5 sq km
land: 6.5 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Wallis and Futuna total: 274 sq km land: 274 sq km water: 0 sq km note: includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 islets

West Bank
total: 5,860 sq km
land: 5,640 sq km
water: 220 sq km
note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter
of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and
Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of
depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967

Western Sahara
total: 266,000 sq km
land: 266,000 sq km
water: 0 sq km

World
total: 510.072 million sq km
land: 148.94 million sq km
water: 361.132 million sq km
note: 70.8% of the world's surface is water, 29.2% is land

Yemen
total: 527,970 sq km
land: 527,970 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR
or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)

Zambia
total: 752,614 sq km
land: 740,724 sq km
water: 11,890 sq km

Zimbabwe
total: 390,580 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2149 Diplomatic representation in the US

Afghanistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Said Tayeb JAWAD
chancery: 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] 202-483-6410
FAX: [1] 202-483-6488
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

Akrotiri
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Albania
chief of mission: Ambassador Agim NESHO
chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942
FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342

Algeria
chief of mission: Ambassador Amine KHERBI
chancery: 2137 Wyoming Ave NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-2800
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2174

American Samoa
none (territory of the US)

Andorra
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Jelena V. PIA-COMELLA
chancery: 2 United Nations Plaza, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 750-8064
FAX: [1] (212) 750-6630

Angola
chief of mission: Ambassador Josefina Perpetua Pitra DIAKIDI
chancery: 2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156
FAX: [1] (202) 785-1258
consulate(s) general: Houston and New York

Anguilla
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda chief of mission: Ambassador Lionel A. HURST chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 362-5122 FAX: [1] (202) 362-5225 consulate(s) general: Miami

Argentina
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Octavio BORDON
chancery: 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 238-6400
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3171
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New York

Armenia
chief of mission: Ambassador Tatoul MARKARIAN
chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976
FAX: [1] (202) 319-2982
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Aruba
none (represented by the Kingdom of the Netherlands); note -
Mr. Henry Baarh, Minister Plenipotentiary for Aruba at the Embassy
of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Australia
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. THAWLEY
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New
York, and San Francisco

Austria
chief of mission: Ambassador Eva NOWOTNY
chancery: 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035
telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 895-6750
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Azerbaijan
chief of mission: Ambassador Hafiz PASHAYEV
chancery: 2741 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 337-3500
FAX: [1] (202) 337-5911

Bahamas, The
chief of mission: Ambassador Joshua SEARS
chancery: 2220 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 319-2660
FAX: [1] (202) 319-2668
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Bahrain
chief of mission: Ambassador Nasir al-BALUSHI
chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 342-1111
FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192
consulate(s) general: New York

Bangladesh
chief of mission: Ambassador Shamsher Mobin CHOWDHURY
chancery: 3510 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-0183
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5366
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Barbados
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael Ian KING
chancery: 2144 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-9200
FAX: [1] (202) 332-7467
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York
consulate(s): Los Angeles

Belarus
chief of mission: Ambassador Mikhail KHVOSTOV
chancery: 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 986-1604
FAX: [1] (202) 986-1805
consulate(s) general: New York

Belgium
chief of mission: Ambassador Franciskus VAN DAELE
chancery: 3330 Garfield Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-6900
FAX: [1] (202) 333-3079
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Los Angeles, and New York

Belize
chief of mission: Ambassador Lisa M. SHOMAN
chancery: 2535 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-9636
FAX: [1] (202) 332-6888
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Benin
chief of mission: Ambassador Cyrille Segbe OGUIN
chancery: 2124 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-6656
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1996

Bermuda
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Bhutan
none; note - Bhutan has a Permanent Mission to the UN;
address: 2 United Nations Plaza, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10017;
telephone [1] (212) 826-1919; FAX [1] (212) 826-2998; the Bhutanese
mission to the UN has consular jurisdiction in the US
consulate(s) general: New York

Bolivia
chief of mission: Ambassador Jaime APARICIO Otero
chancery: 3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4410
FAX: [1] (202) 328-3712
consulate(s) general: Miami, New York, and San Francisco

Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of mission: Ambassador Bisera TURKOVIC
chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York

Botswana
chief of mission: Ambassador Lapologang Caesar LEKOA
chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164

Brazil
chief of mission: Ambassador Roberto ABDENUR
chancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700
FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New York, and San Francisco

British Indian Ocean Territory
none (overseas territory of the UK)

British Virgin Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei
chief of mission: Ambassador Pengiran Anak Dato PUTEH
chancery: 3520 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1838
FAX: [1] (202) 885-0560

Bulgaria
chief of mission: Ambassador Elena B. POPTODOROVA
chancery: 1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-0174
FAX: [1] (202) 234-7973
consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York
consulate(s): Los Angeles

Burkina Faso
chief of mission: Ambassador Tertius ZONGO
chancery: 2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-5577
FAX: [1] (202) 667-1882

Burma
chief of mission: vacant
chancery: 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-9044
FAX: [1] (202) 332-9046
consulate(s) general: New York

Burundi
chief of mission: Ambassador Antoine NTAMOBWA
chancery: Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2574
FAX: [1] (202) 342-2578

Cambodia
chief of mission: Ambassador EK SEREYWATH
chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381

Cameroon
chief of mission: Ambassador Jerome MENDOUGA
chancery: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-8790
FAX: [1] (202) 387-3826

Canada
chief of mission: Ambassador Francis Joseph MCKENNA
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas,
Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, Phoenix,
San Diego, and Seattle
consulate(s): Anchorage, Houston, Philadelphia, Princeton, Raleigh,
San Francisco, and San Jose

Cape Verde
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose BRITO
chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 965-6820
FAX: [1] (202) 965-1207
consulate(s) general: Boston

Cayman Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Central African Republic
chief of mission: Ambassador Emmanuel
TOUABOY
chancery: 1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-7800
FAX: [1] (202) 332-9893

Chad
chief of mission: Ambassador Mahamat Adam BECHIR
chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937

Chile
chief of mission: Ambassador Andres BIANCHI
chancery: 1732 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1746
FAX: [1] (202) 887-5579
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New
York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

China
chief of mission: Ambassador YANG Jiechi
chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2500
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2582
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and
San Francisco
consulate(s): Los Angeles

Christmas Island
none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Colombia
chief of mission: Ambassador Luis Alberto MORENO Mejia
chancery: 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-8338
FAX: [1] (202) 232-8643
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Beverly Hills, Boston, Chicago,
Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan
(Puerto Rico), and Washington, DC

Comoros
chief of mission: Ambassador Mahmoud M. ABOUD (ambassador to
the US and Canada and permanent representative to the UN)
chancery: (temporary) care of the Permanent Mission of the Union of
the Comoros to the United Nations, 420 East 50th Street, New York,
NY 10022
telephone: [1] (212) 972-8010 and 223-2711
FAX: [1] (212) 983-4712 and 715-0699

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
chief of mission: Ambassador Faida
MITIFU
chancery: 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009: note -
Consular Office at 1726 M Street, NW, Wasington, DC, 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7690, 7691
FAX: [1] (202) 234-2609

Congo, Republic of the
chief of mission: Ambassador Serge MOMBOULI
chancery: 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-5500
FAX: [1] (202) 726-1860

Cook Islands
none (self-governing in free association with New
Zealand)

Coral Sea Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Costa Rica
chief of mission: Ambassador Tomas DUENAS
chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-2945
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and
Tampa
consulate(s): Austin

Cote d'Ivoire
chief of mission: Ambassador Daouda DIABATE
chancery: 3421 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 797-0300
FAX: [1] (202) 462-9444

Croatia
chief of mission: Ambassador Neven JURICA
chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899
FAX: [1] (202) 588-8936
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Cuba
none; note - Cuba has an Interests Section in the Swiss
Embassy, headed by Principal Officer Dagoberto RODRIGUEZ Barrera;
address: Cuban Interests Section, Swiss Embassy, 2630 16th Street
NW, Washington, DC 20009; telephone: [1] (202) 797-8518

Cyprus
chief of mission: Ambassador Euripides L. EVRIVIADES
chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-5772
FAX: [1] (202) 483-6710
consulate(s) general: New York
note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is
Osman ERTUG; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone
[1] (202) 887-6198

Czech Republic
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin PALOUS
chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 274-9100
FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Denmark
chief of mission: Ambassador Friis PETERSEN
chancery: 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-4300
FAX: [1] (202) 328-1470
consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York

Dhekelia
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Djibouti
chief of mission: Ambassador ROBLE Olhaye
chancery: Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 331-0270
FAX: [1] (202) 331-0302

Dominica
chief of mission: Ambassador Swinburne LESTRADE
chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016
telephone: [1] (202) 364-6781
FAX: [1] (202) 364-6791
consulate(s) general: New York

Dominican Republic
chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Flavio
Dario Espinal JACOBO
chancery: 1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-6280
FAX: [1] (202) 265-8057
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico),
Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, and San Juan (Puerto
Rico)

East Timor
chief of mission: Ambassador Jose Luis GUTERRES
chancery: 3415 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: 202 965-1515
FAX: 202 965-1517
consulate(s) general: New York (the ambassador resides in New York)
(2004)

Ecuador
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
chancery: 2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-7200
FAX: [1] (202) 667-3482
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Jersey City (New Jersey),
Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco

Egypt
chief of mission: Ambassador M. Nabil FAHMY
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

El Salvador
chief of mission: Ambassador Rene Antonio LEON Rodriguez
chancery: 2308 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-9671
FAX: [1] (202) 234-3834
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, Los
Angeles, Miami, New York (2), San Francisco, and Washington, DC
consulate(s): Boston

Equatorial Guinea
chief of mission: Ambassador Teodoro Biyogo NSUE
chancery: 2020 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 518-5700
FAX: [1] (202) 518-5252

Eritrea
chief of mission: Ambassador GIRMA Asmerom
chancery: 1708 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1991
FAX: [1] (202) 319-1304
consulate(s) general: Oakland (California)

Estonia
chief of mission: Ambassador Juri LUIK
chancery: 2131 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-0101
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0108
consulate(s) general: New York

Ethiopia
chief of mission: Ambassador KASSAHUN Ayele
chancery: 3506 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 364-1200
FAX: [1] (202) 686-9551
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
consulate(s): New York

European Union
chief of mission: Ambassador John BRUTON
chancery: 2300 M Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 862-9500
FAX: [1] (202) 429-1766

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (overseas territory of the
UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands
none (self-governing overseas administrative division
of Denmark)

Fiji
chief of mission: Mr. Paula NAVUNISARAVI (Charge D'Affaires ad
Interim)
chancery: 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 240, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 337-8320
FAX: [1] (202) 337-1996

Finland
chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka Robert VALTASAARI
chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800
FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

France
chief of mission: Ambassador Jean-David LEVITTE
chancery: 4101 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000
FAX: [1] (202) 944-6166
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco

French Guiana
none (overseas department of France)

French Polynesia
none (overseas lands of France)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
none (overseas territory of
France)

Gabon
chief of mission: Ambassador Jules Marius OGOUEBANDJA
chancery: Suite 200, 2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 797-1000
FAX: [1] (202) 332-0668
consulate(s): New York

Gambia, The
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
chancery: Suite 905, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 785-1379
FAX: [1] (202) 785-1430

Georgia
chief of mission: Ambassador Levan MIKELADZE
chancery: Suite 602, 1101 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 387-4537
FAX: [1] (202) 393-4537

Germany
chief of mission: Ambassador Wolfgang Friedrich ISCHINGER
chancery: 4645 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-8140
FAX: [1] (202) 298-4249
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco

Ghana
chief of mission: Ambassador Alan J. KYEREMATEN
chancery: 3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520
FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527
consulate(s) general: New York

Gibraltar
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Glorioso Islands
none (possession of France)

Greece
chief of mission: Ambassador Yeoryios SAVVAIDIS
chancery: 2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-1300
FAX: [1] (202) 939-1324
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco, and Tampa
consulate(s): Atlanta, Houston, and New Orleans

Greenland
none (self-governing overseas administrative division of
Denmark)

Grenada
chief of mission: Ambassador Denis G. ANTOINE
chancery: 1701 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 265-2561
FAX: [1] (202) 265-2468
consulate(s) general: New York

Guadeloupe
none (overseas department of France)

Guam
none (territory of the US)

Guatemala
chief of mission: Ambassador Guillermo CASTILLO
chancery: 2220 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 745-4952
FAX: [1] (202) 745-1908
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New York, and San Francisco

Guernsey
none (British crown dependency)

Guinea
chief of mission: Ambassador Rafiou Alpha Oumar BARRY
chancery: 2112 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 986-4300
FAX: [1] (202) 478-3010

Guinea-Bissau
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge
d'Affaires Henrique Adriano DA SILVA
chancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 519, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 347-3950
FAX: [1] (202) 347-3954

Guyana
chief of mission: Ambassador Bayney KARRAN
chancery: 2490 Tracy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-6900
FAX: [1] (202) 232-1297
consulate(s) general: New York

Haiti
chief of mission: Charge d'Affaires Raymond JOSEPH (as of
November 2004)
chancery: 2311 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4090
FAX: [1] (202) 745-7215
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Miami, New York, and San Juan
(Puerto Rico)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Holy See (Vatican City)
chief of mission: Apostolic Nuncio
Archbishop Gabriel MONTALVO
chancery: 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7121
FAX: [1] (202) 337-4036

Honduras
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant)
chancery: Suite 4-M, 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-7702
FAX: [1] (202) 966-9751
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New Orleans, New York, Phoenix, San Francisco
honorary consulate(s): Boston, Detroit, Jacksonville

Hong Kong
none (special administrative region of China)

Hungary
chief of mission: Ambassador Andras SIMONYI
chancery: 3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 362-6730
FAX: [1] (202) 966-8135
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Iceland
chief of mission: Ambassador Helgi AGUSTSSON
chancery: Suite 1200, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1704
telephone: [1] (202) 265-6653
FAX: [1] (202) 265-6656
consulate(s) general: New York

India
chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note -
Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco

Indonesia
chief of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and
San Francisco

Iran
none; note - Iran has an Interests Section in the Pakistani
Embassy; address: Iranian Interests Section, Pakistani Embassy, 2209
Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; telephone: [1] (202)
965-4990; FAX [1] (202) 965-1073

Iraq
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rend
Rahim FRANCKE
chancery: 1801 P Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 483-7500
FAX: [1] (202) 462-5066

Ireland
chief of mission: Ambassador Noel FAHEY
chancery: 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-3939
FAX: [1] (202) 232-5993
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco

Israel
chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel AYALON
chancery: 3514 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 364-5578
FAX: [1] (202) 364-5560
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco

Italy
chief of mission: Ambassador Giovanni CASTELLANETA
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 518-2151
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New York, Los
Angeles, Philadelphia, and San Francisco
consulate(s): Detroit and San Francisco

Jamaica
chief of mission: Ambassador Gordon SHIRLEY
chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660
FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Japan
chief of mission: Ambassador Ryozo KATO
chancery: 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 238-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2187
consulate(s) general: Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver,
Detroit, Agana (Guam), Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New
Orleans, New York, Portland (Oregon), San Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s): Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)

Jersey
none (British crown dependency)

Jordan
chief of mission: Ambassador Karim Tawfiq KAWAR
chancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-2664
FAX: [1] (202) 966-3110

Juan de Nova Island
none (possession of France)

Kazakhstan
chief of mission: Ambassador Kanat B. SAUDABAYEV
chancery: 1401 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 232-5488
FAX: [1] (202) 232-5845
consulate(s): New York

Kenya
chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard NGAITHE
chancery: 2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-6101
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3829
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles

Kiribati
Kiribati does not have an embassy in the US; there is an
honorary consulate in Honolulu

Korea, North
none; North Korea has a Permanent Mission to the UN in
New York

Korea, South
chief of mission: Ambassador Lee Tae-sik (designated)
chancery: 2450 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-5600
FAX: [1] (202) 387-0205
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston,
Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s): Agana (Guam) and New York

Kuwait
chief of mission: Ambassador SALIM Abdallah al-Jabir al-Sabah
chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-0702
FAX: [1] (202) 364-2868

Kyrgyzstan
chief of mission: Ambassador Zamira SYDYKOVA
chancery: 1732 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 338-5141
FAX: [1] (202) 338-5139
consulate(s): New York

Laos
chief of mission: Ambassador PHANTHONG Phommahaxay
chancery: 2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-6416
FAX: [1] (202) 332-4923

Latvia
chief of mission: Ambassador Maris RIEKSTINS
chancery: 4325 17th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-8213, 8214
FAX: [1] (202) 726-6785

Lebanon
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Farid ABBOUD
chancery: 2560 28th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6300
FAX: [1] (202) 939-6324
consulate(s) general: Detroit, New York, and Los Angeles

Lesotho
chief of mission: Ambassador Molelekeng E. RAPOLAKI
chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 through 5536
FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815

Liberia
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires
Aaron B. KOLLIE
chancery: 5201 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 723-0437
FAX: [1] (202) 723-0436
consulate(s) general: New York

Libya
Libya does not have an embassy in the US but maintains an
interest section under the protective power of the United Arab
Emirates Embassy in the US

Liechtenstein
chief of mission: Ambassador Claudia FRITSCHE
chancery: 1300 Eye Street NW, Suite 550W, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 216-0460
FAX: [1] (202) 216-0459

Lithuania
chief of mission: Ambassador Vygaudas USACKAS
chancery: 2622 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-5860
FAX: [1] (202) 328-0466
consulate(s) general: Chicago and New York

Luxembourg
chief of mission: Ambassador Arlette CONZEMIUS-PACCOURD
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-4171
FAX: [1] (202) 328-8270
consulate(s) general: New York and San Francisco

Macau
none (special administrative region of China)

Macedonia
chief of mission: Ambassador Nikola DIMITROV
chancery: Suite 302, 1101 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 337-3063
FAX: [1] (202) 337-3093
consulate(s) general: Southfield (Michigan)

Madagascar
chief of mission: Ambassador Rajaonarivony NARISOA
chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525, 5526
FAX: [1] (202) 483-7603
consulate(s) general: New York

Malawi
chief of mission: Ambassador Bernard Herbert SANDE
chancery: 1156 15th Street, NW, Suite 320, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 721-0270
FAX: [1] (202) 721-0288

Malaysia
chief of mission: Ambassador GHAZZALI bin Sheikh Abdul
Khalid
chancery: 3516 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 572-9700
FAX: [1] (202) 572-9882
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Maldives
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Mohamed LATHEEF
chancery: 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400E, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6195

Mali
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdoulaye DIOP
chancery: 2130 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-2249, 939-8950
FAX: [1] (202) 332-6603

Malta
chief of mission: Ambassador John LOWELL
chancery: 2017 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 462-3611, 3612
FAX: [1] (202) 387-5470
consulate(s): New York

Man, Isle of
none (British crown dependency)

Marshall Islands
chief of mission: Ambassador Banny DE BRUM
chancery: 2433 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-5414
FAX: [1] (202) 232-3236
consulate(s) general: Honolulu

Martinique
none (overseas department of France)

Mauritania
chief of mission: Ambassador Tijani Ould KERIM
chancery: 2129 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-5700, 5701
FAX: [1] (202) 319-2623

Mauritius
chief of mission: Ambassador Usha JEETAH
chancery: 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 441, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-1491, 1492
FAX: [1] (202) 966-0983

Mayotte
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Mexico
chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Carlos Alberto de
ICAZA Gonzalez
chancery: 1911 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 728-1600
FAX: [1] (202) 728-1698
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Austin, Boston, Chicago, Dallas,
Denver, El Paso, Houston, Laredo (Texas), Los Angeles, Miami, New
Orleans, New York, Nogales (Arizona), Phoenix, Sacramento, San
Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Albuquerque, Brownsville (Texas), Calexico
(California), Corpus Christi (Texas), Del Rio (Texas), Detroit,
Douglas (Arizona), Eagle Pass (Texas), Fresno (California),
Indianapolis (Indiana), Kansas City (Missouri), Las Vegas, McAllen
(Texas), Midland (Texas), Omaha, Orlando, Oxnard (California),
Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Presidio (Texas), Raleigh, Salt
Lake City, San Bernardino, Santa Ana (California), Seattle, Tucson,
Yuma (Arizona)

Micronesia, Federated States of chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse Bibiano MAREHALAU chancery: 1725 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 223-4383 FAX: [1] (202) 223-4391 consulate(s) general: Honolulu and Tamuning (Guam)

Moldova
chief of mission: Ambassador Mihail MANOLI
chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130
FAX: [1] (202) 667-1204

Monaco
Monaco does not have an embassy in the US
consulate(s) general: New York

Mongolia
chief of mission: Ambassador Ravdangiyn BOLD
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general: New York

Montserrat
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Morocco
chief of mission: Ambassador Aziz MEKOUAR
chancery: 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 462-7979 through 7982
FAX: [1] (202) 265-0161
consulate(s) general: New York

Mozambique
chief of mission: Ambassador Armando PANGUENE
chancery: 1990 M Street NW, Suite 570, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-7146
FAX: [1] (202) 835-0245

Namibia
chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard Nangolo IIPUMBU
chancery: 1605 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540
FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443

Nauru
Nauru does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a UN
office at 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400 D, New York, New York 10017;
telephone: (212) 937-0074
consulate(s): Agana (Guam)

Nepal
chief of mission: Ambassador Kedar Bhakta SHRESTHA
chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550
FAX: [1] (202) 667-5534
consulate(s) general: New York

Netherlands
chief of mission: Ambassador Boudewijn J. VAN EENENNAAM
chancery: 4200 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-5300
FAX: [1] (202) 362-3430
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
consulate(s): Boston

Netherlands Antilles
none (represented by the Kingdom of the
Netherlands)

New Caledonia
none (overseas territory of France)

New Zealand
chief of mission: Ambassador L. John WOOD
chancery: 37 Observatory Circle NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-4800
FAX: [1] (202) 667-5227
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York

Nicaragua
chief of mission: Ambassador Salvador STADTHAGEN (since 5
December 2003)
chancery: 1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6570, [1] (202) 939-6573
FAX: [1] (202) 939-6545
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San
Francisco

Niger
chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph DIATTA
chancery: 2204 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4224 through 4227
FAX: [1] (202)483-3169

Nigeria
chief of mission: Ambassador Professor George A. OBIOZOR
chancery: 3519 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 986-8400
FAX: [1] (202) 775-1385
consulate(s) general: Atlanta and New York

Niue
none (self-governing territory in free association with New
Zealand)

Norfolk Island
none (territory of Australia)

Norway
chief of mission: Ambassador Knut VOLLEBAEK
chancery: 2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 333-6000
FAX: [1] (202) 337-0870
consulate(s) general: Houston, Minneapolis, New York, and San
Francisco

Oman
chief of mission: Ambassador Muhammad bin Ali bin Thani
al-KHUSSAIBY
chancery: 2535 Belmont Road, NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 387-1980 through 1981, 1988
FAX: [1] (202) 745-4933

Pakistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Jehangir KARAMAT
chancery: 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 243-3277
FAX: [1] (202) 686-1534
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York, Sunnyvale (California)
consulate(s): Chicago, Houston

Palau
chief of mission: Ambassador Hersey KYOTA
chancery: 1800 K Street NW, Suite 714, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 452-6814
FAX: [1] (202) 452-6281
consulate(s): Tamuning (Guam)

Panama
chief of mission: Ambassador Federico HUMBERT Arias
chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
FAX: [1] (202) 483-8416
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New
York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Tampa

Papua New Guinea
chief of mission: Ambassador Evan Jeremy PAKI
chancery: 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 805, Washington, DC
20036
telephone: [1] (202) 745-3680
FAX: [1] (202) 745-3679

Paraguay
chief of mission: Ambassador James SPALDING Hellmers
chancery: 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-6960 through 6962
FAX: [1] (202) 234-4508
consulate(s) general: Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

Peru
chief of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver, Hartford, Houston,
Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco,
Washington, DC

Philippines
chief of mission: Ambassador Albert DEL ROSARIO
chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300
FAX: [1] (202) 328-7614
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco, San Jose (Northern Mariana Islands), Tamuning (Guam)

Pitcairn Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland
chief of mission: Ambassador Przemyslaw GRUDZINSKI
chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802
FAX: [1] (202) 328-6270
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Portugal
chief of mission: Ambassador Pedro Manuel Dos Reis Alves
CATARINO
chancery: 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San
Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)

Puerto Rico
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Qatar
chief of mission: Ambassador Nasir bin Hamad bin Mubarak
al-KHALIFA
chancery: 4200 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20016
telephone: [1] (202) 274-1600 and 274-1603
FAX: [1] (202) 237-0061
consulate(s) general: Houston

Reunion
none (overseas department of France)

Romania
chief of mission: Ambassador Sorin Dumitru DUCARU
chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4748
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Russia
chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle

Rwanda
chief of mission: Ambassador Zac NSENGA
chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882
FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544

Saint Helena
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Saint Kitts and Nevis chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Izben Cordinal WILLIAMS chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 686-2636 FAX: [1] (202) 686-5740 consulate(s) general: New York

Saint Lucia
chief of mission: Ambassador Sonia Merlyn JOHNNY
chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016
telephone: [1] (202) 364-6792 through 6795
FAX: [1] (202) 364-6723
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines chief of mission: Ambassador Ellsworth I. A. JOHN chancery: 3216 New Mexico Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20016 telephone: [1] (202) 364-6730 FAX: [1] (202) 364-6736 consulate(s) general: New York

Samoa
chief of mission: Ambassador Aliioaiga Feturi ELISAIA
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400D, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6196, 6197
FAX: [1] (212) 599-0797

San Marino
San Marino does not have an embassy in the US
honorary consulate(s) general: Washington, DC and New York
honorary consulate(s): Detroit and Honolulu

Sao Tome and Principe
Sao Tome and Principe does not have an embassy
in the US, but does have a Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by
First Secretary Domingos Augusto FERREIRA, located at 400 Park
Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022, telephone [1] (212) 317-0580

Saudi Arabia
chief of mission: Ambassador Turki al-Faysal bin Abd
al-Aziz Al Saud
chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800
consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

Senegal
chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou Lamine BA
chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540
FAX: [1] (202) 332-6315
consulate(s) general: New York

Serbia and Montenegro
chief of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC
chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
consulate(s) general: Chicago

Seychelles
chief of mission: Ambassador Claude Sylvestre MOREL
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400C, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 972-1785
FAX: [1] (212) 972-1786

Sierra Leone
chief of mission: Ambassador Ibrahim M. KAMARA
chancery: 1701 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 939-9261 through 9263
FAX: [1] (202) 483-1793

Singapore
chief of mission: Ambassador CHAN Heng Chee
chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100
FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876
consulate(s) general: San Francisco
consulate(s): New York

Slovakia
chief of mission: Ambassador Rastislav KACER
chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
FAX: [1] (202) 237-6438
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Slovenia
chief of mission: Ambassador Samuel ZBOGAR
chancery: 1525 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 667-5363
FAX: [1] (202) 667-4563
consulate(s) general: New York and Cleveland

Solomon Islands
chief of mission: Ambassador Collin David BECK
chancery: 800 Second Avenue, Suite 400L, New York, NY 10017
telephone: [1] (212) 599-6192, 6193
FAX: [1] (212) 661-8925

Somalia
Somalia does not have an embassy in the US (ceased
operations on 8 May 1991); note - the TNG and other factions have
representatives in Washington and at the United Nations

South Africa
chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara Joyce Mosima
MASEKELA
chancery: 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1607
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
none (overseas
territory of the UK, also claimed by Argentina)

Spain
chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos WESTENDORP
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami,
New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Sri Lanka
chief of mission: Ambassador Bernard GOONETILLEKE
chancery: 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 (through 4028)
FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
consulate(s): New York

Sudan
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires, Ad
Interim Khidir Haroun AHMED (since April 2001)
chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406

Suriname
chief of mission: Ambassador Henry Lothar ILLES
chancery: Suite 460, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 244-7488
FAX: [1] (202) 244-5878
consulate(s) general: Miami

Swaziland
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Madzandza KANYA
chancery: 1712 New Hampshire Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-5002
FAX: [1] (202) 234-8254

Sweden
chief of mission: Ambassador Jan ELIASSON
chancery: 1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1702
telephone: [1] (202) 467-2600
FAX: [1] (202) 467-2699
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

Switzerland
chief of mission: Ambassador Christian BLICKENSTORFER
chancery: 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 745-7900
FAX: [1] (202) 387-2564
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, and San Francisco
consulate(s): Boston

Syria
chief of mission: Ambassador Imad MUSTAFA
chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313
FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548

Taiwan
none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the
people of the US are maintained through an unofficial
instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative
Office (TECRO) in the US with headquarters in Taipei and field
offices in Washington and 12 other US cities

Tajikistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Hamrohon ZARIPOV
chancery: 1725 K Street NW, Suite 409, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 223-6090
FAX: [1] (202) 223-6091

Tanzania
chief of mission: Ambassador Andrew Mhando DARAJA
chancery: 2139 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-6125
FAX: [1] (202) 797-7408

Thailand
chief of mission: KASIT Piromya
chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 401, Washington, DC
20007-3681
telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600
FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

Togo
chief of mission: Ambassador Akoussoulelou BODJONA
chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212
FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190

Tokelau
none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga
chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU
chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022
telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025
FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024
consulate(s) general: San Francisco

Trinidad and Tobago
chief of mission: Ambassador Marina Annette
VALERE
chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490
FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130
consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Tunisia
chief of mission: Ambassador Mohamed Nejib HACHANA
chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850
FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858

Turkey
chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Osman Faruk LOGOGLU
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

Turkmenistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Mered Bairamovich ORAZOV
chancery: 2207 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697

Turks and Caicos Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu
Tuvalu does not have an embassy in the US - the country's
only diplomatic post is in Fiji - Tuvalu does, however, have a UN
office located at 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400D, New York, New York
10017, telephone: [1] (212) 490-0534

Uganda
chief of mission: Ambassador Edith Grace SSEMPALA
chancery: 5911 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
telephone: [1] (202) 726-7100 through 7102, 0416
FAX: [1] (202) 726-1727

Ukraine
chief of mission: Ambassador Mykhailo B. REZNIK
chancery: 3350 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 349-2920
FAX: [1] (202) 333-0817
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York, San Francisco

United Arab Emirates
chief of mission: Ambassador Asri Said Ahmad
al-DHAHIRI
chancery: 3522 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 243-2400
FAX: [1] (202) 243-2432
note: consulates in New York and Houston

United Kingdom
chief of mission: Ambassador David G. MANNING
chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 588-6500
FAX: [1] (202) 588-7870
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
consulate(s): Dallas, Denver, Miami, and Seattle

Uruguay
chief of mission: Ambassador Carlos GIANELLI Derois
chancery: 1913 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20006
telephone: [1] (202) 331-1313 through 1316
FAX: [1] (202) 331-8142
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York
consulate(s): San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Uzbekistan
chief of mission: Ambassador Abdulaziz KAMILOV
chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-6803
FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804
consulate(s) general: New York

Vanuatu
Vanuatu does not have an embassy in the US; it does,
however, have a Permanent Mission to the UN

Venezuela
chief of mission: Ambassador Bernardo ALVAREZ Herrera
chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 342-2214
FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans,
New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

Vietnam
chief of mission: Ambassador Nguyen Tam CHIEN
chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737
FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917
consulate(s) general: San Francisco

Virgin Islands
none (territory of the US)

Wallis and Futuna
none (overseas territory of France)

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
chief of mission: Ambassador Abd al-Wahab Abdallah al-HAJRI
chancery: Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760
FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017

Zambia
chief of mission: Ambassador Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA
chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 265-9717 through 9719
FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826

Zimbabwe
chief of mission: Ambassador Simbi Veke MUBAKO
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100
FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2150 Telephones - main lines in use

Afghanistan
33,100 (2002)

Albania
255,000 (2003)

Algeria
2,199,600 (2003)

American Samoa
15,000 (2001)

Andorra
35,000 (2001)

Angola
96,300 (2003)

Anguilla
6,200 (2002)

Antarctica
0
note: information for US bases only (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
38,000 (2002)

Argentina
8,009,400 (2002)

Armenia
562,600 (2003)

Aruba
37,100 (2002)

Australia
10.815 million (2003)

Austria
3.881 million (2003)

Azerbaijan
923,800 (2002)

Bahamas, The
131,700 (2003)

Bahrain
185,800 (2003)

Bangladesh
740,000 (2003)

Barbados
134,000 (2003)

Belarus
3,071,300 (2003)

Belgium
5,120,400 (2002)

Belize
33,300 (2003)

Benin
66,500 (2003)

Bermuda
56,000 (2002)

Bhutan
25,200 (2003)

Bolivia
600,100 (2003)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
938,000 (2003)

Botswana
142,400 (2002)

Brazil
38.81 million (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA

British Virgin Islands
11,700 (2002)

Brunei
90,000 (2002)

Bulgaria
2,868,200 (2002)

Burkina Faso
65,400 (2003)

Burma
357,300 (2003)

Burundi
23,900 (2003)

Cambodia
35,400 (2002)

Cameroon
110,900 (2002)

Canada
19,950,900 (2003)

Cape Verde
71,700 (2003)

Cayman Islands
38,000 (2002)

Central African Republic
9,000 (2002)

Chad
11,800 (2002)

Chile
3.467 million (2002)

China
263 million (2003)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
287 (1992)

Colombia
8,768,100 (2003)

Comoros
13,200 (2003)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
10,000 (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
7,000 (2003)

Cook Islands
6,200 (2002)

Costa Rica
1.132 million (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
328,000 (2003)

Croatia
1.825 million (2002)

Cuba
574,400 (2002)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 427,400 (2002); north Cyprus: 86,228
(2002)

Czech Republic
3.626 million (2003)

Denmark
3,610,100 (2003)

Djibouti
9,500 (2003)

Dominica
23,700 (2002)

Dominican Republic
901,800 (2003)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
1.549 million (2003)

Egypt
9.6 million (2005)

El Salvador
752,600 (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
9,600 (2003)

Eritrea
38,100 (2003)

Estonia
475,000 (2002)

Ethiopia
435,000 (2003)

European Union
238,763,162 (2002)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
2,400 (2002)

Faroe Islands
23,000 (2002)

Fiji
102,000 (2003)

Finland
2.548 million (2003)

France
33,905,400 (2003)

French Guiana
51,000 (2001)

French Polynesia
52,500 (2002)

Gabon
38,400 (2003)

Gambia, The
38,400 (2002)

Gaza Strip
95,729 (total for Gaza Strip and West Bank) (1997)

Georgia
650,500 (2003)

Germany
54.35 million (2003)

Ghana
302,300 (2003)

Gibraltar
24,512 (2002)

Greece
5,205,100 (2003)

Greenland
26,000 (2001)

Grenada
33,500 (2002)

Guadeloupe
210,000 (2001)

Guam
84,134 (2001)

Guatemala
846,000 (2002)

Guernsey
55,000 (2001)

Guinea
26,200 (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
10,600 (2003)

Guyana
80,400 (2002)

Haiti
130,000 (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
322,500 (2002)

Hong Kong
3,801,300 (2003)

Hungary
3,666,400 (2002)

Iceland
190,700 (2003)

India
48.917 million (2003)

Indonesia
7.75 million (2002)

Iran
14,571,100 (2003)

Iraq
675,000; note - an unknown number of telephone lines were
damaged or destroyed during the March-April 2003 war (2003)

Ireland
1.955 million (2003)

Israel
3.006 million (2002)

Italy
26.596 million (2003)

Jamaica
444,400 (2002)

Japan
71.149 million (2002)

Jersey
73,900 (2001)

Jordan
622,600 (2003)

Kazakhstan
2,081,900 (2002)

Kenya
328,400 (2003)

Kiribati
4,500 (2002)

Korea, North
1.1 million (2001)

Korea, South
22.877 million (2003)

Kuwait
486,900 (2003)

Kyrgyzstan
394,800 (2002)

Laos
61,900 (2002)

Latvia
653,900 (2003)

Lebanon
678,800 (2002)

Lesotho
28,600 (2002)

Liberia
7,000 (2001)

Libya
750,000 (2003)

Liechtenstein
19,900 (2002)

Lithuania
824,200 (2003)

Luxembourg
355,400 (2002)

Macau
174,600 (2003)

Macedonia
560,000 (2002)

Madagascar
59,600 (2003)

Malawi
85,000 (2003)

Malaysia
4,571,600 (2003)

Maldives
28,700 (2002)

Mali
56,600 (2002)

Malta
208,300 (2003)

Man, Isle of
51,000 (1999)

Marshall Islands
4,500 (2003)

Martinique
172,000 est (2001)

Mauritania
31,500 (2002)

Mauritius
348,200 (2003)

Mayotte
10,000 (2001)

Mexico
15,958,700 (2003)

Micronesia, Federated States of
10,100 (2001)

Moldova
706,900 (2002)

Monaco
33,700 (2002)

Mongolia
142,300 (2004)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
1,219,200 (2003)

Mozambique
83,700 (2002)

Namibia
127,400 (2003)

Nauru
1,900 (2002)

Nepal
371,800 (2003)

Netherlands
10.004 million (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
81,000 (2001)

New Caledonia
52,000 (2002)

New Zealand
1.765 million (2002)

Nicaragua
171,600 (2002)

Niger
22,400 (2002)

Nigeria
853,100 (2003)

Niue
1,100 est (2002)

Norfolk Island
2,532; note - a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32)
circuits (2004)

Northern Mariana Islands
21,000 (2000)

Norway
3.343 million (2002)

Oman
233,900 (2002)

Pakistan
3,982,800 (2003)

Palau
6,700 (2002)

Panama
386,900 (2002)

Papua New Guinea
62,000 (2002)

Paraguay
273,200 (2002)

Peru
1,839,200 (2003)

Philippines
3,310,900 (2002)

Pitcairn Islands 1 (there are 17 telephones on one party line); (2004)

Poland
12.3 million (2003)

Portugal
4,278,800 (2003)

Puerto Rico
1,329,500 (2002)

Qatar
184,500 (2003)

Reunion
300,000 est (2001)

Romania
4.3 million (2003)

Russia
35.5 million (2002)

Rwanda
23,200 (2002)

Saint Helena
2,200 (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
23,500 (2002)

Saint Lucia
51,100 (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4,800 (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27,300 (2002)

Samoa
11,800 (2002)

San Marino
20,600 (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
7,000 (2003)

Saudi Arabia
3,502,600 (2003)

Senegal
228,800 (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro
2,611,700 (2003)

Seychelles
21,700 (2002)

Sierra Leone
24,000 (2002)

Singapore
1,896,100 (2004)

Slovakia
1,294,700 (2003)

Slovenia
812,300 (2003)

Solomon Islands
6,600 (2002)

Somalia
100,000 (2002 est.)

South Africa
4.844 million (2002)

Spain
17,567,500 (2003)

Sri Lanka
881,400 (2002)

Sudan
900,000 (2003)

Suriname
79,800 (2003)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
46,200 (2003)

Sweden
6,579,200 (2002)

Switzerland
5.419 million (2002)

Syria
2,099,300 (2002)

Taiwan
13.355 million (2003)

Tajikistan
242,100 (2003)

Tanzania
149,100 (2003)

Thailand
6,617,400 (2003)

Togo
60,600 (2003)

Tokelau
300 (2002)

Tonga
11,200 (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
325,100 (2002)

Tunisia
1,163,800 (2003)

Turkey
18,916,700 (2003)

Turkmenistan
374,000 (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
5,700 (2002)

Tuvalu
700 (2002)

Uganda
61,000 (2003)

Ukraine
10,833,300 (2002)

United Arab Emirates
1,135,800 (2003)

United Kingdom
34.898 million (2002)

United States
181,599,900 (2003)

Uruguay
946,500 (2002)

Uzbekistan
1,717,100 (2003)

Vanuatu
6,500 (2003)

Venezuela
2,841,800 (2002)

Vietnam
4.402 million (2003)

Virgin Islands
69,400 (2002)

Wallis and Futuna
1,900 (2002)

West Bank
301,600 (total for West Bank and Gaza Strip) (2002)

Western Sahara
about 2,000 (1999 est.)

World
843,923,500 (2003)

Yemen
542,200 (2002)

Zambia
88,400 (2003)

Zimbabwe
300,900 (2003)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2151 Telephones - mobile cellular

Afghanistan
15,000 (2002)

Albania
1.1 million (2003)

Algeria
1,447,310 (2003)

American Samoa
2,377 (1999)

Andorra
23,500 (2001)

Angola
130,000 (2002)

Anguilla
1,800 (2002)

Antarctica
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
38,200 (2002)

Argentina
6.5 million (2002)

Armenia
114,400 (2003)

Aruba
53,000 (2001)

Australia
14.347 million (2003)

Austria
7,094,500 (2003)

Azerbaijan
870,000 (2002)

Bahamas, The
121,800 (2002)

Bahrain
443,100 (2003)

Bangladesh
1.365 million (2003)

Barbados
140,000 (2003)

Belarus
1.118 million (2003)

Belgium
8,135,500 (2002)

Belize
60,400 (2003)

Benin
236,200 (2003)

Bermuda
37,873 (2003)

Bhutan
22,000 (2005)

Bolivia
1,401,500 (2003)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.05 million (2003)

Botswana
435,000 (2002)

Brazil
46,373,300 (2003)

British Virgin Islands
8,000 (2002)

Brunei
137,000 (2002)

Bulgaria
2,597,500 (2002)

Burkina Faso
227,000 (2003)

Burma
66,500 (2003)

Burundi
64,000 (2003)

Cambodia
380,000 (2002)

Cameroon
1.077 million (2003)

Canada
13,221,800 (2003)

Cape Verde
53,300 (2003)

Cayman Islands
17,000 (2002)

Central African Republic
13,000 (2003)

Chad
65,000 (2003)

Chile
6,445,700 (2002)

China
269 million (2003)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
note - analog cellular service available

Colombia
6,186,200 (2003)

Comoros
2,000 (2003)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1 million (2003)

Congo, Republic of the
330,000 (2003)

Cook Islands
1,500 (2002)

Costa Rica
528,047 (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.236 million (2003)

Croatia
2.553 million (2003)

Cuba
17,900 (2002)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 417,900 (2002); north Cyprus: 143,178
(2002)

Czech Republic
9,708,700 (2003)

Denmark
4,785,300 (2003)

Djibouti
23,000 (2003)

Dominica
9,400 (2002)

Dominican Republic
2,120,400 (2003)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
2,394,400 (2003)

Egypt
8,583,940 (2005)

El Salvador
1,149,800 (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
41,500 (2003)

Eritrea
NA

Estonia
881,000 (2002)

Ethiopia
97,800 (2003)

European Union
314,644,700 (2002)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 (2001)

Faroe Islands
30,700 (2002)

Fiji
109,900 (2003)

Finland
4.7 million (2003)

France
41,683,100 (2003)

French Guiana
138,200 (2002)

French Polynesia
90,000 (2002)

Gabon
300,000 (2003)

Gambia, The
100,000 (2002)

Gaza Strip
320,000 (cellular subscribers in both Gaza Strip and West
Bank) (2002)

Georgia
522,300 (2003)

Germany
64.8 million (2003)

Ghana
799,900 (2003)

Gibraltar
9,797 (2002)

Greece
8,936,200 (2003)

Greenland
16,747 (2001)

Grenada
7,600 (2002)

Guadeloupe
323,500 (2002)

Guam
32,600 (2001)

Guatemala
1,577,100 (2002)

Guernsey
31,500 (2001)

Guinea
111,500 (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
1,300 (2003)

Guyana
87,300 (2002)

Haiti
140,000 (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
326,500 (2002)

Hong Kong
7,241,400 (2003)

Hungary
6,862,800 (2002)

Iceland
279,100 (2003)

India
26,154,400 (2003)

Indonesia
11.7 million (2002)

Iran
3,376,500 (2003)

Iraq
20,000 (2002)

Ireland
3.4 million (2003)

Israel
6.334 million (2002)

Italy
55.918 million (2003)

Jamaica
1.4 million (2002)

Japan
86,658,600 (2003)

Jersey
61,400 (2001)

Jordan
1,325,300 (2003)

Kazakhstan
1.027 million (2002)

Kenya
1,590,800 (2003)

Kiribati
500 (2002)

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
33,591,800 (2003)

Kuwait
1.42 million (2003)

Kyrgyzstan
53,100 (2002)

Laos
55,200 (2002)

Latvia
1,219,600 (2003)

Lebanon
775,100 (2002)

Lesotho
92,000 (2002)

Liberia
2,000 (2001)

Libya
100,000 (2003)

Liechtenstein
11,400 (2002)

Lithuania
2,169,900 (2003)

Luxembourg
473,000 (2002)

Macau
364,000 (2003)

Macedonia
830,000 (2005)

Madagascar
279,500 (2003)

Malawi
135,100 (2003)

Malaysia
11,124,100 (2003)

Maldives
41,900 (2002)

Mali
250,000 (2003)

Malta
290,000 (2003)

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
600 (2002)

Martinique
319,900 (2002)

Mauritania
300,000 (2003)

Mauritius
462,400 (2003)

Mayotte
21,700 (2002)

Mexico
28.125 million (2003)

Micronesia, Federated States of
1,800 (2002)

Moldova
338,200 (2002)

Monaco
19,300 (2002)

Mongolia
404,400 (2004)

Montserrat
70 (1994)

Morocco
7,332,800 (2003)

Mozambique
428,900 (2003)

Namibia
223,700 (2003)

Nauru
1,500 (2002)

Nepal
50,400 (2003)

Netherlands
12.5 million (2003)

Netherlands Antilles
81,000 (2001)

New Caledonia
80,000 (2002)

New Zealand
2.599 million (2003)

Nicaragua
202,800 (2002)

Niger
24,000 (2003)

Nigeria
3,149,500 (2003)

Niue
400 (2002)

Norfolk Island
0 (proposed cellular service disallowed in August
2002 island referendum) (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands
3,000 (2000)

Norway
4,163,400 (2003)

Oman
464,900 (2002)

Pakistan
2,624,800 (2003)

Palau
1,000 (2002)

Panama
834,000 (2003)

Papua New Guinea
15,000 (2002)

Paraguay
1,770,300 (2003)

Peru
2,908,800 (2003)

Philippines
15.201 million (2002)

Poland
17.401 million (2003)

Portugal
9,341,400 (2003)

Puerto Rico
1,211,111 (2001)

Qatar
376,500 (2003)

Reunion
489,800 (2002)

Romania
6.9 million (2003)

Russia
17,608,800 (2002)

Rwanda
134,000
note: Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali and several
provincial capitals (2003)

Saint Helena
0 (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
5,000 (2002)

Saint Lucia
14,300 (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 (1994)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
10,000 (2002)

Samoa
2,700 (2002)

San Marino
16,800 (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
4,800 (2003)

Saudi Arabia
7,238,200 (2003)

Senegal
575,900 (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro
3,634,600 (2003)

Seychelles
54,500 (2003)

Sierra Leone
67,000 (2002)

Singapore
3,521,800 (2004)

Slovakia
3,678,800 (2003)

Slovenia
1,739,100 (2003)

Solomon Islands
1,000 (2002)

Somalia
35,000 (2002)

South Africa
16.86 million (2003)

Spain
37,506,700 (2003)

Sri Lanka
931,600 (2002)

Sudan
650,000 (2003)

Suriname
168,100 (2003)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
88,000 (2003)

Sweden
7.949 million (2002)

Switzerland
6.172 million (2003)

Syria
400,000 (2002)

Taiwan
25,089,600 (2003)

Tajikistan
47,600 (2003)

Tanzania
891,200 (2003)

Thailand
26.5 million (2005)

Togo
220,000 (2003)

Tokelau
0 (2001)

Tonga
9,000 (2004)

Trinidad and Tobago
361,900 (2002)

Tunisia
1,899,900 (2003)

Turkey
27,887,500 (2003)

Turkmenistan
52,000 (2004)

Turks and Caicos Islands
1,700 (1999)

Tuvalu
0 (2004)

Uganda
776,200 (2003)

Ukraine
4.2 million (2002)

United Arab Emirates
2,972,300 (2003)

United Kingdom
49.677 million (2002)

United States
158.722 million (2003)

Uruguay
652,000 (2002)

Uzbekistan
320,800 (2003)

Vanuatu
7,800 (2003)

Venezuela
6,463,600 (2002)

Vietnam
2.742 million (2003)

Virgin Islands
41,000 (2002)

Wallis and Futuna
0 (1994)

West Bank
480,000 (cellular subscribers in both West Bank and Gaza
Strip) (2003)

Western Sahara
0 (1999)

World
NA

Yemen
411,100 (2002)

Zambia
241,000 (2003)

Zimbabwe
379,100 (2003)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2153 Internet users

Afghanistan
1,000 (2002)

Albania
30,000 (2003)

Algeria
500,000 (2002)

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
24,500 (2001)

Angola
41,000 (2002)

Anguilla
3,000 (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda
10,000 (2002)

Argentina
4.1 million (2002)

Armenia
150,000 (2003)

Aruba
24,000 (2002)

Australia
9.472 million (2002)

Austria
3.73 million (2003)

Azerbaijan
300,000 (2002)

Bahamas, The
84,000 (2003)

Bahrain
195,700 (2003)

Bangladesh
243,000 (2003)

Barbados
100,000 (2003)

Belarus
1,391,900 (2003)

Belgium
3.4 million (2002)

Belize
30,000 (2002)

Benin
70,000 (2003)

Bermuda
34,500 (2003)

Bhutan
15,000 (2003)

Bolivia
270,000 (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
100,000 (2002)

Botswana
60,000 (2002)

Brazil
14.3 million (2002)

British Virgin Islands
4,000 (2002)

Brunei
35,000 (2002)

Bulgaria
630,000 (2002)

Burkina Faso
48,000 (2003)

Burma
28,000 (2003)

Burundi
14,000 (2003)

Cambodia
30,000 (2002)

Cameroon 60,000 (2002) note: Cameroon also had more than 100 cyber-cafes in 2001

Canada
16.11 million (2002)

Cape Verde
20,400 (2003)

Cayman Islands
9,909 (2003)

Central African Republic
5,000 (2002)

Chad
15,000 (2002)

Chile
3.575 million (2002)

China
94 million (2004)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
2,732,200 (2003)

Comoros
5,000 (2003)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
50,000 (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
15,000 (2003)

Cook Islands
3,600 (2002)

Costa Rica
800,000 (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
90,000 (2002)

Croatia
1.014 million (2003)

Cuba
120,000
note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or
accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may
access the Internet in large hotels, but are subject to firewalls;
some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market, or take
advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the
government-controlled "intranet" (2004)

Cyprus
210,000 (2002)

Czech Republic
2.7 million (2003)

Denmark
2.756 million (2002)

Djibouti
6,500 (2003)

Dominica
12,500 (2002)

Dominican Republic
500,000 (2003)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
569,700 (2003)

Egypt
4.2 million (2005)

El Salvador
550,000 (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
1,800 (2002)

Eritrea
9,500 (2003)

Estonia
444,000 (2002)

Ethiopia
75,000 (2003)

European Union
206,032,067 (September 2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA; however one-half of all
households are reported to have internet access (2002)

Faroe Islands
25,000 (2002)

Fiji
55,000 (2003)

Finland
2.65 million (2002)

France
21.9 million (2003)

French Guiana
3,200 (2002)

French Polynesia
35,000 (2002)

Gabon
35,000 (2003)

Gambia, The
25,000 (2002)

Gaza Strip
60,000 (includes West Bank) (2001)

Georgia
150,500 (2003)

Germany
39 million (2003)

Ghana
170,000 (2002)

Gibraltar
6,200 (2002)

Greece
1,718,400 (2003)

Greenland
20,000 (2002)

Grenada
15,000 (2002)

Guadeloupe
20,000 (2002)

Guam
50,000 (2002)

Guatemala
400,000 (2002)

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
40,000 (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
19,000 (2003)

Guyana
125,000 (2002)

Haiti
80,000 (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
168,600 (2002)

Hong Kong
3,212,800 (2003)

Hungary
1.6 million (2002)

Iceland
195,000 (2003)

India
18.481 million (2003)

Indonesia
8 million (2002)

Iran
4.3 million (2003)

Iraq
25,000 (2002)

Ireland
1.26 million (2003)

Israel
2 million (2002)

Italy
18.5 million (2003)

Jamaica
600,000 (2002)

Japan
57.2 million (2002)

Jersey
NA

Jordan
457,000 (2003)

Kazakhstan
250,000 (2002)

Kenya
400,000 (2002)

Kiribati
2,000 (2002)

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
29.22 million (2003)

Kuwait
567,000 (2003)

Kyrgyzstan
152,000 (2002)

Laos
15,000 (2002)

Latvia
936,000 (2003)

Lebanon
400,000 (2002)

Lesotho
21,000 (2002)

Liberia
1,000 (2002)

Libya
160,000 (2003)

Liechtenstein
20,000 (2002)

Lithuania
695,700 (2003)

Luxembourg
165,000 (2002)

Macau
120,000 (2003)

Macedonia
100,000 (2002)

Madagascar
70,500 (2003)

Malawi
36,000 (2003)

Malaysia
8,692,100 (2003)

Maldives
15,000 (2002)

Mali
25,000 (2002)

Malta
120,000 (2002)

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
1,400 (2003)

Martinique
40,000 (2002)

Mauritania
10,000 (2002)

Mauritius
150,000 (2003)

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
10.033 million (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
6,000 (2002)

Moldova
150,000 (2002)

Monaco
16,000 (2002)

Mongolia
220,000 (2004)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
800,000 (2003)

Mozambique
50,000 (2002)

Namibia
65,000 (2003)

Nauru
300 (2002)

Nepal
80,000 (2002)

Netherlands
8.5 million (2003)

Netherlands Antilles
2,000 (2000)

New Caledonia
60,000 (2003)

New Zealand
2.11 million (2003)

Nicaragua
90,000 (2002)

Niger
15,000 (2002)

Nigeria
750,000 (2003)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
700

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
2.288 million (2002)

Oman
180,000 (2002)

Pakistan
1.5 million (2002)

Panama
120,000 (2002)

Papua New Guinea
75,000 (2002)

Paraguay
120,000 (2003)

Peru
2.85 million (2003)

Philippines
3.5 million (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
8.97 million (2003)

Portugal
3.6 million (2002)

Puerto Rico
600,000 (2002)

Qatar
126,000 (2003)

Reunion
150,000 (2002)

Romania
4 million (2003)

Russia
6 million (2002)

Rwanda
25,000 (2002)

Saint Helena
500 (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
10,000 (2002)

Saint Lucia
13,000 (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7,000 (2002)

Samoa
4,000 (2002)

San Marino
14,300 (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
15,000 (2003)

Saudi Arabia
1.5 million (2003)

Senegal
225,000 (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro
847,000 (2003)

Seychelles
11,700 (2002)

Sierra Leone
8,000 (2002)

Singapore
2.31 million (2002)

Slovakia
1,375,800 (2003)

Slovenia
750,000 (2002)

Solomon Islands
2,200 (2002)

Somalia
89,000 (2002)

South Africa
3.1 million (2002)

Spain
9.789 million (2003)

Sri Lanka
200,000 (2002)

Sudan
300,000 (2003)

Suriname
20,000 (2002)

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
27,000 (2003)

Sweden
5.125 million (2002)

Switzerland
2.556 million (2002)

Syria
220,000 (2002)

Taiwan
13.8 million (2005)

Tajikistan
4,100 (2003)

Tanzania
250,000 (2003)

Thailand
6,971,500 (2003)

Togo
210,000 (2003)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
2,900 (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
138,000 (2002)

Tunisia
630,000 (2003)

Turkey
5.5 million (2003)

Turkmenistan
8,000 (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
1,300 (2002)

Uganda
125,000 (2003)

Ukraine
3.8 million (2003)

United Arab Emirates
1,110,200 (2003)

United Kingdom
25 million (2002)

United States
159 million (2002)

Uruguay
400,000 (2002)

Uzbekistan
492,000 (2003)

Vanuatu
7,500 (2003)

Venezuela
1,274,400 (2002)

Vietnam
3.5 million (2003)

Virgin Islands
30,000 (2002)

Wallis and Futuna
900 (2002)

West Bank
145,000 (includes Gaza Strip) (2003)

Western Sahara
NA

World
604,111,719 (2002 est.)

Yemen
100,000 (2002)

Zambia
68,200 (2003)

Zimbabwe
500,000 (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2154 Internet country code

Afghanistan
.af

Albania
.al

Algeria
.dz

American Samoa
.as

Andorra
.ad

Angola
.ao

Anguilla
.ai

Antarctica
.aq

Antigua and Barbuda
.ag

Argentina
.ar

Armenia
.am

Aruba
.aw

Australia
.au

Austria
.at

Azerbaijan
.az

Bahamas, The
.bs

Bahrain
.bh

Bangladesh
.bd

Barbados
.bb

Belarus
.by

Belgium
.be

Belize
.bz

Benin
.bj

Bermuda
.bm

Bhutan
.bt

Bolivia
.bo

Bosnia and Herzegovina
.ba

Botswana
.bw

Bouvet Island
.bv

Brazil
.br

British Indian Ocean Territory
.io

British Virgin Islands
.vg

Brunei
.bn

Bulgaria
.bg

Burkina Faso
.bf

Burma
.mm

Burundi
.bi

Cambodia
.kh

Cameroon
.cm

Canada
.ca

Cape Verde
.cv

Cayman Islands
.ky

Central African Republic
.cf

Chad
.td

Chile
.cl

China
.cn

Christmas Island
.cx

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
.cc

Colombia
.co

Comoros
.km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
.cd

Congo, Republic of the
.cg

Cook Islands
.ck

Costa Rica
.cr

Cote d'Ivoire
.ci

Croatia
.hr

Cuba
.cu

Cyprus
.cy

Czech Republic
.cz

Denmark
.dk

Djibouti
.dj

Dominica
.dm

Dominican Republic
.do

East Timor
.tl; note - ICANN approved the change from .tp in January
2005

Ecuador
.ec

Egypt
.eg

El Salvador
.sv

Equatorial Guinea
.gq

Eritrea
.er

Estonia
.ee

Ethiopia
.et

European Union
.eu (effective 2005); note - see country entries of
member states for individual country codes

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
.fk

Faroe Islands
.fo

Fiji
.fj

Finland
.fi

France
.fr

French Guiana
.gf

French Polynesia
.pf

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
.tf

Gabon
.ga

Gambia, The
.gm

Gaza Strip
.ps

Georgia
.ge

Germany
.de

Ghana
.gh

Gibraltar
.gi

Greece
.gr

Greenland
.gl

Grenada
.gd

Guadeloupe
.gp

Guam
.gu

Guatemala
.gt

Guernsey
.gg

Guinea
.gn

Guinea-Bissau
.gw

Guyana
.gy

Haiti
.ht

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
.hm

Holy See (Vatican City)
.va

Honduras
.hn

Hong Kong
.hk

Hungary
.hu

Iceland
.is

India
.in

Indonesia
.id

Iran
.ir

Iraq
.iq

Ireland
.ie

Israel
.il

Italy
.it

Jamaica
.jm

Japan
.jp

Jersey
.je

Jordan
.jo

Kazakhstan
.kz

Kenya
.ke

Kiribati
.ki

Korea, North
.kp

Korea, South
.kr

Kuwait
.kw

Kyrgyzstan
.kg

Laos
.la

Latvia
.lv

Lebanon
.lb

Lesotho
.ls

Liberia
.lr

Libya
.ly

Liechtenstein
.li

Lithuania
.lt

Luxembourg
.lu

Macau
.mo

Macedonia
.mk

Madagascar
.mg

Malawi
.mw

Malaysia
.my

Maldives
.mv

Mali
.ml

Malta
.mt

Man, Isle of
.im

Marshall Islands
.mh

Martinique
.mq

Mauritania
.mr

Mauritius
.mu

Mayotte
.yt

Mexico
.mx

Micronesia, Federated States of
.fm

Moldova
.md

Monaco
.mc

Mongolia
.mn

Montserrat
.ms

Morocco
.ma

Mozambique
.mz

Namibia
.na

Nauru
.nr

Nepal
.np

Netherlands
.nl

Netherlands Antilles
.an

New Caledonia
.nc

New Zealand
.nz

Nicaragua
.ni

Niger
.ne

Nigeria
.ng

Niue
.nu

Norfolk Island
.nf

Northern Mariana Islands
.mp

Norway
.no

Oman
.om

Pakistan
.pk

Palau
.pw

Panama
.pa

Papua New Guinea
.pg

Paraguay
.py

Peru
.pe

Philippines
.ph

Pitcairn Islands
.pn

Poland
.pl

Portugal
.pt

Puerto Rico
.pr

Qatar
.qa

Reunion
.re

Romania
.ro

Russia
.ru; Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su"
that was allocated to the Soviet Union, and whose legal status and
ownership are contested by the Russian Government, ICANN, and
several Russian commercial entities

Rwanda
.rw

Saint Helena
.sh

Saint Kitts and Nevis
.kn

Saint Lucia
.lc

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
.pm

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
.vc

Samoa
.ws

San Marino
.sm

Sao Tome and Principe
.st

Saudi Arabia
.sa

Senegal
.sn

Serbia and Montenegro
.cs

Seychelles
.sc

Sierra Leone
.sl

Singapore
.sg

Slovakia
.sk

Slovenia
.si

Solomon Islands
.sb

Somalia
.so

South Africa
.za

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
.gs

Spain
.es

Sri Lanka
.lk

Sudan
.sd

Suriname
.sr

Svalbard
.sj

Swaziland
.sz

Sweden
.se

Switzerland
.ch

Syria
.sy

Taiwan
.tw

Tajikistan
.tj

Tanzania
.tz

Thailand
.th

Togo
.tg

Tokelau
.tk

Tonga
.to

Trinidad and Tobago
.tt

Tunisia
.tn

Turkey
.tr

Turkmenistan
.tm

Turks and Caicos Islands
.tc

Tuvalu
.tv

Uganda
.ug

Ukraine
.ua

United Arab Emirates
.ae

United Kingdom
.uk

United States
.us

Uruguay
.uy

Uzbekistan
.uz

Vanuatu
.vu

Venezuela
.ve

Vietnam
.vn

Virgin Islands
.vi

Wallis and Futuna
.wf

West Bank
.ps

Western Sahara
.eh

Yemen
.ye

Zambia
.zm

Zimbabwe
.zw

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2155 HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate (%)

Afghanistan
0.01% (2001 est.)

Albania
NA%

Algeria
0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
NA%

Angola
3.9% (2003 est.)

Anguilla
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
0.7% (2001 est.)

Armenia
0.1% (2003 est.)

Aruba
NA

Australia
0.1% (2003 est.)

Austria
0.3% (2003 est.)

Azerbaijan
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Bahamas, The
3% (2003 est.)

Bahrain
0.2% (2001 est.)

Bangladesh
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Barbados
1.5% (2003 est.)

Belarus
0.3% (2001 est.)

Belgium
0.2% (2003 est.)

Belize
2.4% (2003 est.)

Benin
1.9% (2003 est.)

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Bolivia
0.1% (2003 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Botswana
37.3% (2003 est.)

Brazil
0.7% (2003 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
less than 0.1% - note - no country specific models provided
(2001 est.)

Burkina Faso
4.2% (2003 est.)

Burma
1.2% (2003 est.)

Burundi
6% (2003 est.)

Cambodia
2.6% (2003 est.)

Cameroon
6.9% (2003 est.)

Canada
0.3% (2003 est.)

Cape Verde
0.035% (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
13.5% (2003 est.)

Chad
4.8% (2003 est.)

Chile
0.3% (2003 est.)

China
0.1% (2003 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
0.7% (2003 est.)

Comoros
0.12% (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
4.2% (2003 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
4.9% (2003 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
0.6% (2003 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
7% (2003 est.)

Croatia
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Cuba
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Cyprus
0.1% (2003 est.)

Czech Republic
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Denmark
0.2% (2003 est.)

Djibouti
2.9% (2003 est.)

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
1.7% (2003 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
0.3% (2003 est.)

Egypt
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

El Salvador
0.7% (2003 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
3.4% (2001 est.)

Eritrea
2.7% (2003 est.)

Estonia
1.1% (2001 est.)

Ethiopia
4.4% (2003 est.)

European Union
NA%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA%

Fiji
0.1% (2003 est.)

Finland
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

France
0.4% (2003 est.)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA%

Gabon
8.1% (2003 est.)

Gambia, The
1.2% (2003 est.)

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Germany
0.1% (2001 est.)

Ghana
3.1% (2003 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
0.2% (2001 est.)

Greenland
NA%

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
NA

Guatemala
1.1% (2003 est.)

Guernsey
NA%

Guinea
3.2% (2003 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
10% (2003 est.)

Guyana
2.5% (2003 est.)

Haiti
5.6% (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA%

Honduras
1.8% (2003 est.)

Hong Kong
0.1% (2003 est.)

Hungary
0.1% (2001 est.)

Iceland
0.2% (2001 est.)

India
0.9% (2001 est.)

Indonesia
0.1% (2003 est.)

Iran
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Iraq
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Ireland
0.1% (2001 est.)

Israel
0.1% (2001 est.)

Italy
0.5% (2001 est.)

Jamaica
1.2% (2003 est.)

Japan
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
0.2% (2001 est.)

Kenya
6.7% (2003 est.)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Kuwait
0.12% (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Laos
0.1% (2003 est.)

Latvia
0.6% (2001 est.)

Lebanon
0.1% (2001 est.)

Lesotho
28.9% (2003 est.)

Liberia
5.9% (2003 est.)

Libya
0.3% (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein
NA%

Lithuania
0.1% (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
0.2% (2001 est.)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Madagascar
1.7% (2003 est.)

Malawi
14.2% (2003 est.)

Malaysia
0.4% (2003 est.)

Maldives
0.1% (2001 est.)

Mali
1.9% (2003 est.)

Malta
0.2% (2001 est.)

Man, Isle of
NA%

Marshall Islands
NA

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
0.6% (2003 est.)

Mauritius
0.1% (2001 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
0.3% (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Moldova
0.2% (2001 est.)

Monaco
NA%

Mongolia
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
0.1% (2001 est.)

Mozambique
12.2% (2003 est.)

Namibia
21.3% (2003 est.)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
0.5% (2001 est.)

Netherlands
0.2% (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA%

New Zealand
0.1% (2003 est.)

Nicaragua
0.2% (2003 est.)

Niger
1.2% (2003 est.)

Nigeria
5.4% (2003 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
0.1% (2001 est.)

Oman
0.1% (2001 est.)

Pakistan
0.1% (2001 est.)

Palau
NA

Panama
0.9% (2003 est.)

Papua New Guinea
0.6% (2003 est.)

Paraguay
0.5% (2003 est.)

Peru
0.5% (2003 est.)

Philippines
less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
0.1% ; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)

Portugal
0.4% (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
NA

Qatar
0.09% (2001 est.)

Reunion
NA%

Romania
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Russia
1.1% (2001 est.)

Rwanda
5.1% (2003 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

San Marino
NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
0.01% (2001 est.)

Senegal
0.8% (2003 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
0.2% (2001 est.)

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
7% (2001 est.)

Singapore
0.2% (2003 est.)

Slovakia
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Slovenia
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
1% (2001 est.)

South Africa
21.5% (2003 est.)

Spain
0.7% (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Sudan
2.3% (2001 est.)

Suriname
1.7% (2001 est.)

Svalbard
0% (2001)

Swaziland
38.8% (2003 est.)

Sweden
0.1% (2001 est.)

Switzerland
0.4% (2001 est.)

Syria
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Taiwan
NA

Tajikistan
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Tanzania
8.8% (2003 est.)

Thailand
1.5% (2003 est.)

Togo
4.1% (2003 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
3.2% (2003 est.)

Tunisia
less than 0.1% (2005 est.)

Turkey
less than 0.1% - note - no country specific models provided
(2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
less than 0.1% (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
4.1% (2003 est.)

Ukraine
1.4% (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
0.18% (2001 est.)

United Kingdom
0.2% (2001 est.)

United States
0.6% (2003 est.)

Uruguay
0.3% (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
0.7% - note - no country specific models provided (2001
est.)

Vietnam
0.4% (2003 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
NA

Western Sahara
NA

World
NA%

Yemen
0.1% (2001 est.)

Zambia
16.5% (2003 est.)

Zimbabwe
24.6% (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2156 HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

Afghanistan
NA

Albania
NA

Algeria
9,100 (2003 est.)

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
NA

Angola
240,000 (2003 est.)

Anguilla
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
130,000 (2001 est.)

Armenia
2,600 (2003 est.)

Aruba
NA

Australia
14,000 (2003 est.)

Austria
10,000 (2003 est.)

Azerbaijan
1,400 (2003 est.)

Bahamas, The
5,600 (2003 est.)

Bahrain
less than 600 (2003 est.)

Bangladesh
13,000 (2001 est.)

Barbados
2,500 (2003 est.)

Belarus
15,000 (2001 est.)

Belgium
10,000 (2003 est.)

Belize
3,600 (2003 est.)

Benin
68,000 (2003 est.)

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
less than 100 (1999 est.)

Bolivia
4,900 (2003 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
900 (2003 est.)

Botswana
350,000 (2003 est.)

Brazil
660,000 (2003 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
346 (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso
300,000 (2003 est.)

Burma
330,000 (2003 est.)

Burundi
250,000 (2003 est.)

Cambodia
170,000 (2003 est.)

Cameroon
560,000 (2003 est.)

Canada
56,000 (2003 est.)

Cape Verde
775 (2001)

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
260,000 (2003 est.)

Chad
200,000 (2003 est.)

Chile
26,000 (2003 est.)

China
840,000 (2003 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
190,000 (2003 est.)

Comoros
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1.1 million (2003 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
90,000 (2003 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
12,000 (2003 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
570,000 (2003 est.)

Croatia
200 (2001 est.)

Cuba
3,300 (2003 est.)

Cyprus
less than 1,000 (1999 est.)

Czech Republic
2,500 (2001 est.)

Denmark
5,000 (2003 est.)

Djibouti
9,100 (2003 est.)

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
88,000 (2003 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
21,000 (2003 est.)

Egypt
12,000 (2001 est.)

El Salvador
29,000 (2003 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
5,900 (2001 est.)

Eritrea
60,000 (2003 est.)

Estonia
7,800 (2003 est.)

Ethiopia
1.5 million (2003 est.)

European Union
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
600 (2003 est.)

Finland
1,500 (2003 est.)

France
120,000 (2003 est.)

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
48,000 (2003 est.)

Gambia, The
6,800 (2003 est.)

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
3,000 (2003 est.)

Germany
43,000 (2001 est.)

Ghana
350,000 (2003 est.)

Gibraltar
NA

Greece
9,100 (2001 est.)

Greenland
100 (1999)

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
NA

Guatemala
78,000 (2003 est.)

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
140,000 (2003 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
17,000 (2001 est.)

Guyana
11,000 (2003 est.)

Haiti
280,000 (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
63,000 (2003 est.)

Hong Kong
2,600 (2003 est.)

Hungary
2,800 (2001 est.)

Iceland
220 (2001 est.)

India
5.1 million (2001 est.)

Indonesia
110,000 (2003 est.)

Iran
31,000 (2001 est.)

Iraq
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Ireland
2,800 (2001 est.)

Israel
3,000 (1999 est.)

Italy
140,000 (2001 est.)

Jamaica
22,000 (2003 est.)

Japan
12,000 (2003 est.)

Jersey
NA

Jordan
600 (2003 est.)

Kazakhstan
16,500 (2001 est.)

Kenya
1.2 million (2003 est.)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
8,300 (2003 est.)

Kuwait
NA

Kyrgyzstan
3,900 (2003 est.)

Laos
1,700 (2003 est.)

Latvia
7,600 (2001 est.)

Lebanon
2,800 (2003 est.)

Lesotho
320,000 (2003 est.)

Liberia
100,000 (2003 est.)

Libya
10,000 (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein
NA

Lithuania
1,300 (2003 est.)

Luxembourg
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Madagascar
140,000 (2003 est.)

Malawi
900,000 (2003 est.)

Malaysia
52,000 (2003 est.)

Maldives
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Mali
140,000 (2003 est.)

Malta
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
NA

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
9,500 (2003 est.)

Mauritius
700 (2001 est.)

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
160,000 (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Moldova
5,500 (2001 est.)

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
less than 500 (2003 est)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
15,000 (2001 est.)

Mozambique
1.3 million (2003 est.)

Namibia
210,000 (2001 est.)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
61,000 (2001 est.)

Netherlands
19,000 (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
1,400 (2003 est.)

Nicaragua
6,400 (2003 est.)

Niger
70,000 (2003 est.)

Nigeria
3.6 million (2003 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
2,100 (2001 est.)

Oman
1,300 (2001 est.)

Pakistan
74,000 (2001 est.)

Palau
NA

Panama
16,000 (2003 est.)

Papua New Guinea
16,000 (2003 est.)

Paraguay
15,000 (1999 est.)

Peru
82,000 (2003 est.)

Philippines
9,000 (2003 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
14,000 (2003 est.)

Portugal
22,000 (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
7,397 (1997)

Qatar
NA

Reunion
NA

Romania
6,500 (2001 est.)

Russia
860,000 (2001 est.)

Rwanda
250,000 (2003 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
12

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
NA

Senegal
44,000 (2003 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
10,000 (2001 est.)

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
170,000 (2001 est.)

Singapore
4,100 (2003 est.)

Slovakia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Slovenia
280 (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
43,000 (2001 est.)

South Africa
5.3 million (2003 est.)

Spain
140,000 (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka
3,500 (2001 est.)

Sudan
400,000 (2001 est.)

Suriname
5,200 (2001 est.)

Svalbard
0 (2001)

Swaziland
220,000 (2003 est.)

Sweden
3,600 (2001 est.)

Switzerland
13,000 (2001 est.)

Syria
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Taiwan
NA

Tajikistan
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Tanzania
1.6 million (2003 est.)

Thailand
570,000 (2003 est.)

Togo
110,000 (2003 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
29,000 (2003 est.)

Tunisia
1,000 (2003 est.)

Turkey
NA

Turkmenistan
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
530,000 (2001 est.)

Ukraine
360,000 (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates
NA

United Kingdom
51,000 (2001 est.)

United States
950,000 (2003 est.)

Uruguay
6,000 (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan
11,000 (2003 est.)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
110,000 (1999 est.)

Vietnam
220,000 (2003 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA

West Bank
NA

Western Sahara
NA

World
NA

Yemen
12,000 (2001 est.)

Zambia
920,000 (2003 est.)

Zimbabwe
1.8 million (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2157 HIV/AIDS - deaths

Afghanistan
NA

Albania
NA

Algeria
less than 500 (2003 est.)

American Samoa
NA

Andorra
NA

Angola
21,000 (2003 est.)

Anguilla
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
1,500 (2003 est.)

Armenia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Aruba
NA

Australia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Austria
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Azerbaijan
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Bahamas, The
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Bahrain
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Bangladesh
650 (2001 est.)

Barbados
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Belarus
1,000 (2001 est.)

Belgium
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Belize
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Benin
5,800 (2003 est.)

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
NA

Bolivia
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
100 (2001 est.)

Botswana
33,000 (2003 est.)

Brazil
15,000 (2003 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
100 (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso
29,000 (2003 est.)

Burma
20,000 (2003 est.)

Burundi
25,000 (2003 est.)

Cambodia
15,000 (2003 est.)

Cameroon
49,000 (2003 est.)

Canada
1,500 (2003 est.)

Cape Verde
225 (as of 2001)

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
23,000 (2003 est.)

Chad
18,000 (2003 est.)

Chile
1,400 (2003 est.)

China
44,000 (2003 est.)

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA

Colombia
3,600 (2003 est.)

Comoros
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
100,000 (2003 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
9,700 (2003 est.)

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
900 (2003 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
47,000 (2003 est.)

Croatia
less than 10 (2001 est.)

Cuba
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Cyprus
NA

Czech Republic
less than 10 (2001 est.)

Denmark
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Djibouti
690 (2003 est.)

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
7,900 (2003 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
1,700 (2003 est.)

Egypt
700 (2003 est.)

El Salvador
2,200 (2003 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
370 (2001 est.)

Eritrea
6,300 (2003 est.)

Estonia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Ethiopia
120,000 (2003 est.)

European Union
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Finland
less than 100 (2003 est.)

France
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
3,000 (2003 est.)

Gambia, The
600 (2003 est.)

Gaza Strip
NA

Georgia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Germany
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Ghana
30,000 (2003 est.)

Gibraltar
NA

Greece
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Greenland
NA

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
NA

Guatemala
5,800 (2003 est.)

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
9,000 (2003 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
1,200 (2001 est.)

Guyana
1,100 (2003 est.)

Haiti
24,000 (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
4,100 (2003 est.)

Hong Kong
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Hungary
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Iceland
less than 100 (2003 est.)

India
310,000 (2001 est.)

Indonesia
2,400 (2003 est.)

Iran
800 (2003 est.)

Iraq
NA

Ireland
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Israel
100 (2001 est.)

Italy
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Jamaica
900 (2003 est.)

Japan
500 (2003 est.)

Jersey
NA

Jordan
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Kazakhstan
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Kenya
150,000 (2003 est.)

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Kuwait
NA

Kyrgyzstan
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Laos
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Latvia
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Lebanon
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Lesotho
29,000 (2003 est.)

Liberia
7,200 (2003 est.)

Libya
NA

Liechtenstein
NA

Lithuania
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Luxembourg
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Madagascar
7,500 (2003 est.)

Malawi
84,000 (2003 est.)

Malaysia
2,000 (2003 est.)

Maldives
NA

Mali
12,000 (2003 est.)

Malta
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Man, Isle of
NA

Marshall Islands
NA

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Mauritius
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
5,000 (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA

Moldova
less than 300 (2001 est.)

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
NA

Mozambique
110,000 (2003 est.)

Namibia
16,000 (2003 est.)

Nauru
NA

Nepal
3,100 (2003 est.)

Netherlands
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nicaragua
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Niger
4,800 (2003 est.)

Nigeria
310,000 (2003 est.)

Niue
NA

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Oman
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Pakistan
4,900 (2003 est.)

Palau
NA

Panama
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Papua New Guinea
600 (2003 est.)

Paraguay
600 (2003 est.)

Peru
4,200 (2003 est.)

Philippines
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA

Poland
100 (2001 est.)

Portugal
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Puerto Rico
NA

Qatar
NA

Reunion
NA

Romania
350 (2001 est.)

Russia
9,000 (2001 est.)

Rwanda
22,000 (2003 est.)

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
3

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
NA

Senegal
3,500 (2003 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
11,000 (2001 est.)

Singapore
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Slovakia
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Slovenia
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
NA

South Africa
370,000 (2003 est.)

Spain
less than 1,000 (2003 est.)

Sri Lanka
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Sudan
23,000 (2003 est.)

Suriname
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Svalbard
0 (2001)

Swaziland
17,000 (2003 est.)

Sweden
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Switzerland
less than 100 (2003 est.)

Syria
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Taiwan
NA

Tajikistan
less than 100 (2001 est.)

Tanzania
160,000 (2003 est.)

Thailand
58,000 (2003 est.)

Togo
10,000 (2003 est.)

Tokelau
NA

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
1,900 (2003 est.)

Tunisia
less than 200 (2003 est.)

Turkey
NA

Turkmenistan
less than 100 (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Tuvalu
NA

Uganda
78,000 (2003 est.)

Ukraine
20,000 (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
NA

United Kingdom
less than 500 (2003 est.)

United States
14,000 (2003 est.)

Uruguay
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
less than 500 (2003 est.)

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
4,100 (2003 est.)

Vietnam
9,000 (2003 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA

West Bank
NA

Western Sahara
NA

World
NA

Yemen
NA

Zambia
89,000 (2003 est.)

Zimbabwe
170,000 (2003 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2158 Currency code

Afghanistan
AFA

Albania
ALL

Algeria
DZD

American Samoa
USD

Andorra
EUR

Angola
AOA

Anguilla
XCD

Antigua and Barbuda
XCD

Argentina
ARS

Armenia
AMD

Aruba
AWG

Australia
AUD

Austria
EUR

Azerbaijan
AZM

Bahamas, The
BSD

Bahrain
BHD

Bangladesh
BDT

Barbados
BBD

Belarus
BYB/BYR

Belgium
EUR

Belize
BZD

Benin
XOF

Bermuda
BMD

Bhutan
BTN; INR

Bolivia
BOB

Bosnia and Herzegovina
BAM

Botswana
BWP

Brazil
BRL

British Virgin Islands
USD

Brunei
BND

Bulgaria
BGN

Burkina Faso
XOF

Burma
MMK

Burundi
BIF

Cambodia
KHR

Cameroon
XAF

Canada
CAD

Cape Verde
CVE

Cayman Islands
KYD

Central African Republic
XAF

Chad
XAF

Chile
CLP

China
CNY

Christmas Island
AUD

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
AUD

Colombia
COP

Comoros
KMF

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
CDF

Congo, Republic of the
XAF

Cook Islands
NZD

Costa Rica
CRC

Cote d'Ivoire
XOF

Croatia
HRK

Cuba
CUP (nonconvertible Cuban peso) and CUC (convertible Cuban peso)

Cyprus
CYP; TRL

Czech Republic
CZK

Denmark
DKK

Djibouti
DJF

Dominica
XCD

Dominican Republic
DOP

East Timor
USD

Ecuador
USD

Egypt
EGP

El Salvador
USD

Equatorial Guinea
XAF

Eritrea
ERN

Estonia
EEK

Ethiopia
ETB

European Union
EUR

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
FKP

Faroe Islands
DKK

Fiji
FJD

Finland
EUR

France
EUR

French Guiana
EUR

French Polynesia
XPF

Gabon
XAF

Gambia, The
GMD

Gaza Strip
ILS

Georgia
GEL

Germany
EUR

Ghana
GHC

Gibraltar
GIP

Greece
EUR

Greenland
DKK

Grenada
XCD

Guadeloupe
EUR

Guam
USD

Guatemala
GTQ; USD

Guernsey
GBP

Guinea
GNF

Guinea-Bissau
XOF; GWP

Guyana
GYD

Haiti
HTG

Holy See (Vatican City)
EUR

Honduras
HNL

Hong Kong
HKD

Hungary
HUF

Iceland
ISK

India
INR

Indonesia
IDR

Iran
IRR

Iraq
NID, IQD prior to 22 January 2004

Ireland
EUR

Israel
ILS

Italy
EUR

Jamaica
JMD

Japan
JPY

Jersey
GBP

Jordan
JOD

Kazakhstan
KZT

Kenya
KES

Kiribati
AUD

Korea, North
KPW

Korea, South
KRW

Kuwait
KWD

Kyrgyzstan
KGS

Laos
LAK

Latvia
LVL

Lebanon
LBP

Lesotho
LSL; ZAR

Liberia
LRD

Libya
LYD

Liechtenstein
CHF

Lithuania
LTL

Luxembourg
EUR

Macau
MOP

Macedonia
MKD

Madagascar
MGF

Malawi
MWK

Malaysia
MYR

Maldives
MVR

Mali
XOF

Malta
MTL

Man, Isle of
GBP

Marshall Islands
USD

Martinique
EUR

Mauritania
MRO

Mauritius
MUR

Mayotte
EUR

Mexico
MXN

Micronesia, Federated States of
USD

Moldova
MDL

Monaco
EUR

Mongolia
MNT

Montserrat
XCD

Morocco
MAD

Mozambique
MZM

Namibia
NAD; ZAR

Nauru
AUD

Nepal
NPR

Netherlands
EUR

Netherlands Antilles
ANG

New Caledonia
XPF

New Zealand
NZD

Nicaragua
NIO

Niger
XOF

Nigeria
NGN

Niue
NZD

Norfolk Island
AUD

Northern Mariana Islands
USD

Norway
NOK

Oman
OMR

Pakistan
PKR

Palau
USD

Panama
PAB; USD

Papua New Guinea
PGK

Paraguay
PYG

Peru
PEN

Philippines
PHP

Pitcairn Islands
NZD

Poland
PLN

Portugal
EUR

Puerto Rico
USD

Qatar
QAR

Reunion
EUR

Romania
ROL

Russia
RUR

Rwanda
RWF

Saint Helena
SHP

Saint Kitts and Nevis
XCD

Saint Lucia
XCD

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
EUR

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
XCD

Samoa
SAT (former WST code is still in wide use)

San Marino
EUR

Sao Tome and Principe
STD

Saudi Arabia
SAR

Senegal
XOF

Serbia and Montenegro
CSD, EUR

Seychelles
SCR

Sierra Leone
SLL

Singapore
SGD

Slovakia
SKK

Slovenia
SIT

Solomon Islands
SBD

Somalia
SOS

South Africa
ZAR

Spain
EUR

Sri Lanka
LKR

Sudan
SDD

Suriname
SRG

Svalbard
NOK

Swaziland
SZL

Sweden
SEK

Switzerland
CHF

Syria
SYP

Taiwan
TWD

Tajikistan
TJS

Tanzania
TZS

Thailand
THB

Togo
XOF

Tokelau
NZD

Tonga
TOP

Trinidad and Tobago
TTD

Tunisia
TND

Turkey
TRL, YTL

Turkmenistan
TMM

Turks and Caicos Islands
USD

Tuvalu
AUD

Uganda
UGX

Ukraine
UAH

United Arab Emirates
AED

United Kingdom
GBP

United States
USD

Uruguay
UYU

Uzbekistan
UZS

Vanuatu
VUV

Venezuela
VEB

Vietnam
VND

Virgin Islands
USD

Wallis and Futuna
XPF

West Bank
ILS; JOD

Western Sahara
MAD

Yemen
YER

Zambia
ZMK

Zimbabwe
ZWD

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2172 Distribution of family income - Gini index

Algeria
35.3 (1995)

Armenia
44.4 (1996)

Australia
35.2 (1994)

Austria
31 (1995)

Azerbaijan
36 (1995)

Bangladesh
33.6 (FY95/96)

Belarus
21.7 (1998)

Belgium
28.7 (1996)

Bolivia
44.7 (1999)

Brazil
60.7 (1998)

Bulgaria
26.4 (2001)

Burkina Faso
48.2 (1994)

Burundi
42.5 (1998)

Cambodia
40 (2004 est.)

Cameroon
47.7 (1996)

Canada
31.5 (1994)

Central African Republic
61.3 (1993)

Chile
57.1 (2000)

China
44 (2002)

Colombia
57.1 (1996)

Costa Rica
45.9 (1997)

Cote d'Ivoire
36.7 (1995)

Croatia
29 (1998)

Czech Republic
25.4 (1996)

Denmark
24.7 (1992)

Dominican Republic
47.4 (1998)

East Timor
38 (2002 est.)

Ecuador 42 note: data are for urban households (2003)

Egypt
34.4 (2001)

El Salvador
52.5 (2001)

Estonia
37 (1999)

Ethiopia
40 (1995)

European Union
31.2 (2003 est.)

Finland
25.6 (1991)

France
32.7 (1995)

Georgia
37.1 (1996)

Germany
30 (1994)

Ghana
40.7 (1999)

Greece
35.4 (1998)

Guatemala
55.8 (1998)

Guinea
40.3 (1994)

Honduras
56.3 (1998)

Hungary
24.4 (1998)

India
37.8 (1997)

Indonesia
37 (2001)

Ireland
35.9 (1987)

Israel
35.5 (2001)

Italy
27.3 (1995)

Jamaica
37.9 (2000)

Japan
24.9 (1993)

Jordan
36.4 (1997)

Kazakhstan
31.5 (2003)

Kenya
44.9 (1997)

Korea, South
35.8 (2000)

Kyrgyzstan
29 (2001)

Laos
37 (1997)

Latvia
32 (1999)

Lesotho
56 (1986-87)

Lithuania
34 (1999)

Madagascar
38.1 (1999)

Malaysia
49.2 (1997)

Mali
50.5 (1994)

Mauritania
37.3 (1995)

Mauritius
37 (1987 est.)

Mexico
53.1 (1998)

Moldova
40.6 (1997)

Mongolia
44 (1998)

Morocco
39.5 (1998-99)

Mozambique
39.6 (1996-97)

Namibia
70 (2003)

Nepal
36.7 (FY95/96)

Netherlands
32.6 (1994)

Nicaragua
55.1 (2001)

Niger
50.5 (1995)

Nigeria
50.6 (1996-97)

Norway
25.8 (1995)

Pakistan
41 (FY98/99)

Panama
48.5 (1997)

Papua New Guinea
50.9 (1996)

Paraguay
57.7 (1998)

Peru
49.8 (2000)

Philippines
46.6 (2003)

Poland
31.6 (1998)

Portugal
35.6 (1994-95)

Romania
28.8 (2003)

Russia
39.9 (2001)

Rwanda
28.9 (1985)

Senegal
41.3 (1995)

Sierra Leone
62.9 (1989)

Slovakia
26.3 (1996)

Slovenia
28.4 (1998)

South Africa
59.3 (1993-94)

Spain
32.5 (1990)

Sri Lanka
34.4 (1995)

Sweden
25 (1992)

Switzerland
33.1 (1992)

Tajikistan
34.7 (1998)

Tanzania
38.2 (1993)

Thailand
51.1 (2002)

Tunisia
41.7 (1995)

Turkey
42 (2003)

Turkmenistan
40.8 (1998)

Uganda
37.4 (1996)

Ukraine
29 (1999)

United Kingdom
36.8 (1999)

United States
45 (2004)

Uruguay
44.8 (1999)

Uzbekistan
44.7 (1998)

Venezuela
49.5 (1998)

Vietnam
36.1 (1998)

Yemen
33.4 (1998)

Zambia
52.6 (1998)

Zimbabwe
50.1 (1995)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2173 Oil - production (bbl/day)

Afghanistan
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Albania
2,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Algeria
1.2 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

American Samoa
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Angola
980,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Argentina
755,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Armenia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Aruba
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Australia
537,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Austria
20,670 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
312,800 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bahrain
44,000 bbl/day (2003)

Bangladesh
3,581 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Barbados
1,271 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Belarus
36,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Belgium
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Belize
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Benin
700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bermuda
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bhutan
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bolivia
39,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Botswana
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Brazil
1.788 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Brunei
204,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Bulgaria
603 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Burma
17,550 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Burundi
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cambodia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cameroon
94,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Canada
3.11 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Central African Republic
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Chad
200,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Chile
18,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

China
3.392 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Colombia
531,100 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Comoros
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
227,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Cook Islands
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Costa Rica
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
29,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Croatia
21,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Cuba
77,900 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Cyprus
300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
7,419 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Denmark
346,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Djibouti
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Dominica
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Ecuador
523,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Egypt
740,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

El Salvador
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
350,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Eritrea
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Estonia
5,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Ethiopia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

European Union
2.648 million bbl/day (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Faroe Islands
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Fiji
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Finland
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

France
34,920 bbl/day (2001 est.)

French Guiana
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

French Polynesia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Gabon
264,900 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Georgia
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Germany
74,100 bbl/day (2003)

Ghana
7,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Gibraltar
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Greece
5,992 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Greenland
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Grenada
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guam
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guatemala
25,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Guinea
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guyana
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Haiti
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Honduras
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Hungary
41,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Iceland
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

India
780,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Indonesia
971,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Iran
3.962 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Iraq
2.25 million bbl/day (2004 est.); note - prewar production (in
2002) was 2.03 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Ireland
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Israel
80 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Italy
79,460 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Jamaica
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Japan
17,330 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Jordan
40 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
1.2 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kenya
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kiribati
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Korea, North
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Korea, South
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kuwait
2.319 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Laos
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Latvia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Lebanon
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Lesotho
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Liberia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Libya
1.518 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Lithuania
4,594 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Macau
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Macedonia
0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Madagascar
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Malawi
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Malaysia
785,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Maldives
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mali
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Malta
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Martinique
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mauritania
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mauritius
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mexico
3.46 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Moldova
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mongolia
542 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Montserrat
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Morocco
1,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Mozambique
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Namibia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nauru
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nepal
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Netherlands
46,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

New Caledonia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

New Zealand
42,160 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nicaragua
0 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Niger
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nigeria
2.356 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Niue
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Norway
3.31 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Oman
775,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Pakistan
61,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Panama
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
46,200 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Paraguay
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Peru
95,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Philippines
26,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Poland
17,180 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Portugal
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Qatar
790,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Reunion
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Romania
128,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Russia
8.42 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Rwanda
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Helena
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Samoa
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia
9.021 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Senegal
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Seychelles
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Singapore
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Slovakia
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Slovenia
20 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Somalia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

South Africa
196,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Spain
7,099 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sudan
345,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Suriname
12,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Swaziland
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sweden
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Switzerland
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Syria
525,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Taiwan
500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
250 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Tanzania
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Thailand
225,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Togo
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Tonga
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
140,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Tunisia
72,580 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Turkey
48,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
162,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 bbl/day

Uganda
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Ukraine
72,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2.335 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
1.957 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

United States
7.8 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Uruguay
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan
143,300 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Vanuatu
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Venezuela
2.6 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Vietnam
359,400 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Virgin Islands
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Western Sahara
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

World
76.01 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Yemen
417,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Zambia
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2174 Oil - consumption (bbl/day)

Afghanistan
3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Albania
7,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Algeria
209,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

American Samoa
3,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Angola
31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
3,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Argentina
486,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Armenia
5,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Aruba
6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Australia
796,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Austria
262,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
140,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bahamas, The
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bahrain
40,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Bangladesh
71,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Barbados
10,900 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Belarus
285,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Belgium
595,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Belize
5,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Benin
11,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bermuda
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bhutan
1,020 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bolivia
49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Botswana
16,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Brazil
2.199 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

British Virgin Islands
420 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Brunei
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Bulgaria
94,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso
8,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Burma
60,950 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Burundi
2,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cambodia
7,200 bbl/day (2002 est.)

Cameroon
22,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Canada
2.2 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Cape Verde
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands
2,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Central African Republic
2,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Chad
1,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Chile
240,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

China
4.956 million bbl/day (2002 est.)

Colombia
252,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Comoros
700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
14,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
5,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cook Islands
450 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Costa Rica
37,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
32,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Croatia
89,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cuba
163,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Czech Republic
175,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Denmark
218,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Djibouti
11,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Dominica
600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic
129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Ecuador
129,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Egypt
562,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

El Salvador
39,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
2,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Eritrea
6,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Estonia
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Ethiopia
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

European Union
14.54 million bbl/day (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Faroe Islands
4,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Fiji
5,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Finland
211,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

France
2.026 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

French Guiana
6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

French Polynesia
4,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Gabon
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Gambia, The
1,900 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Georgia
31,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Germany
2.891 million bbl/day (2003)

Ghana
38,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Gibraltar
42,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Greece
405,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Greenland
3,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Grenada
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guam
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guatemala
61,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guinea
8,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
2,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Guyana
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Haiti
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Honduras
29,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
257,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Hungary
140,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Iceland
16,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

India
2.13 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Indonesia
1.183 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Iran
1.4 million bbl/day (2002 est.)

Iraq
383,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Ireland
174,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Israel
260,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Italy
1.866 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Jamaica
66,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Japan
5.29 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Jordan
103,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
189,400 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Kenya
57,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Kiribati
190 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Korea, North
85,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Korea, South
2.07 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kuwait
293,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Laos
2,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Latvia
44,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Lebanon
107,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Lesotho
1,500 bbl/day (2001)

Liberia
3,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Libya
216,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Lithuania
72,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
50,650 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Macau
11,190 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Macedonia
22,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Madagascar
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Malawi
5,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Malaysia
460,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Maldives
3,200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mali
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Malta
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Martinique
13,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mauritania
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mauritius
21,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mexico
1.752 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Moldova
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mongolia
11,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Montserrat
400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Morocco
167,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Mozambique
8,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Namibia
13,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nauru
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nepal
16,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Netherlands
895,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
72,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

New Caledonia
8,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

New Zealand
132,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nicaragua
25,770 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Niger
5,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Nigeria
275,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Niue
20 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Norway
171,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oman
54,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Pakistan
365,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Panama
40,520 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Papua New Guinea
15,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Paraguay
25,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Peru
161,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Philippines
338,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Poland
424,100 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Portugal
339,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
190,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Qatar
30,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Reunion
18,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Romania
253,800 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Russia
2.31 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

Rwanda
5,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Helena
200 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
710 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia
2,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1,250 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Samoa
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia
1.55 million bbl/day (2003)

Senegal
31,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
64,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Seychelles
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone
6,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Singapore
700,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Slovakia
82,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Slovenia
53,300 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands
1,250 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Somalia
4,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

South Africa
460,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Spain
1.497 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka
75,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sudan
70,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Suriname
14,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Swaziland
3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Sweden
328,600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Switzerland
290,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Syria
240,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Taiwan
988,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
20,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Tanzania
17,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Thailand
785,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Togo
10,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Tonga
1,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
24,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Tunisia
87,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Turkey
619,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
63,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 bbl/day

Uganda
8,750 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Ukraine
303,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
310,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
1.692 million bbl/day (2003 est.)

United States
19.65 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Uruguay
41,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan
142,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Vanuatu
600 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Venezuela
500,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Vietnam
185,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Virgin Islands
66,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Western Sahara
1,800 bbl/day (2001 est.)

World
77.04 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Yemen
78,000 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Zambia
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2175 Oil - imports (bbl/day)

Afghanistan
NA

Albania
5,500 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Algeria
NA

American Samoa
NA

Angola
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
NA

Armenia
NA

Aruba
NA

Australia
530,800 bbl/day (2001)

Austria
262,000 bbl/day (2001)

Azerbaijan
NA

Bahamas, The
NA

Bahrain
NA

Bangladesh
NA

Barbados
NA

Belarus
360,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Belgium
1.042 million bbl/day (2001)

Belize
NA

Benin
NA

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
NA

Bolivia
NA

Bosnia and Herzegovina
NA

Botswana
NA

Brazil
NA

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
NA

Bulgaria
NA

Burkina Faso
NA

Burma
49,230 bbl/day (2003)

Burundi
NA

Cambodia
NA

Cameroon
NA

Canada
987,000 bbl/day (2004)

Cape Verde
NA

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
NA

Chad
NA

Chile
221,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

China
2.414 million bbl/day (2002)

Colombia
NA

Comoros
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Congo, Republic of the
NA

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
NA

Cote d'Ivoire
NA

Croatia
NA

Cuba
NA

Cyprus
NA

Czech Republic
192,300 bbl/day (2001)

Denmark
195,000 bbl/day (2001)

Djibouti
NA

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
129,900 bbl/day (2003)

Ecuador
NA

Egypt
NA

El Salvador
NA

Equatorial Guinea
NA

Eritrea
NA

Estonia
NA

Ethiopia
NA

European Union
15.69 million bbl/day (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
NA

Finland
318,300 bbl/day (2001)

France
2.281 million bbl/day (2001)

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
NA

Gambia, The
NA

Georgia
NA

Germany
2.135 million bbl/day (2003)

Ghana
NA

Gibraltar
NA

Greece
468,300 bbl/day (2001)

Greenland
NA

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
NA

Guatemala
NA

Guinea
NA

Guinea-Bissau
NA

Guyana
NA

Haiti
NA

Honduras
NA

Hong Kong
NA

Hungary
136,600 bbl/day (2001)

Iceland
15,470 bbl/day (2001)

India
NA

Indonesia
370,500 bbl/day (2003)

Iran
NA

Iraq
NA

Ireland
178,600 bbl/day (2001)

Israel
NA

Italy
2.158 million bbl/day (2001)

Jamaica
NA

Japan
5.449 million bbl/day (2001)

Jordan
100,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
47,000 bbl/day (2003)

Kenya
NA

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
11,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Korea, South
2.263 million bbl/day (2003)

Kuwait
NA

Kyrgyzstan
NA

Laos
NA

Latvia
NA

Lebanon
NA

Lesotho
NA

Liberia
NA

Libya
NA

Lithuania
NA

Luxembourg
50,700 bbl/day (2001)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
NA

Madagascar
NA

Malawi
NA

Malaysia
NA

Maldives
NA

Mali
NA

Malta
NA

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
NA

Mauritius
NA

Mexico
205,000 bbl/day (2004)

Moldova
NA

Mongolia
11,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
NA

Mozambique
NA

Namibia
NA

Nauru
NA

Nepal
NA

Netherlands
2.284 million bbl/day (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
119,700 bbl/day (2001)

Nicaragua
27,950 bbl/day (2003)

Niger
NA

Nigeria
NA

Niue
NA

Norway
88,870 bbl/day (2001)

Oman
NA

Pakistan
NA

Panama
NA

Papua New Guinea
NA

Paraguay
NA

Peru
NA

Philippines
312,000 bbl/day (2003)

Poland
413,700 bbl/day (2001)

Portugal
357,300 bbl/day (2001)

Puerto Rico
NA

Qatar
NA

Reunion
NA

Romania
NA

Russia
NA

Rwanda
NA

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
0 bbl/day (2003)

Senegal
NA

Serbia and Montenegro
NA

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
NA

Singapore
NA

Slovakia
NA

Slovenia
NA

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
NA

South Africa
NA

Spain
1.582 million bbl/day (2001)

Sri Lanka
NA

Sudan
0 bbl/day (2004)

Suriname
1,644 bbl/day (2003)

Swaziland
NA

Sweden
553,100 bbl/day (2001)

Switzerland
289,500 bbl/day (2001)

Syria
NA

Taiwan
NA

Tajikistan
NA

Tanzania
NA

Thailand
NA

Togo
NA

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
NA

Tunisia
NA

Turkey
616,500 bbl/day (2001)

Turkmenistan
NA

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Uganda
NA

Ukraine
NA

United Arab Emirates
0 bbl/day (2004)

United Kingdom
1.084 million bbl/day (2003)

United States
NA

Uruguay
NA

Uzbekistan
NA

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
NA

Vietnam
NA

Virgin Islands
NA

Western Sahara
NA

Yemen
NA

Zambia
NA

Zimbabwe
NA

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2176 Oil - exports (bbl/day)

Afghanistan
NA

Albania
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Algeria
NA

American Samoa
NA

Angola
NA

Antigua and Barbuda
NA

Argentina
NA

Armenia
NA

Aruba
NA

Australia
523,400 bbl/day (2001)

Austria
35,470 bbl/day (2001)

Azerbaijan
NA

Bahamas, The
transhipments of 29,000 bbl/day (2003)

Bahrain
NA

Bangladesh
NA

Barbados
NA

Belarus
14,500 bbl/day (2003 est.)

Belgium
450,000 bbl/day (2001)

Belize
NA

Benin
NA

Bermuda
NA

Bhutan
NA

Bolivia
NA

Bosnia and Herzegovina
NA

Botswana
NA

Brazil
NA

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
199,000 bbl/day (2003)

Bulgaria
NA

Burkina Faso
NA

Burma
3,356 bbl/day (2003)

Burundi
NA

Cambodia
NA

Cameroon
NA

Canada
1.37 million bbl/day (2004)

Cape Verde
NA

Cayman Islands
NA

Central African Republic
NA

Chad
NA

Chile
0 bbl/day (2003)

China
427,800 bbl/day (2002)

Colombia
NA

Comoros
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Congo, Republic of the
NA

Cook Islands
NA

Costa Rica
NA

Cote d'Ivoire
NA

Croatia
NA

Cuba
NA

Cyprus
NA

Czech Republic
26,670 bbl/day (2001)

Denmark
332,100 bbl/day (2001)

Djibouti
NA

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
NA

Ecuador
387,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Egypt
NA

El Salvador
NA

Equatorial Guinea
NA

Eritrea
NA

Estonia
NA

Ethiopia
NA

European Union
5.322 million bbl/day (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
NA

Finland
101,000 bbl/day (2001)

France
409,600 bbl/day (2001)

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

Gabon
NA

Gambia, The
NA

Georgia
NA

Germany
12,990 bbl/day (2003)

Ghana
NA

Gibraltar
NA

Greece
84,720 bbl/day (2001)

Greenland
NA

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
NA

Guatemala
3,104 bbl/day (2003)

Guinea
NA

Guinea-Bissau
NA

Guyana
NA

Haiti
NA

Honduras
NA

Hong Kong
NA

Hungary
47,180 bbl/day (2001)

Iceland
0 bbl/day (2001)

India
NA

Indonesia
518,100 bbl/day (2003)

Iran
2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Iraq
1.49 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Ireland
27,450 bbl/day (2001)

Israel
NA

Italy
456,600 bbl/day (2001)

Jamaica
NA

Japan
93,360 bbl/day (2001)

Jordan
0 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
890,000 bbl/day (2003)

Kenya
NA

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
NA

Korea, South
630,100 bbl/day (2003)

Kuwait
1.97 million bbl/day (2003)

Kyrgyzstan
NA

Laos
NA

Latvia
NA

Lebanon
NA

Lesotho
NA

Libya
NA

Lithuania
NA

Luxembourg
634 bbl/day (2001)

Macau
NA

Macedonia
NA

Madagascar
NA

Malawi
NA

Malaysia
230,200 bbl/day (2003)

Maldives
NA

Mali
NA

Malta
NA

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
NA

Mauritius
NA

Mexico
1.863 million bbl/day (2004)

Moldova
NA

Mongolia
497 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Montserrat
NA

Morocco
NA

Mozambique
NA

Namibia
NA

Nauru
NA

Nepal
NA

Netherlands
1.418 million bbl/day (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
NA

New Zealand
30,220 bbl/day (2001)

Nicaragua
738 bbl/day (2003)

Niger
NA

Nigeria
NA

Niue
NA

Norway
3.466 million bbl/day (2001)

Oman
721,000 bbl/day (2004)

Pakistan
NA

Panama
NA

Papua New Guinea
NA

Paraguay
NA

Peru
49,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)

Philippines
0 bbl/day (2001)

Poland
53,000 bbl/day (2001)

Portugal
28,830 bbl/day (2001)

Puerto Rico
NA

Qatar
NA

Reunion
NA

Romania
NA

Russia
6.11 million bbl/day (2003)

Rwanda
NA

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA

Samoa
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
NA

Saudi Arabia
7.92 million bbl/day (2003)

Senegal
NA

Serbia and Montenegro
NA

Seychelles
NA

Sierra Leone
NA

Singapore
NA

Slovakia
NA

Slovenia
NA

Solomon Islands
NA

Somalia
NA

South Africa
NA

Spain
135,100 bbl/day (2001)

Sri Lanka
NA

Sudan
275,000 bbl/day (2004)

Suriname
1,370 bbl/day (2003)

Swaziland
NA

Sweden
203,700 bbl/day (2001)

Switzerland
10,420 bbl/day (2001)

Syria
285,000 bbl/day (2004)

Taiwan
NA

Tajikistan
NA

Tanzania
NA

Thailand
NA

Togo
NA

Tonga
NA

Trinidad and Tobago
NA

Tunisia
NA

Turkey
46,110 bbl/day (2001)

Turkmenistan
NA

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA

Uganda
NA

Ukraine
NA

United Arab Emirates
2.5 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
1.498 million bbl/day (2001)

United States
NA

Uruguay
NA

Uzbekistan
NA

Vanuatu
NA

Venezuela
2.1 million bbl/day (2004 est.)

Vietnam
NA

Virgin Islands
NA

Western Sahara
NA

Yemen
370,300 bbl/day (2003)

Zambia
NA

Zimbabwe
NA

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2177 Median age (years)

Afghanistan
total: 17.56 years
male: 17.55 years
female: 17.57 years (2005 est.)

Albania
total: 28.52 years
male: 27.95 years
female: 29.1 years (2005 est.)

Algeria
total: 24.36 years
male: 24.18 years
female: 24.53 years (2005 est.)

American Samoa
total: 22.76 years
male: 22.5 years
female: 23.05 years (2005 est.)

Andorra
total: 40.34 years
male: 40.63 years
female: 40.02 years (2005 est.)

Angola
total: 18.12 years
male: 18.12 years
female: 18.11 years (2005 est.)

Anguilla
total: 30.76 years
male: 30.81 years
female: 30.7 years (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 29.67 years
male: 29.19 years
female: 30.15 years (2005 est.)

Argentina
total: 29.42 years
male: 28.52 years
female: 30.4 years (2005 est.)

Armenia
total: 30.07 years
male: 27.45 years
female: 32.84 years (2005 est.)

Aruba
total: 38 years
male: 36.07 years
female: 39.7 years (2005 est.)

Australia
total: 36.56 years
male: 35.74 years
female: 37.4 years (2005 est.)

Austria
total: 40.44 years
male: 39.3 years
female: 41.61 years (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan
total: 27.53 years
male: 26.09 years
female: 29 years (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The
total: 27.55 years
male: 26.78 years
female: 28.34 years (2005 est.)

Bahrain
total: 29.19 years
male: 32.16 years
female: 25.54 years (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
total: 21.87 years
male: 21.88 years
female: 21.85 years (2005 est.)

Barbados
total: 34.15 years
male: 32.99 years
female: 35.28 years (2005 est.)

Belarus
total: 37.03 years
male: 34.32 years
female: 39.7 years (2005 est.)

Belgium
total: 40.55 years
male: 39.29 years
female: 41.81 years (2005 est.)

Belize
total: 19.35 years
male: 19.21 years
female: 19.49 years (2005 est.)

Benin
total: 16.56 years
male: 16.12 years
female: 17.01 years (2005 est.)

Bermuda
total: 39.76 years
male: 38.78 years
female: 40.58 years (2005 est.)

Bhutan
total: 20.27 years
male: 20.11 years
female: 20.44 years (2005 est.)

Bolivia
total: 21.47 years
male: 20.79 years
female: 22.17 years (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 36.21 years
male: 35.81 years
female: 36.63 years (2005 est.)

Botswana
total: 19.29 years
male: 18.64 years
female: 19.93 years (2005 est.)

Brazil
total: 27.81 years
male: 27.06 years
female: 28.57 years (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands
total: 30.9 years
male: 31.1 years
female: 30.7 years (2005 est.)

Brunei
total: 27.04 years
male: 27.63 years
female: 26.4 years (2005 est.)

Bulgaria
total: 40.66 years
male: 38.59 years
female: 42.66 years (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso
total: 16.82 years
male: 16.43 years
female: 17.22 years (2005 est.)

Burma
total: 26.14 years
male: 25.57 years
female: 26.72 years (2005 est.)

Burundi
total: 16.6 years
male: 16.27 years
female: 16.95 years (2005 est.)

Cambodia
total: 19.91 years
male: 19.16 years
female: 20.79 years (2005 est.)

Cameroon
total: 18.6 years
male: 18.45 years
female: 18.76 years (2005 est.)

Canada
total: 38.54 years
male: 37.54 years
female: 39.56 years (2005 est.)

Cape Verde
total: 19.4 years
male: 18.62 years
female: 20.25 years (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands
total: 36.83 years
male: 36.48 years
female: 37.18 years (2005 est.)

Central African Republic
total: 18.12 years
male: 17.75 years
female: 18.5 years (2005 est.)

Chad
total: 16.02 years
male: 15.32 years
female: 16.71 years (2005 est.)

Chile
total: 30.07 years
male: 29.17 years
female: 31.05 years (2005 est.)

China
total: 32.26 years
male: 31.87 years
female: 32.67 years (2005 est.)

Colombia
total: 26.04 years
male: 25.14 years
female: 26.93 years (2005 est.)

Comoros
total: 18.61 years
male: 18.35 years
female: 18.87 years (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 15.8 years
male: 15.4 years
female: 16.2 years (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 20.7 years
male: 20.2 years
female: 21.1 years (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
total: 26.03 years
male: 25.59 years
female: 26.5 years (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 19.05 years
male: 19.36 years
female: 18.76 years (2005 est.)

Croatia
total: 39.97 years
male: 38.01 years
female: 41.76 years (2005 est.)

Cuba
total: 35.36 years
male: 34.73 years
female: 35.98 years (2005 est.)

Cyprus
total: 34.68 years
male: 33.64 years
female: 35.7 years (2005 est.)

Czech Republic
total: 38.97 years
male: 37.2 years
female: 40.82 years (2005 est.)

Denmark
total: 39.47 years
male: 38.55 years
female: 40.4 years (2005 est.)

Djibouti
total: 18.23 years
male: 18.77 years
female: 17.69 years (2005 est.)

Dominica
total: 29.59 years
male: 29.26 years
female: 29.95 years (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic
total: 23.88 years
male: 23.68 years
female: 24.09 years (2005 est.)

East Timor
total: 20.41 years
male: 20.46 years
female: 20.35 years (2005 est.)

Ecuador
total: 23.27 years
male: 22.82 years
female: 23.74 years (2005 est.)

Egypt
total: 23.68 years
male: 23.31 years
female: 24.05 years (2005 est.)

El Salvador
total: 21.57 years
male: 20.44 years
female: 22.69 years (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 18.83 years
male: 18.2 years
female: 19.46 years (2005 est.)

Eritrea
total: 17.54 years
male: 17.35 years
female: 17.73 years (2005 est.)

Estonia
total: 39.06 years
male: 35.52 years
female: 42.35 years (2005 est.)

Ethiopia
total: 17.75 years
male: 17.64 years
female: 17.85 years (2005 est.)

European Union
NA

Faroe Islands
total: 35.11 years
male: 34.64 years
female: 35.68 years (2005 est.)

Fiji
total: 24.28 years
male: 23.84 years
female: 24.74 years (2005 est.)

Finland
total: 40.97 years
male: 39.43 years
female: 42.52 years (2005 est.)

France
total: 38.85 years
male: 37.3 years
female: 40.39 years (2005 est.)

French Guiana
total: 28.45 years
male: 29.49 years
female: 27.31 years (2005 est.)

French Polynesia
total: 27.48 years
male: 27.84 years
female: 27.1 years (2005 est.)

Gabon
total: 18.57 years
male: 18.34 years
female: 18.8 years (2005 est.)

Gambia, The
total: 17.59 years
male: 17.45 years
female: 17.74 years (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip
total: 15.65 years
male: 15.5 years
female: 15.81 years (2005 est.)

Georgia
total: 37.36 years
male: 34.93 years
female: 39.7 years (2005 est.)

Germany
total: 42.16 years
male: 40.88 years
female: 43.53 years (2005 est.)

Ghana
total: 20.45 years
male: 20.2 years
female: 20.7 years (2005 est.)

Gibraltar
total: 39.4 years
male: 39.12 years
female: 39.63 years (2005 est.)

Greece
total: 40.5 years
male: 39.39 years
female: 41.65 years (2005 est.)

Greenland
total: 33.83 years
male: 35.15 years
female: 32.14 years (2005 est.)

Grenada
total: 21.26 years
male: 21.73 years
female: 20.76 years (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe
total: 31.81 years
male: 30.91 years
female: 32.73 years (2005 est.)

Guam
total: 28.38 years
male: 28.16 years
female: 28.61 years (2005 est.)

Guatemala
total: 18.47 years
male: 18.25 years
female: 18.71 years (2005 est.)

Guernsey
total: 40.99 years
male: 40.03 years
female: 41.91 years (2005 est.)

Guinea
total: 17.67 years
male: 17.42 years
female: 17.93 years (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 18.97 years
male: 18.37 years
female: 19.57 years (2005 est.)

Guyana
total: 26.91 years
male: 26.44 years
female: 27.4 years (2005 est.)

Haiti
total: 18.03 years
male: 17.63 years
female: 18.44 years (2005 est.)

Honduras
total: 19.15 years
male: 18.75 years
female: 19.56 years (2005 est.)

Hong Kong
total: 39.4 years
male: 39.3 years
female: 39.6 years (2005 est.)

Hungary
total: 38.57 years
male: 36.1 years
female: 41.24 years (2005 est.)

Iceland
total: 34 years
male: 33.53 years
female: 34.49 years (2005 est.)

India
total: 24.66 years
male: 24.64 years
female: 24.67 years (2005 est.)

Indonesia
total: 26.48 years
male: 26.03 years
female: 26.93 years (2005 est.)

Iran
total: 24.23 years
male: 24.03 years
female: 24.44 years (2005 est.)

Iraq
total: 19.43 years
male: 19.35 years
female: 19.51 years (2005 est.)

Ireland
total: 33.7 years
male: 32.9 years
female: 34.49 years (2005 est.)

Israel
total: 29.39 years
male: 28.58 years
female: 30.27 years (2005 est.)

Italy
total: 41.77 years
male: 40.24 years
female: 43.35 years (2005 est.)

Jamaica
total: 27.25 years
male: 26.55 years
female: 27.97 years (2005 est.)

Japan
total: 42.64 years
male: 40.87 years
female: 44.44 years (2005 est.)

Jersey
total: 40.89 years
male: 40.13 years
female: 41.63 years (2005 est.)

Jordan
total: 22.62 years
male: 23.25 years
female: 21.94 years (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan
total: 28.52 years
male: 26.92 years
female: 30.25 years (2005 est.)

Kenya
total: 18.19 years
male: 18.08 years
female: 18.3 years (2005 est.)

Kiribati
total: 20.05 years
male: 19.61 years
female: 20.58 years (2005 est.)

Korea, North
total: 31.74 years
male: 30.47 years
female: 33 years (2005 est.)

Korea, South
total: 34.51 years
male: 33.53 years
female: 35.53 years (2005 est.)

Kuwait
total: 25.86 years
male: 28.05 years
female: 22.12 years (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 23.39 years
male: 22.52 years
female: 24.27 years (2005 est.)

Laos
total: 18.74 years
male: 18.42 years
female: 19.08 years (2005 est.)

Latvia
total: 39.12 years
male: 35.95 years
female: 42.15 years (2005 est.)

Lebanon
total: 27.34 years
male: 26.28 years
female: 28.43 years (2005 est.)

Lesotho
total: 20.19 years
male: 19.68 years
female: 20.74 years (2005 est.)

Liberia
total: 18.06 years
male: 17.69 years
female: 18.42 years (2005 est.)

Libya
total: 22.68 years
male: 22.8 years
female: 22.56 years (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein
total: 39.22 years
male: 38.74 years
female: 39.68 years (2005 est.)

Lithuania
total: 37.83 years
male: 35.25 years
female: 40.46 years (2005 est.)

Luxembourg
total: 38.51 years
male: 37.56 years
female: 39.48 years (2005 est.)

Macau
total: 35.2 years
male: 34.9 years
female: 35.4 years (2005 est.)

Macedonia
total: 32.8 years
male: 31.7 years
female: 33.9 years (2005 est.)

Madagascar
total: 17.46 years
male: 17.24 years
female: 17.67 years (2005 est.)

Malawi
total: 16.34 years
male: 16.04 years
female: 16.65 years (2005 est.)

Malaysia
total: 23.92 years
male: 23.32 years
female: 24.54 years (2005 est.)

Maldives
total: 17.69 years
male: 17.58 years
female: 17.8 years (2005 est.)

Mali
total: 16.35 years
male: 15.79 years
female: 16.92 years (2005 est.)

Malta
total: 38.36 years
male: 36.91 years
female: 39.84 years (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of
total: 39.48 years
male: 38.16 years
female: 40.89 years (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands
total: 19.95 years
male: 19.98 years
female: 19.92 years (2005 est.)

Martinique
total: 33.61 years
male: 32.95 years
female: 34.28 years (2005 est.)

Mauritania
total: 16.98 years
male: 16.71 years
female: 17.24 years (2005 est.)

Mauritius
total: 30.5 years
male: 29.65 years
female: 31.46 years (2005 est.)

Mayotte
total: 16.96 years
male: 18.04 years
female: 15.87 years (2005 est.)

Mexico
total: 24.93 years
male: 24.04 years
female: 25.85 years (2005 est.)

Moldova
total: 32.22 years
male: 30.14 years
female: 34.27 years (2005 est.)

Monaco
total: 45.25 years
male: 43.27 years
female: 47.19 years (2005 est.)

Mongolia
total: 24.28 years
male: 23.93 years
female: 24.64 years (2005 est.)

Montserrat
total: 28.56 years
male: 28.29 years
female: 28.79 years (2005 est.)

Morocco
total: 23.61 years
male: 23.11 years
female: 24.13 years (2005 est.)

Mozambique
total: 18.29 years
male: 17.74 years
female: 18.83 years (2005 est.)

Namibia
total: 19.79 years
male: 19.63 years
female: 19.94 years (2005 est.)

Nauru
total: 20.24 years
male: 19.76 years
female: 20.78 years (2005 est.)

Nepal
total: 20.07 years
male: 19.91 years
female: 20.24 years (2005 est.)

Netherlands
total: 39.04 years
male: 38.22 years
female: 39.9 years (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 32.46 years
male: 30.86 years
female: 34.01 years (2005 est.)

New Caledonia
total: 27.5 years
male: 27.16 years
female: 27.84 years (2005 est.)

New Zealand
total: 33.65 years
male: 32.92 years
female: 34.4 years (2005 est.)

Nicaragua
total: 20.56 years
male: 20.15 years
female: 20.98 years (2005 est.)

Niger
total: 16.25 years
male: 15.8 years
female: 16.72 years (2005 est.)

Nigeria
total: 18.63 years
male: 18.71 years
female: 18.55 years (2005 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 29.33 years
male: 31.54 years
female: 28.33 years (2005 est.)

Norway
total: 38.17 years
male: 37.29 years
female: 39.07 years (2005 est.)

Oman
total: 19.13 years
male: 21.88 years
female: 16.45 years (2005 est.)

Pakistan
total: 19.58 years
male: 19.44 years
female: 19.74 years (2005 est.)

Palau
total: 31.43 years
male: 32.4 years
female: 30.36 years (2005 est.)

Panama
total: 26.18 years
male: 25.89 years
female: 26.48 years (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea
total: 21.09 years
male: 21.25 years
female: 20.93 years (2005 est.)

Paraguay
total: 21.2 years
male: 20.94 years
female: 21.46 years (2005 est.)

Peru
total: 24.95 years
male: 24.69 years
female: 25.21 years (2005 est.)

Philippines
total: 22.27 years
male: 21.77 years
female: 22.8 years (2005 est.)

Poland
total: 36.43 years
male: 34.52 years
female: 38.49 years (2005 est.)

Portugal
total: 38.2 years
male: 36.06 years
female: 40.33 years (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico
total: 34.23 years
male: 32.5 years
female: 35.87 years (2005 est.)

Qatar
total: 31.57 years
male: 36.87 years
female: 22.33 years (2005 est.)

Reunion
total: 26.72 years
male: 25.53 years
female: 27.92 years (2005 est.)

Romania
total: 36.39 years
male: 35.04 years
female: 37.77 years (2005 est.)

Russia
total: 38.15 years
male: 34.99 years
female: 41.03 years (2005 est.)

Rwanda
total: 18.48 years
male: 18.26 years
female: 18.7 years (2005 est.)

Saint Helena
total: 35.4 years
male: 35.61 years
female: 35.21 years (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 27.6 years
male: 26.78 years
female: 28.38 years (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia
total: 24.81 years
male: 24.03 years
female: 25.66 years (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 33.7 years
male: 33.39 years
female: 33.96 years (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 26.36 years
male: 26.21 years
female: 26.53 years (2005 est.)

Samoa
total: 24.59 years
male: 27.42 years
female: 21.42 years (2005 est.)

San Marino
total: 40.29 years
male: 39.91 years
female: 40.65 years (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 16.12 years
male: 15.53 years
female: 16.71 years (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia
total: 21.28 years
male: 22.84 years
female: 19.28 years (2005 est.)

Senegal
total: 18.15 years
male: 17.6 years
female: 18.7 years (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 36.79 years
male: 35.3 years
female: 38.29 years (2005 est.)

Seychelles
total: 27.7 years
male: 26.62 years
female: 28.76 years (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone
total: 17.53 years
male: 17.2 years
female: 17.84 years (2005 est.)

Singapore
total: 36.76 years
male: 36.4 years
female: 37.07 years (2005 est.)

Slovakia
total: 35.43 years
male: 33.85 years
female: 37.25 years (2005 est.)

Slovenia
total: 40.23 years
male: 38.65 years
female: 41.75 years (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands
total: 18.63 years
male: 18.5 years
female: 18.76 years (2005 est.)

Somalia
total: 17.59 years
male: 17.53 years
female: 17.65 years (2005 est.)

South Africa
total: 23.98 years
male: 23.12 years
female: 24.86 years (2005 est.)

Spain
total: 39.51 years
male: 38.18 years
female: 40.93 years (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka
total: 29.44 years
male: 28.38 years
female: 30.51 years (2005 est.)

Sudan
total: 18.07 years
male: 17.86 years
female: 18.29 years (2005 est.)

Suriname
total: 26.13 years
male: 25.72 years
female: 26.58 years (2005 est.)

Swaziland
total: 18.72 years
male: 18.53 years
female: 18.92 years (2005 est.)

Sweden
total: 40.6 years
male: 39.49 years
female: 41.75 years (2005 est.)

Switzerland
total: 39.77 years
male: 38.75 years
female: 40.81 years (2005 est.)

Syria
total: 20.37 years
male: 20.24 years
female: 20.51 years (2005 est.)

Taiwan
total: 34.14 years
male: 33.71 years
female: 34.57 years (2005 est.)

Tajikistan
total: 19.73 years
male: 19.45 years
female: 20.02 years (2005 est.)

Tanzania
total: 17.62 years
male: 17.36 years
female: 17.89 years (2005 est.)

Thailand
total: 30.88 years
male: 30.11 years
female: 31.66 years (2005 est.)

Togo
total: 17.78 years
male: 17.42 years
female: 18.14 years (2005 est.)

Tonga
total: 20.46 years
male: 19.93 years
female: 21.02 years (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 30.91 years
male: 30.46 years
female: 31.44 years (2005 est.)

Tunisia
total: 27.29 years
male: 26.78 years
female: 27.82 years (2005 est.)

Turkey
total: 27.7 years
male: 27.52 years
female: 27.89 years (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan
total: 21.56 years
male: 20.68 years
female: 22.44 years (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 27.35 years
male: 28.08 years
female: 26.62 years (2005 est.)

Tuvalu
total: 24.45 years
male: 23.36 years
female: 25.85 years (2005 est.)

Uganda
total: 14.97 years
male: 14.87 years
female: 15.08 years (2005 est.)

Ukraine
total: 38.22 years
male: 34.91 years
female: 41.21 years (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates
total: 27.9 years
male: 35.2 years
female: 22.9 years (2005 est.)

United Kingdom
total: 38.99 years
male: 37.89 years
female: 40.13 years (2005 est.)

United States
total: 36.27 years
male: 34.94 years
female: 37.6 years (2005 est.)

Uruguay
total: 32.46 years
male: 31.02 years
female: 33.95 years (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan
total: 22.36 years
male: 21.74 years
female: 23 years (2005 est.)

Vanuatu
total: 22.64 years
male: 22.68 years
female: 22.59 years (2005 est.)

Venezuela
total: 25.6 years
male: 24.98 years
female: 26.24 years (2005 est.)

Vietnam
total: 25.51 years
male: 24.47 years
female: 26.68 years (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands
total: 36.52 years
male: 35.6 years
female: 37.33 years (2005 est.)

West Bank
total: 18.14 years
male: 17.99 years
female: 18.3 years (2005 est.)

World
total: 27.6 years
male: 27 years
female: 28.2 years (2005 est.)

Yemen
total: 16.54 years
male: 16.53 years
female: 16.56 years (2005 est.)

Zambia
total: 16.46 years
male: 16.26 years
female: 16.67 years (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe
total: 19.26 years
male: 19.28 years
female: 19.24 years (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2178 Oil - proved reserves (bbl)

Afghanistan
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Albania
185.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Algeria
11.87 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Angola
22.88 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Argentina
2.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Australia
3.664 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Austria
85.69 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Azerbaijan
589 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Bahrain
126 million bbl (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
28.45 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Barbados
1.254 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Benin
4.105 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Bolivia
458.8 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Brazil
13.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Brunei
1.255 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Bulgaria
8.1 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Burma
3.2 billion bbl (2003)

Cameroon
80 million bbl (2004 est.)

Canada
178.9 billion bbl including shale oil (2004 est.)

Chile
150 million bbl (1 January 2004)

China
17.74 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Colombia
1.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1.538 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Congo, Republic of the
93.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
220 million bbl (2004 est.)

Croatia
93.6 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Cuba
532 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Czech Republic
17.25 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Denmark
1.23 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Ecuador
4.408 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Egypt
2.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
563.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Ethiopia
214,000 bbl (1 January 2002)

European Union
28.21 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

France
144.3 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Gabon
2.022 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Germany
395.8 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Ghana
8.255 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Greece
4.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Guatemala
263 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Hungary
110.7 million bbl (1 January 2002)

India
5.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Indonesia
4.9 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Iran
130.8 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Iraq
112.5 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Ireland
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Israel
1.92 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Italy
586.6 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Japan
29.29 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Jordan
445,000 bbl (1 January 2002)

Kazakhstan
26 billion bbl (1 January 2004)

Kuwait
96.5 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Libya
38 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Madagascar
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Malaysia
3.2 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Mexico
18 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Morocco
300 million bbl (2004 est.)

Mozambique
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Namibia
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Netherlands
88.06 million bbl (1 January 2002)

New Zealand
89.62 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Nigeria
34 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Norway
9.859 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Oman
5.5 billion bbl (2003 est.)

Pakistan
325.5 million bbl (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
170 million bbl (2004 est.)

Peru
408.8 million bbl (2004 est.)

Philippines
152 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Poland
116.4 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Qatar
16 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Romania
1.055 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Russia
69 billion bbl (2003 est.)

Rwanda
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Saudi Arabia
261.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
38.75 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Slovakia
4.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Somalia
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

South Africa
7.84 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Spain
10.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Sudan
1.6 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Suriname
99 million bbl (2004)

Syria
2.5 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Taiwan
2.9 million bbl (2004 est.)

Tanzania
0 bbl (1 January 2002)

Thailand
600 million bbl (1 January 2003)

Trinidad and Tobago
990 million bbl (1 January 2004)

Tunisia
1.7 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Turkey
288.4 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Turkmenistan
273 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Ukraine
395 million bbl (9 November 2004)

United Arab Emirates
97.8 billion bbl (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
25.41 billion bbl (2003)

United States
22.45 billion bbl (1 January 2002)

Uzbekistan
297 million bbl (1 January 2002)

Venezuela
78 billion bbl (2004 est.)

Vietnam
650 million bbl (2004 est.)

World
1.025 trillion bbl (1 January 2002 est.)

Yemen
4 billion bbl (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2179 Natural gas - proved reserves (cu m)

Afghanistan
49.98 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Albania
3.316 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Algeria
4.739 trillion cu m (2004)

Angola
79.57 billion cu m (2004)

Argentina
768 billion cu m (2004)

Australia
2.407 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Austria
24.9 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Azerbaijan
62.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Bahrain
46 billion cu m (2004)

Bangladesh
150.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Barbados
70.79 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Benin
608.8 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Bolivia
727.2 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Brazil
221.7 billion cu m (2004)

Brunei
315 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Bulgaria
3.724 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Burma
2.46 trillion cu m (2003)

Cameroon
55.22 billion cu m (2004)

Canada
1.691 trillion cu m (2004)

Chile
99.05 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

China
2.23 trillion cu m (2004)

Colombia
132 billion cu m (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
104.8 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Congo, Republic of the
495.5 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
14.87 billion cu m (2004)

Croatia
34.36 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Cuba
42.62 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Czech Republic
3.057 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Denmark
81.98 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Ecuador
106.5 billion cu m (2004)

Egypt
1.264 trillion cu m (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
68.53 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Ethiopia
12.46 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

European Union
3.256 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

France
12.86 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Gabon
66.47 billion cu m (2004)

Germany
293 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Ghana
11.89 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Greece
254.9 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Guatemala
1.543 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Hungary
50.45 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

India
542.4 billion cu m (2004)

Indonesia
2.549 trillion cu m (2004)

Iran
26.7 trillion cu m (2004)

Iraq
3.149 trillion cu m (2004)

Ireland
9.911 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Israel
20.81 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Italy
209.7 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Japan
20.02 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Jordan
3.256 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Kazakhstan
1.8 trillion cu m (1 January 2004)

Kuwait
1.548 trillion cu m (2004)

Libya
1.321 trillion cu m (2004)

Madagascar
0 cu m (1 January 2002)

Malaysia
2.23 trillion cu m (2004)

Mexico
420 billion cu m (2004)

Morocco
665.4 million cu m (2004)

Mozambique
63.71 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Namibia
31.15 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Netherlands
1.693 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

New Zealand
58.94 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Nigeria
4.007 trillion cu m (2004)

Norway
1.716 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Oman
829.7 billion cu m (2003)

Pakistan
695.6 billion cu m (2004)

Papua New Guinea
385.5 billion cu m (2004)

Peru
245.1 billion cu m (2004)

Philippines
107.6 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Poland
154.4 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Qatar
14.41 trillion cu m (2004)

Romania
111.1 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Russia
47 trillion cu m (2003)

Rwanda
28.32 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Saudi Arabia
6.339 trillion cu m (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
24.07 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Slovakia
7.504 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Somalia
2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

South Africa
14.16 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Spain
254.9 million cu m (1 January 2002)

Sudan
99.11 billion cu m (2004)

Suriname
0 cu m (2004)

Syria
240.7 billion cu m (2004)

Taiwan
38.23 billion cu m (2004)

Tanzania
11.33 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Thailand
368.2 billion cu m (1 January 2003)

Trinidad and Tobago
589 billion cu m (1 January 2004)

Tunisia
77.16 billion cu m (2004)

Turkey
8.685 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Turkmenistan
1.43 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Ukraine
560.7 billion cu m (9 November 2004)

United Arab Emirates
6.06 trillion cu m (2004)

United Kingdom
714.9 billion cu m (2003)

United States
5.195 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Uzbekistan
937.3 billion cu m (1 January 2002)

Venezuela
4.19 trillion cu m (2004)

Vietnam
192.6 billion cu m (2004)

World
161.2 trillion cu m (1 January 2002)

Yemen
480 billion cu m (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2180 Natural gas - production (cu m)

Afghanistan
220 million cu m (2001 est.)

Albania
30 million cu m (2001 est.)

Algeria
80.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Angola
530 million cu m (2001 est.)

Argentina
37.15 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Armenia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Australia
33.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Austria
1.731 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
5.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bahrain
32.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Bangladesh
9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Barbados
29.17 million cu m (2001 est.)

Belarus
250 million cu m (2004 est.)

Belgium
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Bolivia
8.44 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Brazil
5.95 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Brunei
10.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bulgaria
4 million cu m (2001 est.)

Burma
9.98 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Cameroon
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Canada
165.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Chile
1.18 billion cu m (2002 est.)

China
35 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Colombia
5.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Croatia
1.76 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Cuba
600 million cu m (2001 est.)

Czech Republic
160 million cu m (2001 est.)

Denmark
8.38 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Ecuador
160 million cu m (2001 est.)

Egypt
21.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
20 million cu m (2001 est.)

Estonia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

European Union
242.6 billion cu m (2001)

Finland
0 cu m (2001 est.)

France
1.898 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Gabon
80 million cu m (2001 est.)

Georgia
60 million cu m (2001 est.)

Germany
21 billion cu m (2003)

Greece
35 million cu m (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
NA

Hungary
3.231 billion cu m (2001 est.)

India
22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Indonesia
77.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iran
79 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iraq
2.35 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Ireland
815 million cu m (2001 est.)

Israel
10 million cu m (2001 est.)

Italy
15.49 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Japan
2.519 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Jordan
290 million cu m (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
11.6 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Korea, South
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Kuwait
8.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
16 million cu m (2001 est.)

Latvia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Libya
6.18 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Lithuania
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Malaysia
53.66 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Mexico
47.3 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Moldova
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Morocco
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Mozambique
60 million cu m (2001 est.)

Netherlands
77.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

New Zealand
6.504 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Nigeria
15.68 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Norway
54.6 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Oman
13.77 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Pakistan
23.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea
110 million cu m (2001 est.)

Peru
910 million cu m (2004 est.)

Philippines
2.5 million cu m (2004 est.)

Poland
5.471 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Portugal
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Qatar
32.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Romania
12.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Russia
578.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Saudi Arabia
56.4 billion cu m (2002)

Senegal
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
602 million cu m (2001 est.)

Singapore
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Slovakia
190 million cu m (2003 est.)

Slovenia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

South Africa
1.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Spain
516 million cu m (2001 est.)

Sweden
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Switzerland
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Syria
5.84 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Taiwan
750 million cu m (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Thailand
18.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
25 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Tunisia
2.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Turkey
312 million cu m (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
58.57 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Ukraine
19.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
44.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Kingdom
105.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

United States
548.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Uruguay
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
63.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Venezuela
29.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Vietnam
1.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

World
2.637 trillion cu m (2001 est.)

Yemen
0 cu m (2003 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2181 Natural gas - consumption (cu m)

Afghanistan
220 million cu m (2001 est.)

Albania
30 million cu m (2001 est.)

Algeria
22.32 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Angola
530 million cu m (2001 est.)

Argentina
31.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Armenia
1.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Australia
23.33 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Austria
7.81 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
6.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bahrain
32.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Bangladesh
9.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Barbados
29.17 million cu m (2001 est.)

Belarus
18.8 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Belgium
15.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bolivia
1.15 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
300 million cu m (2001 est.)

Brazil
9.59 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Brunei
1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bulgaria
5.804 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Burma
1.569 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Cameroon
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Canada
55.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Chile
6.517 billion cu m (2002 est.)

China
29.18 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Colombia
5.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.35 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Croatia
2.84 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Cuba
600 million cu m (2001 est.)

Czech Republic
9.892 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Denmark
5.28 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Ecuador
160 million cu m (2001 est.)

Egypt
21.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
20 million cu m (2001 est.)

Estonia
1.27 billion cu m (2001 est.)

European Union
467.7 billion cu m (2001)

Finland
4.557 billion cu m (2001 est.)

France
42.01 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Gabon
80 million cu m (2001 est.)

Georgia
1.16 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Germany
99.55 billion cu m (2003)

Greece
2.021 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
680.9 million cu m (2001 est.)

Hungary
13.37 billion cu m (2001 est.)

India
22.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Indonesia
55.3 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iran
72.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iraq
2.35 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Ireland
4.199 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Israel
10 million cu m (2001 est.)

Italy
71.18 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Japan
80.42 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Jordan
290 million cu m (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
14.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Korea, South
20.92 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Kuwait
8.7 billion cu m (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
2.016 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Latvia
1.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Libya
5.41 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Lithuania
2.76 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
865 million cu m (2001 est.)

Malaysia
31.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Mexico
55.1 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Moldova
2.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Morocco
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Mozambique
60 million cu m (2001 est.)

Netherlands
49.72 billion cu m (2001 est.)

New Zealand
6.504 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Nigeria
7.85 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Norway
4.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Oman
6.34 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Pakistan
23.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea
110 million cu m (2001 est.)

Peru
910 million cu m (2004 est.)

Philippines
25 million cu m (2004 est.)

Poland
13.85 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Portugal
2.542 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
630 million cu m (2001 est.)

Qatar
15.86 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Romania
18.5 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Russia
405.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Saudi Arabia
56.4 billion cu m (2002)

Senegal
50 million cu m (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
602 million cu m (2001 est.)

Singapore
2.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Slovakia
6.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Slovenia
1.04 billion cu m (2001 est.)

South Africa
1.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Spain
17.96 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Sweden
949 million cu m (2001 est.)

Switzerland
3.093 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Syria
5.84 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Taiwan
6.64 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
1.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Thailand
23.93 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
13.76 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Tunisia
3.83 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Turkey
15.94 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
9.6 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Ukraine
79.86 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
33.7 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Kingdom
92.85 billion cu m (2001 est.)

United States
640.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Uruguay
64.5 million cu m (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
45.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Venezuela
29.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Vietnam
1.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

World
2.599 trillion cu m (2001 est.)

Yemen
0 cu m (2003 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2182 Natural gas - imports (cu m)

Afghanistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Albania
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Algeria
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Angola
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Argentina
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Armenia
1.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Australia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Austria
6.033 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bahrain
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Bangladesh
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Barbados
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Belarus
18.5 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Belgium
15.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bolivia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
300 million cu m (2001 est.)

Brazil
3.64 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Brunei
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Bulgaria
5.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Burma
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Cameroon
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Canada
8.73 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Chile
5.337 billion cu m (2002 est.)

China
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Colombia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Croatia
1.08 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Cuba
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Czech Republic
9.521 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Denmark
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Ecuador
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Egypt
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Estonia
1.27 billion cu m (2001 est.)

European Union
297.8 billion cu m (2001)

Finland
4.567 billion cu m (2001 est.)

France
40.26 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Gabon
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Georgia
1.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Germany
85.02 billion cu m (2003)

Greece
2.018 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
680.9 million cu m (2001 est.)

Hungary
9.587 billion cu m (2001 est.)

India
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Indonesia
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Iran
4.92 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iraq
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Ireland
3.384 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Israel
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Italy
54.78 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Japan
77.73 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Jordan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
8.696 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Korea, South
21.11 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Kuwait
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Latvia
1.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Libya
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Lithuania
2.76 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
867 million cu m (2001 est.)

Malaysia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Mexico
7.85 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Moldova
2.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Morocco
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Mozambique
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Netherlands
20.78 billion cu m (2001 est.)

New Zealand
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Nigeria
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Norway
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Oman
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Pakistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Peru
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Philippines
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Poland
8.782 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Portugal
2.553 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
630 million cu m (2001 est.)

Qatar
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Romania
5.4 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Russia
32.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia
0 cu m (2002)

Senegal
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Singapore 2.5 billion cu m note: from Indonesia and Malaysia (2001 est.)

Slovakia
6.6 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Slovenia
1.04 billion cu m (2001 est.)

South Africa
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Spain
17.26 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Sweden
968 million cu m (2001 est.)

Switzerland
3.093 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Syria
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Taiwan
6.3 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
1.25 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Thailand
5.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Tunisia
1.58 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Turkey
15.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Ukraine
60.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
0 cu m (2003 est.)

United Kingdom
2.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

United States
114.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Uruguay
65 million cu m (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Venezuela
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Vietnam
0 cu m (2001 est.)

World
718.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Yemen
0 cu m (2003 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2183 Natural gas - exports (cu m)

Afghanistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Albania
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Algeria
57.98 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Angola
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Argentina
6.05 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Armenia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Australia
9.744 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Austria
403 million cu m (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Bahrain
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Bangladesh
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Barbados
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Belarus
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Belgium
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Bolivia
2.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Brazil
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Brunei
9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Bulgaria
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Burma
8.424 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Cameroon
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Canada
91.52 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Chile
0 cu m (2002)

China
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Colombia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Croatia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Cuba
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Czech Republic
1 million cu m (2001 est.)

Denmark
3.1 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Ecuador
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Egypt
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Estonia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

European Union
78.1 billion cu m (2001)

Finland
0 cu m (2001 est.)

France
1.725 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Gabon
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Georgia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Germany
7.731 billion cu m (2003)

Greece
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Hungary
4 million cu m (2001 est.)

India
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Indonesia
39.7 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iran
3.4 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Iraq
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Ireland
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Israel
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Italy
61 million cu m (2001 est.)

Japan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Jordan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
11.01 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Korea, South
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Kuwait
0 cu m (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Latvia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Libya
770 million cu m (2001 est.)

Lithuania
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Luxembourg
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Malaysia
22.41 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Mexico
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Moldova
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Morocco
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Mozambique
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Netherlands
49.28 billion cu m (2001 est.)

New Zealand
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Nigeria
7.83 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Norway
50.5 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Oman
7.43 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Pakistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Peru
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Philippines
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Poland
41 million cu m (2001 est.)

Portugal
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Qatar
18.2 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Romania
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Russia
171 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Saudi Arabia
0 cu m (2002)

Senegal
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Singapore
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Slovakia
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Slovenia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

South Africa
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Spain
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Sweden
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Switzerland
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Syria
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Taiwan
410 million cu m (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Thailand
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
11.79 billion cu m (2003 est.)

Tunisia
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Turkey
0 cu m (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan
43.5 billion cu m (2004 est.)

Ukraine
5.8 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Arab Emirates
7.19 billion cu m (2003 est.)

United Kingdom
15.75 billion cu m (2001 est.)

United States
11.16 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Uruguay
0 cu m (2003 est.)

Uzbekistan
17.9 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Venezuela
0 cu m (2004 est.)

Vietnam
0 cu m (2001 est.)

World
693.7 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Yemen
0 cu m (2003 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2184 Internet hosts

Albania
455 (2004)

Algeria
897 (2004)

Andorra
4,144 (2004)

Angola
17 (2003)

Antigua and Barbuda
1,665 (2003)

Argentina
742,358 (2003)

Armenia
2,206 (2004)

Aruba
923 (2001)

Australia
2,847,763 (2003)

Austria
387,006 (2004)

Azerbaijan
586 (2004)

Bahamas, The
302 (2003)

Bahrain
1,334 (2003)

Bangladesh
1 (2003)

Barbados
204 (2003)

Belarus
5,308 (2004)

Belgium
166,799 (2004)

Belize
2,613 (2003)

Benin
879 (2004)

Bermuda
5,161 (2001)

Bhutan
985 (2003)

Bolivia
7,080 (2003)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
6,994 (2004)

Botswana
1,920 (2003)

Brazil
3,163,349 (2003)

Brunei
6,409 (2003)

Bulgaria
53,421 (2004)

Burkina Faso
442 (2003)

Burma
3 (2003)

Burundi
22 (2003)

Cambodia
818 (2003)

Cameroon
479 (2004)

Canada
3,210,081 (2003)

Cape Verde
118 (2004)

Central African Republic
6 (2002)

Chad
8 (2004)

Chile
202,429 (2003)

China
160,421 (2003)

Colombia
115,158 (2003)

Comoros
11 (2003)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
153 (2003)

Congo, Republic of the
46 (2003)

Costa Rica
10,826 (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire
3,795 (2004)

Croatia
29,644 (2004)

Cuba
1,529 (2003)

Cyprus
5,901 (2004)

Czech Republic
295,677 (2004)

Denmark
1,219,925 (2004)

Djibouti
702 (2004)

Dominica
681 (2003)

Dominican Republic
64,197 (2003)

Ecuador
3,188 (2003)

Egypt
3,401 (2004)

El Salvador
4,084 (2003)

Equatorial Guinea
3 (2004)

Eritrea
1,047 (2004)

Estonia
82,142 (2004)

Ethiopia
9 (2003)

European Union
22,000,414 (2004); note - sum of individual country
Internet hosts

Fiji
493 (2003)

Finland
1,219,173 (2004)

France
2,396,761 (2004)

French Polynesia
5,123 (2003)

Gabon
93 (2004)

Gambia, The
568 (2004)

Georgia
5,160 (2004)

Germany
2,686,119 (2004)

Ghana
407 (2004)

Greece
208,977 (2004)

Greenland
2,642 (2004)

Grenada
18 (2003)

Guatemala
20,360 (2003)

Guinea
380 (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
2 (2004)

Guyana
613 (2003)

Haiti
NA

Holy See (Vatican City)
9 (2004)

Honduras
1,944 (2003)

Hong Kong
591,993 (2003)

Hungary
383,071 (2004)

Iceland
122,175 (2004)

India
86,871 (2003)

Indonesia
62,036 (2003)

Iran
5,269 (2004)

Ireland
162,228 (2004)

Israel
437,516 (2004)

Italy
1,437,511 (2004)

Jamaica
1,480 (2003)

Japan
12,962,065 (2003)

Jordan
3,160 (2004)

Kazakhstan
21,984 (2004)

Kenya
8,325 (2003)

Korea, South
694,206 (2001)

Kuwait
3,437 (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
12,299 (2004)

Laos
937 (2003)

Latvia
51,758 (2004)

Lebanon
6,998 (2004)

Lesotho
119 (2003)

Liberia
14 (2004)

Libya
67 (2003)

Liechtenstein
3,727 (2004)

Lithuania
67,769 (2004)

Luxembourg
28,214 (2003)

Macau
89 (2003)

Macedonia
3,738 (2004)

Madagascar
773 (2003)

Malawi
18 (2003)

Malaysia
107,971 (2003)

Maldives
532 (2003)

Mali
187 (2003)

Malta
7,156 (2004)

Marshall Islands
6 (2003)

Mauritania
25 (2003)

Mauritius
3,985 (2003)

Mexico
1,333,406 (2003)

Moldova
11,984 (2003)

Monaco
533 (2004)

Mongolia
1,000 (2004)

Morocco
3,627 (2004)

Mozambique
3,249 (2003)

Namibia
3,164 (2003)

Nepal
917 (2003)

Netherlands
4,518,226 (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
119 (2001)

New Caledonia
4,449 (2003)

New Zealand
474,395 (2003)

Nicaragua
7,094 (2003)

Niger
134 (2003)

Nigeria
1,142 (2004)

Norway
593,850 (2004)

Oman
726 (2003)

Pakistan
15,124 (2003)

Panama
7,129 (2003)

Papua New Guinea
389 (2003)

Paraguay
9,243 (2003)

Peru
65,868 (2003)

Philippines
38,440 (2002)

Poland
804,915 (2004)

Portugal
346,078 (2004)

Qatar
221 (2004)

Romania
50,807 (2004)

Russia
560,874 (2004)

Rwanda
1,495 (2003)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
51 (2003)

Saint Lucia
41 (2003)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
4 (2003)

Samoa
8,225 (2003)

San Marino
1,763 (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
1,069 (2003)

Saudi Arabia
15,931 (2004)

Senegal
672 (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro
20,207 (2004)

Seychelles
264 (2003)

Sierra Leone
277 (2004)

Singapore
484,825 (2003)

Slovakia
89,592 (2004)

Slovenia
45,491 (2004)

Solomon Islands
398 (2003)

Somalia
4 (2004)

South Africa
288,633 (2003)

Spain
1,056,950 (2004)

Sri Lanka
1,882 (2003)

Sudan
NA

Suriname
18 (2003)

Swaziland
1,401 (2003)

Sweden
945,221 (2004)

Switzerland
667,275 (2004)

Syria
11 (2004)

Taiwan
2,777,085 (2003)

Tajikistan
69 (2004)

Tanzania
5,534 (2003)

Thailand
103,700 (2003)

Togo
82 (2003)

Tonga
18,906 (2003)

Trinidad and Tobago
8,003 (2003)

Tunisia
281 (2004)

Turkey
355,215 (2004)

Turkmenistan
524 (2004)

Uganda
2,692 (2004)

Ukraine
94,345 (2004)

United Arab Emirates
56,283 (2004)

United Kingdom
3,398,708 (2004)

United States
115,311,958 (2002)

Uruguay
87,630 (2003)

Uzbekistan
1,040 (2003)

Vanuatu
512 (2003)

Venezuela
35,301 (2003)

Vietnam
340 (2003)

Yemen
138 (2004)

Zambia
1,880 (2003)

Zimbabwe
4,501 (2003)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2185 Investment (gross fixed) (% of GDP)

Albania
18.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Algeria
26.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Angola
34.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Argentina
18.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Armenia
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Australia
25.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Austria
22.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
65.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bahrain
12.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
23.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Belarus
21.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Belgium
19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Belize
33.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Benin
19.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bolivia
10.4% of GDP (2003 est.)

Botswana
25.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Brazil
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
18.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
29.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Burma
10.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Burundi
10.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cambodia
20.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cameroon
16.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Canada
19.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
19.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Chad
24.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Chile
23.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

China
46% of GDP (2004 est.)

Colombia
15.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
25.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Costa Rica
19.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
11.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Croatia
28.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cuba
11.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 17.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
29% of GDP (2004 est.)

Denmark
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic
18.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ecuador
20.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Egypt
15.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

El Salvador
16.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
50.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Eritrea
26.3% of GDP (2002)

Estonia
28.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
17.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

European Union
percent of GDP - 19.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Finland
18.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

France
19.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Gabon
21.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
25.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Georgia
18.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Germany
17.6% of GDP (2004)

Ghana
19.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Greece
27% of GDP (2004 est.)

Guatemala
14.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Guinea
21% of GDP (2004 est.)

Guyana
34.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Honduras
24.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
22.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Hungary
22.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Iceland
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

India
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Indonesia
16.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Iran
31.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ireland
23.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Israel
17.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Italy
19.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Jamaica
32% of GDP (2004 est.)

Japan
24% of GDP (2004 est.)

Jordan
11.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
23.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kenya
14.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Korea, South
28.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kuwait
8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
17% of GDP (2004 est.)

Latvia
26.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Lebanon
26% of GDP (2004 est.)

Lesotho
39.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Libya
9.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Lithuania
21.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Luxembourg
19.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Macedonia
17.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Madagascar
14.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Malawi
10.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Malaysia
21.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Malta
26.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Mauritius
22.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Mexico
19.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Moldova
17.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Morocco
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Mozambique
47% of GDP (2004 est.)

Namibia
19.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Netherlands
19.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

New Zealand
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
28% of GDP (2004 est.)

Nigeria
18% of GDP (2004 est.)

Norway
17.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Oman
13.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Pakistan
16.4% of GDP (FY03/04 est.)

Panama
25% of GDP (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
13.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Paraguay
18.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Peru
17.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Philippines
17% of GDP (2004 est.)

Poland
18.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Portugal
22.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Qatar
22.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Romania
23.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Russia
19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Rwanda
20% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
31.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
17.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Senegal
20.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
14.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Seychelles
39.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Singapore
27.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Slovakia
24% of GDP (2004 est.)

Slovenia
24.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

South Africa
16.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Spain
25.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sudan
16% of GDP (2004 est.)

Swaziland
23.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sweden
15.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Switzerland
20.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Syria
16.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Taiwan
18% of GDP (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
22% of GDP (2004 est.)

Tanzania
16.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Thailand
22.5% of GDP (Jan - Sep 2004 est.)

Togo
19.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
19.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Tunisia
24.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Turkey
17.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
29% of GDP (2004 est.)

Uganda
22.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ukraine
18.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
20.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
16.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

United States
15.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Uruguay
9.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Venezuela
12.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Vietnam
36.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Yemen
16.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Zambia
41.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
9.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2186 Public debt (% of GDP)

Algeria
37.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Argentina
118% of GDP (June 2004 est.)

Australia
17.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Austria
64.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
18.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bahrain
63.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
43% of GDP (2004 est.)

Belgium
96.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Botswana
8.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Brazil
52% of GDP (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
41.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cameroon
69.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Canada
NA (2004 est.)

Chile
12.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

China
31.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Colombia
51.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Costa Rica
58% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
74.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Croatia
41.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: 74.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
33.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Denmark
42.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic
61.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ecuador
49.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Egypt
102.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

El Salvador
41.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Estonia
5.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Finland
46.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

France
67.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Gabon
29.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Germany
65.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Greece
112% of GDP (2004 est.)

Guatemala
32% of GDP (2004 est.)

Honduras
74.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
2.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Hungary
58.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Iceland
35.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

India
59.7% of GDP (federal debt only; state debt not included)
(2004 est.)

Indonesia
56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Iran
27% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ireland
31.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Israel
104.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Italy
105.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Jamaica
146.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Japan
164.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Jordan
85.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
13.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kenya
74.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Korea, South
21.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Kuwait
29.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Latvia
11.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Lebanon
177.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Libya
8.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Lithuania
25.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Macedonia
20% of GDP (2004 est.)

Malawi
228.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Malaysia
45.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Mauritius
29.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Mexico
23.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Moldova
63.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Morocco
70.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Namibia
38.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Netherlands
55.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

New Zealand
22.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
69.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Nigeria
20% of GDP (2004 est.)

Norway
33.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Oman
10.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Pakistan
71.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Panama
69.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
59.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Paraguay
39.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Peru
44.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Philippines
74.2% of GDP (September 2004 est.)

Poland
49.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Portugal
61.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Qatar
NA

Romania
23.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Russia
28.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
75% of GDP (2004 est.)

Senegal
55.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
80% of GDP (2004 est.)

Seychelles
122.8% of GDP (2004 est.)

Singapore
102.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Slovakia
46.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Slovenia
31.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

South Africa
45.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Spain
53.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
104.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sudan
79.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Sweden
51.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

Switzerland
57.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Syria
32% of GDP (2004 est.)

Taiwan
32.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Tanzania
5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Thailand
47.6% of GDP (November 2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
54.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Tunisia
59.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Turkey
74.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

Uganda
73.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Ukraine
24.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
17.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
39.6% of GDP (2004 est.)

United States
65% of GDP (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
41.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Venezuela
43.1% of GDP (2004 est.)

Vietnam
65.9% of GDP (2004 est.)

Yemen
46.4% of GDP (2004 est.)

Zambia
127.5% of GDP (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
52.3% of GDP (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2187 Current account balance

Albania
$-504 million (2004 est.)

Algeria
$11.9 billion (2004 est.)

Angola
$-37.88 million (2004 est.)

Argentina
$5.473 billion (2004 est.)

Armenia
$-240.4 million (2004 est.)

Australia
$-38.3 billion (2004 est.)

Austria
$-3.283 billion (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan
$-2.899 billion (2004 est.)

Bahrain
$586.1 million (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
$216.6 million (2004 est.)

Belarus
$-1.119 billion (2004 est.)

Belgium
$11.4 billion (2004 est.)

Belize
$-115 million (2004 est.)

Benin
$-159.9 million (2004 est.)

Bolivia
$273 million (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$-2.1 billion (2004 est.)

Botswana
$337 million (2004 est.)

Brazil
$8 billion (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
$682.9 million (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
$-471.7 million (2004 est.)

Burma
$-185 million (2004 est.)

Burundi
$-59.5 million (2004 est.)

Cambodia
$-316.2 million (2004 est.)

Cameroon
$-149.1 million (2004 est.)

Canada
$28.2 billion (2004 est.)

Cape Verde
$-93.76 million (2004 est.)

Chad
$330.2 million (2004 est.)

Chile
$2.185 billion (2004 est.)

China
$30.32 billion (2004 est.)

Colombia
$-1.706 billion (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$266 million (2004 est.)

Costa Rica
$-980.3 million (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$-421.5 million (2004 est.)

Croatia
$-1.925 billion (2004 est.)

Cuba
$-185.1 million (2004 est.)

Cyprus
$-619.9 million (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
$-5.73 billion (2004 est.)

Denmark
$6.529 billion (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic
$762.2 million (2004 est.)

Ecuador
$261.1 million (2004 est.)

Egypt
$2.113 billion (2004 est.)

El Salvador
$-880.5 million (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$-578.6 million (2004 est.)

Eritrea
$-144.9 million (2004 est.)

Estonia
$-1.169 billion (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
$-464.4 million (2004 est.)

European Union
$NA

Finland
$11.39 billion (2004 est.)

France
$-305 million (2004 est.)

Gabon
$196.8 million (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
$-16.4 million (2004 est.)

Georgia
$-632.9 million (2004 est.)

Germany
$73.59 billion (2004 est.)

Ghana
$83.87 million (2004 est.)

Greece
$-8 billion (2004 est.)

Guatemala
$-1.381 billion (2004 est.)

Guinea
$-308.3 million (2004 est.)

Guyana
$-129.4 million (2004 est.)

Haiti
$-27.63 million (2004 est.)

Honduras
$258.3 million (2003 est.)

Hong Kong
$14.85 billion (2004 est.)

Hungary
$-7.941 billion (2004 est.)

Iceland
$-570 million (2004 est.)

India
$4.897 billion (2004 est.)

Indonesia
$7.338 billion (2004 est.)

Iran
$2.1 billion (2004 est.)

Iraq
$-560 million (2003 est.)

Ireland
$-2.881 billion (2004 est.)

Israel
$211.9 million (2004 est.)

Italy
$-21.1 billion (2004 est.)

Jamaica
$-830.7 million (2004 est.)

Japan
$170.2 billion (2004 est.)

Jordan
$203.2 million (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$-39.02 million (2004 est.)

Kenya
$-459.2 million (2004 est.)

Korea, South
$26.78 billion (2004 est.)

Kuwait
$12.04 billion (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$-87.92 million (2004 est.)

Laos
$-80.76 million (2004 est.)

Latvia
$-1.251 billion (2004 est.)

Lebanon
$-2.389 billion (2004 est.)

Lesotho
$-108.3 million (2004 est.)

Libya
$9.895 billion (2004 est.)

Lithuania
$-1.6 billion (2004 est.)

Macedonia
$-311 million (2004 est.)

Madagascar
$-281.9 million (2004 est.)

Malawi
$-55.5 million (2004 est.)

Malaysia
$11.81 billion (2004 est.)

Malta
$-241 million (2004 est.)

Mauritius
$284.1 million (2004 est.)

Mexico
$-4.113 billion (2004 est.)

Moldova
$-148.4 million (2004 est.)

Morocco
$765.4 million (2004 est.)

Mozambique
$-101.2 million (2004 est.)

Namibia
$234.3 million (2004 est.)

Netherlands
$19.9 billion (2004 est.)

New Zealand
$-3.647 billion (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
$-843.1 million (2004 est.)

Nigeria
$5.228 billion (2004 est.)

Norway
$30.52 billion (2004 est.)

Oman
$2.674 billion (2004 est.)

Pakistan
$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Panama
$-469.6 million (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$29.15 million (2004 est.)

Paraguay
$-36.11 million (2004 est.)

Peru
$-30 million (2004 est.)

Philippines
$3.6 billion (2004 est.)

Poland
$-3.831 billion (2004 est.)

Portugal
$-8.12 billion (2004 est.)

Qatar
$5.187 billion (2004 est.)

Romania
$-3.631 billion (2004 est.)

Russia
$46.04 billion (2004 est.)

Rwanda
$-212.5 million (2004 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
$-31.5 million (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$51.5 billion (2004 est.)

Senegal
$-518.8 million (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$-3.008 billion (2004 est.)

Seychelles
$-98.42 million (2004 est.)

Singapore
$8.8 billion (2004 est.)

Slovakia
$-1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Slovenia
$-51.64 million (2004 est.)

South Africa
$-2.48 billion (2004 est.)

Spain
$-30.89 billion (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
$-587.3 million (2004 est.)

Sudan
$-763.6 million (2004 est.)

Swaziland
$-82.4 million (2004 est.)

Sweden
$24.08 billion (2004 est.)

Switzerland
$40.95 billion (2004 est.)

Syria
$1.1 billion (2003)

Taiwan
$21.16 billion (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
$-52 million (2004 est.)

Tanzania
$-327.4 million (2004 est.)

Thailand
$6.736 billion (2004 est.)

Togo
$-125.6 million (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$1.548 billion (2004 est.)

Tunisia
$71.85 million (2004 est.)

Turkey
$-15.3 billion (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
$114 million (2004 est.)

Uganda
$-590.8 million (2004 est.)

Ukraine
$4.584 billion (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$6.3 billion (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
$-33.46 billion (2004 est.)

United States
$-646.5 billion (2004 est.)

Uruguay
$181.8 million (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
$461.9 million (2004 est.)

Venezuela
$14.59 billion (2004 est.)

Vietnam
$-2.061 billion (2004 est.)

Yemen
$369.9 million (2004 est.)

Zambia
$-181.4 million (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
$-230.3 million (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2188 Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Albania
$1.206 billion (2004 est.)

Algeria
$43.55 billion (2004 est.)

Angola
$800 million (2004 est.)

Argentina
$19.47 billion (2004 est.)

Armenia
$555 million (2004 est.)

Australia
$35.14 billion (2004 est.)

Austria
$12.73 billion (2003)

Azerbaijan
$875 million (2004 est.)

Bahrain
$2.141 billion (2004 est.)

Bangladesh
$3 billion (2004 est.)

Belarus
$770.2 million (2004 est.)

Belgium
$14.45 billion (2003)

Belize
$111.1 million (2004 est.)

Benin
$839.3 million (2004 est.)

Bolivia
$1.214 billion (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$2 billion (2004 est.)

Botswana
$5.7 billion (2004 est.)

Brazil
$52.94 billion (2004 est.)

Bulgaria
$7.526 billion (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso
$474.9 million (2004 est.)

Burma
$590 million (2004 est.)

Burundi
$76.89 million (2004 est.)

Cambodia
$997.5 million (2004 est.)

Cameroon
$687.5 million (2004 est.)

Canada
$36.27 billion (2003)

Cape Verde
$112.7 million (2004 est.)

Chad
$652.7 million (2004 est.)

Chile
$16.02 billion (2004)

China
$609.9 billion (2004 est.)

Colombia
$11.94 billion (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$40.42 million (2004 est.)

Costa Rica
$1.736 billion (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$1.95 billion (2004 est.)

Croatia
$8.563 billion (2004 est.)

Cuba
$738.6 million (2004 est.)

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: $3.385 billion
north Cyprus: $941.6 million (2004 est.)

Czech Republic
$32.78 billion (2004 est.)

Denmark
$37.98 billion (2003)

Dominican Republic
$426 million (2004 est.)

Ecuador
$1.436 billion (December 2004 est.)

Egypt
$14.03 billion (2004 est.)

El Salvador
$1.888 billion (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$235.2 million (2004 est.)

Eritrea
$30.87 million (2004 est.)

Estonia
$1.503 billion (2004 est.)

Ethiopia
$923.1 million (2004 est.)

European Union
$NA

Finland
$11.17 billion (2003)

France
$70.76 billion (2003)

Gabon
$268.6 million (2004 est.)

Gambia, The
$113.1 million (2004 est.)

Georgia
$231.4 million (2004 est.)

Germany
$96.84 billion (2003)

Ghana
$1.267 billion (2004 est.)

Greece
$7.3 billion (2004 est.)

Guatemala
$3.084 billion (2004 est.)

Guinea
$201.7 million (2004 est.)

Guyana
$280.6 million (2004 est.)

Haiti
$80.64 million (2004 est.)

Honduras
$1.464 billion (2004 est.)

Hong Kong
$123.6 billion (31 December 2004 est.)

Hungary
$14.8 billion (2004 est.)

Iceland
$935 million (2004)

India
$126 billion (2004 est.)

Indonesia
$35.82 billion (2004 est.)

Iran
$29.87 billion (2004 est.)

Ireland
$4.152 billion (2003)

Israel
$28.48 billion (2004 est.)

Italy
$61.5 billion (2004 est.)

Jamaica
$1.4 billion (2004 est.)

Japan
$664.6 billion (2003)

Jordan
$5.457 billion (2004 est.)

Kazakhstan
$14.35 billion (2004 est.)

Kenya
$1.5 billion (2004 est.)

Korea, South
$199.1 billion (2004 est.)

Kuwait
$7.333 billion (2004 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$498.7 million (2004 est.)

Laos
$193.1 million (2004 est.)

Latvia
$1.65 billion (2004 est.)

Lebanon
$16.3 billion (2004 est.)

Lesotho
$402.2 million (2004 est.)

Libya
$24.18 billion (2004 est.)

Lithuania
$4.61 billion (2004 est.)

Macedonia
$928 million (2004 est.)

Madagascar
$500.3 million (2004 est.)

Malawi
$160.5 million (2004 est.)

Malaysia
$55.27 billion (2004 est.)

Malta
$2.865 billion (2004 est.)

Mauritius
$1.676 billion (2004 est.)

Mexico
$60.67 billion (2004 est.)

Moldova
$390 million (2004 est.)

Morocco
$15.14 billion (2004 est.)

Mozambique
$1.206 billion (2004 est.)

Namibia
$360 million (2004 est.)

Netherlands
$21.44 billion (2003)

New Zealand
$4.805 billion (2004 est.)

Nicaragua
$670 million (2004 est.)

Nigeria
$14.71 billion (2004 est.)

Oman
$4.144 billion (2004 est.)

Pakistan
$12.58 billion (2004 est.)

Panama
$1.076 billion (2004 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$635.8 million (2004 est.)

Paraguay
$1.164 billion (2004 est.)

Peru
$12.7 billion (2004 est.)

Philippines
$16.05 billion (2004)

Poland
$41.88 billion (2004 est.)

Portugal
$12.3 billion (2004 est.)

Qatar
$3.351 billion (2004 est.)

Romania
$16.21 billion (2004)

Russia
$124.5 billion (3 December 2004 e)

Rwanda
$210.9 million (2004 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
$29.78 million (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$23.62 billion (2004 est.)

Senegal
$820 million (2004 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$3.55 billion (2004 est.)

Seychelles
$70.94 million (2004 est.)

Singapore
$112.8 billion (2004 est.)

Slovakia
$14.91 billion (2004 est.)

Slovenia
$8.493 billion (2004 est.)

South Africa
$11.68 billion (2004 est.)

Spain
$19.7 billion (2004 est.)

Sri Lanka
$2.475 billion (2004 est.)

Sudan
$1.652 billion (2004 est.)

Swaziland
$320.5 million (2004 est.)

Sweden
$19.99 billion (2003)

Switzerland
$69.58 billion (2003)

Syria
$5 billion (2004 est.)

Taiwan
$246.5 billion (2004 est.)

Tajikistan
$145.3 million (2004 est.)

Tanzania
$2.175 billion (2004 est.)

Thailand
$48.3 billion (2004)

Togo
$267.4 million (2004 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$2.927 billion (2004 est.)

Tunisia
$3.509 billion (2004 est.)

Turkey
$37.1 billion (2004 est.)

Turkmenistan
$3.034 billion (2004 est.)

Uganda
$1.2 billion (2004 est.)

Ukraine
$11.33 billion (2004 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$18.64 billion (2004 est.)

United Kingdom
$48.73 billion (2004)

United States
$85.94 billion (2003)

Uruguay
$2.362 billion (2004 est.)

Uzbekistan
$1.603 billion (2004 est.)

Venezuela
$25.75 billion (2004 est.)

Vietnam
$6.51 billion (2004 est.)

Yemen
$5.3 billion (2004 est.)

Zambia
$345 million (2004 est.)

Zimbabwe
$57 million (2004 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2193 Major infectious diseases

Afghanistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk countrywide below 2,000
meters from March through November
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Algeria
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a high risk in some
locations (2004)

Angola
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness) are high risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Bangladesh
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: leptospirosis
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Benin
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, yellow fever, and others are high
risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Botswana
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Burkina Faso
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Burma
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations (2004)

Burundi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Cambodia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis are high risks in some locations (2004)

Cameroon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Central African Republic
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Chad
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, plague, and African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, yellow fever, and others are high
risks in some locations
water contact: schistosomiasis (2004)

Djibouti
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Equatorial Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Eritrea
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations (2004)

Ethiopia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, typhoid fever, and hepatitis E
vectorborne diseases: malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis are high
risks in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Gabon
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Gambia, The
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Ghana
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

India
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Japanese
encephalitis are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Indonesia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are
high risks in some locations (2004)

Kenya
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Liberia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2004)

Libya
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through October)
(2004)

Madagascar
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Malawi
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Malaysia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations (2004)

Mali
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Mauritania
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and Rift Valley fever are high risks
in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Morocco
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through November)
(2004)

Mozambique
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Namibia
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Niger
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria is a high risk in some locations
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Nigeria
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: one of the most highly
endemic areas for Lassa fever (2004)

Pakistan
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E,
and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and cutaneous
leishmaniasis are high risks depending on location
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Papua New Guinea
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations (2004)

Philippines
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in
some locations
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Rwanda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne disease: malaria (2004)

Senegal
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, yellow fever,
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever are high
risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Sierra Leone
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease: Lassa fever (2004)

Somalia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
animal contact disease: rabies (2004)

Sudan
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis
(sleeping sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Tanzania
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria, Rift Valley fever and plague are high
risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Thailand
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2004)

Togo
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in
some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004)

Tunisia
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through November)
(2004)

Uganda
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping
sickness) are high risks in some locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Vietnam
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis,
and plague are high risks in some locations
animal contact disease: rabies
water contact disease: leptospirosis (2004)

Western Sahara
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea,
hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: may be a significant risk in some locations
during the transmission season (typically April through November)
(2004)

Zambia
degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: malaria and plague are high risks in some
locations
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

Zimbabwe
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid
vectorborne disease: malaria
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2194 Refugees and internally displaced persons

Afghanistan
IDPs: 167,000 - 200,000 (mostly Pashtuns and Kuchis
displaced in south and west due to drought and instability) (2004)

Algeria
refugees (country of origin): 165,000 (Western Saharan
Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the
southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf)
IDPs: 100,000 - 200,000 (conflict between government forces, Islamic
insurgents) (2004)

Angola
IDPs: 40,000-60,000 (27-year civil war ending in 2002; 4
million IDPs already have returned) (2004)

Armenia
refugees (country of origin): 236,306 (Azerbaijan)
IDPs: 50,000 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh) (2004)

Azerbaijan
IDPs: 571,000 (conflict with Armenia over
Nagorno-Karabakh) (2004)

Bangladesh
IDPs: 61,000 (land conflicts, religious persecution)
(2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
IDPs: 327,200 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and
Muslims displaced in 1992-95 war) (2004)

Burma
IDPs: 600,000 - 1,000,000 (government offensives against
ethnic insurgent groups near borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen,
Karenni, Shan, and Mon) (2004)

Burundi
refugees (country of origin): 60,288 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo)
IDPs: 140,000 (armed conflict between government and rebels; most
IDPs in northern and western Burundi) (2004)

Cameroon
refugees (country of origin): 39,261 (Chad) 16,983
(Nigeria) 9,634 (Cote d'Ivoire) (2004)

Central African Republic
refugees (country of origin): 36,479
(Sudan) 1,864 (Chad) 6,484 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
IDPs: 200,000 (unrest following coup in 2003) (2004)

Chad
refugees (country of origin): 200,000 (Sudan) 30,000 (Central
African Republic) (2004)

China
refugees (country of origin): 299,287 (Vietnam) estimated
30,000-50,000 (North Korea) (2004)

Colombia
IDPs: 2,730,000 - 3,100,000 (conflict between government
and FARC; drug wars) (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the refugees (country of origin): 45,060 (Sudan) 100,000 (Angola) 19,552 (Burundi) 6,626 (Republic of Congo) 19,743 (Rwanda) 18,953 (Uganda) IDPs: 2.33 million (fighting between government forces and rebels since mid-1990s; most IDPs are in eastern provinces) (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
IDPs: 60,000 (multiple civil wars since 1992;
most IDPs are ethnic Lari) (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
refugees (country of origin): 71,711 (Liberia)
IDPs: 500,000 (2002 coup; most IDPs are in western regions) (2004)

Croatia
IDPs: 12,600 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992-1995 war)
(2004)

Cyprus
IDPs: 265,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many
displaced for over 30 years) (2004)

Djibouti
refugees (country of origin): 25,474 (Somalia) (2004)

Egypt
refugees (country of origin): 70,215 (Palestinian Territories)
(2004)

Eritrea
IDPs: 59,000 (border war with Ethiopia from 1998-2000; most
IDPs are near the central border region) (2004)

Ethiopia
refugees (country of origin): 93,032 (Sudan) 23,578
(Somalia)
IDPs: 132,000 (border war with Eritrea from 1998-2000 and ethnic
clashes in Gambela; most IDPs are in Tigray and Gambela Provinces)
(2004)

Gaza Strip
refugees (country of origin): 922,674 (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2004)

Georgia
IDPs: 260,000 (displaced from Abkhazia and South Ossetia)
(2004)

Ghana
refugees (country of origin): 42,466 (Liberia) (2004)

Guatemala
IDPs: 250,000 (government's scorched-earth offensive in
1980s against indigenous people) (2004)

Guinea
refugees (country of origin): 133,175 (Liberia) 13,633
(Sierra Leone) 7,064 (Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 100,000 (cross-border incursions from Liberia, Sierra Leone,
Cote d'Ivoire) (2004)

India
refugees (country of origin): 92,394 (Tibet/China) 60,922 (Sri
Lanka)
IDPs: 650,000 (Jammu and Kashmir conflicts; most IDPs are Kashmiri
Hindus); 113,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami) (2004)

Indonesia
IDPs: 535,000 (government offensives against rebels in
Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and Central
Sulawesi Provinces); 441,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004
tsunmai) (2004)

Iran
refugees (country of origin): 1,223,823 (Afghanistan) 124,014
(Iraq) (2004)

Iraq
refugees (country of origin): 150,000 (Palestinian Territories)
IDPs: 1,340,280 (ongoing US-led war and Kurds' subsequent return)
(2004)

Israel
IDPs: 276,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in
northern Israel) (2004)

Jordan
refugees (country of origin): 1,740,170 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA))
IDPs: 800,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2004)

Kenya
refugees (country of origin): 154,272 (Somalia) 11,139
(Ethiopia) 63,197 (Sudan)
IDPs: 350,000 (KANU attacks on opposition tribal groups in 1990s)
(2004)

Korea, North
IDPs: 50,000-250,000 (government repression and famine)
(2004)

Lebanon
refugees (country of origin): 394,532 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA))
IDPs: 300,000 (1975-90 civil war, Israeli invasions) (2004)

Liberia
refugees (country of origin): 13,941 (Sierra Leone) 38,325
(Cote d'Ivoire)
IDPs: 500,000 (civil war from 1990-2004; IDP resettlement began in
November 2004) (2004)

Macedonia
IDPs: 2,678 (ethnic conflict in 2001; most IDPs have
returned) (2004)

Maldives
IDPs: 12,000 (26 December 2004 tsunami victims) (2005)

Mexico
IDPs: 12,000 (government's quashing of Zapatista uprising in
1994 in eastern Chiapas Region) (2004)

Moldova
IDPs: 1,000 (internal secessionist uprising in
Transdniestrian region in 1991) (2004)

Nepal
refugees (country of origin): 104,235 (Bhutan)
IDPs: 100,000-200,000 (ongoing conflict between government forces
and Maoist rebels; displacement spread across the country) (2004)

Nigeria
IDPs: 250,000 (communal violence between Christians and
Muslims since President OBASANJO's election in 1999) (2004)

Pakistan
refugees (country of origin): 1,064,230 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: undetermined (government strikes on Islamic militants in South
Waziristan) (2004)

Peru
IDPs: 60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are
indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2004)

Philippines
IDPs: 150,000 (fighting between government troops and
MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups) (2004)

Russia
IDPs: 368,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North Ossetia)
(2004)

Rwanda
refugees (country of origin): 37,691 (Democratic Republic of
the Congo)
IDPs: 4,158 (incursions by Hutu rebels from Democratic Republic of
the Congo, 1997-99; most IDPs in northwest) (2004)

Saudi Arabia
refugees (country of origin): 240,000 (Palestinian
Territories) (2004)

Senegal
IDPs: 17,000 (clashes between government troops and
separatists in Casamance region) (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro
refugees (country of origin): 99,170 (Bosnia)
188,656 (Croatia)
IDPs: 225,000 (mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999)
(2004)

Sierra Leone
refugees (country of origin): 67,000 (Liberia) (2004)

Somalia
IDPs: 375,000 (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition
for resources) (2004)

Sri Lanka
IDPs: 362,000 (both Tamils and non-Tamils displaced due to
Tamil conflict); 555,000 (resulting from 26 December 2004 tsunami)
(2004)

Sudan
refugees (country of origin): 108,251 (Eritrea) 5,023 (Chad)
7,983 (Uganda)
IDPs: 4.367 million (internal conflict since 1980s; ongoing
genocide) (2004)

Syria
refugees (country of origin): 413,827 (Palestinian Refugees
(UNRWA))
IDPs: 170,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967
Arab-Israeli War) (2004)

Tanzania
refugees (country of origin): 447,877 (Burundi) 153,155
(Democratic Republic of the Congo) 3,036 (Somalia) (2004)

Thailand
refugees (country of origin): 118,407 (Burma) (2004)

Turkey
IDPs: 350,000-1,000,000 (fighting from 1984-99 between
Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern
provinces) (2004)

Uganda
refugees (country of origin): 184,731 (Sudan) 18,000 (Rwanda)
IDPs: 1.4 million note - ongoing Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
rebellion, mainly in the north; LRA frequently attacks IDP camps
(2004)

United States
refugees (country of origin): the United States
admitted 52,868 refugees during FY03/04 including: 13,331 (Somalia),
6,000 (Laos), 3,482 (Ukraine), 2,959 (Cuba), 1,787 (Iran); note -
27,239 refugees have been admitted as of 31 May 2005

Uzbekistan
IDPs: 3,000 (forced population transfers by government
from villages near Tajikistan border) (2004)

West Bank
refugees (country of origin): 665,246 (Palestinian
Refugees (UNRWA)) (2004)

World
the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
estimated that in December 2003 there was a global population of 9.7
million refugees and as many as 25 million IDPs

Yemen
refugees (country of origin): 60,901 (Somalia) (2004)

Zambia
refugees (country of origin): 158,894 (Angola) 58,405
(Democratic Republic of the Congo) 5,767 (Rwanda) (2004)

Zimbabwe
IDPs: 100,000-150,000 (MUGABE-led political violence, human
rights violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2001

Rank Country GDP (purchasing power parity) Date of Information

1 World $ 55,500,000,000,000 2004 est. 2 United States $ 11,750,000,000,000 2004 est. 3 European Union $ 11,650,000,000,000 2004 est. 4 China $ 7,262,000,000,000 2004 est. 5 Japan $ 3,745,000,000,000 2004 est. 6 India $ 3,319,000,000,000 2004 est. 7 Germany $ 2,362,000,000,000 2004 est. 8 United Kingdom $ 1,782,000,000,000 2004 est. 9 France $ 1,737,000,000,000 2004 est. 10 Italy $ 1,609,000,000,000 2004 est. 11 Brazil $ 1,492,000,000,000 2004 est. 12 Russia $ 1,408,000,000,000 2004 est. 13 Canada $ 1,023,000,000,000 2004 est. 14 Mexico $ 1,006,000,000,000 2004 est. 15 Spain $ 937,600,000,000 2004 est. 16 Korea, South $ 925,100,000,000 2004 est. 17 Indonesia $ 827,400,000,000 2004 est. 18 Australia $ 611,700,000,000 2004 est. 19 Taiwan $ 576,200,000,000 2004 est. 20 Thailand $ 524,800,000,000 2004 est. 21 Iran $ 516,700,000,000 2004 est. 22 Turkey $ 508,700,000,000 2004 est. 23 South Africa $ 491,400,000,000 2004 est. 24 Argentina $ 483,500,000,000 2004 est. 25 Netherlands $ 481,100,000,000 2004 est. 26 Poland $ 463,000,000,000 2004 est. 27 Philippines $ 430,600,000,000 2004 est. 28 Pakistan $ 347,300,000,000 2004 est. 29 Egypt $ 316,300,000,000 2004 est. 30 Belgium $ 316,200,000,000 2004 est. 31 Saudi Arabia $ 310,200,000,000 2004 est. 32 Ukraine $ 299,100,000,000 2004 est. 33 Colombia $ 281,100,000,000 2004 est. 34 Bangladesh $ 275,700,000,000 2004 est. 35 Austria $ 255,900,000,000 2004 est. 36 Sweden $ 255,400,000,000 2004 est. 37 Switzerland $ 251,900,000,000 2004 est. 38 Hong Kong $ 234,500,000,000 2004 est. 39 Malaysia $ 229,300,000,000 2004 est. 40 Vietnam $ 227,200,000,000 2004 est. 41 Greece $ 226,400,000,000 2004 est. 42 Algeria $ 212,300,000,000 2004 est. 43 Portugal $ 188,700,000,000 2004 est. 44 Norway $ 183,000,000,000 2004 est. 45 Denmark $ 174,400,000,000 2004 est. 46 Czech Republic $ 172,200,000,000 2004 est. 47 Romania $ 171,500,000,000 2004 est. 48 Chile $ 169,100,000,000 2004 est. 49 Peru $ 155,300,000,000 2004 est. 50 Finland $ 151,200,000,000 2004 est. 51 Hungary $ 149,300,000,000 2004 est. 52 Venezuela $ 145,200,000,000 2004 est. 53 Morocco $ 134,600,000,000 2004 est. 54 Israel $ 129,000,000,000 2004 est. 55 Ireland $ 126,400,000,000 2004 est. 56 Nigeria $ 125,700,000,000 2004 est. 57 Singapore $ 120,900,000,000 2004 est. 58 Kazakhstan $ 118,400,000,000 2004 est. 59 New Zealand $ 92,510,000,000 2004 est. 60 Sri Lanka $ 80,580,000,000 2004 est. 61 Slovakia $ 78,890,000,000 2004 est. 62 Sudan $ 76,190,000,000 2004 est. 63 Burma $ 74,300,000,000 2004 est. 64 Tunisia $ 70,880,000,000 2004 est. 65 Belarus $ 70,500,000,000 2004 est. 66 Puerto Rico $ 68,950,000,000 2004 est. 67 United Arab Emirates $ 63,670,000,000 2004 est. 68 Bulgaria $ 61,630,000,000 2004 est. 69 Syria $ 60,440,000,000 2004 est. 70 Guatemala $ 59,470,000,000 2004 est. 71 Dominican Republic $ 55,680,000,000 2004 est. 72 Ethiopia $ 54,890,000,000 2004 est. 73 Iraq $ 54,400,000,000 2004 est. 74 Croatia $ 50,330,000,000 2004 est. 75 Ecuador $ 49,510,000,000 2004 est. 76 Uruguay $ 49,270,000,000 2004 est. 77 Ghana $ 48,270,000,000 2004 est. 78 Kuwait $ 48,000,000,000 2004 est. 79 Uzbekistan $ 47,590,000,000 2004 est. 80 Lithuania $ 45,230,000,000 2004 est. 81 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 42,740,000,000 2004 est. 82 Korea, North $ 40,000,000,000 2004 est. 83 Nepal $ 39,530,000,000 2004 est. 84 Slovenia $ 39,410,000,000 2004 est. 85 Uganda $ 39,390,000,000 2004 est. 86 Oman $ 38,090,000,000 2004 est. 87 Costa Rica $ 37,970,000,000 2004 est. 88 Libya $ 37,480,000,000 2004 est. 89 Kenya $ 34,680,000,000 2004 est. 90 Cuba $ 33,920,000,000 2004 est. 91 El Salvador $ 32,350,000,000 2004 est. 92 Cameroon $ 30,170,000,000 2004 est. 93 Azerbaijan $ 30,010,000,000 2004 est. 94 Paraguay $ 29,930,000,000 2004 est. 95 Turkmenistan $ 27,600,000,000 2004 est. 96 Luxembourg $ 27,270,000,000 2004 est. 97 Cambodia $ 26,990,000,000 2004 est. 98 Latvia $ 26,530,000,000 2004 est. 99 Serbia and Montenegro $ 26,270,000,000 2004 est. 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 26,210,000,000 2004 est. 101 Jordan $ 25,500,000,000 2004 est. 102 Cote d'Ivoire $ 24,780,000,000 2004 est. 103 Zimbabwe $ 24,370,000,000 2004 est. 104 Tanzania $ 23,710,000,000 2004 est. 105 Mozambique $ 23,380,000,000 2004 est. 106 Angola $ 23,170,000,000 2004 est. 107 Bolivia $ 22,330,000,000 2004 est. 108 Afghanistan $ 21,500,000,000 2003 est. 109 Panama $ 20,570,000,000 2004 est. 110 Guinea $ 19,500,000,000 2004 est. 111 Qatar $ 19,490,000,000 2004 est. 112 Estonia $ 19,230,000,000 2004 est. 113 Lebanon $ 18,830,000,000 2004 est. 114 Honduras $ 18,790,000,000 2004 est. 115 Senegal $ 18,360,000,000 2004 est. 116 Albania $ 17,460,000,000 2004 est. 117 Yemen $ 16,250,000,000 2004 est. 118 Burkina Faso $ 15,740,000,000 2004 est. 119 Cyprus $ 15,710,000,000 2004 est. 120 Mauritius $ 15,680,000,000 2004 est. 121 Chad $ 15,660,000,000 2004 est. 122 Botswana $ 15,050,000,000 2004 est. 123 Namibia $ 14,760,000,000 2004 est. 124 Madagascar $ 14,560,000,000 2004 est. 125 Georgia $ 14,450,000,000 2004 est. 126 Macedonia $ 14,400,000,000 2004 est. 127 Armenia $ 13,650,000,000 2004 est. 128 Bahrain $ 13,010,000,000 2004 est. 129 Nicaragua $ 12,340,000,000 2004 est. 130 Haiti $ 12,050,000,000 2004 est. 131 Papua New Guinea $ 11,990,000,000 2004 est. 132 Trinidad and Tobago $ 11,480,000,000 2004 est. 133 Laos $ 11,280,000,000 2004 est. 134 Jamaica $ 11,130,000,000 2004 est. 135 Mali $ 11,000,000,000 2004 est. 136 Rwanda $ 10,430,000,000 2004 est. 137 Niger $ 9,716,000,000 2004 est. 138 Zambia $ 9,409,000,000 2004 est. 139 Iceland $ 9,373,000,000 2004 est. 140 Macau $ 9,100,000,000 2003 141 Togo $ 8,684,000,000 2004 est. 142 Moldova $ 8,581,000,000 2004 est. 143 Kyrgyzstan $ 8,495,000,000 2004 est. 144 Benin $ 8,338,000,000 2004 est. 145 Gabon $ 7,966,000,000 2004 est. 146 Tajikistan $ 7,950,000,000 2004 est. 147 Malawi $ 7,410,000,000 2004 est. 148 Malta $ 7,223,000,000 2004 est. 149 Brunei $ 6,842,000,000 2003 est. 150 Martinique $ 6,117,000,000 2003 est. 151 Swaziland $ 6,018,000,000 2004 est. 152 Lesotho $ 5,892,000,000 2004 est. 153 Mauritania $ 5,534,000,000 2004 est. 154 Mongolia $ 5,332,000,000 2004 est. 155 Bahamas, The $ 5,295,000,000 2004 est. 156 Fiji $ 5,173,000,000 2004 est. 157 Somalia $ 4,597,000,000 2004 est. 158 French Polynesia $ 4,580,000,000 2003 est. 159 Reunion $ 4,570,000,000 2004 est. 160 Barbados $ 4,569,000,000 2004 est. 161 Cyprus $ 4,540,000,000 2004 est. 162 Central African Republic $ 4,248,000,000 2004 est. 163 Eritrea $ 4,154,000,000 2004 est. 164 Burundi $ 4,001,000,000 2004 est. 165 Jersey $ 3,600,000,000 2003 est. 166 Guadeloupe $ 3,513,000,000 2003 est. 167 Sierra Leone $ 3,335,000,000 2004 est. 168 Guam $ 3,200,000,000 2000 est. 169 New Caledonia $ 3,158,000,000 2003 est. 170 Liberia $ 2,903,000,000 2004 est. 171 Bhutan $ 2,900,000,000 2003 est. 172 Guyana $ 2,899,000,000 2004 est. 173 Gambia, The $ 2,799,000,000 2004 est. 174 Guernsey $ 2,590,000,000 2003 est. 175 Virgin Islands $ 2,500,000,000 2002 est. 176 British Virgin Islands $ 2,498,000,000 2004 est. 177 Netherlands Antilles $ 2,450,000,000 2003 est. 178 Bermuda $ 2,330,000,000 2003 est. 179 Congo, Republic of the $ 2,324,000,000 2004 est. 180 Man, Isle of $ 2,113,000,000 2003 est. 181 Aruba $ 1,940,000,000 2002 est. 182 Andorra $ 1,900,000,000 2003 est. 183 Suriname $ 1,885,000,000 2004 est. 184 West Bank $ 1,800,000,000 2003 est. 185 Belize $ 1,778,000,000 2004 est. 186 French Guiana $ 1,551,000,000 2003 est. 187 Cayman Islands $ 1,391,000,000 2004 est. 188 Equatorial Guinea $ 1,270,000,000 2002 est. 189 Maldives $ 1,250,000,000 2002 est. 190 Greenland $ 1,100,000,000 2001 est. 191 Guinea-Bissau $ 1,008,000,000 2004 est. 192 Faroe Islands $ 1,000,000,000 2001 est. 193 Samoa $ 1,000,000,000 2002 est. 194 San Marino $ 940,000,000 2001 est. 195 Northern Mariana Islands $ 900,000,000 2000 est. 196 Monaco $ 870,000,000 2000 est. 197 Saint Lucia $ 866,000,000 2002 est. 198 Liechtenstein $ 825,000,000 1999 est. 199 Solomon Islands $ 800,000,000 2002 est. 200 Gibraltar $ 769,000,000 2000 est. 201 Gaza Strip $ 768,000,000 2003 est. 202 Antigua and Barbuda $ 750,000,000 2002 est. 203 Seychelles $ 626,000,000 2002 est. 204 Djibouti $ 619,000,000 2002 est. 205 Cape Verde $ 600,000,000 2002 est. 206 Vanuatu $ 580,000,000 2003 est. 207 American Samoa $ 500,000,000 2000 est. 208 Mayotte $ 466,800,000 2003 est. 209 Comoros $ 441,000,000 2002 est. 210 Grenada $ 440,000,000 2002 est. 211 Dominica $ 384,000,000 2003 est. 212 East Timor $ 370,000,000 2004 est. 213 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 342,000,000 2002 est. 214 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 339,000,000 2002 est. 215 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 277,000,000 2002 est. 216 Tonga $ 244,000,000 2002 est. 217 Turks and Caicos Islands $ 216,000,000 2002 est. 218 Sao Tome and Principe $ 214,000,000 2003 est. 219 Palau $ 174,000,000 2001 est. 220 Marshall Islands $ 115,000,000 2001 est. 221 Anguilla $ 112,000,000 2002 est. 222 Cook Islands $ 105,000,000 2001 est. 223 Kiribati $ 79,000,000 2001 est. 224 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $ 75,000,000 2002 est. 225 Nauru $ 60,000,000 2001 est. 226 Wallis and Futuna $ 60,000,000 2004 est. 227 Saint Pierre and Miquelon $ 48,300,000 2003 est. 228 Montserrat $ 29,000,000 2002 est. 229 Saint Helena $ 18,000,000 1998 est. 230 Tuvalu $ 12,200,000 2000 est. 231 Niue $ 7,600,000 2000 est. 232 Tokelau $ 1,500,000 1993 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2003

Rank Country GDP - real growth rate(%) Date of Information

1 Iraq 52.30 2004 est. 2 Chad 38.00 2004 est. 3 Liberia 21.80 2004 est. 4 Equatorial Guinea 20.00 2002 est. 5 Venezuela 16.80 2004 est. 6 Macau 15.60 2003 7 Ukraine 12.00 2004 est. 8 Angola 11.70 2004 est. 9 Ethiopia 11.60 2004 est. 10 Liechtenstein 11.00 1999 est. 11 Mongolia 10.60 2004 est. 12 Tajikistan 10.50 2004 est. 13 Uruguay 10.20 2004 est. 14 Faroe Islands 10.00 2001 est. 15 Azerbaijan 9.80 2004 est. 16 Georgia 9.50 2004 est. 17 China 9.10 2004 est. 18 Kazakhstan 9.10 2004 est. 19 Armenia 9.00 2004 est. 20 Qatar 8.70 2004 est. 21 Argentina 8.30 2004 est. 22 Mozambique 8.20 2004 est. 23 Turkey 8.20 2004 est. 24 Romania 8.10 2004 est. 25 Singapore 8.10 2004 est. 26 Hong Kong 7.90 2004 est. 27 Vietnam 7.70 2004 est. 28 Latvia 7.60 2004 est. 29 Afghanistan 7.50 2004 est. 30 Turkmenistan 7.50 2004 est. 31 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 7.50 2004 est. 32 San Marino 7.50 2001 est. 33 Cook Islands 7.10 2001 est. 34 Malaysia 7.10 2004 est. 35 Kuwait 6.80 2004 est. 36 Moldova 6.80 2004 est. 37 Russia 6.70 2004 est. 38 Lithuania 6.60 2004 est. 39 Serbia and Montenegro 6.50 2004 est. 40 Belarus 6.40 2004 est. 41 Sudan 6.40 2004 est. 42 Iran 6.30 2004 est. 43 India 6.20 2004 est. 44 Nigeria 6.20 2004 est. 45 Algeria 6.10 2004 est. 46 Thailand 6.10 2004 est. 47 Pakistan 6.10 2004 est. 48 Estonia 6.00 2004 est. 49 Gambia, The 6.00 2004 est. 50 West Bank 6.00 2003 est. 51 Taiwan 6.00 2004 est. 52 Sao Tome and Principe 6.00 2004 est. 53 Sierra Leone 6.00 2004 est. 54 Panama 6.00 2004 est. 55 Laos 6.00 2004 est. 56 Kyrgyzstan 6.00 2004 est. 57 Philippines 5.90 2004 est. 58 Solomon Islands 5.80 2003 est. 59 Ecuador 5.80 2004 est. 60 Tanzania 5.80 2004 est. 61 Chile 5.80 2004 est. 62 United Arab Emirates 5.70 2004 est. 63 Trinidad and Tobago 5.70 2004 est. 64 Albania 5.60 2004 est. 65 Bahrain 5.60 2004 est. 66 Poland 5.60 2004 est. 67 Madagascar 5.50 2004 est. 68 Cambodia 5.40 2004 est. 69 Ghana 5.40 2004 est. 70 Bhutan 5.30 2003 est. 71 Slovakia 5.30 2004 est. 72 Bulgaria 5.30 2004 est. 73 Sri Lanka 5.20 2004 est. 74 Brazil 5.10 2004 est. 75 Ireland 5.10 2004 est. 76 Tunisia 5.10 2004 est. 77 Jordan 5.10 2004 est. 78 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.00 2004 est. 79 Samoa 5.00 2002 est. 80 Cape Verde 5.00 2004 est. 81 Saudi Arabia 5.00 2004 est. 82 Uganda 5.00 2004 est. 83 Benin 5.00 2004 est. 84 Bangladesh 4.90 2004 est. 85 World 4.90 2004 est. 86 Turks and Caicos Islands 4.90 2000 est. 87 Libya 4.90 2004 est. 88 Indonesia 4.90 2004 est. 89 Cameroon 4.90 2004 est. 90 New Zealand 4.80 2004 est. 91 Burkina Faso 4.80 2004 est. 92 Namibia 4.80 2004 est. 93 Mauritius 4.70 2004 est. 94 Korea, South 4.60 2004 est. 95 Zambia 4.60 2004 est. 96 Egypt 4.50 2004 est. 97 Peru 4.50 2004 est. 98 Gaza Strip 4.50 2003 est. 99 Morocco 4.40 2004 est. 100 Uzbekistan 4.40 2004 est. 101 United States 4.40 2004 est. 102 Honduras 4.20 2004 est. 103 Suriname 4.20 2004 est. 104 Mexico 4.10 2004 est. 105 Lebanon 4.00 2004 est. 106 Nicaragua 4.00 2004 est. 107 Mali 4.00 2004 est. 108 Malawi 4.00 2004 est. 109 Costa Rica 3.90 2004 est. 110 Hungary 3.90 2004 est. 111 Slovenia 3.90 2004 est. 112 Israel 3.90 2004 est. 113 Bolivia 3.70 2004 est. 114 Greece 3.70 2004 est. 115 Congo, Republic of the 3.70 2004 est. 116 Croatia 3.70 2004 est. 117 Czech Republic 3.70 2004 est. 118 Colombia 3.60 2004 est. 119 Fiji 3.60 2004 est. 120 Sweden 3.60 2004 est. 121 Australia 3.50 2004 est. 122 Djibouti 3.50 2002 est. 123 Botswana 3.50 2004 est. 124 Belize 3.50 2004 est. 125 Niger 3.50 2004 est. 126 South Africa 3.50 2004 est. 127 Lesotho 3.30 2004 est. 128 Norway 3.30 2004 est. 129 Saint Lucia 3.30 2002 est. 130 Brunei 3.20 2003 est. 131 United Kingdom 3.20 2004 est. 132 Senegal 3.20 2004 est. 133 Cyprus 3.20 2004 est. 134 Antigua and Barbuda 3.00 2002 est. 135 Bahamas, The 3.00 2004 est. 136 Tuvalu 3.00 2000 est. 137 Togo 3.00 2004 est. 138 Nepal 3.00 2004 est. 139 Mauritania 3.00 2004 est. 140 Guernsey 3.00 2003 est. 141 Finland 3.00 2004 est. 142 Cuba 3.00 2004 est. 143 Burundi 3.00 2004 est. 144 Japan 2.90 2004 est. 145 Anguilla 2.80 2001 est. 146 Somalia 2.80 2004 est. 147 Paraguay 2.80 2004 est. 148 Puerto Rico 2.70 2004 est. 149 Belgium 2.60 2004 est. 150 Cyprus 2.60 2004 est. 151 Guatemala 2.60 2004 est. 152 Spain 2.60 2004 est. 153 Guinea-Bissau 2.60 2004 est. 154 Eritrea 2.50 2004 est. 155 Swaziland 2.50 2004 est. 156 Grenada 2.50 2002 est. 157 Reunion 2.50 2004 est. 158 Canada 2.40 2004 est. 159 European Union 2.40 2004 est. 160 Barbados 2.30 2004 est. 161 Maldives 2.30 2002 est. 162 Syria 2.30 2004 est. 163 Luxembourg 2.30 2004 est. 164 Kenya 2.20 2004 est. 165 Denmark 2.10 2004 est. 166 France 2.10 2004 est. 167 Andorra 2.00 2003 est. 168 Virgin Islands 2.00 2002 est. 169 Comoros 2.00 2002 est. 170 Bermuda 2.00 2003 est. 171 Austria 1.90 2004 est. 172 Gabon 1.90 2004 est. 173 Guyana 1.90 2004 est. 174 Yemen 1.90 2004 est. 175 Jamaica 1.90 2004 est. 176 El Salvador 1.80 2004 est. 177 Greenland 1.80 2001 est. 178 Switzerland 1.80 2004 est. 179 Iceland 1.80 2004 est. 180 Cayman Islands 1.70 2002 est. 181 Germany 1.70 2004 est. 182 Dominican Republic 1.70 2004 est. 183 Kiribati 1.50 2001 est. 184 Tonga 1.50 2002 est. 185 Seychelles 1.50 2004 est. 186 Italy 1.30 2004 est. 187 Macedonia 1.30 2004 est. 188 Oman 1.20 2004 est. 189 Netherlands 1.20 2004 est. 190 Vanuatu 1.10 2003 est. 191 Portugal 1.10 2004 est. 192 Micronesia, Federated States of 1.00 2002 est. 193 Guinea 1.00 2004 est. 194 Palau 1.00 2001 est. 195 British Virgin Islands 1.00 2002 est. 196 East Timor 1.00 2004 est. 197 Marshall Islands 1.00 2001 est. 198 Malta 1.00 2004 est. 199 Korea, North 1.00 2004 est. 200 Monaco 0.90 2000 est. 201 Rwanda 0.90 2004 est. 202 Papua New Guinea 0.90 2004 est. 203 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.70 2002 est. 204 Central African Republic 0.50 2004 est. 205 Netherlands Antilles 0.50 2003 est. 206 Niue -0.30 2000 est. 207 Dominica -1.00 2003 est. 208 Montserrat -1.00 2002 est. 209 Cote d'Ivoire -1.00 2004 est. 210 Burma -1.30 2004 est. 211 Aruba -1.50 2002 est. 212 Saint Kitts and Nevis -1.90 2002 est. 213 Haiti -3.50 2004 est. 214 Zimbabwe -8.20 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2004

Rank Country GDP - per capita Date of Information

1 Luxembourg $ 58,900 2004 est. 2 United States $ 40,100 2004 est. 3 Guernsey $ 40,000 2003 est. 4 Norway $ 40,000 2004 est. 5 Jersey $ 40,000 2003 est. 6 British Virgin Islands $ 38,500 2004 est. 7 Bermuda $ 36,000 2003 est. 8 San Marino $ 34,600 2001 est. 9 Hong Kong $ 34,200 2004 est. 10 Switzerland $ 33,800 2004 est. 11 Cayman Islands $ 32,300 2004 est. 12 Denmark $ 32,200 2004 est. 13 Ireland $ 31,900 2004 est. 14 Iceland $ 31,900 2004 est. 15 Canada $ 31,500 2004 est. 16 Austria $ 31,300 2004 est. 17 Australia $ 30,700 2004 est. 18 Belgium $ 30,600 2004 est. 19 United Kingdom $ 29,600 2004 est. 20 Netherlands $ 29,500 2004 est. 21 Japan $ 29,400 2004 est. 22 Finland $ 29,000 2004 est. 23 France $ 28,700 2004 est. 24 Germany $ 28,700 2004 est. 25 Man, Isle of $ 28,500 2003 est. 26 Sweden $ 28,400 2004 est. 27 Aruba $ 28,000 2002 est. 28 Gibraltar $ 27,900 2000 est. 29 Singapore $ 27,800 2004 est. 30 Italy $ 27,700 2004 est. 31 Monaco $ 27,000 2000 est. 32 European Union $ 26,900 2004 est. 33 Andorra $ 26,800 2003 est. 34 Taiwan $ 25,300 2004 est. 35 United Arab Emirates $ 25,200 2004 est. 36 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $ 25,000 2002 est. 37 Liechtenstein $ 25,000 1999 est. 38 Brunei $ 23,600 2003 est. 39 Spain $ 23,300 2004 est. 40 New Zealand $ 23,200 2004 est. 41 Qatar $ 23,200 2004 est. 42 Faroe Islands $ 22,000 2001 est. 43 Greece $ 21,300 2004 est. 44 Kuwait $ 21,300 2004 est. 45 Guam $ 21,000 2000 est. 46 Israel $ 20,800 2004 est. 47 Cyprus $ 20,300 2004 est. 48 Greenland $ 20,000 2001 est. 49 Slovenia $ 19,600 2004 est. 50 Macau $ 19,400 2003 51 Bahrain $ 19,200 2004 est. 52 Korea, South $ 19,200 2004 est. 53 Malta $ 18,200 2004 est. 54 Portugal $ 17,900 2004 est. 55 Bahamas, The $ 17,700 2004 est. 56 Puerto Rico $ 17,700 2004 est. 57 French Polynesia $ 17,500 2003 est. 58 Virgin Islands $ 17,200 2002 est. 59 Czech Republic $ 16,800 2004 est. 60 Barbados $ 16,400 2004 est. 61 New Caledonia $ 15,000 2003 est. 62 Hungary $ 14,900 2004 est. 63 Slovakia $ 14,500 2004 est. 64 Uruguay $ 14,500 2004 est. 65 Martinique $ 14,400 2003 est. 66 Estonia $ 14,300 2004 est. 67 Oman $ 13,100 2004 est. 68 Mauritius $ 12,800 2004 est. 69 Northern Mariana Islands $ 12,500 2000 est. 70 Lithuania $ 12,500 2004 est. 71 Argentina $ 12,400 2004 est. 72 Poland $ 12,000 2004 est. 73 Saudi Arabia $ 12,000 2004 est. 74 Latvia $ 11,500 2004 est. 75 Turks and Caicos Islands $ 11,500 2002 est. 76 Netherlands Antilles $ 11,400 2003 est. 77 Croatia $ 11,200 2004 est. 78 South Africa $ 11,100 2004 est. 79 Antigua and Barbuda $ 11,000 2002 est. 80 Chile $ 10,700 2004 est. 81 Trinidad and Tobago $ 10,500 2004 est. 82 Russia $ 9,800 2004 est. 83 Malaysia $ 9,700 2004 est. 84 Costa Rica $ 9,600 2004 est. 85 Mexico $ 9,600 2004 est. 86 Botswana $ 9,200 2004 est. 87 Palau $ 9,000 2001 est. 88 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 8,800 2002 est. 89 World $ 8,800 2004 est. 90 French Guiana $ 8,300 2003 est. 91 Bulgaria $ 8,200 2004 est. 92 Brazil $ 8,100 2004 est. 93 Thailand $ 8,100 2004 est. 94 American Samoa $ 8,000 2000 est. 95 Guadeloupe $ 7,900 2003 est. 96 Kazakhstan $ 7,800 2004 est. 97 Seychelles $ 7,800 2002 est. 98 Iran $ 7,700 2004 est. 99 Romania $ 7,700 2004 est. 100 Anguilla $ 7,500 2002 est. 101 Turkey $ 7,400 2004 est. 102 Namibia $ 7,300 2004 est. 103 Cyprus $ 7,135 2004 est. 104 Macedonia $ 7,100 2004 est. 105 Tunisia $ 7,100 2004 est. 106 Saint Pierre and Miquelon $ 7,000 2001 est. 107 Panama $ 6,900 2004 est. 108 Belarus $ 6,800 2004 est. 109 Libya $ 6,700 2004 est. 110 Algeria $ 6,600 2004 est. 111 Colombia $ 6,600 2004 est. 112 Belize $ 6,500 2004 est. 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 6,500 2004 est. 114 Dominican Republic $ 6,300 2004 est. 115 Ukraine $ 6,300 2004 est. 116 Reunion $ 6,000 2004 est. 117 Fiji $ 5,900 2004 est. 118 Gabon $ 5,900 2004 est. 119 Venezuela $ 5,800 2004 est. 120 Turkmenistan $ 5,700 2004 est. 121 China $ 5,600 2004 est. 122 Peru $ 5,600 2004 est. 123 Samoa $ 5,600 2002 est. 124 Dominica $ 5,500 2003 est. 125 Saint Lucia $ 5,400 2002 est. 126 Swaziland $ 5,100 2004 est. 127 Cook Islands $ 5,000 2001 est. 128 Lebanon $ 5,000 2004 est. 129 Philippines $ 5,000 2004 est. 130 Nauru $ 5,000 2001 est. 131 Grenada $ 5,000 2002 est. 132 Albania $ 4,900 2004 est. 133 El Salvador $ 4,900 2004 est. 134 Paraguay $ 4,800 2004 est. 135 Armenia $ 4,600 2004 est. 136 Jordan $ 4,500 2004 est. 137 Suriname $ 4,300 2004 est. 138 Egypt $ 4,200 2004 est. 139 Morocco $ 4,200 2004 est. 140 Guatemala $ 4,200 2004 est. 141 Jamaica $ 4,100 2004 est. 142 Sri Lanka $ 4,000 2004 est. 143 Maldives $ 3,900 2002 est. 144 Azerbaijan $ 3,800 2004 est. 145 Wallis and Futuna $ 3,800 2004 est. 146 Guyana $ 3,800 2004 est. 147 Ecuador $ 3,700 2004 est. 148 Niue $ 3,600 2000 est. 149 Indonesia $ 3,500 2004 est. 150 Montserrat $ 3,400 2002 est. 151 Syria $ 3,400 2004 est. 152 Lesotho $ 3,200 2004 est. 153 Georgia $ 3,100 2004 est. 154 India $ 3,100 2004 est. 155 Cuba $ 3,000 2004 est. 156 Vanuatu $ 2,900 2003 est. 157 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 2,900 2002 est. 158 Honduras $ 2,800 2004 est. 159 Equatorial Guinea $ 2,700 2002 est. 160 Vietnam $ 2,700 2004 est. 161 Bolivia $ 2,600 2004 est. 162 Mayotte $ 2,600 2003 est. 163 Saint Helena $ 2,500 1998 est. 164 Serbia and Montenegro $ 2,400 2004 est. 165 Ghana $ 2,300 2004 est. 166 Tonga $ 2,300 2002 est. 167 Nicaragua $ 2,300 2004 est. 168 Pakistan $ 2,200 2004 est. 169 Papua New Guinea $ 2,200 2004 est. 170 Angola $ 2,100 2004 est. 171 Guinea $ 2,100 2004 est. 172 Iraq $ 2,100 2004 est. 173 Bangladesh $ 2,000 2004 est. 174 Cambodia $ 2,000 2004 est. 175 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 2,000 2002 est. 176 Cameroon $ 1,900 2004 est. 177 Laos $ 1,900 2004 est. 178 Mongolia $ 1,900 2004 est. 179 Moldova $ 1,900 2004 est. 180 Zimbabwe $ 1,900 2004 est. 181 Sudan $ 1,900 2004 est. 182 Gambia, The $ 1,800 2004 est. 183 Uzbekistan $ 1,800 2004 est. 184 Mauritania $ 1,800 2004 est. 185 Burma $ 1,700 2004 est. 186 Senegal $ 1,700 2004 est. 187 Kyrgyzstan $ 1,700 2004 est. 188 Korea, North $ 1,700 2004 est. 189 Solomon Islands $ 1,700 2002 est. 190 Chad $ 1,600 2004 est. 191 Togo $ 1,600 2004 est. 192 Marshall Islands $ 1,600 2001 est. 193 Haiti $ 1,500 2004 est. 194 Cote d'Ivoire $ 1,500 2004 est. 195 Uganda $ 1,500 2004 est. 196 Nepal $ 1,500 2004 est. 197 Bhutan $ 1,400 2003 est. 198 Cape Verde $ 1,400 2002 est. 199 Djibouti $ 1,300 2002 est. 200 Rwanda $ 1,300 2004 est. 201 Benin $ 1,200 2004 est. 202 Mozambique $ 1,200 2004 est. 203 Burkina Faso $ 1,200 2004 est. 204 Sao Tome and Principe $ 1,200 2003 est. 205 Central African Republic $ 1,100 2004 est. 206 Tuvalu $ 1,100 2000 est. 207 Tajikistan $ 1,100 2004 est. 208 Kenya $ 1,100 2004 est. 209 Nigeria $ 1,000 2004 est. 210 Tokelau $ 1,000 1993 est. 211 Eritrea $ 900 2004 est. 212 Zambia $ 900 2004 est. 213 Niger $ 900 2004 est. 214 Mali $ 900 2004 est. 215 Liberia $ 900 2004 est. 216 Afghanistan $ 800 2003 est. 217 Congo, Republic of the $ 800 2004 est. 218 Kiribati $ 800 2001 est. 219 Ethiopia $ 800 2004 est. 220 Madagascar $ 800 2004 est. 221 Yemen $ 800 2004 est. 222 West Bank $ 800 2003 est. 223 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 700 2004 est. 224 Guinea-Bissau $ 700 2004 est. 225 Tanzania $ 700 2004 est. 226 Comoros $ 700 2002 est. 227 Burundi $ 600 2004 est. 228 Somalia $ 600 2004 est. 229 Gaza Strip $ 600 2003 est. 230 Sierra Leone $ 600 2004 est. 231 Malawi $ 600 2004 est. 232 East Timor $ 400 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2034

Rank Country Military expenditures - percent of GDP(%) Date of Information

1 Jordan 14.60 2004 2 Eritrea 13.40 2004 3 Oman 11.40 2003 4 Angola 10.60 2004 5 Qatar 10.00 6 Saudi Arabia 10.00 2002 7 Israel 8.70 FY02 8 Yemen 7.80 2003 9 Armenia 6.50 FY01 10 Bahrain 6.30 2004 11 Burundi 6.00 2004 12 Macedonia 6.00 13 Syria 5.90 14 Maldives 5.50 2004 15 Kuwait 5.30 2004 16 Turkey 5.30 2003 17 Brunei 5.10 2004 18 Morocco 5.00 2004 19 Pakistan 4.90 2004 20 Singapore 4.90 21 Ethiopia 4.60 2004 22 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.50 23 Djibouti 4.40 2004 24 China 4.30 2004 25 Greece 4.30 2003 26 Zimbabwe 4.30 2004 27 Botswana 3.90 2004 28 Libya 3.90 29 Tajikistan 3.90 FY01 30 Chile 3.80 2004 31 Cyprus 3.80 32 Colombia 3.40 FY01 33 Turkmenistan 3.40 34 Egypt 3.40 2004 35 Iran 3.30 2003 est. 36 United States 3.30 February 2004 37 Algeria 3.20 2004 38 Rwanda 3.20 2004 39 United Arab Emirates 3.10 40 Namibia 3.10 2004 41 Guinea-Bissau 3.10 2004 42 Lebanon 3.10 2004 43 Cambodia 3.00 44 Sudan 3.00 2004 45 Comoros 3.00 2004 46 Indonesia 3.00 2004 47 India 2.93 2005/06 48 Congo, Republic of the 2.80 2004 49 Korea, South 2.80 2004 50 Australia 2.70 2004 51 Afghanistan 2.60 2004 52 Azerbaijan 2.60 53 Taiwan 2.60 2004 54 France 2.60 2003 55 Sri Lanka 2.60 2004 56 Bulgaria 2.60 2003 57 Equatorial Guinea 2.50 2004 58 Vietnam 2.50 59 Romania 2.47 2002 60 Benin 2.40 2004 61 United Kingdom 2.40 2003 62 Croatia 2.39 2002 est. 63 Lesotho 2.30 2004 64 Portugal 2.30 2003 65 Ecuador 2.20 2004 66 Fiji 2.20 FY02 67 Mozambique 2.20 2004 68 Mongolia 2.20 FY02 69 Uganda 2.20 2004 70 Burma 2.10 71 Chad 2.10 2004 72 Malaysia 2.03 73 Czech Republic 2.02 2004 74 Belize 2.00 2003 75 Finland 2.00 FY98/99 76 Gabon 2.00 2004 77 Estonia 2.00 2002 est. 78 Uruguay 2.00 2004 79 World 2.00 80 Uzbekistan 2.00 81 Lithuania 1.90 FY01 82 Norway 1.90 2003 83 Togo 1.90 2004 84 Slovakia 1.89 2002 85 Bangladesh 1.80 2004 86 Zambia 1.80 2004 87 Thailand 1.80 2003 88 Seychelles 1.80 2004 89 Italy 1.80 2004 90 Brazil 1.80 2004 91 Cuba 1.80 2003 92 Bhutan 1.80 2004 93 Hungary 1.75 2002 est. 94 Poland 1.71 2002 95 Guinea 1.70 2004 96 Sierra Leone 1.70 2004 97 Sweden 1.70 2004 98 Slovenia 1.70 FY00 99 Mauritania 1.70 2004 100 Bolivia 1.60 2004 101 Netherlands 1.60 2004 102 Cameroon 1.60 2004 103 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1.50 2004 104 Cape Verde 1.50 2004 105 Denmark 1.50 2004 106 Germany 1.50 2003 107 Nepal 1.50 2004 108 South Africa 1.50 2004 109 Venezuela 1.50 2004 110 Tunisia 1.50 111 Senegal 1.50 2004 112 Albania 1.49 FY02 113 Belarus 1.40 FY02 114 Honduras 1.40 2004 115 Swaziland 1.40 2004 116 Ukraine 1.40 FY02 117 Peru 1.40 2004 118 Papua New Guinea 1.40 FY02 119 Kyrgyzstan 1.40 FY01 120 Argentina 1.30 FY00 121 Belgium 1.30 2003 122 Burkina Faso 1.30 2004 123 Kenya 1.30 2004 124 Cote d'Ivoire 1.20 2004 125 Madagascar 1.20 2004 126 Latvia 1.20 FY01 127 Spain 1.20 2003 128 Canada 1.10 2003 129 Dominican Republic 1.10 1998 130 Niger 1.10 2004 131 Panama 1.10 2004 132 El Salvador 1.10 2003 133 Central African Republic 1.00 2004 134 Japan 1.00 2004 135 Philippines 1.00 2004 136 Switzerland 1.00 FY01 137 New Zealand 1.00 FY02 138 Austria 0.90 2004 139 Ireland 0.90 FY00/01 140 Guyana 0.90 2004 141 Somalia 0.90 2003 142 Paraguay 0.90 2003 143 Mexico 0.90 2004 144 Luxembourg 0.90 2003 145 Kazakhstan 0.90 FY02 146 Haiti 0.90 2003 147 Guatemala 0.80 2003 148 Nigeria 0.80 2004 149 Sao Tome and Principe 0.80 2004 150 Malawi 0.70 2004 151 Malta 0.70 2004 152 Suriname 0.70 2003 153 Nicaragua 0.70 2004 154 Ghana 0.60 2004 155 Trinidad and Tobago 0.60 2003 156 Georgia 0.59 157 Laos 0.50 2004 158 Costa Rica 0.40 2003 159 Moldova 0.40 FY02 160 Jamaica 0.40 2003 161 Mali 0.40 2004 162 Gambia, The 0.30 2004 163 Liberia 0.20 2004 164 Mauritius 0.20 2004 165 Tanzania 0.20 2004 166 Bermuda 0.11

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2038

Rank Country Electricity - production(kWh) Date of Information

1 World 15,290,000,000,000 2002 est. 2 United States 3,839,000,000,000 2002 3 European Union 2,888,000,000,000 2002 est. 4 China 1,910,000,000,000 2003 5 Japan 1,044,000,000,000 2002 6 Russia 915,000,000,000 2003 7 Germany 560,000,000,000 2003 8 Canada 548,900,000,000 2002 9 India 547,200,000,000 2002 10 France 528,600,000,000 2002 11 United Kingdom 395,900,000,000 2003 12 Brazil 339,000,000,000 2002 13 Korea, South 322,500,000,000 2003 14 Italy 261,600,000,000 2002 15 Spain 229,000,000,000 2002 16 Australia 210,300,000,000 2002 17 Mexico 203,600,000,000 2002 18 South Africa 202,600,000,000 2002 19 Ukraine 180,000,000,000 2003 20 Taiwan 158,500,000,000 2002 21 Sweden 142,800,000,000 2002 22 Turkey 139,700,000,000 2003 23 Saudi Arabia 138,200,000,000 2002 24 Poland 133,800,000,000 2002 25 Iran 129,000,000,000 2002 26 Norway 125,900,000,000 2002 27 Thailand 118,900,000,000 2003 28 Indonesia 110,200,000,000 2003 29 Netherlands 90,610,000,000 2002 30 Venezuela 89,700,000,000 2003 31 Argentina 81,390,000,000 2002 32 Egypt 81,270,000,000 2002 33 Belgium 76,580,000,000 2002 34 Malaysia 75,330,000,000 2002 35 Pakistan 75,270,000,000 2003 36 Czech Republic 71,750,000,000 2002 37 Finland 71,590,000,000 2002 38 Kazakhstan 66,820,000,000 2003 39 Switzerland 63,470,000,000 2002 40 Austria 58,490,000,000 2002 41 Romania 56,530,000,000 2003 42 Philippines 52,860,000,000 2003 43 Chile 48,600,000,000 2004 44 Paraguay 48,360,000,000 2002 45 Uzbekistan 47,700,000,000 2002 46 Greece 47,220,000,000 2002 47 United Arab Emirates 45,120,000,000 2004 48 Colombia 44,870,000,000 2002 49 Portugal 43,280,000,000 2002 50 Bulgaria 43,070,000,000 2002 51 Israel 42,670,000,000 2002 52 New Zealand 38,390,000,000 2002 53 Denmark 36,380,000,000 2002 54 Hong Kong 35,510,000,000 2003 55 Singapore 35,330,000,000 2003 56 Vietnam 34,480,000,000 2002 57 Hungary 34,070,000,000 2002 58 Korea, North 33,620,000,000 2002 59 Iraq 32,600,000,000 2004 60 Kuwait 32,430,000,000 2002 61 Serbia and Montenegro 31,640,000,000 2002 62 Slovakia 31,150,000,000 2003 63 Belarus 30,000,000,000 2004 64 Syria 26,150,000,000 2002 65 Algeria 25,760,000,000 2002 66 Ireland 22,880,000,000 2002 67 Peru 22,880,000,000 2004 est. 68 Puerto Rico 22,090,000,000 2002 69 Libya 20,890,000,000 2002 70 Nigeria 19,850,000,000 2002 71 Lithuania 17,930,000,000 2002 72 Azerbaijan 17,550,000,000 2002 73 Bangladesh 16,450,000,000 2002 74 Tajikistan 15,080,000,000 2002 75 Cuba 14,410,000,000 2002 76 Morocco 13,910,000,000 2002 77 Croatia 12,510,000,000 2002 78 Slovenia 12,490,000,000 2003 79 Kyrgyzstan 11,720,000,000 2002 80 Ecuador 11,540,000,000 2002 81 Turkmenistan 11,410,000,000 2004 est. 82 Tunisia 10,720,000,000 2002 83 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10,040,000,000 2002 84 Oman 9,896,000,000 2003 85 Qatar 9,727,000,000 2002 86 Dominican Republic 9,583,000,000 2002 87 Mozambique 8,859,000,000 2002 88 Zimbabwe 8,839,000,000 2002 89 Uruguay 8,536,000,000 2003 90 Estonia 8,301,000,000 2002 91 Iceland 8,271,000,000 2002 92 Zambia 8,167,000,000 2002 93 Lebanon 8,066,000,000 2002 94 Jordan 7,307,000,000 2002 95 Ghana 6,922,000,000 2002 96 Bahrain 6,860,000,000 2002 97 Georgia 6,732,000,000 2002 98 Sri Lanka 6,697,000,000 2002 99 Costa Rica 6,614,000,000 2002 100 Guatemala 6,608,000,000 2002 101 Armenia 6,492,000,000 2002 102 Jamaica 6,289,000,000 2002 103 Macedonia 6,273,000,000 2003 104 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6,086,000,000 2002 105 Trinidad and Tobago 5,743,000,000 2002 106 Albania 5,680,000,000 2004 107 Burma 5,068,000,000 2003 108 Panama 4,873,000,000 2002 109 Cote d'Ivoire 4,759,000,000 2002 110 Latvia 4,547,000,000 2002 111 Kenya 4,475,000,000 2002 112 El Salvador 4,158,000,000 2004 113 Bolivia 4,132,000,000 2002 114 Cyprus 4,000,000,000 2003 115 Moldova 3,876,000,000 2002 116 Honduras 3,626,000,000 2002 117 Cameroon 3,571,000,000 2002 118 Laos 3,560,000,000 2002 119 Yemen 3,040,000,000 2002 est. 120 Tanzania 2,727,000,000 2002 121 Mongolia 2,692,000,000 2004 est. 122 Sudan 2,581,000,000 2002 123 Nicaragua 2,553,000,000 2002 124 Luxembourg 2,511,000,000 2002 125 Brunei 2,458,000,000 2002 126 Malta 2,150,000,000 2002 127 Ethiopia 2,149,000,000 2002 128 Nepal 2,054,000,000 2002 129 Bhutan 2,001,000,000 2002 130 Suriname 1,984,000,000 2002 131 Mauritius 1,836,000,000 2002 132 Uganda 1,775,000,000 2002 133 Senegal 1,737,000,000 2002 134 Macau 1,719,000,000 2003 135 Bahamas, The 1,716,000,000 2002 136 Angola 1,707,000,000 2002 137 Papua New Guinea 1,679,000,000 2002 138 New Caledonia 1,581,000,000 2002 139 Martinique 1,178,000,000 2002 140 Namibia 1,167,000,000 2002 141 Reunion 1,166,000,000 2002 142 Gabon 1,161,000,000 2002 143 Guadeloupe 1,160,000,000 2002 144 Malawi 1,088,000,000 2002 145 Virgin Islands 1,035,000,000 2002 146 Netherlands Antilles 1,005,000,000 2002 147 Botswana 930,000,000 2002 148 Guinea 855,000,000 2002 149 Madagascar 840,200,000 2002 150 Guam 835,000,000 2002 151 Guyana 808,000,000 2002 152 Aruba 807,700,000 2002 153 Barbados 800,000,000 2002 154 Fiji 750,000,000 2002 155 Mali 700,000,000 2002 156 Bermuda 643,000,000 2002 157 Haiti 618,000,000 2002 158 Afghanistan 540,000,000 2002 159 Liberia 488,800,000 2002 160 French Guiana 460,100,000 2002 161 Cayman Islands 410,800,000 2002 162 Swaziland 402,000,000 2002 163 French Polynesia 380,000,000 2002 164 Burkina Faso 361,000,000 2002 165 Congo, Republic of the 348,000,000 2002 166 Lesotho 314,000,000 2002 167 Benin 285,200,000 2002 168 Saint Lucia 270,300,000 2002 169 Niger 266,200,000 2002 170 Sierra Leone 255,300,000 2002 171 Eritrea 246,600,000 2002 172 Greenland 245,000,000 2002 173 Somalia 240,300,000 2002 174 Faroe Islands 220,000,000 2002 175 Seychelles 218,000,000 2002 176 Micronesia, Federated States of 192,000,000 2002 177 Mauritania 190,200,000 2002 178 Djibouti 180,000,000 2002 179 Rwanda 166,700,000 2002 180 Grenada 149,000,000 2002 181 Burundi 132,000,000 2002 182 American Samoa 130,000,000 2002 183 Maldives 124,400,000 2002 184 Cambodia 122,000,000 2003 185 Samoa 122,000,000 2002 186 Belize 117,000,000 2002 187 Antigua and Barbuda 110,800,000 2002 188 Togo 108,800,000 2002 189 Central African Republic 106,000,000 2002 190 Saint Kitts and Nevis 105,800,000 2002 191 Gibraltar 104,000,000 2002 192 Chad 96,130,000 2002 193 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 91,200,000 2002 194 Gambia, The 90,310,000 2002 195 Western Sahara 90,000,000 2002 196 Dominica 68,410,000 2002 197 Guinea-Bissau 55,000,000 2002 198 Vanuatu 48,420,000 2002 199 Cape Verde 43,080,000 2002 200 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 43,080,000 2002 201 British Virgin Islands 36,280,000 2002 202 Solomon Islands 32,000,000 2002 203 Nauru 30,000,000 2002 204 Cook Islands 27,000,000 2002 205 Equatorial Guinea 26,690,000 2002 206 Tonga 24,790,000 2002 207 Comoros 23,840,000 2002 208 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 19,060,000 2002 209 Sao Tome and Principe 17,000,000 2002 210 Kiribati 7,000,000 2002 211 Saint Helena 5,000,000 2002 212 Turks and Caicos Islands 5,000,000 2002 213 Niue 3,000,000 2002 214 Montserrat 1,800,000 2002

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2042

Rank Country Electricity - consumption(kWh) Date of Information

1 World 14,280,000,000,000 2002 est. 2 United States 3,660,000,000,000 2002 3 European Union 2,661,000,000,000 2002 est. 4 China 1,630,000,000,000 2003 5 Japan 971,000,000,000 2002 6 Russia 894,300,000,000 2003 7 Germany 519,500,000,000 2003 8 India 510,100,000,000 2002 9 Canada 487,300,000,000 2002 10 France 414,700,000,000 2002 11 Brazil 351,900,000,000 2002 12 United Kingdom 337,400,000,000 2003 13 Italy 293,900,000,000 2002 14 Korea, South 293,600,000,000 2003 15 Spain 218,400,000,000 2002 16 Australia 195,600,000,000 2002 17 Mexico 189,700,000,000 2002 18 South Africa 189,400,000,000 2002 19 Taiwan 147,400,000,000 2002 20 Sweden 138,100,000,000 2002 21 Ukraine 132,000,000,000 2003 22 Saudi Arabia 128,500,000,000 2002 23 Iran 119,900,000,000 2002 24 Turkey 117,900,000,000 2002 25 Poland 117,400,000,000 2002 26 Norway 107,400,000,000 2002 27 Thailand 106,100,000,000 2003 28 Netherlands 100,700,000,000 2002 29 Indonesia 92,350,000,000 2003 30 Venezuela 89,300,000,000 2003 31 Argentina 81,650,000,000 2002 32 Belgium 78,820,000,000 2002 33 Finland 78,580,000,000 2002 34 Egypt 75,580,000,000 2002 35 Malaysia 68,400,000,000 2002 36 Kazakhstan 62,210,000,000 203 37 Romania 57,500,000,000 2003 38 Czech Republic 55,330,000,000 2002 39 Austria 55,090,000,000 2002 40 Switzerland 54,530,000,000 2002 41 Pakistan 52,660,000,000 2003 42 Greece 47,420,000,000 2002 43 Uzbekistan 46,660,000,000 2002 44 Philippines 46,050,000,000 2003 45 Portugal 42,150,000,000 2002 46 Chile 41,800,000,000 2002 47 Colombia 41,140,000,000 2002 48 Hong Kong 38,450,000,000 2003 49 Israel 38,300,000,000 2002 50 United Arab Emirates 36,510,000,000 2002 51 Hungary 35,990,000,000 2002 52 New Zealand 35,710,000,000 2002 53 Belarus 34,300,000,000 2004 54 Iraq 33,700,000,000 2004 55 Bulgaria 32,710,000,000 2002 56 Serbia and Montenegro 32,330,000,000 2002 57 Vietnam 32,060,000,000 2002 58 Singapore 32,000,000,000 2003 59 Denmark 31,630,000,000 2002 60 Korea, North 31,260,000,000 2002 61 Kuwait 30,160,000,000 2002 62 Slovakia 28,890,000,000 2003 63 Syria 24,320,000,000 2002 64 Algeria 23,610,000,000 2002 65 Ireland 21,780,000,000 2002 66 Puerto Rico 20,540,000,000 2002 67 Peru 20,220,000,000 2002 68 Libya 19,430,000,000 2002 69 Nigeria 18,430,000,000 2002 70 Azerbaijan 17,370,000,000 2002 71 Bangladesh 15,300,000,000 2002 72 Croatia 15,200,000,000 2002 73 Tajikistan 14,410,000,000 2002 74 Morocco 14,240,000,000 2002 75 Cuba 13,400,000,000 2002 76 Slovenia 11,800,000,000 2003 77 Zimbabwe 11,220,000,000 2002 78 Ecuador 10,790,000,000 2002 79 Kyrgyzstan 10,210,000,000 2002 80 Lithuania 10,170,000,000 2002 81 Tunisia 10,050,000,000 2002 82 Oman 9,792,000,000 2003 83 Qatar 9,046,000,000 2002 84 Dominican Republic 8,912,000,000 2002 85 Turkmenistan 8,908,000,000 2002 86 Lebanon 8,591,000,000 2002 87 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8,318,000,000 2002 88 Iceland 7,692,000,000 2002 89 Macedonia 7,216,000,000 2003 90 Jordan 7,094,000,000 2002 91 Georgia 6,811,000,000 2002 92 Albania 6,760,000,000 2004 93 Bahrain 6,379,000,000 2002 94 Estonia 6,358,000,000 2002 95 Sri Lanka 6,228,000,000 2002 96 Ghana 6,137,000,000 2002 97 Uruguay 5,878,000,000 2003 98 Jamaica 5,849,000,000 2002 99 Latvia 5,829,000,000 2002 100 Armenia 5,797,000,000 2002 101 Guatemala 5,760,000,000 2002 102 Luxembourg 5,735,000,000 2002 103 Costa Rica 5,733,000,000 2002 104 Zambia 5,345,000,000 2002 105 Trinidad and Tobago 5,341,000,000 2002 106 Mozambique 5,046,000,000 2002 107 Moldova 4,605,000,000 2002 108 Panama 4,473,000,000 2002 109 El Salvador 4,450,000,000 2004 110 Kenya 4,337,000,000 2002 111 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 4,168,000,000 2002 112 Bolivia 3,848,000,000 2002 113 Honduras 3,771,000,000 2002 114 Cyprus 3,663,000,000 2003 115 Burma 3,484,000,000 2003 116 Cameroon 3,321,000,000 2002 117 Laos 3,036,000,000 2002 118 Cote d'Ivoire 2,976,000,000 2002 119 Yemen 2,827,000,000 2002 est. 120 Tanzania 2,566,000,000 2002 121 Paraguay 2,469,000,000 2002 122 Sudan 2,400,000,000 2002 123 Nicaragua 2,318,000,000 2002 124 Brunei 2,286,000,000 2002 125 Mongolia 2,209,000,000 2004 est. 126 Nepal 2,005,000,000 2002 127 Malta 2,000,000,000 2002 128 Ethiopia 1,998,000,000 2002 129 Namibia 1,920,000,000 2002 130 Botswana 1,890,000,000 2002 131 Suriname 1,845,000,000 2002 132 Macau 1,772,000,000 2003 133 Mauritius 1,707,000,000 2002 134 Senegal 1,615,000,000 2002 135 Bahamas, The 1,596,000,000 2002 136 Angola 1,587,000,000 2002 137 Papua New Guinea 1,561,000,000 2002 138 New Caledonia 1,471,000,000 2002 139 Uganda 1,401,000,000 2002 140 Swaziland 1,173,000,000 2002 141 Martinique 1,095,000,000 2002 142 Reunion 1,084,000,000 2002 143 Gabon 1,080,000,000 2002 144 Guadeloupe 1,079,000,000 2002 145 Malawi 1,012,000,000 2002 146 Virgin Islands 962,600,000 2002 147 Netherlands Antilles 934,300,000 2002 148 Guinea 795,200,000 2002 149 Madagascar 781,400,000 2002 150 Guam 776,600,000 2002 151 Guyana 751,400,000 2002 152 Aruba 751,200,000 2002 153 Barbados 744,000,000 2002 154 Fiji 697,500,000 2002 155 Afghanistan 652,200,000 2002 156 Mali 651,000,000 2002 157 Jersey 630,100,000 2004 est. 158 Cyprus 602,000,000 2003 159 Bermuda 598,000,000 2002 160 Haiti 574,700,000 2002 161 Congo, Republic of the 573,600,000 2002 162 Benin 565,200,000 2002 163 Liberia 454,600,000 2002 164 Togo 451,200,000 2002 165 French Guiana 427,900,000 2002 166 Cayman Islands 382,100,000 2002 167 French Polynesia 353,400,000 2002 168 Burkina Faso 335,700,000 2002 169 Niger 327,600,000 2002 170 Bhutan 312,900,000 2002 171 Lesotho 308,000,000 2002 172 Saint Lucia 251,300,000 2002 173 Sierra Leone 237,400,000 2002 174 Eritrea 229,400,000 2002 175 Greenland 227,900,000 2002 176 Somalia 223,500,000 2002 177 Faroe Islands 204,600,000 2002 178 Seychelles 202,800,000 2002 179 Rwanda 195,000,000 2002 180 Micronesia, Federated States of 178,600,000 2002 181 Mauritania 176,900,000 2002 182 Djibouti 167,400,000 2002 183 Grenada 138,600,000 2002 184 Burundi 137,800,000 2002 185 American Samoa 120,900,000 2002 186 Maldives 115,700,000 2002 187 Samoa 113,500,000 2002 188 Belize 108,800,000 2002 189 Antigua and Barbuda 103,000,000 2002 190 Cambodia 100,600,000 2002 191 Central African Republic 98,580,000 2002 192 Saint Kitts and Nevis 98,440,000 2002 193 Gibraltar 96,760,000 2002 194 Chad 89,400,000 2002 195 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84,820,000 2002 196 Gambia, The 83,990,000 2002 197 Western Sahara 83,700,000 2002 198 Dominica 63,620,000 2002 199 Guinea-Bissau 51,150,000 2002 200 Vanuatu 45,030,000 2002 201 Anguilla 42,600,000 202 Cape Verde 40,060,000 2002 203 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 40,060,000 2002 204 British Virgin Islands 33,740,000 2002 205 Solomon Islands 29,760,000 2002 206 Nauru 27,900,000 2002 207 Cook Islands 25,110,000 2002 208 Equatorial Guinea 24,820,000 2002 209 Tonga 23,060,000 2002 210 Comoros 22,170,000 2002 211 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 17,720,000 2002 212 Sao Tome and Principe 15,810,000 2002 213 Kiribati 6,510,000 2002 214 Saint Helena 4,650,000 2002 215 Turks and Caicos Islands 4,650,000 2002 216 Niue 2,790,000 2002 217 Montserrat 1,674,000 2002

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2053

Rank Country Airports Date of Information

1 World 49,973 2004 2 United States 14,857 2004 est. 3 Brazil 4,136 2004 est. 4 European Union 3,130 2004 est. 5 Russia 2,586 2004 est. 6 Mexico 1,833 2004 est. 7 Argentina 1,334 2004 est. 8 Canada 1,326 2004 est. 9 Bolivia 1,065 2004 est. 10 Colombia 980 2004 est. 11 Paraguay 878 2004 est. 12 South Africa 728 2004 est. 13 Indonesia 667 2004 est. 14 Ukraine 656 2004 est. 15 Papua New Guinea 571 2004 est. 16 Germany 550 2004 est. 17 France 478 2004 est. 18 China 472 2004 est. 19 United Kingdom 471 2004 est. 20 Guatemala 452 2004 est. 21 Australia 448 2004 est. 22 Zimbabwe 404 2004 est. 23 Venezuela 369 2004 est. 24 Chile 364 2004 est. 25 India 333 2004 est. 26 Kazakhstan 314 2004 est. 27 Iran 305 2004 est. 28 Philippines 255 2004 est. 29 Sweden 254 2004 est. 30 Angola 243 2004 est. 31 Peru 234 2004 est. 32 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 230 2004 est. 33 Uzbekistan 226 2004 est. 34 Kenya 221 2004 est. 35 Bulgaria 213 2004 est. 36 Ecuador 205 2004 est. 37 Saudi Arabia 201 2004 est. 38 Korea, South 179 2004 est. 39 Nicaragua 176 2004 est. 40 Japan 174 2004 est. 41 Cuba 170 2004 est. 42 Mozambique 158 2004 est. 43 Spain 156 2004 est. 44 Costa Rica 149 2004 est. 45 Finland 148 2004 est. 46 Libya 139 2004 est. 47 Algeria 137 2004 est. 48 Oman 136 2004 est. 49 Namibia 136 2004 est. 50 Italy 134 2004 est. 51 Belarus 133 2004 est. 52 Pakistan 131 2004 est. 53 Poland 123 2004 est. 54 Tanzania 123 2004 est. 55 Czech Republic 120 2004 est. 56 Turkey 119 2004 est. 57 Malaysia 117 2004 est. 58 Madagascar 116 2004 est. 59 New Zealand 116 2004 est. 60 Honduras 115 2004 est. 61 Iraq 111 2004 est. 62 Thailand 109 2004 est. 63 Zambia 109 2004 est. 64 Panama 105 2004 est. 65 Lithuania 102 2004 est. 66 Norway 101 2004 est. 67 Iceland 98 2004 est. 68 Denmark 97 2004 est. 69 Syria 92 2004 est. 70 Egypt 87 2004 est. 71 Botswana 85 2004 est. 72 Ethiopia 83 2004 est. 73 Greece 80 2004 est. 74 Burma 78 2004 est. 75 Korea, North 78 2004 est. 76 Sudan 75 2004 est. 77 El Salvador 73 2004 est. 78 Nigeria 70 2004 est. 79 Croatia 68 2004 est. 80 Portugal 65 2004 est. 81 Switzerland 65 2004 est. 82 Uruguay 64 2004 est. 83 Bahamas, The 63 2004 est. 84 Morocco 63 2004 est. 85 Romania 61 2004 est. 86 Somalia 60 2004 est. 87 Gabon 56 2004 est. 88 Austria 55 2004 est. 89 Tajikistan 55 2004 est. 90 Liberia 53 2004 est. 91 Turkmenistan 53 2004 est. 92 Kyrgyzstan 52 2004 est. 93 Israel 51 2004 est. 94 Azerbaijan 50 2004 est. 95 Chad 50 2004 est. 96 Central African Republic 50 2004 est. 97 Latvia 50 2004 est. 98 French Polynesia 50 2004 est. 99 Guyana 49 2004 est. 100 Afghanistan 47 2004 est. 101 Cameroon 47 2004 est. 102 Mongolia 46 2004 est. 103 Suriname 46 2004 est. 104 Nepal 46 2004 est. 105 Hungary 44 2004 est. 106 Serbia and Montenegro 44 2004 est. 107 Yemen 44 2004 est. 108 Laos 44 2004 est. 109 Belgium 43 2004 est. 110 Belize 43 2004 est. 111 Malawi 42 2004 est. 112 Taiwan 40 2004 est. 113 Cote d'Ivoire 37 2004 est. 114 Ireland 36 2004 est. 115 United Arab Emirates 35 2004 est. 116 Jamaica 35 2004 est. 117 Slovakia 34 2004 est. 118 Solomon Islands 33 2004 est. 119 Burkina Faso 33 2004 est. 120 Congo, Republic of the 32 2004 est. 121 Dominican Republic 31 2004 est. 122 Georgia 30 2004 est. 123 Tunisia 30 2004 est. 124 Puerto Rico 30 2004 est. 125 Vanuatu 30 2004 est. 126 Estonia 29 2004 est. 127 Uganda 29 2004 est. 128 Fiji 28 2004 est. 129 Lesotho 28 2004 est. 130 Mali 28 2004 est. 131 Guinea-Bissau 28 2004 est. 132 Bosnia and Herzegovina 27 2004 est. 133 Niger 27 2004 est. 134 Netherlands 27 2004 est. 135 New Caledonia 25 2004 est. 136 Mauritania 24 2004 est. 137 Vietnam 24 2004 est. 138 Moldova 23 2004 est. 139 Cambodia 20 2004 est. 140 Senegal 20 2004 est. 141 Kiribati 20 2004 est. 142 Swaziland 18 2004 est. 143 Cyprus 17 2004 est. 144 Macedonia 17 2004 est. 145 Jordan 17 2004 est. 146 Eritrea 17 2004 est. 147 Armenia 16 2004 est. 148 Guinea 16 2004 est. 149 Bangladesh 16 2004 est. 150 Marshall Islands 15 2004 est. 151 Seychelles 15 2004 est. 152 Sri Lanka 14 2004 est. 153 Greenland 14 2004 est. 154 Slovenia 14 2004 est. 155 Djibouti 13 2004 est. 156 Haiti 13 2004 est. 157 Ghana 12 2004 est. 158 Albania 11 2004 est. 159 Western Sahara 11 2004 est. 160 French Guiana 11 2004 est. 161 Sierra Leone 10 2004 est. 162 Singapore 10 2004 est. 163 Cook Islands 9 2004 est. 164 Togo 9 2004 est. 165 Rwanda 9 2004 est. 166 Guadeloupe 9 2004 est. 167 Burundi 8 2004 est. 168 East Timor 8 2004 est. 169 Turks and Caicos Islands 8 2004 est. 170 Lebanon 8 2004 est. 171 Cape Verde 7 2004 est. 172 Kuwait 7 2004 est. 173 Micronesia, Federated States of 6 2004 est. 174 Trinidad and Tobago 6 2004 est. 175 Mauritius 6 2004 est. 176 Tonga 6 2004 est. 177 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6 2004 est. 178 Benin 5 2004 est. 179 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 5 2004 est. 180 Northern Mariana Islands 5 2004 est. 181 Maldives 5 2004 est. 182 Netherlands Antilles 5 2004 est. 183 Guam 5 2004 est. 184 Bahrain 4 2004 est. 185 Equatorial Guinea 4 2004 est. 186 Qatar 4 2004 est. 187 Samoa 4 2004 est. 188 Svalbard 4 2004 est. 189 Comoros 4 2004 est. 190 Hong Kong 4 2004 est. 191 Antigua and Barbuda 3 2004 est. 192 Cayman Islands 3 2004 est. 193 West Bank 3 2004 est. 194 British Virgin Islands 3 2004 est. 195 Palau 3 2004 est. 196 Spratly Islands 3 2004 est. 197 Midway Islands 3 2004 est. 198 Grenada 3 2004 est. 199 Anguilla 3 2004 est. 200 American Samoa 3 2004 est. 201 Bhutan 2 2004 est. 202 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2 2004 est. 203 Wallis and Futuna 2 2004 est. 204 Virgin Islands 2 2004 est. 205 Sao Tome and Principe 2 2004 est. 206 Saint Lucia 2 2004 est. 207 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2 2004 est. 208 Reunion 2 2004 est. 209 Luxembourg 2 2004 est. 210 Martinique 2 2004 est. 211 Gaza Strip 2 2004 est. 212 Brunei 2 2004 est. 213 Guernsey 2 2004 est. 214 Dominica 2 2004 est. 215 Aruba 1 2004 est. 216 Wake Island 1 2004 est. 217 Tuvalu 1 2004 est. 218 Tromelin Island 1 2004 est. 219 Saint Helena 1 2004 est. 220 Paracel Islands 1 2004 est. 221 Palmyra Atoll 1 2004 est. 222 Christmas Island 1 2004 est. 223 Juan de Nova Island 1 2004 est. 224 Johnston Atoll 1 2004 est. 225 Jan Mayen 1 2004 est. 226 Jersey 1 2004 est. 227 British Indian Ocean Territory 1 2004 est. 228 Man, Isle of 1 2004 est. 229 Glorioso Islands 1 2004 est. 230 Nauru 1 2004 est. 231 Norfolk Island 1 2004 est. 232 Niue 1 2004 est. 233 Malta 1 2004 est. 234 Montserrat 1 2004 est. 235 Mayotte 1 2004 est. 236 Macau 1 2004 est. 237 Gibraltar 1 2004 est. 238 Gambia, The 1 2004 est. 239 Bermuda 1 2004 est. 240 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1 2004 est. 241 Faroe Islands 1 2004 est. 242 Europa Island 1 2004 est. 243 Barbados 1 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2054

Rank Country Birth rate(births/1,000 population) Date of Information

1 Niger 51.33 2005 est. 2 Mali 49.99 2005 est. 3 Uganda 47.39 2005 est. 4 Afghanistan 47.02 2005 est. 5 Chad 46.17 2005 est. 6 Sierra Leone 46.13 2005 est. 7 Burkina Faso 45.96 2005 est. 8 Angola 45.63 2005 est. 9 Somalia 45.62 2005 est. 10 Liberia 45.61 2005 est. 11 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 44.07 2005 est. 12 Malawi 43.49 2005 est. 13 Yemen 43.07 2005 est. 14 Congo, Republic of the 43.01 2005 est. 15 Burundi 42.46 2005 est. 16 Guinea 42.01 2005 est. 17 Madagascar 41.66 2005 est. 18 Mayotte 41.58 2005 est. 19 Mauritania 41.43 2005 est. 20 Zambia 41.38 2005 est. 21 Sao Tome and Principe 40.80 2005 est. 22 Nigeria 40.65 2005 est. 23 Rwanda 40.60 2005 est. 24 Kenya 40.13 2005 est. 25 Gaza Strip 40.03 2005 est. 26 Djibouti 39.98 2005 est. 27 Gambia, The 39.89 2005 est. 28 Benin 39.58 2005 est. 29 Ethiopia 38.61 2005 est. 30 Tanzania 38.16 2005 est. 31 Guinea-Bissau 37.62 2005 est. 32 Comoros 37.52 2005 est. 33 Togo 37.17 2005 est. 34 Oman 36.73 2005 est. 35 Haiti 36.59 2005 est. 36 Gabon 36.34 2005 est. 37 Equatorial Guinea 36.01 2005 est. 38 Laos 35.99 2005 est. 39 Mozambique 35.79 2005 est. 40 Cote d'Ivoire 35.51 2005 est. 41 Maldives 35.43 2005 est. 42 Sudan 35.17 2005 est. 43 Eritrea 34.78 2005 est. 44 Central African Republic 34.32 2005 est. 45 Cameroon 34.30 2005 est. 46 Bhutan 34.03 2005 est. 47 Marshall Islands 33.52 2005 est. 48 Senegal 33.42 2005 est. 49 Tajikistan 32.58 2005 est. 50 Iraq 32.50 2005 est. 51 West Bank 32.37 2005 est. 52 Nepal 31.45 2005 est. 53 Ghana 31.12 2005 est. 54 Kiribati 30.86 2005 est. 55 Solomon Islands 30.74 2005 est. 56 Guatemala 30.56 2005 est. 57 Pakistan 30.42 2005 est. 58 Bangladesh 30.01 2005 est. 59 Papua New Guinea 29.95 2005 est. 60 Saudi Arabia 29.56 2005 est. 61 Paraguay 29.43 2005 est. 62 Belize 29.32 2005 est. 63 Honduras 28.87 2005 est. 64 Syria 28.29 2005 est. 65 Zimbabwe 28.22 2005 est. 66 Swaziland 27.92 2005 est. 67 Turkmenistan 27.68 2005 est. 68 East Timor 27.19 2005 est. 69 El Salvador 27.04 2005 est. 70 Cambodia 26.93 2005 est. 71 Libya 26.82 2005 est. 72 Uzbekistan 26.22 2005 est. 73 Cape Verde 25.33 2005 est. 74 Philippines 25.31 2005 est. 75 Tonga 25.18 2005 est. 76 Namibia 25.16 2005 est. 77 Nauru 25.14 2005 est. 78 Lesotho 25.12 2005 est. 79 Micronesia, Federated States of 25.11 2005 est. 80 Nicaragua 24.88 2005 est. 81 Bolivia 23.76 2005 est. 82 Dominican Republic 23.51 2005 est. 83 Botswana 23.33 2005 est. 84 Egypt 23.32 2005 est. 85 American Samoa 23.13 2005 est. 86 Malaysia 23.07 2005 est. 87 Vanuatu 23.06 2005 est. 88 Fiji 22.73 2005 est. 89 Ecuador 22.67 2005 est. 90 Kyrgyzstan 22.48 2005 est. 91 India 22.32 2005 est. 92 Grenada 22.30 2005 est. 93 Morocco 22.29 2005 est. 94 Turks and Caicos Islands 22.23 2005 est. 95 Panama 22.00 2005 est. 96 Tuvalu 21.91 2005 est. 97 Kuwait 21.88 2005 est. 98 Jordan 21.76 2005 est. 99 Mongolia 21.52 2005 est. 100 Jamaica 21.25 2005 est. 101 Mexico 21.01 2005 est. 102 Peru 20.87 2005 est. 103 Colombia 20.82 2005 est. 104 Indonesia 20.71 2005 est. 105 French Guiana 20.70 2005 est. 106 Azerbaijan 20.40 2005 est. 107 World 20.15 2005 est. 108 Saint Lucia 20.05 2005 est. 109 Northern Mariana Islands 19.51 2005 est. 110 Reunion 19.26 2005 est. 111 Guam 19.03 2005 est. 112 Brunei 19.01 2005 est. 113 Venezuela 18.91 2005 est. 114 Lebanon 18.88 2005 est. 115 United Arab Emirates 18.78 2005 est. 116 Costa Rica 18.60 2005 est. 117 New Caledonia 18.49 2005 est. 118 South Africa 18.48 2005 est. 119 Guyana 18.45 2005 est. 120 Suriname 18.39 2005 est. 121 Palau 18.37 2005 est. 122 Israel 18.21 2005 est. 123 Burma 18.12 2005 est. 124 Saint Kitts and Nevis 18.12 2005 est. 125 Bahrain 18.10 2005 est. 126 Bahamas, The 17.87 2005 est. 127 Montserrat 17.56 2005 est. 128 Antigua and Barbuda 17.26 2005 est. 129 Algeria 17.13 2005 est. 130 Vietnam 17.07 2005 est. 131 French Polynesia 16.93 2005 est. 132 Argentina 16.90 2005 est. 133 Brazil 16.83 2005 est. 134 Turkey 16.83 2005 est. 135 Iran 16.83 2005 est. 136 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16.34 2005 est. 137 Seychelles 16.22 2005 est. 138 Korea, North 16.09 2005 est. 139 Samoa 15.95 2005 est. 140 Greenland 15.93 2005 est. 141 Kazakhstan 15.78 2005 est. 142 Dominica 15.73 2005 est. 143 Sri Lanka 15.63 2005 est. 144 Mauritius 15.62 2005 est. 145 Qatar 15.54 2005 est. 146 Tunisia 15.50 2005 est. 147 Chile 15.44 2005 est. 148 Guadeloupe 15.42 2005 est. 149 Moldova 15.27 2005 est. 150 Albania 15.08 2005 est. 151 Netherlands Antilles 15.00 2005 est. 152 British Virgin Islands 14.88 2005 est. 153 Ireland 14.47 2005 est. 154 Anguilla 14.26 2005 est. 155 Virgin Islands 14.20 2005 est. 156 Martinique 14.14 2005 est. 157 United States 14.14 2005 est. 158 Uruguay 14.09 2005 est. 159 Thailand 14.00 2005 est. 160 Faroe Islands 13.97 2005 est. 161 New Zealand 13.90 2005 est. 162 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 13.83 2005 est. 163 Iceland 13.73 2005 est. 164 China 13.14 2005 est. 165 Cayman Islands 12.92 2005 est. 166 Puerto Rico 12.88 2005 est. 167 Barbados 12.81 2005 est. 168 Trinidad and Tobago 12.72 2005 est. 169 Taiwan 12.64 2005 est. 170 Cyprus 12.57 2005 est. 171 Saint Helena 12.33 2005 est. 172 Australia 12.26 2005 est. 173 France 12.15 2005 est. 174 Serbia and Montenegro 12.12 2005 est. 175 Luxembourg 12.06 2005 est. 176 Cuba 12.03 2005 est. 177 Macedonia 12.00 2005 est. 178 Armenia 11.76 2005 est. 179 Norway 11.67 2005 est. 180 Bermuda 11.60 2005 est. 181 Denmark 11.36 2005 est. 182 Aruba 11.26 2005 est. 183 Man, Isle of 11.18 2005 est. 184 Netherlands 11.14 2005 est. 185 Gibraltar 10.87 2005 est. 186 Canada 10.84 2005 est. 187 Belarus 10.83 2005 est. 188 Portugal 10.82 2005 est. 189 United Kingdom 10.78 2005 est. 190 Romania 10.70 2005 est. 191 Slovakia 10.62 2005 est. 192 Finland 10.50 2005 est. 193 Belgium 10.48 2005 est. 194 Liechtenstein 10.41 2005 est. 195 Sweden 10.36 2005 est. 196 Georgia 10.25 2005 est. 197 San Marino 10.18 2005 est. 198 Malta 10.17 2005 est. 199 Spain 10.10 2005 est. 200 Korea, South 10.04 2005 est. 201 European Union 10.00 July 2005 est. 202 Estonia 9.91 2005 est. 203 Russia 9.80 2005 est. 204 Switzerland 9.77 2005 est. 205 Hungary 9.76 2005 est. 206 Greece 9.72 2005 est. 207 Poland 9.72 2005 est. 208 Bulgaria 9.66 2005 est. 209 Jersey 9.66 2005 est. 210 Croatia 9.57 2005 est. 211 Singapore 9.49 2005 est. 212 Japan 9.47 2005 est. 213 Monaco 9.26 2005 est. 214 Czech Republic 9.07 2005 est. 215 Latvia 9.04 2005 est. 216 Guernsey 9.01 2005 est. 217 Andorra 9.00 2005 est. 218 Slovenia 8.95 2005 est. 219 Italy 8.89 2005 est. 220 Austria 8.81 2005 est. 221 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.75 2005 est. 222 Ukraine 8.67 2005 est. 223 Lithuania 8.62 2005 est. 224 Macau 8.47 2005 est. 225 Germany 8.33 2005 est. 226 Hong Kong 7.26 2005 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2066

Rank Country Death rate(deaths/1,000 population) Date of Information

1 Botswana 29.36 2005 est. 2 Swaziland 28.82 2005 est. 3 Lesotho 28.67 2005 est. 4 Angola 24.50 2005 est. 5 Liberia 23.93 2005 est. 6 Sierra Leone 23.43 2005 est. 7 Zimbabwe 21.92 2005 est. 8 South Africa 21.32 2005 est. 9 Niger 21.19 2005 est. 10 Mozambique 20.99 2005 est. 11 Afghanistan 20.75 2005 est. 12 Zambia 20.23 2005 est. 13 Malawi 19.63 2005 est. 14 Djibouti 19.39 2005 est. 15 Central African Republic 18.81 2005 est. 16 Namibia 18.36 2005 est. 17 Mali 17.23 2005 est. 18 Nigeria 17.18 2005 est. 19 Somalia 16.97 2005 est. 20 Guinea-Bissau 16.73 2005 est. 21 Chad 16.71 2005 est. 22 Tanzania 16.71 2005 est. 23 Rwanda 16.32 2005 est. 24 Burkina Faso 15.92 2005 est. 25 Guinea 15.63 2005 est. 26 Ethiopia 15.06 2005 est. 27 Equatorial Guinea 15.04 2005 est. 28 Cote d'Ivoire 14.94 2005 est. 29 Kenya 14.65 2005 est. 30 Russia 14.52 2005 est. 31 Ukraine 14.43 2005 est. 32 Bulgaria 14.26 2005 est. 33 Belarus 14.15 2005 est. 34 Burundi 13.79 2005 est. 35 Latvia 13.70 2005 est. 36 Cameroon 13.63 2005 est. 37 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 13.54 2005 est. 38 Congo, Republic of the 13.30 2005 est. 39 Estonia 13.21 2005 est. 40 Hungary 13.19 2005 est. 41 Bhutan 12.94 2005 est. 42 Uganda 12.80 2005 est. 43 Moldova 12.79 2005 est. 44 Monaco 12.71 2005 est. 45 Gambia, The 12.52 2005 est. 46 Benin 12.49 2005 est. 47 Mauritania 12.44 2005 est. 48 Haiti 12.34 2005 est. 49 Gabon 12.03 2005 est. 50 Laos 11.83 2005 est. 51 Romania 11.74 2005 est. 52 Croatia 11.38 2005 est. 53 Madagascar 11.35 2005 est. 54 Man, Isle of 11.26 2005 est. 55 Lithuania 10.92 2005 est. 56 Germany 10.55 2005 est. 57 Czech Republic 10.54 2005 est. 58 Serbia and Montenegro 10.49 2005 est. 59 Denmark 10.43 2005 est. 60 Portugal 10.43 2005 est. 61 Sweden 10.36 2005 est. 62 Trinidad and Tobago 10.36 2005 est. 63 Italy 10.30 2005 est. 64 Belgium 10.22 2005 est. 65 Slovenia 10.22 2005 est. 66 United Kingdom 10.18 2005 est. 67 Greece 10.15 2005 est. 68 European Union 10.10 July 2005 est. 69 Togo 10.01 2005 est. 70 Guernsey 9.95 2005 est. 71 Ghana 9.91 2005 est. 72 Eritrea 9.87 2005 est. 73 Azerbaijan 9.86 2005 est. 74 Burma 9.85 2005 est. 75 Poland 9.84 2005 est. 76 Finland 9.79 2005 est. 77 Austria 9.70 2005 est. 78 Spain 9.63 2005 est. 79 Senegal 9.59 2005 est. 80 Nepal 9.47 2005 est. 81 Kazakhstan 9.46 2005 est. 82 Norway 9.45 2005 est. 83 Slovakia 9.43 2005 est. 84 Jersey 9.19 2005 est. 85 Gibraltar 9.18 2005 est. 86 Sudan 9.16 2005 est. 87 Cambodia 9.15 2005 est. 88 Georgia 9.09 2005 est. 89 France 9.08 2005 est. 90 Uruguay 9.06 2005 est. 91 Bahamas, The 8.97 2005 est. 92 Japan 8.95 2005 est. 93 Turkmenistan 8.78 2005 est. 94 World 8.78 2005 est. 95 Barbados 8.74 2005 est. 96 Macedonia 8.73 2005 est. 97 Faroe Islands 8.69 2005 est. 98 Netherlands 8.68 2005 est. 99 Yemen 8.53 2005 est. 100 Switzerland 8.48 2005 est. 101 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.47 2005 est. 102 Pakistan 8.45 2005 est. 103 Luxembourg 8.41 2005 est. 104 Bangladesh 8.40 2005 est. 105 Comoros 8.40 2005 est. 106 Tajikistan 8.39 2005 est. 107 Kiribati 8.37 2005 est. 108 Guyana 8.32 2005 est. 109 India 8.28 2005 est. 110 United States 8.25 2005 est. 111 Armenia 8.16 2005 est. 112 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.08 2005 est. 113 San Marino 8.07 2005 est. 114 Malta 8.00 2005 est. 115 Uzbekistan 7.95 2005 est. 116 Mayotte 7.90 2005 est. 117 Vanuatu 7.90 2005 est. 118 Ireland 7.85 2005 est. 119 Greenland 7.77 2005 est. 120 Canada 7.73 2005 est. 121 Bolivia 7.64 2005 est. 122 Cyprus 7.64 2005 est. 123 Bermuda 7.63 2005 est. 124 Argentina 7.56 2005 est. 125 Puerto Rico 7.54 2005 est. 126 New Zealand 7.53 2005 est. 127 Australia 7.44 2005 est. 128 Papua New Guinea 7.37 2005 est. 129 Maldives 7.24 2005 est. 130 Tuvalu 7.22 2005 est. 131 Cuba 7.19 2005 est. 132 Grenada 7.17 2005 est. 133 Montserrat 7.17 2005 est. 134 Suriname 7.16 2005 est. 135 Kyrgyzstan 7.13 2005 est. 136 Liechtenstein 7.06 2005 est. 137 Korea, North 7.05 2005 est. 138 Mongolia 7.03 2005 est. 139 Thailand 6.98 2005 est. 140 China 6.94 2005 est. 141 Palau 6.85 2005 est. 142 Mauritius 6.83 2005 est. 143 Nauru 6.82 2005 est. 144 Dominica 6.81 2005 est. 145 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.70 2005 est. 146 Iceland 6.68 2005 est. 147 Sao Tome and Principe 6.68 2005 est. 148 Cape Verde 6.62 2005 est. 149 Aruba 6.57 2005 est. 150 Samoa 6.54 2005 est. 151 Sri Lanka 6.49 2005 est. 152 Jamaica 6.47 2005 est. 153 Martinique 6.44 2005 est. 154 Saint Helena 6.43 2005 est. 155 Netherlands Antilles 6.41 2005 est. 156 Taiwan 6.38 2005 est. 157 Seychelles 6.34 2005 est. 158 East Timor 6.30 2005 est. 159 Peru 6.26 2005 est. 160 Virgin Islands 6.26 2005 est. 161 Indonesia 6.25 2005 est. 162 Lebanon 6.24 2005 est. 163 Vietnam 6.20 2005 est. 164 Israel 6.18 2005 est. 165 Brazil 6.15 2005 est. 166 Hong Kong 6.13 2005 est. 167 Andorra 6.07 2005 est. 168 Guadeloupe 6.06 2005 est. 169 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.00 2005 est. 170 Turkey 5.96 2005 est. 171 El Salvador 5.85 2005 est. 172 Chile 5.76 2005 est. 173 Dominican Republic 5.73 2005 est. 174 Korea, South 5.72 2005 est. 175 Belize 5.65 2005 est. 176 New Caledonia 5.65 2005 est. 177 Fiji 5.65 2005 est. 178 Morocco 5.64 2005 est. 179 Colombia 5.59 2005 est. 180 Iran 5.55 2005 est. 181 Iraq 5.49 2005 est. 182 Reunion 5.48 2005 est. 183 Philippines 5.47 2005 est. 184 Antigua and Barbuda 5.44 2005 est. 185 Anguilla 5.43 2005 est. 186 Tonga 5.35 2005 est. 187 Guatemala 5.30 2005 est. 188 Panama 5.28 2005 est. 189 Egypt 5.26 2005 est. 190 Honduras 5.25 2005 est. 191 Albania 5.12 2005 est. 192 Saint Lucia 5.12 2005 est. 193 Tunisia 5.09 2005 est. 194 Malaysia 5.06 2005 est. 195 Venezuela 4.90 2005 est. 196 Marshall Islands 4.88 2005 est. 197 Syria 4.88 2005 est. 198 Micronesia, Federated States of 4.87 2005 est. 199 French Guiana 4.85 2005 est. 200 Cayman Islands 4.81 2005 est. 201 Mexico 4.73 2005 est. 202 French Polynesia 4.63 2005 est. 203 Qatar 4.61 2005 est. 204 Algeria 4.60 2005 est. 205 Paraguay 4.53 2005 est. 206 Nicaragua 4.49 2005 est. 207 British Virgin Islands 4.42 2005 est. 208 Guam 4.41 2005 est. 209 Macau 4.35 2005 est. 210 Costa Rica 4.33 2005 est. 211 Turks and Caicos Islands 4.28 2005 est. 212 United Arab Emirates 4.26 2005 est. 213 Ecuador 4.24 2005 est. 214 Singapore 4.16 2005 est. 215 Bahrain 4.08 2005 est. 216 West Bank 3.99 2005 est. 217 Solomon Islands 3.98 2005 est. 218 Gaza Strip 3.87 2005 est. 219 Oman 3.86 2005 est. 220 Libya 3.48 2005 est. 221 Brunei 3.42 2005 est. 222 American Samoa 3.33 2005 est. 223 Jordan 2.63 2005 est. 224 Saudi Arabia 2.62 2005 est. 225 Kuwait 2.42 2005 est. 226 Northern Mariana Islands 2.30 2005 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2067

Rank Country Military expenditures - dollar figure Date of Information

1 United States $ 370,700,000,000 March 2003 2 China $ 67,490,000,000 2004 3 Japan $ 45,841,000,000 2004 4 France $ 45,238,100,000 2003 5 United Kingdom $ 42,836,500,000 2003 6 Germany $ 35,063,000,000 2003 7 Italy $ 28,182,800,000 2003 8 India $ 18,860,000,000 2005 9 Saudi Arabia $ 18,000,000,000 2002 10 Australia $ 16,650,000,000 2004 11 Korea, South $ 16,180,000,000 2004 12 Turkey $ 12,155,000,000 2003 13 Brazil $ 11,000,000,000 2004 14 Spain $ 9,906,500,000 2003 15 Canada $ 9,801,700,000 2003 16 Netherlands $ 9,408,000,000 2004 17 Israel $ 9,110,000,000 FY03 18 Taiwan $ 7,574,000,000 2003 19 Mexico $ 6,043,000,000 2004 20 Greece $ 5,890,000,000 2004 21 Sweden $ 5,729,000,000 2004 22 Korea, North $ 5,217,400,000 FY02 23 Singapore $ 4,470,000,000 24 Argentina $ 4,300,000,000 25 Iran $ 4,300,000,000 2003 est. 26 Norway $ 4,033,500,000 2003 27 Belgium $ 3,999,000,000 2003 28 Pakistan $ 3,848,000,000 2004 29 Poland $ 3,500,000,000 2002 30 Portugal $ 3,497,800,000 2003 31 Chile $ 3,420,000,000 2004 32 Colombia $ 3,300,000,000 33 Denmark $ 3,271,600,000 2003 34 South Africa $ 3,172,000,000 2004 35 Kuwait $ 2,584,500,000 2004 36 Switzerland $ 2,548,000,000 FY01 37 Algeria $ 2,480,000,000 2004 38 Egypt $ 2,440,000,000 2003 39 Morocco $ 2,305,600,000 2003 40 Czech Republic $ 2,170,000,000 2004 41 Finland $ 1,800,000,000 FY98/99 42 Thailand $ 1,775,000,000 43 Malaysia $ 1,690,000,000 44 Venezuela $ 1,687,000,000 2004 45 United Arab Emirates $ 1,600,000,000 46 Austria $ 1,497,000,000 FY01/02 47 Jordan $ 1,460,000,000 2004 48 Indonesia $ 1,300,000,000 2004 49 Iraq $ 1,300,000,000 FY00 50 Libya $ 1,300,000,000 51 New Zealand $ 1,147,000,000 FY03/04 52 Hungary $ 1,080,000,000 2002 est. 53 Bangladesh $ 995,300,000 2004 54 Romania $ 985,000,000 2002 55 Yemen $ 885,500,000 2003 56 Syria $ 858,000,000 57 Peru $ 829,300,000 2003 58 Philippines $ 805,500,000 2004 59 Qatar $ 723,000,000 60 Ireland $ 700,000,000 FY00/01 61 Ecuador $ 655,000,000 2004 62 Serbia and Montenegro $ 654,000,000 2002 63 Vietnam $ 650,000,000 64 Bahrain $ 628,900,000 2004 65 Croatia $ 620,000,000 2004 66 Ukraine $ 617,900,000 FY02 67 Sudan $ 587,000,000 2004 68 Cuba $ 572,300,000 2003 69 Nigeria $ 544,600,000 2004 70 Lebanon $ 540,600,000 2004 71 Sri Lanka $ 514,800,000 2004 72 Slovakia $ 406,000,000 2002 73 Cyprus $ 384,000,000 74 Slovenia $ 370,000,000 FY00 75 Bulgaria $ 356,000,000 FY02 76 Tunisia $ 356,000,000 77 Botswana $ 338,500,000 2004 78 Ethiopia $ 337,100,000 2004 79 Brunei $ 290,700,000 2004 80 Uruguay $ 257,500,000 2004 81 Oman $ 252,990,000 2004 82 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 234,300,000 83 Luxembourg $ 231,600,000 2003 84 Lithuania $ 230,800,000 FY01 85 Kazakhstan $ 221,800,000 FY02 86 Cameroon $ 221,100,000 2004 87 Zimbabwe $ 217,000,000 2004 88 Guatemala $ 201,900,000 2004 89 Macedonia $ 200,000,000 90 Uzbekistan $ 200,000,000 91 Afghanistan $ 188,400,000 2004 92 Gabon $ 184,800,000 2004 93 Angola $ 183,580,000 2004 94 Cote d'Ivoire $ 180,200,000 2004 95 Dominican Republic $ 180,000,000 1998 96 Kenya $ 177,100,000 2004 97 Belarus $ 176,100,000 FY02 98 Uganda $ 170,300,000 2004 99 Namibia $ 168,400,000 2004 100 El Salvador $ 157,000,000 2003 101 Estonia $ 155,000,000 2002 est. 102 Eritrea $ 151,000,000 2004 103 Panama $ 147,000,000 2004 104 Armenia $ 135,000,000 FY01 105 Bolivia $ 132,200,000 2004 106 Congo, Republic of the $ 126,500,000 2004 107 Equatorial Guinea $ 126,200,000 2004 108 Azerbaijan $ 121,000,000 109 Mozambique $ 117,300,000 2004 110 Cambodia $ 112,000,000 111 Senegal $ 107,300,000 2004 112 Zambia $ 106,800,000 2004 113 Chad $ 101,300,000 2004 114 Honduras $ 100,600,000 2004 115 Nepal $ 99,200,000 2004 116 Benin $ 96,500,000 2004 117 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 93,500,000 2004 118 Turkmenistan $ 90,000,000 119 Latvia $ 87,000,000 FY01 120 Trinidad and Tobago $ 66,700,000 2003 121 Costa Rica $ 64,200,000 2004 122 Burkina Faso $ 64,200,000 2004 123 Guinea $ 56,700,000 2004 124 Albania $ 56,500,000 FY02 125 Paraguay $ 53,100,000 2004 126 Rwanda $ 50,100,000 2004 127 Ghana $ 49,200,000 2004 128 Madagascar $ 44,600,000 2004 129 Maldives $ 41,100,000 2004 130 Swaziland $ 40,500,000 2004 131 Burma $ 39,000,000 132 Burundi $ 38,700,000 2004 133 Fiji $ 36,000,000 2004 134 Togo $ 35,500,000 2004 135 Tajikistan $ 35,400,000 FY01 136 Niger $ 33,300,000 2004 137 Nicaragua $ 32,800,000 2004 138 Lesotho $ 32,300,000 2004 139 Jamaica $ 31,200,000 2003 140 Malta $ 31,100,000 2004 141 Djibouti $ 28,600,000 2004 142 Haiti $ 26,000,000 2003 143 Mongolia $ 23,100,000 FY02 144 Georgia $ 23,000,000 145 Mali $ 22,400,000 2004 146 Mauritania $ 20,800,000 2004 147 Tanzania $ 20,600,000 2004 148 Kyrgyzstan $ 19,200,000 FY01 149 Somalia $ 18,900,000 2003 150 Belize $ 18,000,000 2003 151 Papua New Guinea $ 16,900,000 2003 152 Central African Republic $ 15,500,000 2004 153 Cape Verde $ 14,100,000 2004 154 Bhutan $ 13,700,000 2004 155 Sierra Leone $ 13,200,000 2004 156 Mauritius $ 12,500,000 2004 157 Seychelles $ 12,300,000 2004 158 Comoros $ 11,600,000 2004 159 Malawi $ 11,100,000 2004 160 Laos $ 10,700,000 2004 161 Guinea-Bissau $ 8,900,000 2004 162 Moldova $ 8,700,000 2004 163 Suriname $ 7,500,000 2003 164 Guyana $ 6,500,000 2003 165 East Timor $ 4,400,000 FY03 166 Bermuda $ 4,030,000 2001 167 Liberia $ 1,500,000 2004 168 Gambia, The $ 1,000,000 2004 169 San Marino $ 700,000 FY00/01 170 Sao Tome and Principe $ 700,000 2004

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2078

Rank Country Exports Date of Information

1 World $ 8,819,000,000,000 2003 est. 2 European Union $ 1,109,000,000,000 2003 3 Germany $ 893,300,000,000 2004 est. 4 United States $ 795,000,000,000 2004 est. 5 China $ 583,100,000,000 2004 est. 6 Japan $ 538,800,000,000 2004 est. 7 France $ 419,000,000,000 2004 est. 8 United Kingdom $ 347,200,000,000 2004 est. 9 Italy $ 336,400,000,000 2004 est. 10 Canada $ 315,600,000,000 2004 est. 11 Netherlands $ 293,100,000,000 2004 est. 12 Hong Kong $ 268,100,000,000 2004 est. 13 Belgium $ 255,700,000,000 2003 est. 14 Korea, South $ 250,600,000,000 2004 est. 15 Mexico $ 182,400,000,000 2004 est. 16 Singapore $ 174,000,000,000 2004 est. 17 Spain $ 172,500,000,000 2004 est. 18 Taiwan $ 170,500,000,000 2004 est. 19 Russia $ 162,500,000,000 2004 est. 20 Switzerland $ 130,700,000,000 2004 est. 21 Malaysia $ 123,500,000,000 2004 est. 22 Sweden $ 121,700,000,000 2004 est. 23 Saudi Arabia $ 113,000,000,000 2004 est. 24 Ireland $ 103,800,000,000 2004 est. 25 Austria $ 102,700,000,000 2004 est. 26 Brazil $ 95,000,000,000 2004 est. 27 Thailand $ 87,910,000,000 2004 est. 28 Australia $ 86,890,000,000 2004 est. 29 Norway $ 76,640,000,000 2004 est. 30 Poland $ 75,980,000,000 2004 est. 31 Denmark $ 73,060,000,000 2004 est. 32 Indonesia $ 69,860,000,000 2004 est. 33 United Arab Emirates $ 69,480,000,000 2004 est. 34 Turkey $ 69,460,000,000 2004 est. 35 India $ 69,180,000,000 2004 est. 36 Czech Republic $ 66,510,000,000 2004 est. 37 Finland $ 61,040,000,000 2004 est. 38 Hungary $ 54,620,000,000 2004 est. 39 Puerto Rico $ 46,900,000,000 2001 40 South Africa $ 41,970,000,000 2004 est. 41 Iran $ 38,790,000,000 2004 est. 42 Philippines $ 38,630,000,000 2004 est. 43 Portugal $ 37,680,000,000 2004 est. 44 Venezuela $ 35,840,000,000 2004 est. 45 Israel $ 34,410,000,000 2004 est. 46 Nigeria $ 33,990,000,000 2004 est. 47 Argentina $ 33,780,000,000 2004 est. 48 Ukraine $ 32,910,000,000 2004 est. 49 Algeria $ 32,160,000,000 2004 est. 50 Slovakia $ 29,240,000,000 2004 est. 51 Chile $ 29,200,000,000 2004 est. 52 Kuwait $ 27,420,000,000 2004 est. 53 Vietnam $ 23,720,000,000 2004 est. 54 Romania $ 23,540,000,000 2004 est. 55 New Zealand $ 19,850,000,000 2004 est. 56 Libya $ 18,650,000,000 2004 est. 57 Kazakhstan $ 18,470,000,000 2004 est. 58 Colombia $ 15,500,000,000 2004 est. 59 Greece $ 15,500,000,000 2004 est. 60 Pakistan $ 15,070,000,000 2004 est. 61 Qatar $ 15,000,000,000 2004 est. 62 Slovenia $ 14,970,000,000 2004 est. 63 Luxembourg $ 13,400,000,000 2003 64 Oman $ 13,140,000,000 2004 est. 65 Angola $ 12,760,000,000 2004 est. 66 Peru $ 12,300,000,000 2004 est. 67 Belarus $ 11,470,000,000 2004 est. 68 Egypt $ 11,000,000,000 2004 est. 69 Iraq $ 10,100,000,000 2004 est. 70 Tunisia $ 9,926,000,000 2004 est. 71 Morocco $ 9,754,000,000 2004 est. 72 Bulgaria $ 9,134,000,000 2004 est. 73 Lithuania $ 8,880,000,000 2004 est. 74 Bahrain $ 8,205,000,000 2004 est. 75 Croatia $ 7,845,000,000 2004 est. 76 Brunei $ 7,700,000,000 2003 est. 77 Ecuador $ 7,560,000,000 2004 est. 78 Bangladesh $ 7,478,000,000 2004 est. 79 Trinidad and Tobago $ 6,671,000,000 2004 est. 80 Costa Rica $ 6,184,000,000 2004 est. 81 Syria $ 6,086,000,000 2004 est. 82 Estonia $ 5,701,000,000 2004 est. 83 Panama $ 5,699,000,000 2004 est. 84 Dominican Republic $ 5,446,000,000 2004 est. 85 Sri Lanka $ 5,306,000,000 2004 est. 86 Cote d'Ivoire $ 5,124,000,000 2004 est. 87 Yemen $ 4,468,000,000 2004 est. 88 Turkmenistan $ 4,000,000,000 2004 est. 89 Gabon $ 3,710,000,000 2004 est. 90 Uzbekistan $ 3,700,000,000 2004 est. 91 Latvia $ 3,569,000,000 2004 est. 92 Sudan $ 3,395,000,000 2004 est. 93 El Salvador $ 3,249,000,000 2004 est. 94 Serbia and Montenegro $ 3,245,000,000 2004 est. 95 Jordan $ 3,200,000,000 2004 est. 96 Azerbaijan $ 3,168,000,000 2004 est. 97 Ghana $ 3,010,000,000 2004 est. 98 Botswana $ 2,940,000,000 2004 est. 99 Paraguay $ 2,936,000,000 2004 est. 100 Guatemala $ 2,911,000,000 2004 est. 101 Iceland $ 2,902,000,000 2004 est. 102 Equatorial Guinea $ 2,771,000,000 2004 est. 103 Malta $ 2,625,000,000 2004 est. 104 Kenya $ 2,589,000,000 2004 est. 105 Macau $ 2,580,000,000 2003 106 Liechtenstein $ 2,470,000,000 1996 107 Cameroon $ 2,445,000,000 2004 est. 108 Papua New Guinea $ 2,437,000,000 2004 est. 109 Cambodia $ 2,311,000,000 2004 est. 110 Congo, Republic of the $ 2,224,000,000 2004 est. 111 Uruguay $ 2,200,000,000 2003 est. 112 Burma $ 2,137,000,000 2004 est. 113 Cuba $ 2,104,000,000 2004 est. 114 Mauritius $ 2,012,000,000 2004 est. 115 Bolivia $ 1,986,000,000 2004 est. 116 Lebanon $ 1,783,000,000 2004 est. 117 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 1,700,000,000 2004 est. 118 Jamaica $ 1,679,000,000 2004 est. 119 Macedonia $ 1,629,000,000 2004 est. 120 Netherlands Antilles $ 1,579,000,000 2002 121 Zambia $ 1,548,000,000 2004 est. 122 Honduras $ 1,457,000,000 2004 est. 123 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 1,417,000,000 2002 est. 124 Zimbabwe $ 1,409,000,000 2004 est. 125 Senegal $ 1,374,000,000 2004 est. 126 Namibia $ 1,356,000,000 2004 est. 127 Tanzania $ 1,248,000,000 2004 est. 128 Korea, North $ 1,200,000,000 2003 est. 129 Tajikistan $ 1,130,000,000 2004 est. 130 Cyprus $ 1,094,000,000 2004 est. 131 Liberia $ 1,079,000,000 2002 est. 132 Moldova $ 1,030,000,000 2004 est. 133 Mali $ 915,000,000 2002 est. 134 Georgia $ 909,400,000 2004 est. 135 Swaziland $ 900,100,000 2004 est. 136 Bermuda $ 879,000,000 2002 137 Madagascar $ 868,200,000 2004 est. 138 Mongolia $ 853,000,000 2004 est. 139 Armenia $ 850,000,000 2004 est. 140 Nicaragua $ 750,000,000 2004 est. 141 Benin $ 720,900,000 2004 est. 142 Guinea $ 709,200,000 2004 est. 143 Mozambique $ 689,400,000 2004 est. 144 Antigua and Barbuda $ 689,000,000 2002 145 Togo $ 663,100,000 2004 est. 146 Kyrgyzstan $ 646,700,000 2004 est. 147 Bahamas, The $ 636,000,000 2003 est. 148 Uganda $ 621,700,000 2004 est. 149 Fiji $ 609,000,000 2002 150 Guyana $ 570,200,000 2004 est. 151 Nepal $ 568,000,000 2002 est. 152 Ethiopia $ 562,800,000 2004 est. 153 Albania $ 552,400,000 2004 est. 154 Mauritania $ 541,000,000 2002 155 Malawi $ 503,400,000 2004 est. 156 Suriname $ 495,000,000 2002 157 Lesotho $ 484,500,000 2004 est. 158 New Caledonia $ 448,000,000 2002 159 Afghanistan $ 446,000,000 FY03-04 160 Burkina Faso $ 418,600,000 2004 est. 161 Faroe Islands $ 408,000,000 2002 162 Belize $ 401,400,000 2004 est. 163 Greenland $ 388,000,000 2002 164 Laos $ 365,500,000 2004 est. 165 Chad $ 365,000,000 2003 est. 166 Haiti $ 338,100,000 2004 est. 167 Niger $ 280,000,000 2002 est. 168 Seychelles $ 256,200,000 2004 est. 169 Martinique $ 250,000,000 1997 170 French Polynesia $ 244,000,000 2002 171 Reunion $ 214,000,000 1997 172 Barbados $ 206,000,000 2002 173 Gaza Strip $ 205,000,000 2002 174 West Bank $ 205,000,000 2002 175 Central African Republic $ 172,000,000 2002 est. 176 Turks and Caicos Islands $ 169,200,000 2000 177 Djibouti $ 155,000,000 2002 est. 178 French Guiana $ 155,000,000 2002 est. 179 Bhutan $ 154,000,000 2000 est. 180 Guadeloupe $ 140,000,000 1997 181 Gibraltar $ 136,000,000 2002 182 Aruba $ 128,000,000 2002 est. 183 Gambia, The $ 114,400,000 2004 est. 184 Maldives $ 90,000,000 2002 est. 185 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $ 82,000,000 2002 186 Somalia $ 79,000,000 2002 est. 187 Solomon Islands $ 74,000,000 2003 est. 188 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 70,000,000 2002 est. 189 Rwanda $ 69,780,000 2004 est. 190 Saint Lucia $ 66,000,000 2002 est. 191 Eritrea $ 64,440,000 2004 est. 192 Cape Verde $ 61,110,000 2004 est. 193 Andorra $ 58,000,000 1998 194 Guinea-Bissau $ 54,000,000 2002 est. 195 Cyprus $ 49,300,000 2004 est. 196 Sierra Leone $ 49,000,000 2002 est. 197 Grenada $ 46,000,000 2002 est. 198 Dominica $ 39,000,000 2003 est. 199 Guam $ 38,000,000 2002 est. 200 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 38,000,000 2002 est. 201 Kiribati $ 35,000,000 2002 202 Burundi $ 31,840,000 2004 est. 203 American Samoa $ 30,000,000 2002 204 Comoros $ 28,000,000 2002 est. 205 Tonga $ 27,000,000 2002 est. 206 Vanuatu $ 26,600,000 2003 207 British Virgin Islands $ 25,300,000 2002 208 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 22,000,000 FY99/00 est. 209 Palau $ 18,000,000 2001 est. 210 Saint Helena $ 17,000,000 2002 211 Samoa $ 14,000,000 2002 212 Saint Pierre and Miquelon $ 10,000,000 2002 213 Cook Islands $ 9,100,000 2000 214 Marshall Islands $ 9,000,000 2000 215 East Timor $ 8,000,000 2004 est. 216 Sao Tome and Principe $ 6,700,000 2004 est. 217 Mayotte $ 3,440,000 1997 218 Anguilla $ 2,600,000 1999 219 Norfolk Island $ 1,500,000 FY99/00 220 Cayman Islands $ 1,200,000 1999 221 Tuvalu $ 1,000,000 2002 222 Montserrat $ 700,000 2001 223 Nauru $ 640,000 2004 est. 224 Wallis and Futuna $ 250,000 1999 225 Niue $ 137,200 1999 226 Tokelau $ 98,000 1983

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2079

Rank Country Debt - external Date of Information

1 World $ 12,700,000,000,000 2004 est. 2 United Kingdom $ 4,710,000,000,000 2003 3 United States $ 1,400,000,000,000 2001 est. 4 Italy $ 913,900,000,000 2004 est. 5 Spain $ 771,100,000,000 2004 est. 6 Canada $ 570,000,000,000 2004 7 Australia $ 308,700,000,000 3rd quarter, 2004 est. 8 Portugal $ 274,700,000,000 2004 est. 9 China $ 233,300,000,000 3rd quarter 2004 est. 10 Brazil $ 219,800,000,000 2004 est. 11 Russia $ 169,600,000,000 2004 est. 12 Korea, South $ 160,000,000,000 2004 est. 13 Argentina $ 157,700,000,000 2004 est. 14 Mexico $ 149,900,000,000 2004 est. 15 Indonesia $ 141,500,000,000 2004 est. 16 Iraq $ 125,000,000,000 2004 est. 17 India $ 117,200,000,000 2004 est. 18 Poland $ 99,150,000,000 2004 est. 19 Israel $ 74,460,000,000 2004 est. 20 Greece $ 67,230,000,000 2004 est. 21 Hong Kong $ 66,940,000,000 2004 est. 22 Sweden $ 66,500,000,000 1994 23 Hungary $ 57,000,000,000 2004 est. 24 Philippines $ 55,600,000,000 September 2004 est. 25 Taiwan $ 55,500,000,000 2004 est. 26 Malaysia $ 53,360,000,000 2004 est. 27 Thailand $ 50,590,000,000 2004 est. 28 New Zealand $ 47,340,000,000 2004 est. 29 Chile $ 44,600,000,000 2004 est. 30 Colombia $ 38,700,000,000 2004 est. 31 Czech Republic $ 36,280,000,000 2004 est. 32 Saudi Arabia $ 34,350,000,000 2004 est. 33 Pakistan $ 33,970,000,000 2004 est. 34 Egypt $ 33,750,000,000 2004 est. 35 Venezuela $ 33,290,000,000 2004 est. 36 Nigeria $ 30,550,000,000 2004 est. 37 Finland $ 30,000,000,000 December 1993 38 Peru $ 29,790,000,000 2004 est. 39 Belgium $ 28,300,000,000 1999 est. 40 South Africa $ 27,010,000,000 2004 est. 41 Croatia $ 26,400,000,000 2004 est. 42 Kazakhstan $ 26,030,000,000 2004 est. 43 Romania $ 24,590,000,000 2004 est. 44 Algeria $ 21,900,000,000 2004 est. 45 Denmark $ 21,700,000,000 2000 46 Sudan $ 21,000,000,000 2004 est. 47 Bangladesh $ 19,970,000,000 2004 est. 48 Slovakia $ 19,540,000,000 2004 est. 49 Singapore $ 19,400,000,000 2004 est. 50 Qatar $ 18,620,000,000 2004 est. 51 Monaco $ 18,000,000,000 2000 est. 52 Morocco $ 17,070,000,000 2004 est. 53 Turkey $ 16,900,000,000 2004 est. 54 Ecuador $ 16,810,000,000 2004 est. 55 Vietnam $ 16,550,000,000 2004 est. 56 Ukraine $ 16,370,000,000 2004 est. 57 Bulgaria $ 16,100,000,000 November 2004 est. 58 Lebanon $ 15,840,000,000 2004 est. 59 Austria $ 15,500,000,000 2003 est. 60 Kuwait $ 15,020,000,000 2004 est. 61 Tunisia $ 14,710,000,000 2004 est. 62 Slovenia $ 14,650,000,000 2004 est. 63 Iran $ 13,400,000,000 2004 est. 64 Serbia and Montenegro $ 12,970,000,000 2004 est. 65 Uruguay $ 12,800,000,000 March 2004 66 Cuba $ 12,090,000,000 2004 est. 67 Korea, North $ 12,000,000,000 1996 est. 68 Cote d'Ivoire $ 11,810,000,000 2004 est. 69 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 11,600,000,000 2000 est. 70 Ireland $ 11,000,000,000 1998 71 Sri Lanka $ 10,850,000,000 2004 est. 72 Angola $ 10,450,000,000 2004 est. 73 Lithuania $ 10,010,000,000 2004 est. 74 Panama $ 8,780,000,000 2004 est. 75 Cameroon $ 8,460,000,000 2004 est. 76 Estonia $ 8,373,000,000 2004 est. 77 Afghanistan $ 8,000,000,000 2004 78 Dominican Republic $ 7,745,000,000 2004 est. 79 Ghana $ 7,396,000,000 2004 est. 80 Latvia $ 7,368,000,000 2004 est. 81 Cyprus $ 7,327,000,000 2004 est. 82 Tanzania $ 7,321,000,000 2004 est. 83 Jordan $ 7,320,000,000 2004 est. 84 Kenya $ 6,792,000,000 2004 est. 85 Burma $ 6,752,000,000 2004 est. 86 Bahrain $ 6,215,000,000 2004 est. 87 Guatemala $ 5,969,000,000 2004 est. 88 Jamaica $ 5,964,000,000 2004 est. 89 Costa Rica $ 5,962,000,000 2004 est. 90 United Arab Emirates $ 5,900,000,000 2004 est. 91 Bolivia $ 5,439,000,000 June 2004 est. 92 Yemen $ 5,400,000,000 2004 est. 93 Honduras $ 5,365,000,000 September 2004 est. 94 Zambia $ 5,353,000,000 2004 est. 95 Congo, Republic of the $ 5,000,000,000 2000 est. 96 Oman $ 4,814,000,000 2004 est. 97 El Salvador $ 4,792,000,000 September 2004 est. 98 Madagascar $ 4,600,000,000 2002 99 Nicaragua $ 4,573,000,000 2004 est. 100 Uzbekistan $ 4,351,000,000 2004 est. 101 Zimbabwe $ 4,086,000,000 2004 est. 102 Libya $ 4,069,000,000 2004 est. 103 Syria $ 4,000,000,000 2004 est. 104 Uganda $ 3,865,000,000 2004 est. 105 Gabon $ 3,804,000,000 2004 est. 106 Senegal $ 3,476,000,000 2004 est. 107 Mali $ 3,300,000,000 2000 108 Guinea $ 3,250,000,000 2001 est. 109 Paraguay $ 3,239,000,000 2004 est. 110 Malawi $ 3,129,000,000 2004 est. 111 Iceland $ 3,073,000,000 2002 112 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 3,000,000,000 2004 est. 113 Somalia $ 3,000,000,000 2001 est. 114 Trinidad and Tobago $ 2,940,000,000 2004 est. 115 Ethiopia $ 2,900,000,000 2001 est. 116 Macau $ 2,700,000,000 2003 117 Nepal $ 2,700,000,000 2001 118 Mauritania $ 2,500,000,000 2000 119 Laos $ 2,490,000,000 2001 120 Papua New Guinea $ 2,463,000,000 2004 est. 121 Cambodia $ 2,400,000,000 2002 est. 122 Turkmenistan $ 2,400,000,000 2001 est. 123 Liberia $ 2,100,000,000 2000 est. 124 Kyrgyzstan $ 1,970,000,000 2004 est. 125 Macedonia $ 1,863,000,000 2004 est. 126 Azerbaijan $ 1,832,000,000 2004 est. 127 Georgia $ 1,800,000,000 2002 128 Mauritius $ 1,780,000,000 2004 est. 129 Benin $ 1,600,000,000 2000 130 Niger $ 1,600,000,000 1999 est. 131 Sierra Leone $ 1,500,000,000 2002 est. 132 Albania $ 1,410,000,000 2003 133 Moldova $ 1,400,000,000 2004 est. 134 Togo $ 1,400,000,000 2000 135 Belize $ 1,362,000,000 June 2004 est. 136 Netherlands Antilles $ 1,350,000,000 1996 137 Rwanda $ 1,300,000,000 2000 est. 138 Burkina Faso $ 1,300,000,000 2000 139 French Guiana $ 1,200,000,000 1988 140 Haiti $ 1,200,000,000 2004 est. 141 Guyana $ 1,200,000,000 2002 142 Mongolia $ 1,191,000,000 2004 est. 143 Namibia $ 1,136,000,000 2004 est. 144 Burundi $ 1,133,000,000 2002 145 Chad $ 1,100,000,000 2000 est. 146 Mozambique $ 966,000,000 2002 est. 147 Guinea-Bissau $ 941,500,000 2000 est. 148 Armenia $ 905,000,000 June 2001 149 Tajikistan $ 888,000,000 2004 est. 150 Central African Republic $ 881,400,000 2000 est. 151 Lesotho $ 735,000,000 2002 152 Barbados $ 668,000,000 2003 153 Belarus $ 600,000,000 2004 est. 154 Botswana $ 531,000,000 2004 est. 155 Gambia, The $ 476,000,000 2001 est. 156 Djibouti $ 366,000,000 2002 est. 157 Cape Verde $ 325,000,000 2002 158 Suriname $ 321,000,000 2002 est. 159 Swaziland $ 320,000,000 2002 est. 160 Sao Tome and Principe $ 318,000,000 2002 161 Eritrea $ 311,000,000 2000 est. 162 Bahamas, The $ 308,500,000 2002 163 Aruba $ 285,000,000 1996 164 Maldives $ 281,000,000 2003 est. 165 Equatorial Guinea $ 248,000,000 2000 est. 166 Bhutan $ 245,000,000 2000 167 Comoros $ 232,000,000 2000 est. 168 Antigua and Barbuda $ 231,000,000 1999 169 Seychelles $ 218,100,000 2004 est. 170 Saint Lucia $ 214,000,000 2000 171 Samoa $ 197,000,000 2000 172 Grenada $ 196,000,000 2000 173 Fiji $ 188,100,000 2001 est. 174 Solomon Islands $ 180,400,000 2002 175 Martinique $ 180,000,000 1994 176 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 171,000,000 2001 177 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 167,200,000 2000 178 Dominica $ 161,500,000 2001 179 Bermuda $ 160,000,000 FY99/00 180 Cook Islands $ 141,000,000 1996 est. 181 Malta $ 130,000,000 1997 182 Gaza Strip $ 108,000,000 1997 est. 183 West Bank $ 108,000,000 1997 est. 184 Marshall Islands $ 86,500,000 FY99/00 est. 185 Vanuatu $ 83,700,000 2002 186 New Caledonia $ 79,000,000 1998 est. 187 Cayman Islands $ 70,000,000 1996 188 Faroe Islands $ 64,000,000 1999 189 Tonga $ 63,400,000 2001 190 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 53,100,000 FY02/03 est. 191 British Virgin Islands $ 36,100,000 1997 192 Nauru $ 33,300,000 2002 193 Greenland $ 25,000,000 1999 194 Kiribati $ 10,000,000 1999 est. 195 Montserrat $ 8,900,000 1997 196 Anguilla $ 8,800,000 1998 197 Niue $ 418,000 2002 est. 198 Brunei $ 0 199 Norway $ 0 2003 est. 200 Tokelau $ 0 201 Palau $ 0 FY99/00 202 Liechtenstein $ 0 2001

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2085

Rank Country Highways(km) Date of Information

1 World 32,345,165 2002 2 United States 6,393,603 2003 3 European Union 4,634,810 1999-2000 4 India 2,525,989 1999 5 China 1,765,222 2002 est. 6 Brazil 1,724,929 2000 7 Canada 1,408,800 2002 8 Japan 1,171,647 2001 9 France 893,100 2002 10 Australia 811,603 1999 est. 11 Spain 664,852 2001 12 Russia 537,289 2001 13 Italy 479,688 1999 14 United Kingdom 392,931 2003 15 Poland 364,697 2001 16 Turkey 354,421 2002 17 Indonesia 342,700 1999 est. 18 Mexico 329,532 1999 est. 19 South Africa 275,971 2002 20 Pakistan 257,683 2001 21 Germany 230,735 1999 22 Argentina 215,471 1999 23 Sweden 213,237 2002 24 Bangladesh 207,486 1999 25 Philippines 202,124 2002 26 Austria 200,000 2002 27 Romania 198,755 2002 28 Nigeria 194,394 1999 est. 29 Ukraine 169,679 2002 30 Iran 167,157 1998 31 Hungary 159,568 2002 32 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 157,000 1999 est. 33 Saudi Arabia 152,044 2000 34 Belgium 149,028 2002 35 Czech Republic 127,204 2002 36 Greece 117,000 1999 est. 37 Netherlands 116,500 1999 38 Colombia 112,998 2000 39 Algeria 104,000 1999 40 Venezuela 96,155 1999 est. 41 Ireland 95,736 2002 42 Vietnam 93,300 1999 est. 43 New Zealand 92,382 2002 44 Norway 91,852 2002 45 Zambia 91,440 2001 46 Tanzania 88,200 1999 est. 47 Korea, South 86,990 2001 48 Libya 83,200 1999 est. 49 Kazakhstan 82,980 2002 50 Uzbekistan 81,600 1999 est. 51 Belarus 79,990 2002 52 Chile 79,605 2001 53 Peru 78,230 2001 54 Finland 78,197 2004 55 Lithuania 77,148 2002 56 Denmark 71,847 2002 57 Switzerland 71,212 2002 58 Yemen 67,000 1999 est. 59 Malaysia 65,877 2001 60 Egypt 64,000 1999 est. 61 Kenya 63,942 2000 62 Cuba 60,858 1999 est. 63 Latvia 60,472 2002 64 Bolivia 60,282 2002 65 Morocco 57,694 2002 66 Thailand 57,403 2000 est. 67 Estonia 55,944 2002 68 Angola 51,429 2001 69 Cote d'Ivoire 50,400 1999 est. 70 Madagascar 49,827 1999 est. 71 Mongolia 49,256 2002 72 Ghana 46,176 1999 est. 73 Syria 45,697 2002 74 Iraq 45,550 1999 75 Serbia and Montenegro 45,290 2002 76 Ecuador 43,197 2002 77 Slovakia 42,970 2002 78 Namibia 42,237 2002 79 Taiwan 37,299 2002 80 Bulgaria 37,077 2002 81 Costa Rica 35,303 2002 82 Oman 34,965 2001 83 Cameroon 34,300 1999 est. 84 Chad 33,400 1999 est. 85 Ethiopia 33,297 2002 86 Korea, North 31,200 1999 est. 87 Guinea 30,500 1999 est. 88 Mozambique 30,400 1999 est. 89 Paraguay 29,500 1999 est 90 Malawi 28,400 1999 est. 91 Croatia 28,344 2002 92 Burma 28,200 1996 est. 93 Azerbaijan 28,030 2002 94 Tajikistan 27,767 2000 95 Uganda 27,000 1999 est. 96 Puerto Rico 25,328 2004 97 Turkmenistan 24,000 1999 est. 98 Central African Republic 23,810 1999 est. 99 Somalia 22,100 1999 est. 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina 21,846 1999 est. 101 Laos 21,716 1999 est. 102 Afghanistan 21,000 1999 est. 103 Slovenia 20,250 2002 104 Georgia 20,229 2002 105 Papua New Guinea 19,600 1999 est. 106 Tunisia 18,997 2001 107 Nicaragua 18,712 2002 108 Jamaica 18,700 1999 est. 109 Kyrgyzstan 18,500 1999 est. 110 Zimbabwe 18,338 1999 est. 111 Albania 18,000 2002 112 Portugal 17,135 2002 113 Israel 16,903 2002 114 Mali 15,100 1999 est. 115 Senegal 14,576 2000 116 Burundi 14,480 1999 est. 117 Guatemala 14,118 1999 118 Cyprus 13,943 2002/1996 est. 119 Honduras 13,603 1999 est. 120 Nepal 13,223 1999 est. 121 Iceland 13,004 2004 122 Congo, Republic of the 12,800 1999 est. 123 Moldova 12,719 2002 124 Dominican Republic 12,600 1999 125 Burkina Faso 12,506 1999 126 Cambodia 12,323 2000 est 127 Rwanda 12,000 1999 est. 128 Sudan 11,900 1999 est. 129 Sri Lanka 11,650 2002 130 Panama 11,643 2000 est. 131 Sierra Leone 11,300 2002 132 Liberia 10,600 1999 est. 133 Botswana 10,217 1999 134 Niger 10,100 1999 est. 135 El Salvador 10,029 1999 est. 136 Uruguay 8,983 1999 est. 137 Macedonia 8,684 1999 est. 138 Gabon 8,464 2000 est. 139 Armenia 8,431 2002 140 Trinidad and Tobago 8,320 1999 est. 141 Guyana 7,970 1999 est. 142 Mauritania 7,660 1999 est. 143 Togo 7,520 1999 est. 144 Jordan 7,301 2002 145 Lebanon 7,300 1999 est. 146 Benin 6,787 1999 est. 147 Western Sahara 6,200 1991 est 148 Lesotho 5,940 1999 149 New Caledonia 5,432 2000 150 Luxembourg 5,210 2002 151 West Bank 4,500 1997 est. 152 Suriname 4,492 2002 153 Kuwait 4,450 1999 est. 154 Guinea-Bissau 4,400 1999 est. 155 Haiti 4,160 1999 est. 156 Eritrea 4,010 1999 est. 157 Bhutan 4,007 2002 158 East Timor 3,800 1995 159 Bahrain 3,459 2002 160 Fiji 3,440 1999 est. 161 Singapore 3,130 2002 162 Swaziland 3,107 2000 163 Djibouti 2,890 1999 est. 164 Equatorial Guinea 2,880 1999 est. 165 Belize 2,872 1999 est. 166 Gambia, The 2,700 1999 167 Bahamas, The 2,693 1999 est. 168 French Polynesia 2,590 1999 169 Brunei 2,525 2000 170 Malta 2,222 2002 171 Martinique 2,105 2000 172 Mauritius 2,000 2002 173 Hong Kong 1,831 1999 est. 174 Barbados 1,600 2002 175 Solomon Islands 1,360 1999 est. 176 Cape Verde 1,350 2000 177 Virgin Islands 1,257 2003 178 Qatar 1,230 1999 est. 179 Reunion 1,214 2001 180 Saint Lucia 1,210 1999 est. 181 United Arab Emirates 1,088 1999 est. 182 Vanuatu 1,070 1999 est. 183 Grenada 1,040 1999 est. 184 Guam 977 2004 185 Guadeloupe 947 2002 186 Comoros 880 1999 est 187 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 829 2002 188 French Guiana 817 1998 189 Aruba 800 1995 190 Man, Isle of 800 1999 191 Samoa 790 1999 est. 192 Cayman Islands 785 2000 193 Dominica 780 1999 est. 194 Tonga 680 1999 est. 195 Kiribati 670 1999 est. 196 Netherlands Antilles 600 197 Jersey 577 198 Faroe Islands 463 1999 199 Bermuda 450 2002 200 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 440 2002 201 Seychelles 373 1997 est. 202 Northern Mariana Islands 362 1991 203 Macau 341 2002 204 Cook Islands 320 2000 205 Sao Tome and Principe 320 1999 est. 206 Saint Kitts and Nevis 320 1999 est 207 Andorra 269 208 Antigua and Barbuda 250 1999 est. 209 Liechtenstein 250 210 Micronesia, Federated States of 240 1999 est. 211 Christmas Island 240 2000 212 Niue 234 2001 213 Montserrat 227 2003 214 San Marino 220 2001 215 Saint Helena 198 2000 216 American Samoa 185 2004 217 British Virgin Islands 177 2000 218 Turks and Caicos Islands 121 2000 219 Wallis and Futuna 120 220 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 114 221 Anguilla 105 1997 222 Mayotte 93 223 Norfolk Island 80 2001 224 Marshall Islands 65 2002 225 Palau 61 226 Monaco 50 1999 est. 227 Nauru 30 1999 est. 228 Gibraltar 29 2002 229 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15 2003 230 Tuvalu 8 1999 est. 231 Pitcairn Islands 6

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2087

Rank Country Imports Date of Information

1 World $ 8,754,000,000,000 2003 est. 2 United States $ 1,476,000,000,000 2004 est. 3 European Union $ 1,123,000,000,000 2003 4 Germany $ 716,700,000,000 2004 est. 5 China $ 552,400,000,000 2004 est. 6 United Kingdom $ 439,400,000,000 2004 est. 7 France $ 419,700,000,000 2004 est. 8 Japan $ 401,800,000,000 2004 est. 9 Italy $ 329,300,000,000 2004 est. 10 Hong Kong $ 275,900,000,000 2004 est. 11 Canada $ 256,100,000,000 2004 est. 12 Netherlands $ 252,700,000,000 2004 est. 13 Belgium $ 235,000,000,000 2003 est. 14 Spain $ 222,000,000,000 2004 est. 15 Korea, South $ 214,200,000,000 2004 est. 16 Mexico $ 190,800,000,000 2004 est. 17 Taiwan $ 165,400,000,000 2004 est. 18 Singapore $ 155,200,000,000 2004 est. 19 Switzerland $ 121,100,000,000 2004 est. 20 Austria $ 101,200,000,000 2004 est. 21 Malaysia $ 99,300,000,000 2004 est. 22 Australia $ 98,100,000,000 2004 est. 23 Sweden $ 97,970,000,000 2004 est. 24 Turkey $ 94,500,000,000 2004 est. 25 Russia $ 92,910,000,000 2004 est. 26 India $ 89,330,000,000 2004 est. 27 Poland $ 81,610,000,000 2004 est. 28 Thailand $ 80,840,000,000 2004 est. 29 Czech Republic $ 68,190,000,000 2004 est. 30 Denmark $ 63,450,000,000 2004 est. 31 Brazil $ 61,000,000,000 2004 est. 32 Ireland $ 60,650,000,000 2004 est. 33 Hungary $ 58,680,000,000 2004 est. 34 Greece $ 54,280,000,000 2004 est. 35 Portugal $ 52,100,000,000 2004 est. 36 Norway $ 45,960,000,000 2004 est. 37 United Arab Emirates $ 45,660,000,000 2004 est. 38 Finland $ 45,170,000,000 2004 est. 39 Indonesia $ 45,070,000,000 2004 est. 40 South Africa $ 39,420,000,000 2004 est. 41 Philippines $ 37,500,000,000 2004 est. 42 Israel $ 36,840,000,000 2004 est. 43 Saudi Arabia $ 36,210,000,000 2004 est. 44 Ukraine $ 31,450,000,000 2004 est. 45 Iran $ 31,300,000,000 2004 est. 46 Slovakia $ 29,670,000,000 2004 est. 47 Puerto Rico $ 29,100,000,000 2001 48 Romania $ 28,430,000,000 2004 est. 49 Vietnam $ 26,310,000,000 2004 est. 50 Chile $ 22,530,000,000 2004 est. 51 Argentina $ 22,060,000,000 2004 est. 52 New Zealand $ 19,770,000,000 2004 est. 53 Egypt $ 19,210,000,000 2004 est. 54 Nigeria $ 17,140,000,000 2004 est. 55 Croatia $ 16,700,000,000 2004 est. 56 Luxembourg $ 16,300,000,000 2003 57 Slovenia $ 16,070,000,000 2004 est. 58 Morocco $ 15,630,000,000 2004 est. 59 Colombia $ 15,340,000,000 2004 est. 60 Algeria $ 15,250,000,000 2004 est. 61 Venezuela $ 14,980,000,000 2004 est. 62 Pakistan $ 14,010,000,000 2004 est. 63 Belarus $ 13,570,000,000 2004 est. 64 Kazakhstan $ 13,070,000,000 2004 est. 65 Bulgaria $ 12,230,000,000 2004 est. 66 Tunisia $ 11,520,000,000 2004 est. 67 Kuwait $ 11,120,000,000 2004 est. 68 Lithuania $ 11,020,000,000 2004 est. 69 Bangladesh $ 10,030,000,000 2004 est. 70 Iraq $ 9,900,000,000 2004 est. 71 Peru $ 9,600,000,000 2004 est. 72 Serbia and Montenegro $ 9,538,000,000 2004 est. 73 Lebanon $ 8,162,000,000 2004 est. 74 Dominican Republic $ 8,093,000,000 2004 est. 75 Costa Rica $ 7,842,000,000 2004 est. 76 Guatemala $ 7,770,000,000 2004 est. 77 Ecuador $ 7,650,000,000 2004 est. 78 Jordan $ 7,600,000,000 2004 est. 79 Estonia $ 7,318,000,000 2004 est. 80 Sri Lanka $ 7,265,000,000 2004 est. 81 Libya $ 7,224,000,000 2004 est. 82 Panama $ 7,164,000,000 2004 est. 83 Oman $ 6,373,000,000 2004 est. 84 Qatar $ 6,150,000,000 2004 est. 85 Latvia $ 5,970,000,000 2004 est. 86 El Salvador $ 5,968,000,000 2004 est. 87 Bahrain $ 5,870,000,000 2004 est. 88 Bermuda $ 5,523,000,000 2002 89 Cuba $ 5,296,000,000 2004 est. 90 Cyprus $ 5,258,000,000 2004 est. 91 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 5,200,000,000 2004 est. 92 Brunei $ 5,200,000,000 2003 93 Liberia $ 5,051,000,000 2002 est. 94 Syria $ 5,042,000,000 2004 est. 95 Angola $ 4,896,000,000 2004 est. 96 Trinidad and Tobago $ 4,650,000,000 2004 est. 97 Kenya $ 4,190,000,000 2004 est. 98 Afghanistan $ 3,759,000,000 FY03-04 99 Yemen $ 3,734,000,000 2004 est. 100 Ghana $ 3,699,000,000 2004 est. 101 Jamaica $ 3,624,000,000 2004 est. 102 Azerbaijan $ 3,622,000,000 2004 est. 103 Sudan $ 3,496,000,000 2004 est. 104 Malta $ 3,407,000,000 2004 est. 105 Cote d'Ivoire $ 3,360,000,000 2004 est. 106 Honduras $ 3,332,000,000 2004 est. 107 Paraguay $ 3,330,000,000 2004 est. 108 Iceland $ 3,307,000,000 2004 est. 109 Cambodia $ 3,129,000,000 2004 est. 110 Turkmenistan $ 2,850,000,000 2004 est. 111 Uzbekistan $ 2,820,000,000 2004 est. 112 Macau $ 2,760,000,000 2003 113 Macedonia $ 2,677,000,000 2004 est. 114 Reunion $ 2,500,000,000 1997 115 Botswana $ 2,255,000,000 2004 est. 116 Mauritius $ 2,245,000,000 2004 est. 117 Netherlands Antilles $ 2,233,000,000 2002 118 Senegal $ 2,128,000,000 2004 est. 119 Ethiopia $ 2,104,000,000 2004 est. 120 Korea, North $ 2,100,000,000 2003 121 Albania $ 2,076,000,000 2004 est. 122 Uruguay $ 2,071,000,000 2003 123 Nicaragua $ 2,020,000,000 2004 est. 124 Martinique $ 2,000,000,000 1997 125 Cameroon $ 1,979,000,000 2004 est. 126 Tanzania $ 1,972,000,000 2004 est. 127 Gaza Strip $ 1,900,000,000 2002 128 Moldova $ 1,830,000,000 2004 est. 129 Georgia $ 1,806,000,000 2004 est. 130 Burma $ 1,754,000,000 2004 est. 131 Gibraltar $ 1,743,000,000 2002 132 Guadeloupe $ 1,700,000,000 1997 133 Bahamas, The $ 1,630,000,000 2003 134 Zimbabwe $ 1,599,000,000 2004 est. 135 Bolivia $ 1,595,000,000 2004 est. 136 Zambia $ 1,519,000,000 2004 est. 137 West Bank $ 1,500,000,000 2002 138 Namibia $ 1,473,000,000 2004 est. 139 Nepal $ 1,419,000,000 2002 est. 140 Papua New Guinea $ 1,353,000,000 2004 est. 141 French Polynesia $ 1,341,000,000 2002 142 Uganda $ 1,306,000,000 2004 est. 143 Armenia $ 1,300,000,000 2004 est. 144 Tajikistan $ 1,300,000,000 2004 est. 145 Gabon $ 1,225,000,000 2004 est. 146 Equatorial Guinea $ 1,167,000,000 2004 est. 147 Madagascar $ 1,147,000,000 2004 est. 148 Swaziland $ 1,140,000,000 2004 est. 149 Haiti $ 1,085,000,000 2004 est. 150 Andorra $ 1,077,000,000 1998 151 Barbados $ 1,039,000,000 2002 152 New Caledonia $ 1,007,000,000 2002 153 Mongolia $ 1,000,000,000 2004 est. 154 Mozambique $ 972,900,000 2004 est. 155 Benin $ 934,500,000 2004 est. 156 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ 933,000,000 2002 est. 157 Mali $ 927,000,000 2002 est. 158 Liechtenstein $ 917,300,000 1996 159 Burkina Faso $ 866,300,000 2004 est. 160 Mauritania $ 860,000,000 2002 161 Aruba $ 841,000,000 2002 est. 162 Fiji $ 835,000,000 2002 163 Togo $ 824,900,000 2004 est. 164 Kyrgyzstan $ 775,100,000 2004 est. 165 Congo, Republic of the $ 749,300,000 2004 est. 166 Lesotho $ 730,900,000 2004 est. 167 Antigua and Barbuda $ 692,000,000 2002 est. 168 Djibouti $ 665,000,000 2002 est. 169 Guyana $ 650,100,000 2004 est. 170 Guinea $ 641,500,000 2004 est. 171 French Guiana $ 625,000,000 2002 est. 172 Eritrea $ 622,000,000 2004 est. 173 Suriname $ 604,000,000 2002 174 Belize $ 579,900,000 2004 est. 175 Laos $ 579,500,000 2004 est. 176 Malawi $ 521,100,000 2004 est. 177 Chad $ 500,700,000 2004 est. 178 Faroe Islands $ 466,000,000 2002 179 Guam $ 462,000,000 2002 est. 180 Cayman Islands $ 457,400,000 1999 181 Greenland $ 445,000,000 2002 182 Cyprus $ 415,200,000 2004 est. 183 Niger $ 400,000,000 2002 est. 184 Seychelles $ 393,400,000 2004 est. 185 Maldives $ 392,000,000 2002 est. 186 Cape Verde $ 387,300,000 2004 est. 187 Somalia $ 344,000,000 2002 est. 188 Saint Lucia $ 267,000,000 2002 est. 189 Sierra Leone $ 264,000,000 2002 est. 190 Rwanda $ 260,000,000 2004 est. 191 Grenada $ 208,000,000 2002 est. 192 Bhutan $ 196,000,000 2000 est. 193 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ 195,000,000 2002 est. 194 British Virgin Islands $ 187,000,000 2002 est. 195 Gambia, The $ 180,900,000 2004 est. 196 Turks and Caicos Islands $ 175,600,000 2000 197 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ 174,000,000 2002 est. 198 East Timor $ 167,000,000 2004 est. 199 Micronesia, Federated States of $ 149,000,000 FY99/00 est. 200 Mayotte $ 141,300,000 1997 201 Burundi $ 138,200,000 2004 est. 202 Vanuatu $ 138,000,000 2002 203 Central African Republic $ 136,000,000 2002 est. 204 American Samoa $ 123,000,000 2002 205 Samoa $ 113,000,000 2002 206 Saint Pierre and Miquelon $ 106,000,000 2002 207 Guinea-Bissau $ 104,000,000 2002 est. 208 Palau $ 99,000,000 2001 est. 209 Dominica $ 98,200,000 2003 est. 210 Comoros $ 88,000,000 2002 est. 211 Tonga $ 86,000,000 2002 est. 212 Kiribati $ 83,000,000 2002 213 Anguilla $ 80,900,000 1999 214 Tuvalu $ 79,000,000 2002 215 Solomon Islands $ 67,000,000 2003 216 Marshall Islands $ 54,000,000 2000 217 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $ 53,000,000 2002 218 Cook Islands $ 50,700,000 2000 219 Saint Helena $ 42,000,000 2002 220 Sao Tome and Principe $ 41,000,000 2004 est. 221 Nauru $ 19,800,000 2004 est. 222 Norfolk Island $ 17,900,000 FY91/92 223 Montserrat $ 17,000,000 2001 224 Niue $ 2,380,000 1999 225 Tokelau $ 323,000 1983 226 Wallis and Futuna $ 300,000 1999

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2089

Rank Country Industrial production growth rate(%) Date of Information

1 Equatorial Guinea 30.00 2002 est. 2 Cambodia 22.00 2002 est. 3 Turkmenistan 22.00 2003 est. 4 Uruguay 22.00 2004 est. 5 Burundi 18.00 2001 6 China 17.10 2004 est. 7 Moldova 17.00 2003 est. 8 Turkey 16.50 2004 est. 9 Ukraine 16.50 2004 est. 10 Vietnam 16.00 2004 est. 11 Lesotho 15.50 1999 12 Armenia 15.00 2002 est. 13 Cote d'Ivoire 15.00 1998 est. 14 Burkina Faso 14.00 2001 est. 15 Pakistan 13.10 2004 est. 16 Venezuela 12.30 2004 est. 17 Taiwan 12.20 2004 est. 18 Argentina 12.00 2004 est. 19 Lithuania 12.00 2004 est. 20 Singapore 11.10 2004 est. 21 Kazakhstan 10.60 2004 est. 22 Indonesia 10.50 2004 est. 23 Malaysia 10.20 2004 est. 24 Korea, South 10.10 2004 est. 25 Ecuador 10.00 2004 est. 26 Poland 10.00 2004 est. 27 Qatar 10.00 2003 est. 28 Laos 9.70 2001 est. 29 Hungary 9.60 2004 est. 30 Bhutan 9.30 1996 est. 31 Iceland 8.80 2004 est. 32 Nepal 8.70 FY99/00 33 Tonga 8.60 FY98/99 34 Latvia 8.50 2004 est. 35 Sudan 8.50 1999 est. 36 East Timor 8.50 37 Thailand 8.50 2004 est. 38 Tanzania 8.40 1999 est. 39 Benin 8.30 2001 est. 40 Tajikistan 8.20 2002 est. 41 Faroe Islands 8.00 1999 est. 42 Mauritius 8.00 2000 est. 43 Chile 7.80 2004 est. 44 Honduras 7.70 2003 est. 45 India 7.40 2004 est. 46 Trinidad and Tobago 7.20 2004 est. 47 Sri Lanka 7.10 2004 est. 48 Guyana 7.10 1997 est. 49 Ireland 7.00 2004 est. 50 Syria 7.00 2002 est. 51 Rwanda 7.00 2001 est. 52 Zambia 6.90 2004 est. 53 Ethiopia 6.70 2001 est. 54 Japan 6.60 2004 est. 55 Bangladesh 6.50 2004 est. 56 Suriname 6.50 1994 est. 57 Russia 6.40 2004 est. 58 Uzbekistan 6.20 2003 est. 59 Antigua and Barbuda 6.00 1997 est. 60 Kyrgyzstan 6.00 2000 est. 61 Algeria 6.00 2004 est. 62 San Marino 6.00 1997 est. 63 Brazil 6.00 2004 est. 64 New Zealand 5.90 2004 est. 65 Bolivia 5.70 2004 est. 66 Uganda 5.60 2004 est. 67 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.50 2003 est. 68 South Africa 5.50 2004 est. 69 Sweden 5.50 2004 est. 70 Panama 5.40 2004 est. 71 Bulgaria 5.20 2004 est. 72 Norway 5.20 2004 est. 73 Peru 5.20 2004 est. 74 Slovakia 5.10 2004 est. 75 Brunei 5.00 2002 est. 76 Philippines 5.00 2004 est. 77 Estonia 5.00 2000 est. 78 Jordan 5.00 2004 est. 79 Chad 5.00 1995 80 Czech Republic 4.70 2004 est. 81 Senegal 4.70 2004 est. 82 Switzerland 4.70 2004 est. 83 Belize 4.60 1999 84 Israel 4.50 2004 est. 85 Botswana 4.40 2004 est. 86 United States 4.40 2004 est. 87 Tunisia 4.40 2004 est. 88 Nicaragua 4.40 2000 est. 89 Maldives 4.40 1996 est. 90 Cameroon 4.20 1999 est. 91 Greece 4.10 2004 est. 92 Mongolia 4.10 2002 est. 93 Guatemala 4.10 1999 94 United Arab Emirates 4.00 2000 95 Colombia 4.00 2004 est. 96 Azerbaijan 4.00 2004 est. 97 Belarus 4.00 2004 est. 98 Romania 4.00 2004 est. 99 Slovenia 3.90 2004 est. 100 Ghana 3.80 2000 est. 101 Mexico 3.80 2004 est. 102 Swaziland 3.70 FY95/96 103 Belgium 3.50 2004 est. 104 Iran 3.50 2004 est. 105 Mozambique 3.40 2000 106 Austria 3.30 2004 est. 107 Guinea 3.20 1994 108 Man, Isle of 3.20 FY96/97 109 Albania 3.10 2004 est. 110 Costa Rica 3.10 2004 est. 111 Anguilla 3.10 1997 est. 112 Central African Republic 3.00 2002 113 Djibouti 3.00 1996 est. 114 Georgia 3.00 2000 115 Yemen 3.00 2003 est. 116 World 3.00 2003 est. 117 Spain 3.00 2004 est. 118 Madagascar 3.00 2000 est. 119 Luxembourg 2.90 2004 est. 120 Saudi Arabia 2.80 2004 est. 121 Samoa 2.80 2000 122 Croatia 2.70 2004 est. 123 Kenya 2.60 2004 est. 124 Guinea-Bissau 2.60 1997 est. 125 Egypt 2.50 2004 est. 126 European Union 2.40 2004 est. 127 Germany 2.20 2004 est. 128 Bahrain 2.00 2000 est. 129 Finland 2.00 2004 est. 130 Mauritania 2.00 2000 est. 131 Dominican Republic 2.00 2001 est. 132 Canada 2.00 2004 est. 133 Australia 1.90 2004 est. 134 Nigeria 1.80 2004 est. 135 Denmark 1.70 2004 est. 136 France 1.70 2004 est. 137 Serbia and Montenegro 1.70 2002 est. 138 Gabon 1.60 2002 est. 139 Cuba 1.40 2004 est. 140 Malawi 1.40 2004 est. 141 Portugal 1.10 2004 est. 142 Angola 1.00 2000 143 Hong Kong 1.00 2004 est. 144 Vanuatu 1.00 1997 est. 145 Cook Islands 1.00 2002 146 United Kingdom 0.90 2004 est. 147 Netherlands 0.80 2004 est. 148 El Salvador 0.70 2004 est. 149 Kiribati 0.70 1991 est. 150 Italy 0.70 2004 est. 151 Grenada 0.70 1997 est. 152 Cyprus 0.40 2002 153 Congo, Republic of the 0.00 2002 est. 154 Paraguay 0.00 2000 est. 155 Macedonia 0.00 2004 est. 156 Cyprus -0.30 2002 157 New Caledonia -0.60 1996 158 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -0.90 1997 est. 159 Oman -1.20 2004 est. 160 Comoros -2.00 1999 est. 161 Jamaica -2.00 2000 est. 162 Barbados -3.20 2000 est. 163 Kuwait -5.00 2002 est. 164 Zimbabwe -7.80 2004 est. 165 Saint Lucia -8.90 1997 est. 166 Dominica -10.00 1997 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2091

Rank Country Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000 live births) Date of Information

1 Angola 187.49 2005 est. 2 Afghanistan 163.07 2005 est. 3 Sierra Leone 162.55 2005 est. 4 Liberia 161.99 2005 est. 5 Mozambique 130.79 2005 est. 6 Niger 119.69 2005 est. 7 Somalia 116.70 2005 est. 8 Tajikistan 110.76 2005 est. 9 Mali 109.47 2005 est. 10 Guinea-Bissau 107.15 2005 est. 11 Djibouti 104.13 2005 est. 12 Bhutan 100.44 2005 est. 13 Nigeria 98.80 2005 est. 14 Tanzania 98.54 2005 est. 15 Malawi 96.14 2005 est. 16 Ethiopia 95.32 2005 est. 17 Chad 93.13 2005 est. 18 Burkina Faso 92.94 2005 est. 19 Guinea 91.45 2005 est. 20 Rwanda 91.23 2005 est. 21 Equatorial Guinea 91.16 2005 est. 22 Cote d'Ivoire 90.83 2005 est. 23 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 90.66 2005 est. 24 Lesotho 88.75 2005 est. 25 Zambia 88.29 2005 est. 26 Congo, Republic of the 87.41 2005 est. 27 Central African Republic 87.33 2005 est. 28 Laos 85.22 2005 est. 29 Azerbaijan 81.74 2005 est. 30 Benin 81.29 2005 est. 31 Madagascar 76.83 2005 est. 32 Comoros 74.93 2005 est. 33 Haiti 73.45 2005 est. 34 Turkmenistan 73.08 2005 est. 35 Gambia, The 73.07 2005 est. 36 Swaziland 72.92 2005 est. 37 Pakistan 72.44 2005 est. 38 Uzbekistan 71.10 2005 est. 39 Cambodia 70.89 2005 est. 40 Mauritania 70.89 2005 est. 41 Uganda 67.83 2005 est. 42 Nepal 66.98 2005 est. 43 Cameroon 64.87 2005 est. 44 Burundi 64.39 2005 est. 45 Burma 63.56 2005 est. 46 Bangladesh 62.60 2005 est. 47 Sudan 62.50 2005 est. 48 Mayotte 62.40 2005 est. 49 Togo 62.20 2005 est. 50 South Africa 61.81 2005 est. 51 Yemen 61.50 2005 est. 52 Kenya 61.47 2005 est. 53 Maldives 56.52 2005 est. 54 Ghana 56.36 2005 est. 55 India 56.29 2005 est. 56 Gabon 55.35 2005 est. 57 Vanuatu 55.16 2005 est. 58 Botswana 54.58 2005 est. 59 Senegal 54.12 2005 est. 60 Mongolia 53.79 2005 est. 61 Bolivia 53.11 2005 est. 62 Zimbabwe 52.34 2005 est. 63 Papua New Guinea 51.45 2005 est. 64 Iraq 50.25 2005 est. 65 World 50.11 2005 est. 66 Namibia 48.98 2005 est. 67 Kiribati 48.52 2005 est. 68 Cape Verde 47.77 2005 est. 69 Eritrea 47.41 2005 est. 70 East Timor 47.41 2005 est. 71 Sao Tome and Principe 43.11 2005 est. 72 Morocco 41.62 2005 est. 73 Iran 41.58 2005 est. 74 Turkey 41.04 2005 est. 75 Moldova 40.42 2005 est. 76 Kyrgyzstan 35.64 2005 est. 77 Indonesia 35.60 2005 est. 78 Guyana 33.26 2005 est. 79 Egypt 32.59 2005 est. 80 Guatemala 32.00 2005 est. 81 Peru 31.94 2005 est. 82 Algeria 31.00 2005 est. 83 Micronesia, Federated States of 30.21 2005 est. 84 Brazil 29.61 2005 est. 85 Syria 29.53 2005 est. 86 Marshall Islands 29.45 2005 est. 87 Dominican Republic 29.37 2005 est. 88 Kazakhstan 29.21 2005 est. 89 Nicaragua 29.11 2005 est. 90 Samoa 27.71 2005 est. 91 Honduras 26.47 2005 est. 92 Romania 26.43 2005 est. 93 Vietnam 25.95 2005 est. 94 Trinidad and Tobago 25.81 2005 est. 95 Paraguay 25.63 2005 est. 96 Belize 25.40 2005 est. 97 Bahamas, The 25.21 2005 est. 98 El Salvador 25.10 2005 est. 99 Tunisia 24.77 2005 est. 100 Libya 24.60 2005 est. 101 Lebanon 24.52 2005 est. 102 China 24.18 2005 est. 103 Korea, North 24.04 2005 est. 104 Ecuador 23.66 2005 est. 105 Suriname 23.57 2005 est. 106 Philippines 23.51 2005 est. 107 Armenia 23.28 2005 est. 108 Gaza Strip 22.93 2005 est. 109 Venezuela 22.20 2005 est. 110 Albania 21.52 2005 est. 111 Solomon Islands 21.29 2005 est. 112 Anguilla 21.03 2005 est. 113 Colombia 20.97 2005 est. 114 Mexico 20.91 2005 est. 115 Bulgaria 20.55 2005 est. 116 Thailand 20.16 2005 est. 117 Tuvalu 20.03 2005 est. 118 West Bank 19.62 2005 est. 119 Oman 19.51 2005 est. 120 Antigua and Barbuda 19.46 2005 est. 121 Saint Helena 19.00 2005 est. 122 Qatar 18.61 2005 est. 123 Georgia 18.59 2005 est. 124 Malaysia 17.70 2005 est. 125 Jordan 17.35 2005 est. 126 British Virgin Islands 17.30 2005 est. 127 Bahrain 17.27 2005 est. 128 Panama 16.73 2005 est. 129 Jamaica 16.33 2005 est. 130 Greenland 15.82 2005 est. 131 Turks and Caicos Islands 15.67 2005 est. 132 Seychelles 15.53 2005 est. 133 Russia 15.39 2005 est. 134 Argentina 15.18 2005 est. 135 Mauritius 15.03 2005 est. 136 Palau 14.84 2005 est. 137 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 14.78 2005 est. 138 Grenada 14.62 2005 est. 139 United Arab Emirates 14.51 2005 est. 140 Saint Kitts and Nevis 14.49 2005 est. 141 Sri Lanka 14.35 2005 est. 142 Dominica 14.15 2005 est. 143 Saint Lucia 13.53 2005 est. 144 Belarus 13.37 2005 est. 145 Saudi Arabia 13.24 2005 est. 146 Serbia and Montenegro 12.89 2005 est. 147 Fiji 12.62 2005 est. 148 Tonga 12.62 2005 est. 149 Brunei 12.61 2005 est. 150 French Guiana 12.07 2005 est. 151 Uruguay 11.95 2005 est. 152 Barbados 11.72 2005 est. 153 Ukraine 10.11 2005 est. 154 Macedonia 10.09 2005 est. 155 Bosnia and Herzegovina 10.07 2005 est. 156 Netherlands Antilles 10.03 2005 est. 157 Costa Rica 9.95 2005 est. 158 Kuwait 9.95 2005 est. 159 Nauru 9.95 2005 est. 160 Latvia 9.55 2005 est. 161 Puerto Rico 9.28 2005 est. 162 American Samoa 9.27 2005 est. 163 Chile 8.80 2005 est. 164 Guadeloupe 8.60 2005 est. 165 Hungary 8.57 2005 est. 166 Bermuda 8.53 2005 est. 167 French Polynesia 8.44 2005 est. 168 Cayman Islands 8.19 2005 est. 169 Virgin Islands 8.03 2005 est. 170 Estonia 7.87 2005 est. 171 Reunion 7.78 2005 est. 172 New Caledonia 7.72 2005 est. 173 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7.54 2005 est. 174 Slovakia 7.41 2005 est. 175 Poland 7.36 2005 est. 176 Montserrat 7.35 2005 est. 177 Cyprus 7.18 2005 est. 178 Northern Mariana Islands 7.11 2005 est. 179 Martinique 7.09 2005 est. 180 Israel 7.03 2005 est. 181 Guam 6.94 2005 est. 182 Lithuania 6.89 2005 est. 183 Croatia 6.84 2005 est. 184 United States 6.50 2005 est. 185 Taiwan 6.40 2005 est. 186 Cuba 6.33 2005 est. 187 Korea, South 6.28 2005 est. 188 Faroe Islands 6.24 2005 est. 189 Italy 5.94 2005 est. 190 Man, Isle of 5.93 2005 est. 191 Aruba 5.89 2005 est. 192 New Zealand 5.85 2005 est. 193 San Marino 5.73 2005 est. 194 Greece 5.53 2005 est. 195 Monaco 5.43 2005 est. 196 Ireland 5.39 2005 est. 197 Jersey 5.24 2005 est. 198 United Kingdom 5.16 2005 est. 199 Gibraltar 5.13 2005 est. 200 European Union 5.10 July 2005 est. 201 Portugal 5.05 2005 est. 202 Netherlands 5.04 2005 est. 203 Luxembourg 4.81 2005 est. 204 Canada 4.75 2005 est. 205 Guernsey 4.71 2005 est. 206 Liechtenstein 4.70 2005 est. 207 Australia 4.69 2005 est. 208 Belgium 4.68 2005 est. 209 Austria 4.66 2005 est. 210 Denmark 4.56 2005 est. 211 Slovenia 4.45 2005 est. 212 Spain 4.42 2005 est. 213 Switzerland 4.39 2005 est. 214 Macau 4.37 2005 est. 215 France 4.26 2005 est. 216 Germany 4.16 2005 est. 217 Andorra 4.05 2005 est. 218 Czech Republic 3.93 2005 est. 219 Malta 3.89 2005 est. 220 Norway 3.70 2005 est. 221 Finland 3.57 2005 est. 222 Iceland 3.31 2005 est. 223 Japan 3.26 2005 est. 224 Hong Kong 2.96 2005 est. 225 Sweden 2.77 2005 est. 226 Singapore 2.29 2005 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2092

Rank Country Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%) Date of Information

1 Nauru -3.60 1993 2 New Caledonia -0.60 2000 est. 3 Barbados -0.50 2003 est. 4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -0.40 2001 est. 5 Hong Kong -0.30 2004 est. 6 Japan -0.10 2004 est. 7 Guam 0.00 1999 est. 8 Israel 0.00 2004 est. 9 Oman 0.20 2004 est. 10 Brunei 0.30 2003 est. 11 Antigua and Barbuda 0.40 2000 est. 12 Macedonia 0.40 2004 est. 13 Finland 0.70 2004 est. 14 Sweden 0.70 2004 est. 15 Saudi Arabia 0.80 2004 est. 16 Senegal 0.80 2004 est. 17 Switzerland 0.90 2004 est. 18 Cameroon 1.00 2004 est. 19 Togo 1.00 2004 est. 20 Sierra Leone 1.00 2002 est. 21 Norway 1.00 2004 est. 22 Niue 1.00 1995 23 Maldives 1.00 2002 est. 24 Micronesia, Federated States of 1.00 2002 est. 25 Liechtenstein 1.00 2001 26 Dominica 1.00 2001 est. 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.10 2004 est. 28 Lithuania 1.10 2004 est. 29 Bahamas, The 1.20 30 Northern Mariana Islands 1.20 1997 est. 31 Malaysia 1.30 2004 est. 32 Denmark 1.40 2004 est. 33 United Kingdom 1.40 2004 est. 34 Netherlands 1.40 2004 est. 35 Cote d'Ivoire 1.40 2004 est. 36 Cape Verde 1.50 2004 est. 37 French Guiana 1.50 2002 est. 38 Gabon 1.50 2004 est. 39 Gibraltar 1.50 1998 40 French Polynesia 1.50 2002 est. 41 Fiji 1.60 2002 est. 42 Greenland 1.60 1999 est. 43 Germany 1.60 2004 est. 44 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.70 2001 est. 45 Singapore 1.70 2004 est. 46 Taiwan 1.70 2004 est. 47 Austria 1.80 2004 est. 48 Congo, Republic of the 1.80 2004 est. 49 Belgium 1.90 2004 est. 50 Canada 1.90 2004 est. 51 Monaco 1.90 2000 52 Djibouti 2.00 2002 est. 53 Lebanon 2.00 2004 est. 54 Panama 2.00 2004 est. 55 Marshall Islands 2.00 2001 est. 56 Macau 2.00 3rd quarter, 2004 57 Ecuador 2.00 2004 est. 58 Bahrain 2.10 2004 est. 59 Syria 2.10 2004 est. 60 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2.10 1991-96 average 61 Portugal 2.10 2004 est. 62 Netherlands Antilles 2.10 2003 est. 63 Morocco 2.10 2004 est. 64 European Union 2.10 2004 est. 65 Ireland 2.20 2004 est. 66 West Bank 2.20 2001 est. 67 Gaza Strip 2.20 2001 est. 68 Virgin Islands 2.20 2003 69 Australia 2.30 2004 est. 70 Anguilla 2.30 71 France 2.30 2004 est. 72 Italy 2.30 2004 est. 73 Kuwait 2.30 2004 est. 74 Chile 2.40 2004 est. 75 Cyprus 2.40 2003 est. 76 Ethiopia 2.40 2004 est. 77 Luxembourg 2.40 2004 est. 78 New Zealand 2.40 2004 est. 79 Burkina Faso 2.40 2004 est. 80 Croatia 2.50 2004 est. 81 Kiribati 2.50 2001 est. 82 United States 2.50 2004 est. 83 British Virgin Islands 2.50 2003 84 Montserrat 2.60 2002 est. 85 Benin 2.80 2004 est. 86 Cayman Islands 2.80 2002 87 Thailand 2.80 2004 est. 88 Grenada 2.80 2001 est. 89 Belize 2.90 2004 est. 90 Malta 2.90 2004 est. 91 Nepal 2.90 2002 est. 92 Libya 2.90 2004 est. 93 Greece 2.90 2004 est. 94 Bhutan 3.00 2002 est. 95 Qatar 3.00 2004 est. 96 Uzbekistan 3.00 2004 est. 97 Saint Lucia 3.00 2001 est. 98 Niger 3.00 2002 est. 99 Estonia 3.00 2004 est. 100 Algeria 3.10 2004 est. 101 Cuba 3.10 2004 est. 102 Vanuatu 3.10 2003 est. 103 Cambodia 3.10 2004 est. 104 Aruba 3.20 2002 est. 105 United Arab Emirates 3.20 2004 est. 106 Spain 3.20 2004 est. 107 Saint Helena 3.20 1997 est. 108 Kyrgyzstan 3.20 2004 est. 109 Jordan 3.20 2004 est. 110 Czech Republic 3.20 2004 est. 111 Cook Islands 3.20 2000 est. 112 Albania 3.20 2004 est. 113 Bermuda 3.30 mid-2003 est. 114 Slovenia 3.30 2004 est. 115 Trinidad and Tobago 3.30 2004 est. 116 San Marino 3.30 2001 117 Poland 3.40 2004 est. 118 Palau 3.40 2000 est. 119 Armenia 3.50 2004 est. 120 Comoros 3.50 2001 est. 121 Uganda 3.50 2004 est. 122 Central African Republic 3.60 2001 est. 123 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3.60 1998 124 Korea, South 3.60 2004 est. 125 Man, Isle of 3.60 March 2003 est. 126 Peru 3.80 2004 est. 127 Martinique 3.90 1990 128 Iceland 4.00 2004 est. 129 Turks and Caicos Islands 4.00 1995 130 Samoa 4.00 2001 est. 131 East Timor 4.00 2003 est. 132 Guinea-Bissau 4.00 2002 est. 133 China 4.10 2004 est. 134 Tunisia 4.10 2004 est. 135 India 4.20 2004 est. 136 Namibia 4.20 2004 est. 137 Papua New Guinea 4.20 2004 est. 138 Andorra 4.30 2000 139 Guyana 4.50 2004 est. 140 Mali 4.50 2002 est. 141 South Africa 4.50 2004 est. 142 Mauritius 4.50 2004 est. 143 Azerbaijan 4.60 2004 est. 144 Pakistan 4.80 FY03/04 est. 145 Bolivia 4.90 2004 est. 146 Guernsey 4.90 2004 est. 147 Seychelles 5.00 2004 est. 148 Tuvalu 5.00 2000 est. 149 Faroe Islands 5.10 1999 150 Paraguay 5.10 2004 est. 151 Jersey 5.30 2004 152 Lesotho 5.30 2004 est. 153 El Salvador 5.40 2004 est. 154 Swaziland 5.40 2004 est. 155 Tanzania 5.40 2004 est. 156 Mexico 5.40 2004 est. 157 Georgia 5.50 2004 est. 158 Philippines 5.50 2004 est. 159 Sri Lanka 5.80 2004 est. 160 Colombia 5.90 2004 est. 161 Bangladesh 6.00 2004 est. 162 Latvia 6.00 2004 est. 163 Argentina 6.10 2004 est. 164 Indonesia 6.10 2004 est. 165 Bulgaria 6.10 2004 est. 166 Puerto Rico 6.50 2003 est. 167 Kazakhstan 6.90 2004 est. 168 Botswana 7.00 2004 est. 169 Gambia, The 7.00 2004 est. 170 Rwanda 7.00 2004 est. 171 Mauritania 7.00 2003 est. 172 Hungary 7.00 2004 est. 173 Honduras 7.00 2004 est. 174 Guatemala 7.20 2004 est. 175 Slovakia 7.50 2004 est. 176 Madagascar 7.50 2004 est. 177 Brazil 7.60 2004 est. 178 Uruguay 7.60 2004 est. 179 Chad 8.00 2004 est. 180 Tajikistan 8.00 2004 est. 181 Burundi 8.50 2004 est. 182 Equatorial Guinea 8.50 2004 est. 183 Serbia and Montenegro 8.80 2004 est. 184 Kenya 9.00 2004 est. 185 Sudan 9.00 2004 est. 186 Turkmenistan 9.00 2004 est. 187 Nicaragua 9.30 2004 est. 188 Turkey 9.30 2004 est. 189 Egypt 9.50 2004 est. 190 Vietnam 9.50 2004 est. 191 Romania 9.60 2004 est. 192 Solomon Islands 10.00 2003 est. 193 Eritrea 10.00 2004 est. 194 Afghanistan 10.30 2003 195 Tonga 10.30 2002 est. 196 Mongolia 11.00 2004 est. 197 Costa Rica 11.50 2004 est. 198 Moldova 11.50 2004 est. 199 Russia 11.50 2004 est. 200 Malawi 12.00 2004 est. 201 Ukraine 12.00 2004 est. 202 Yemen 12.20 2004 est. 203 Laos 12.30 2004 est. 204 Jamaica 12.40 2004 est. 205 Cyprus 12.60 2003 est. 206 Mozambique 12.80 2004 est. 207 Ghana 13.00 2004 est. 208 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.00 2003 est. 209 Sao Tome and Principe 14.00 2004 est. 210 Liberia 15.00 2003 est. 211 Iran 15.50 2004 est. 212 Nigeria 16.50 2004 est. 213 Burma 17.20 2004 est. 214 Belarus 17.40 2004 est. 215 Guinea 18.00 2004 est. 216 Zambia 18.30 2004 est. 217 Haiti 22.00 2004 est. 218 Venezuela 22.40 2004 est. 219 Suriname 23.00 2003 est. 220 Iraq 25.40 2004 est. 221 Angola 43.80 2004 est. 222 Dominican Republic 55.00 2004 est. 223 Zimbabwe 133.00 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2093

Rank Country Waterways(km) Date of Information

1 World 671,886 2004 2 China 121,557 2002 3 Russia 96,000 2004 4 European Union 53,512 5 Brazil 50,000 2004 6 United States 41,009 2004 7 Indonesia 21,579 2004 8 Vietnam 17,702 2004 9 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 15,000 2004 10 India 14,500 2004 11 Burma 12,800 2004 12 Argentina 11,000 2004 13 Papua New Guinea 10,940 2003 14 Bolivia 10,000 2004 15 Colombia 9,187 2004 16 Peru 8,808 2004 17 Nigeria 8,600 2004 18 France 8,500 2000 19 Bangladesh 8,372 2004 20 Finland 7,842 2004 21 Germany 7,300 2004 22 Malaysia 7,200 2004 23 Venezuela 7,100 2004 24 Iraq 5,275 2004 25 Netherlands 5,046 2004 26 Laos 4,600 2003 27 Congo, Republic of the 4,385 2004 28 Sudan 4,068 2004 29 Kazakhstan 4,000 2004 30 Thailand 4,000 2003 31 Poland 3,997 2003 32 French Guiana 3,760 2004 33 Egypt 3,500 2004 34 Philippines 3,219 2004 35 United Kingdom 3,200 2004 36 Paraguay 3,100 2004 37 Mexico 2,900 2004 38 Central African Republic 2,800 2004 39 Belarus 2,500 2003 40 Cambodia 2,400 2004 41 Italy 2,400 2004 42 Korea, North 2,250 2004 43 Zambia 2,250 2003 44 Nicaragua 2,220 1997 45 Belgium 2,043 2003 46 Australia 2,000 2004 47 Mali 1,815 2004 48 Japan 1,770 2004 49 Romania 1,731 2004 50 Ukraine 1,672 2004 51 Hungary 1,622 2004 52 Korea, South 1,608 2004 53 Gabon 1,600 2003 54 Uruguay 1,600 2002 55 Ecuador 1,500 2003 56 Angola 1,300 2004 57 Turkmenistan 1,300 2003 58 Guinea 1,295 2003 59 Ghana 1,293 2003 60 Afghanistan 1,200 2004 61 Turkey 1,200 2003 62 Suriname 1,200 2003 63 Uzbekistan 1,100 2004 64 Guyana 1,077 2004 65 Spain 1,045 2003 66 Senegal 1,000 2003 67 Guatemala 990 2004 68 Cote d'Ivoire 980 2003 69 Syria 900 2002 70 Iran 850 2004 71 Belize 825 2004 72 Panama 800 2004 73 Sierra Leone 800 2003 74 Croatia 785 2004 75 Ireland 753 2004 76 Costa Rica 730 2004 77 Malawi 700 2003 78 Czech Republic 664 2004 79 Canada 631 2003 80 Kyrgyzstan 600 2004 81 Lithuania 600 2004 82 Madagascar 600 2004 83 Serbia and Montenegro 587 2004 84 Mongolia 580 2004 85 Estonia 500 2003 86 Bulgaria 470 2004 87 Honduras 465 2004 88 Mozambique 460 2004 89 Moldova 424 2004 90 Denmark 417 2001 91 Gambia, The 390 2004 92 Austria 358 2003 93 Latvia 300 2004 94 Niger 300 2004 95 Uganda 300 2004 est. 96 Cuba 240 2004 97 Portugal 210 2003 98 Brunei 209 2004 99 Fiji 203 2004 100 Tajikistan 200 2003 101 Slovakia 172 2004 102 Sri Lanka 160 2004 103 Benin 150 2004 104 Switzerland 65 2003 105 Togo 50 2003 106 Albania 43 2004 107 Luxembourg 37 2003 108 Liechtenstein 28 2004 109 Greece 6 2004 110 Kiribati 5 2003

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2095

Rank Country Labor force Date of Information

1 China 760,800,000 2003 2 India 482,200,000 2004 est. 3 European Union 215,000,000 various 4 United States 147,400,000 2004 est. 5 Indonesia 111,500,000 2004 est. 6 Brazil 89,000,000 2004 est. 7 Russia 71,830,000 2004 est. 8 Japan 66,970,000 2004 est. 9 Bangladesh 65,490,000 2004 est. 10 Nigeria 55,670,000 2004 est. 11 Pakistan 45,430,000 2004 est. 12 Vietnam 42,980,000 2004 est. 13 Germany 42,630,000 2004 est. 14 Thailand 36,430,000 November 2004 est. 15 Philippines 35,860,000 2004 est. 16 Mexico 34,730,000 2004 est. 17 United Kingdom 29,780,000 2004 est. 18 France 27,700,000 2004 est. 19 Burma 27,010,000 2004 est. 20 Turkey 25,300,000 2003 est. 21 Italy 24,270,000 2004 est. 22 Iran 23,000,000 2004 est. 23 Korea, South 22,900,000 2004 est. 24 Ukraine 21,110,000 2004 est. 25 Egypt 20,710,000 2004 est. 26 Colombia 20,700,000 2004 est. 27 Spain 19,330,000 2004 est. 28 Tanzania 19,000,000 2004 est. 29 Canada 17,370,000 2004 30 Poland 17,020,000 2004 est. 31 South Africa 16,630,000 2004 est. 32 Argentina 15,040,000 2004 est. 33 Uzbekistan 14,640,000 2004 est. 34 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14,510,000 1993 est. 35 Uganda 12,410,000 2004 est. 36 Venezuela 12,250,000 2004 est. 37 Afghanistan 11,800,000 2001 est. 38 Kenya 11,400,000 2004 est. 39 Morocco 11,020,000 2004 est. 40 Peru 11,000,000 2004 est. 41 Sudan 11,000,000 1996 est. 42 Malaysia 10,490,000 2004 est. 43 Australia 10,350,000 2004 est. 44 Ghana 10,240,000 2004 est. 45 Taiwan 10,220,000 2004 est. 46 Nepal 10,000,000 1996 est. 47 Algeria 9,910,000 2004 est. 48 Romania 9,660,000 2004 est. 49 Korea, North 9,600,000 50 Mozambique 9,200,000 2000 est. 51 Kazakhstan 7,950,000 2004 est. 52 Netherlands 7,530,000 2004 est. 53 Madagascar 7,300,000 2000 54 Sri Lanka 7,260,000 2004 est. 55 Cambodia 7,000,000 2003 est. 56 Cote d'Ivoire 6,700,000 2004 est. 57 Iraq 6,700,000 2004 est. 58 Cameroon 6,680,000 2004 est. 59 Saudi Arabia 6,620,000 2004 est. 60 Chile 6,200,000 2004 est. 61 Yemen 5,980,000 2004 est. 62 Portugal 5,480,000 2004 est. 63 Angola 5,410,000 2004 est. 64 Czech Republic 5,250,000 2004 est. 65 Syria 5,120,000 2004 est. 66 Azerbaijan 5,090,000 2004 est. 67 Burkina Faso 5,000,000 2003 68 Belgium 4,750,000 2004 est. 69 Senegal 4,650,000 2004 est. 70 Zambia 4,630,000 2004 est. 71 Rwanda 4,600,000 2000 72 Cuba 4,550,000 2004 est. 73 Ecuador 4,530,000 2004 est. 74 Malawi 4,500,000 2001 est. 75 Sweden 4,460,000 2004 est. 76 Greece 4,400,000 2004 est. 77 Belarus 4,305,000 31 December 2003 78 Zimbabwe 4,230,000 2004 est. 79 Hungary 4,170,000 2004 est. 80 Mali 3,930,000 2001 est. 81 Bolivia 3,800,000 2004 est. 82 Switzerland 3,770,000 2004 est. 83 Somalia 3,700,000 84 Guatemala 3,680,000 2004 est. 85 Haiti 3,600,000 1995 86 Tunisia 3,550,000 2004 est. 87 Hong Kong 3,540,000 October 2004 est. 88 Austria 3,450,000 2004 est. 89 Bulgaria 3,398,000 2004 est. 90 Papua New Guinea 3,320,000 2004 est. 91 Serbia and Montenegro 3,200,000 2004 est. 92 Tajikistan 3,187,000 2000 93 Guinea 3,000,000 1999 94 Burundi 2,990,000 2002 95 Denmark 2,870,000 2004 est. 96 El Salvador 2,750,000 2004 est. 97 Kyrgyzstan 2,700,000 2000 98 Israel 2,680,000 2004 est. 99 Finland 2,660,000 2004 est. 100 Paraguay 2,660,000 2004 est. 101 Laos 2,600,000 2001 est. 102 Lebanon 2,600,000 2001 est. 103 Honduras 2,470,000 2004 est. 104 Norway 2,380,000 2004 est. 105 United Arab Emirates 2,360,000 2004 est. 106 Turkmenistan 2,320,000 2003 est. 107 Slovakia 2,200,000 3rd quarter, 2004 est. 108 Singapore 2,180,000 2004 est. 109 Georgia 2,100,000 2001 est. 110 New Zealand 2,050,000 2004 est. 111 Nicaragua 1,930,000 2004 est. 112 Ireland 1,920,000 2004 est. 113 Costa Rica 1,810,000 2004 est. 114 Togo 1,740,000 1996 115 Croatia 1,710,000 2004 est. 116 Lithuania 1,630,000 2004 est. 117 Libya 1,590,000 2004 est. 118 Uruguay 1,560,000 2004 est. 119 Mongolia 1,488,000 2003 120 Kuwait 1,420,000 2004 est. 121 Jordan 1,410,000 2004 est. 122 Armenia 1,400,000 2001 123 Sierra Leone 1,369,000 1981 est. 124 Moldova 1,360,000 2004 est. 125 Panama 1,320,000 2004 est. 126 Puerto Rico 1,300,000 2000 127 Latvia 1,170,000 2004 est. 128 Jamaica 1,140,000 2004 est. 129 Albania 1,090,000 2004 est. 130 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,026,000 2001 131 Oman 920,000 2002 est. 132 Slovenia 870,000 2004 est. 133 Macedonia 855,000 2004 est. 134 Namibia 840,000 2004 est. 135 Lesotho 838,000 2000 136 Mauritania 786,000 2001 137 Gaza Strip 725,000 2004 138 Estonia 660,000 2004 est. 139 Gabon 650,000 2004 est. 140 Trinidad and Tobago 590,000 2004 est. 141 Mauritius 560,000 2004 est. 142 Guinea-Bissau 480,000 1999 143 Guyana 418,000 2001 est. 144 Gambia, The 400,000 1996 145 Swaziland 383,200 2000 146 Bahrain 370,000 2004 est. 147 West Bank 364,000 2004 148 Cyprus 330,000 2004 est. 149 Reunion 309,900 2000 150 Luxembourg 293,700 2004 est. 151 Djibouti 282,000 2000 152 Botswana 264,000 2000 153 Macau 231,500 3rd Quarter, 2004 154 Martinique 165,900 1998 155 Malta 160,000 2002 est. 156 Iceland 158,100 2004 est. 157 Brunei 158,000 2002 est. 158 Bahamas, The 156,000 1999 159 Comoros 144,500 1996 est. 160 Qatar 140,000 2004 est. 161 Fiji 137,000 1999 162 Barbados 128,500 2001 est. 163 Guadeloupe 125,900 1997 164 Suriname 104,000 2003 165 Cyprus 95,025 2004 est. 166 Belize 90,000 2001 est. 167 Samoa 90,000 2000 est. 168 Netherlands Antilles 89,000 2000 169 Maldives 88,000 2000 170 New Caledonia 79,400 1996 171 French Polynesia 70,000 1996 172 Niger 70,000 2002 est. 173 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 67,000 1984 est. 174 Guam 60,000 2000 est. 175 French Guiana 58,800 1997 176 Jersey 52,790 2004 177 Virgin Islands 48,900 2003 est. 178 Mayotte 48,800 2000 179 Saint Lucia 43,800 2001 est. 180 Grenada 42,300 1996 181 Aruba 41,500 1997 est. 182 Man, Isle of 39,690 2001 183 Bermuda 37,470 2000 184 Tonga 33,910 1996 185 Andorra 33,000 2001 est. 186 Guernsey 32,290 2001 187 Seychelles 30,900 1996 188 Monaco 30,540 January 1994 189 Antigua and Barbuda 30,000 190 Liechtenstein 29,000 31 December 2001 191 Marshall Islands 28,700 1996 est. 192 Solomon Islands 26,840 1999 193 Dominica 25,000 1999 est. 194 Greenland 24,500 1999 est. 195 Faroe Islands 24,250 October 2000 196 Cayman Islands 19,820 1995 197 San Marino 18,500 1999 198 Saint Kitts and Nevis 18,170 June 1995 199 Gibraltar 14,800 1999 200 American Samoa 14,000 1996 201 British Virgin Islands 12,770 2004 202 Western Sahara 12,000 203 Palau 9,845 2000 204 Cook Islands 8,000 1996 205 Kiribati 7,870 2001 est. 206 Tuvalu 7,000 2001 est. 207 Anguilla 6,049 2001 208 Northern Mariana Islands 6,006 June 1995 209 Turks and Caicos Islands 4,848 1990 est. 210 Montserrat 4,521 2000 est. 211 Saint Helena 3,500 1998 est. 212 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3,261 1999 213 Norfolk Island 1,345 214 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,100 215 Pitcairn Islands 15 2004

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2102

Rank Country Life expectancy at birth(years) Date of Information

1 Andorra 83.51 2005 est. 2 Macau 82.12 2005 est. 3 San Marino 81.62 2005 est. 4 Singapore 81.62 2005 est. 5 Hong Kong 81.50 2005 est. 6 Japan 81.15 2005 est. 7 Sweden 80.40 2005 est. 8 Australia 80.39 2005 est. 9 Switzerland 80.39 2005 est. 10 Guernsey 80.30 2005 est. 11 Iceland 80.19 2005 est. 12 Canada 80.10 2005 est. 13 Cayman Islands 79.95 2005 est. 14 Italy 79.68 2005 est. 15 Gibraltar 79.67 2005 est. 16 France 79.60 2005 est. 17 Monaco 79.57 2005 est. 18 Liechtenstein 79.55 2005 est. 19 Spain 79.52 2005 est. 20 Norway 79.40 2005 est. 21 Israel 79.32 2005 est. 22 Jersey 79.24 2005 est. 23 Faroe Islands 79.21 2005 est. 24 Aruba 79.14 2005 est. 25 Greece 79.09 2005 est. 26 Martinique 79.04 2005 est. 27 Austria 78.92 2005 est. 28 Virgin Islands 78.91 2005 est. 29 Malta 78.86 2005 est. 30 Netherlands 78.81 2005 est. 31 Luxembourg 78.74 2005 est. 32 Montserrat 78.71 2005 est. 33 New Zealand 78.66 2005 est. 34 Germany 78.65 2005 est. 35 Belgium 78.62 2005 est. 36 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 78.46 2005 est. 37 Guam 78.40 2005 est. 38 United Kingdom 78.38 2005 est. 39 Finland 78.35 2005 est. 40 Man, Isle of 78.34 2005 est. 41 European Union 78.30 July 2005 est. 42 Puerto Rico 78.29 2005 est. 43 Jordan 78.24 2005 est. 44 Guadeloupe 77.90 2005 est. 45 Bosnia and Herzegovina 77.83 2005 est. 46 Bermuda 77.79 2005 est. 47 Saint Helena 77.76 2005 est. 48 United States 77.71 2005 est. 49 Cyprus 77.65 2005 est. 50 Denmark 77.62 2005 est. 51 Ireland 77.56 2005 est. 52 Portugal 77.53 2005 est. 53 Taiwan 77.26 2005 est. 54 Albania 77.24 2005 est. 55 Cuba 77.23 2005 est. 56 Anguilla 77.11 2005 est. 57 French Guiana 77.09 2005 est. 58 Kuwait 77.03 2005 est. 59 Korea, South 76.85 2005 est. 60 Costa Rica 76.84 2005 est. 61 Chile 76.58 2005 est. 62 Libya 76.50 2005 est. 63 British Virgin Islands 76.49 2005 est. 64 Ecuador 76.21 2005 est. 65 Slovenia 76.14 2005 est. 66 Uruguay 76.13 2005 est. 67 Czech Republic 76.02 2005 est. 68 Argentina 75.91 2005 est. 69 French Polynesia 75.90 2005 est. 70 Northern Mariana Islands 75.88 2005 est. 71 Georgia 75.88 2005 est. 72 American Samoa 75.84 2005 est. 73 Netherlands Antilles 75.83 2005 est. 74 Saudi Arabia 75.46 2005 est. 75 Panama 75.25 2005 est. 76 United Arab Emirates 75.24 2005 est. 77 Mexico 75.19 2005 est. 78 Paraguay 74.89 2005 est. 79 Tunisia 74.89 2005 est. 80 Brunei 74.80 2005 est. 81 Poland 74.74 2005 est. 82 Serbia and Montenegro 74.73 2005 est. 83 Dominica 74.65 2005 est. 84 Turks and Caicos Islands 74.51 2005 est. 85 Slovakia 74.50 2005 est. 86 Croatia 74.45 2005 est. 87 Venezuela 74.31 2005 est. 88 Bahrain 74.23 2005 est. 89 New Caledonia 74.04 2005 est. 90 Lithuania 73.97 2005 est. 91 Reunion 73.95 2005 est. 92 Macedonia 73.73 2005 est. 93 Qatar 73.67 2005 est. 94 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 73.62 2005 est. 95 Saint Lucia 73.61 2005 est. 96 Jamaica 73.33 2005 est. 97 Sri Lanka 73.17 2005 est. 98 Oman 73.13 2005 est. 99 West Bank 73.08 2005 est. 100 Algeria 73.00 2005 est. 101 Solomon Islands 72.66 2005 est. 102 Lebanon 72.63 2005 est. 103 Barbados 72.59 2005 est. 104 Hungary 72.40 2005 est. 105 Mauritius 72.38 2005 est. 106 Turkey 72.36 2005 est. 107 China 72.27 2005 est. 108 Malaysia 72.24 2005 est. 109 Saint Kitts and Nevis 72.15 2005 est. 110 Bulgaria 72.03 2005 est. 111 Thailand 71.95 2005 est. 112 Antigua and Barbuda 71.90 2005 est. 113 Seychelles 71.82 2005 est. 114 Gaza Strip 71.79 2005 est. 115 Estonia 71.77 2005 est. 116 Colombia 71.72 2005 est. 117 Brazil 71.69 2005 est. 118 Armenia 71.55 2005 est. 119 Dominican Republic 71.44 2005 est. 120 Korea, North 71.37 2005 est. 121 Romania 71.35 2005 est. 122 El Salvador 71.22 2005 est. 123 Latvia 71.05 2005 est. 124 Egypt 71.00 2005 est. 125 Samoa 70.72 2005 est. 126 Morocco 70.66 2005 est. 127 Vietnam 70.61 2005 est. 128 Cape Verde 70.45 2005 est. 129 Nicaragua 70.33 2005 est. 130 Palau 70.14 2005 est. 131 Syria 70.03 2005 est. 132 Marshall Islands 70.01 2005 est. 133 Iran 69.96 2005 est. 134 Philippines 69.91 2005 est. 135 Micronesia, Federated States of 69.75 2005 est. 136 Ukraine 69.68 2005 est. 137 Greenland 69.65 2005 est. 138 Indonesia 69.57 2005 est. 139 Fiji 69.53 2005 est. 140 Peru 69.53 2005 est. 141 Tonga 69.53 2005 est. 142 Honduras 69.30 2005 est. 143 Guatemala 69.06 2005 est. 144 Suriname 68.96 2005 est. 145 Belarus 68.72 2005 est. 146 Iraq 68.70 2005 est. 147 Belize 68.44 2005 est. 148 Kyrgyzstan 68.16 2005 est. 149 Tuvalu 68.01 2005 est. 150 Russia 67.10 2005 est. 151 Sao Tome and Principe 66.99 2005 est. 152 Trinidad and Tobago 66.73 2005 est. 153 Kazakhstan 66.55 2005 est. 154 East Timor 65.90 2005 est. 155 Bahamas, The 65.54 2005 est. 156 Bolivia 65.50 2005 est. 157 Guyana 65.50 2005 est. 158 Moldova 65.18 2005 est. 159 Papua New Guinea 64.93 2005 est. 160 Tajikistan 64.56 2005 est. 161 Grenada 64.53 2005 est. 162 Mongolia 64.52 2005 est. 163 India 64.35 2005 est. 164 World 64.33 2005 est. 165 Uzbekistan 64.19 2005 est. 166 Maldives 64.06 2005 est. 167 Azerbaijan 63.35 2005 est. 168 Pakistan 63.00 2005 est. 169 Nauru 62.73 2005 est. 170 Vanuatu 62.49 2005 est. 171 Bangladesh 62.08 2005 est. 172 Comoros 61.96 2005 est. 173 Yemen 61.75 2005 est. 174 Kiribati 61.71 2005 est. 175 Mayotte 61.39 2005 est. 176 Turkmenistan 61.39 2005 est. 177 Burma 60.70 2005 est. 178 Nepal 59.80 2005 est. 179 Cambodia 58.92 2005 est. 180 Senegal 58.90 2005 est. 181 Sudan 58.54 2005 est. 182 Eritrea 58.47 2005 est. 183 Ghana 58.47 2005 est. 184 Togo 57.01 2005 est. 185 Madagascar 56.95 2005 est. 186 Laos 55.08 2005 est. 187 Gabon 55.02 2005 est. 188 Bhutan 54.39 2005 est. 189 Gambia, The 53.75 2005 est. 190 Haiti 52.92 2005 est. 191 Mauritania 52.73 2005 est. 192 Benin 52.66 2005 est. 193 Congo, Republic of the 52.26 2005 est. 194 Uganda 51.59 2005 est. 195 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 51.10 2005 est. 196 Cameroon 50.89 2005 est. 197 Burundi 50.29 2005 est. 198 Equatorial Guinea 49.70 2005 est. 199 Guinea 49.36 2005 est. 200 Ethiopia 48.83 2005 est. 201 Mali 48.64 2005 est. 202 Cote d'Ivoire 48.62 2005 est. 203 Burkina Faso 48.45 2005 est. 204 Somalia 48.09 2005 est. 205 Kenya 47.99 2005 est. 206 Chad 47.18 2005 est. 207 Rwanda 46.96 2005 est. 208 Nigeria 46.74 2005 est. 209 Guinea-Bissau 46.61 2005 est. 210 Tanzania 45.24 2005 est. 211 Namibia 43.93 2005 est. 212 Niger 43.50 2005 est. 213 Central African Republic 43.39 2005 est. 214 South Africa 43.27 2005 est. 215 Djibouti 43.10 2005 est. 216 Afghanistan 42.90 2005 est. 217 Malawi 41.43 2005 est. 218 Mozambique 40.32 2005 est. 219 Sierra Leone 39.87 2005 est. 220 Zambia 39.70 2005 est. 221 Zimbabwe 39.13 2005 est. 222 Liberia 38.89 2005 est. 223 Angola 38.43 2005 est. 224 Lesotho 34.47 2005 est. 225 Botswana 33.87 2005 est. 226 Swaziland 33.22 2005 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2108

Rank Country Merchant marine Date of Information

1 World 30,936 2005 2 Panama 5,005 2005 3 China 1,649 2005 4 Liberia 1,465 2005 5 Russia 1,194 2005 6 Malta 1,140 2005 7 Bahamas, The 1,119 2005 8 Antigua and Barbuda 980 2005 9 Cyprus 972 2005 10 Singapore 923 2005 11 Greece 861 2005 12 Hong Kong 837 2005 13 Norway 740 2005 14 Indonesia 728 2005 15 Japan 702 2005 16 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 657 2005 17 Korea, South 601 2005 18 Italy 565 2005 19 Netherlands 558 2005 20 Marshall Islands 540 2005 21 Turkey 526 2005 22 United States 486 2005 23 Cambodia 479 2005 24 United Kingdom 429 2005 25 Philippines 419 2005 26 Thailand 386 2005 27 Malaysia 346 2005 28 Germany 332 2005 29 India 299 2005 30 Belize 295 2005 31 Denmark 287 2005 32 Man, Isle of 267 2005 33 Korea, North 238 2005 34 Sweden 205 2005 35 Ukraine 201 2005 36 Vietnam 194 2005 37 Spain 182 2005 38 Georgia 175 2005 39 Canada 169 2005 40 Netherlands Antilles 168 2005 41 Gibraltar 161 2005 42 Brazil 150 2005 43 Iran 144 2005 44 Honduras 137 2005 45 Cayman Islands 129 2005 46 Taiwan 126 2005 47 Syria 120 2005 48 Portugal 114 2005 49 Bermuda 108 2005 50 Finland 94 2005 51 Azerbaijan 81 2005 52 Comoros 79 2005 53 Egypt 77 2005 54 French Southern and Antarctic Lands 75 2005 55 Croatia 73 2005 56 Mongolia 65 2005 57 Bulgaria 64 2005 58 Saudi Arabia 64 2005 59 Barbados 58 2005 60 Mexico 57 2005 61 United Arab Emirates 56 2005 62 Algeria 56 2005 63 Venezuela 56 2005 64 France 56 2005 65 Australia 55 2005 66 Lithuania 54 2005 67 Monaco 54 2005 68 Belgium 53 2005 69 Vanuatu 52 2005 70 Chile 47 2005 71 Nigeria 46 2005 72 Lebanon 44 2005 73 Estonia 43 2005 74 Bangladesh 41 2005 75 Morocco 41 2005 76 Luxembourg 40 2005 77 Ireland 39 2005 78 Kuwait 39 2005 79 Burma 37 2005 80 Romania 34 2005 81 Bolivia 32 2005 82 Dominica 32 2005 83 Ecuador 31 2005 84 Tonga 29 2005 85 Argentina 26 2005 86 Albania 25 2005 87 Slovakia 24 2005 88 Sri Lanka 23 2005 89 Switzerland 23 2005 90 Tuvalu 23 2005 91 Slovenia 23 92 Papua New Guinea 22 2005 93 Qatar 22 2005 94 Paraguay 21 2005 95 Jordan 20 2005 96 Latvia 19 2005 97 Israel 17 2005 98 Libya 17 2005 99 Maldives 16 2005 100 Colombia 15 2005 101 Sao Tome and Principe 15 2005 102 French Polynesia 15 2005 103 Cuba 15 2005 104 Faroe Islands 14 2005 105 Iraq 14 2005 106 New Zealand 13 2005 107 Pakistan 13 2005 108 Tunisia 12 2005 109 Tanzania 11 2005 110 Uruguay 11 2005 111 Jamaica 9 2005 112 Madagascar 9 2005 113 Austria 8 2005 114 Bahrain 8 2005 115 Brunei 8 2005 116 Ethiopia 8 2005 117 Mauritius 8 2005 118 Fiji 7 2005 119 Poland 7 2005 120 Turkmenistan 7 2005 121 Eritrea 6 2005 122 Guyana 6 2005 123 Trinidad and Tobago 6 2005 124 Cape Verde 5 2005 125 Seychelles 5 2005 126 Yemen 5 2005 127 Angola 4 2005 128 Gambia, The 4 2005 129 Wallis and Futuna 4 2005 130 Peru 4 2005 131 Ghana 4 2005 132 Dominican Republic 3 2005 133 Kazakhstan 3 2005 134 Kenya 3 2005 135 Iceland 3 2005 136 Greenland 3 2005 137 French Guiana 3 138 Czech Republic 3 139 Costa Rica 2 2005 140 Sudan 2 2005 141 Serbia and Montenegro 2 2005 142 Togo 2 2005 143 Sierra Leone 2 2005 144 Moldova 2 2005 145 New Caledonia 2 2005 146 Puerto Rico 2 2005 147 South Africa 2 2005 148 Mozambique 2 2005 149 Micronesia, Federated States of 2 2005 150 Andorra 1 151 Samoa 1 2005 152 Namibia 1 2005 153 British Virgin Islands 1 2005 154 Reunion 1 2005 155 Suriname 1 2005 156 Oman 1 2005 157 Laos 1 2005 158 Guadeloupe 1 2005 159 Cook Islands 1 2005 160 Djibouti 1 2005 161 Kiribati 1 2005 162 Equatorial Guinea 1 2005 163 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1 164 Cameroon 1 2005

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2119

Rank Country Population Date of Information

1 World 6,446,131,400 July 2005 est. 2 China 1,306,313,812 July 2005 est. 3 India 1,080,264,388 July 2005 est. 4 European Union 456,953,258 July 2005 est. 5 United States 295,734,134 July 2005 est. 6 Indonesia 241,973,879 July 2005 est. 7 Brazil 186,112,794 July 2005 est. 8 Pakistan 162,419,946 July 2005 est. 9 Bangladesh 144,319,628 July 2005 est. 10 Russia 143,420,309 July 2005 est. 11 Nigeria 128,765,768 July 2005 est. 12 Japan 127,417,244 July 2005 est. 13 Mexico 106,202,903 July 2005 est. 14 Philippines 87,857,473 July 2005 est. 15 Vietnam 83,535,576 July 2005 est. 16 Germany 82,431,390 July 2005 est. 17 Egypt 77,505,756 July 2005 est. 18 Ethiopia 73,053,286 July 2005 est. 19 Turkey 69,660,559 July 2005 est. 20 Iran 68,017,860 July 2005 est. 21 Thailand 64,185,502 July 2005 est. 22 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 60,764,490 July 2005 est. 23 France 60,656,178 July 2005 est. 24 United Kingdom 60,441,457 July 2005 est. 25 Italy 58,103,033 July 2005 est. 26 Korea, South 48,640,671 July 2005 est. 27 Ukraine 46,996,765 July 2005 est. 28 Burma 46,996,558 July 2005 est. 29 South Africa 44,344,136 July 2005 est. 30 Colombia 42,954,279 July 2005 est. 31 Spain 40,341,462 July 2005 est. 32 Sudan 40,187,486 July 2005 est. 33 Argentina 39,537,943 July 2005 est. 34 Poland 38,557,984 July 2005 est. 35 Tanzania 36,766,356 July 2005 est. 36 Kenya 33,829,590 July 2005 est. 37 Canada 32,805,041 July 2005 est. 38 Morocco 32,725,847 July 2005 est. 39 Algeria 32,531,853 July 2005 est. 40 Afghanistan 29,928,987 July 2005 est. 41 Peru 27,925,628 July 2005 est. 42 Nepal 27,676,547 July 2005 est. 43 Uganda 27,269,482 July 2005 est. 44 Uzbekistan 26,851,195 July 2005 est. 45 Saudi Arabia 26,417,599 July 2005 est. 46 Iraq 26,074,906 July 2005 est. 47 Venezuela 25,375,281 July 2005 est. 48 Malaysia 23,953,136 July 2005 est. 49 Korea, North 22,912,177 July 2005 est. 50 Taiwan 22,894,384 July 2005 est. 51 Romania 22,329,977 July 2005 est. 52 Ghana 21,946,247 July 2005 est. 53 Yemen 20,727,063 July 2005 est. 54 Australia 20,090,437 July 2005 est. 55 Sri Lanka 20,064,776 July 2005 est. 56 Mozambique 19,406,703 July 2005 est. 57 Syria 18,448,752 July 2005 est. 58 Madagascar 18,040,341 July 2005 est. 59 Cote d'Ivoire 17,298,040 July 2005 est. 60 Cameroon 16,988,132 July 2005 est. 61 Netherlands 16,407,491 July 2005 est. 62 Chile 15,980,912 July 2005 est. 63 Kazakhstan 15,185,844 July 2005 est. 64 Cambodia 13,636,398 July 2005 est. 65 Burkina Faso 13,491,736 July 2005 est. 66 Ecuador 13,363,593 July 2005 est. 67 Malawi 12,707,464 July 2005 est. 68 Niger 12,162,856 July 2005 est. 69 Zimbabwe 12,160,782 July 2005 est. 70 Guatemala 12,013,907 July 2005 est. 71 Angola 11,827,315 July 2005 est. 72 Senegal 11,706,498 July 2005 est. 73 Mali 11,415,261 July 2005 est. 74 Cuba 11,346,670 July 2005 est. 75 Zambia 11,261,795 July 2005 est. 76 Serbia and Montenegro 10,829,175 July 2005 est. 77 Greece 10,668,354 July 2005 est. 78 Portugal 10,566,212 July 2005 est. 79 Belgium 10,364,388 July 2005 est. 80 Belarus 10,300,483 July 2005 est. 81 Czech Republic 10,241,138 July 2005 est. 82 Tunisia 10,074,951 July 2005 est. 83 Hungary 10,006,835 July 2005 est. 84 Chad 9,657,069 July 2005 est. 85 Guinea 9,452,670 July 2005 est. 86 Dominican Republic 9,049,595 July 2005 est. 87 Sweden 9,001,774 July 2005 est. 88 Bolivia 8,857,870 July 2005 est. 89 Somalia 8,591,629 July 2005 est. 90 Rwanda 8,440,820 July 2005 est. 91 Austria 8,184,691 July 2005 est. 92 Haiti 8,121,622 July 2005 est. 93 Azerbaijan 7,911,974 July 2005 est. 94 Burundi 7,795,426 July 2005 est. 95 Benin 7,649,360 July 2005 est. 96 Switzerland 7,489,370 July 2005 est. 97 Bulgaria 7,450,349 July 2005 est. 98 Honduras 7,167,902 July 2005 est. 99 Tajikistan 7,163,506 July 2005 est. 100 Hong Kong 6,898,686 July 2005 est. 101 El Salvador 6,704,932 July 2005 est. 102 Paraguay 6,347,884 July 2005 est. 103 Israel 6,276,883 July 2005 est. 104 Laos 6,217,141 July 2005 est. 105 Sierra Leone 5,867,426 July 2005 est. 106 Libya 5,765,563 July 2005 est. 107 Jordan 5,759,732 July 2005 est. 108 Papua New Guinea 5,545,268 July 2005 est. 109 Nicaragua 5,465,100 July 2005 est. 110 Denmark 5,432,335 July 2005 est. 111 Slovakia 5,431,363 July 2005 est. 112 Togo 5,399,991 July 2005 est. 113 Finland 5,223,442 July 2005 est. 114 Kyrgyzstan 5,146,281 July 2005 est. 115 Turkmenistan 4,952,081 July 2005 est. 116 Georgia 4,677,401 July 2005 est. 117 Eritrea 4,669,638 July 2005 est. 118 Norway 4,593,041 July 2005 est. 119 Croatia 4,495,904 July 2005 est. 120 Moldova 4,455,421 July 2005 est. 121 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,430,494 July 2005 est. 122 Singapore 4,425,720 July 2005 est. 123 Central African Republic 4,237,703 July 2005 est. 124 New Zealand 4,035,461 July 2005 est. 125 Costa Rica 4,016,173 July 2005 est. 126 Ireland 4,015,676 July 2005 est. 127 Puerto Rico 3,911,299 July 2005 est. 128 Lebanon 3,826,018 July 2005 est. 129 Congo, Republic of the 3,602,269 July 2005 est. 130 Lithuania 3,596,617 July 2005 est. 131 Albania 3,563,112 July 2005 est. 132 Uruguay 3,415,920 July 2005 est. 133 Panama 3,140,232 July 2005 est. 134 Mauritania 3,086,859 July 2005 est. 135 Oman 3,001,583 July 2005 est. 136 Armenia 2,982,904 July 2005 est. 137 Liberia 2,900,269 July 2005 est. 138 Mongolia 2,791,272 July 2005 est. 139 Jamaica 2,735,520 July 2005 est. 140 United Arab Emirates 2,563,212 July 2005 est. 141 West Bank 2,385,615 142 Kuwait 2,335,648 July 2005 est. 143 Latvia 2,290,237 July 2005 est. 144 Bhutan 2,232,291 July 2005 est. 145 Macedonia 2,045,262 July 2005 est. 146 Lesotho 2,031,348 July 2005 est. 147 Namibia 2,030,692 July 2005 est. 148 Slovenia 2,011,070 July 2005 est. 149 Botswana 1,640,115 July 2005 est. 150 Gambia, The 1,595,086 July 2005 est. 151 Guinea-Bissau 1,413,446 July 2005 est. 152 Gabon 1,394,307 July 2005 est. 153 Gaza Strip 1,376,289 July 2005 est. 154 Estonia 1,332,893 July 2005 est. 155 Mauritius 1,230,602 July 2005 est. 156 Swaziland 1,138,227 July 2005 est. 157 Trinidad and Tobago 1,075,066 July 2005 est. 158 East Timor 1,040,880 July 2005 est. 159 Fiji 893,354 July 2005 est. 160 Qatar 863,051 July 2005 est. 161 Cyprus 780,133 July 2005 est. 162 Reunion 776,948 July 2005 est. 163 Guyana 765,283 July 2005 est. 164 Bahrain 688,345 July 2005 est. 165 Comoros 671,247 July 2005 est. 166 Solomon Islands 538,032 July 2005 est. 167 Equatorial Guinea 529,034 July 2005 est. 168 Djibouti 476,703 July 2005 est. 169 Luxembourg 468,571 July 2005 est. 170 Macau 449,198 July 2005 est. 171 Guadeloupe 448,713 July 2005 est. 172 Suriname 438,144 July 2005 est. 173 Martinique 432,900 July 2005 est. 174 Cape Verde 418,224 July 2005 est. 175 Malta 398,534 July 2005 est. 176 Brunei 372,361 July 2005 est. 177 Maldives 349,106 July 2005 est. 178 Bahamas, The 301,790 July 2005 est. 179 Iceland 296,737 July 2005 est. 180 Belize 281,084 July 2005 est. 181 Barbados 278,870 July 2005 est. 182 Western Sahara 273,008 July 2005 est. 183 French Polynesia 270,485 July 2005 est. 184 Netherlands Antilles 219,958 July 2005 est. 185 New Caledonia 216,494 July 2005 est. 186 Vanuatu 205,754 July 2005 est. 187 French Guiana 195,506 July 2005 est. 188 Mayotte 193,633 July 2005 est. 189 Sao Tome and Principe 187,410 July 2005 est. 190 Samoa 177,287 July 2005 est. 191 Guam 168,564 July 2005 est. 192 Saint Lucia 166,312 July 2005 est. 193 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 117,534 July 2005 est. 194 Tonga 112,422 July 2005 est. 195 Virgin Islands 108,708 July 2005 est. 196 Micronesia, Federated States of 108,105 July 2005 est. 197 Kiribati 103,092 July 2005 est. 198 Jersey 90,812 July 2005 est. 199 Grenada 89,502 July 2005 est. 200 Seychelles 81,188 July 2005 est. 201 Northern Mariana Islands 80,362 July 2005 est. 202 Man, Isle of 75,049 July 2005 est. 203 Aruba 71,566 July 2005 est. 204 Andorra 70,549 July 2005 est. 205 Dominica 69,029 July 2005 est. 206 Antigua and Barbuda 68,722 July 2005 est. 207 Bermuda 65,365 July 2005 est. 208 Guernsey 65,228 July 2005 est. 209 Marshall Islands 59,071 July 2005 est. 210 American Samoa 57,881 July 2005 est. 211 Greenland 56,375 July 2005 est. 212 Faroe Islands 46,962 July 2005 est. 213 Cayman Islands 44,270 July 2005 est. 214 Saint Kitts and Nevis 38,958 July 2005 est. 215 Liechtenstein 33,717 July 2005 est. 216 Monaco 32,409 July 2005 est. 217 San Marino 28,880 July 2005 est. 218 Gibraltar 27,884 July 2005 est. 219 British Virgin Islands 22,643 July 2005 est. 220 Cook Islands 21,388 July 2005 est. 221 Turks and Caicos Islands 20,556 July 2005 est. 222 Palau 20,303 July 2005 est. 223 Wallis and Futuna 16,025 July 2005 est. 224 Anguilla 13,254 July 2005 est. 225 Nauru 13,048 July 2005 est. 226 Tuvalu 11,636 July 2005 est. 227 Montserrat 9,341 July 2005 est. 228 Saint Helena 7,460 July 2005 est. 229 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7,012 July 2005 est. 230 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 2,967 July 2005 est. 231 Svalbard 2,701 July 2005 est. 232 Niue 2,166 July 2005 est. 233 Norfolk Island 1,828 July 2005 est. 234 Tokelau 1,392 July 2005 est. 235 Holy See (Vatican City) 932 July 2005 est. 236 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 628 July 2005 est. 237 Johnston Atoll 361 July 2005 est. 238 Christmas Island 361 July 2005 est. 239 Pitcairn Islands 45 July 2005 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2121

Rank Country Railways(km) Date of Information

1 World 1,115,205 2003 2 United States 227,736 2003 3 European Union 222,293 2003 4 Russia 87,157 2004 5 China 71,898 2002 6 India 63,230 2004 7 Australia 54,439 2004 8 Canada 48,683 2004 9 Germany 46,142 2004 10 Argentina 34,091 2004 11 France 29,519 2004 12 Brazil 29,412 2004 13 Poland 23,852 2004 14 Japan 23,577 2004 15 Ukraine 22,473 2004 16 South Africa 20,872 2004 17 Italy 19,319 2004 18 Mexico 17,634 2004 19 United Kingdom 17,274 2004 20 Spain 14,781 2004 21 Kazakhstan 13,700 2004 22 Sweden 11,481 2004 23 Romania 11,385 2004 24 Czech Republic 9,543 2004 25 Turkey 8,697 2004 26 Pakistan 8,163 2004 27 Hungary 7,937 2004 28 Iran 7,203 2004 29 Chile 6,585 2004 30 Indonesia 6,458 2004 31 Austria 6,021 2004 32 Sudan 5,995 2004 33 Finland 5,851 2004 34 Belarus 5,512 2004 35 Korea, North 5,214 2004 36 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 5,138 2004 37 Egypt 5,063 2004 38 Switzerland 4,527 2004 39 Serbia and Montenegro 4,380 2004 40 Bulgaria 4,294 2004 41 Cuba 4,226 2004 42 Norway 4,077 2004 43 Thailand 4,071 2004 44 Algeria 3,973 2004 45 Burma 3,955 2004 46 Uzbekistan 3,950 2004 47 New Zealand 3,898 2004 48 Tanzania 3,690 2004 49 Slovakia 3,662 2004 50 Nigeria 3,557 2004 51 Belgium 3,521 2004 52 Bolivia 3,519 2004 53 Korea, South 3,472 2004 54 Peru 3,462 2004 55 Ireland 3,312 2004 56 Colombia 3,304 2004 57 Mozambique 3,123 2004 58 Zimbabwe 3,077 2004 59 Azerbaijan 2,957 2004 60 Portugal 2,850 2004 61 Netherlands 2,808 2004 62 Kenya 2,778 2004 63 Angola 2,761 2004 64 Croatia 2,726 2004 65 Syria 2,711 2004 66 Bangladesh 2,706 2004 67 Denmark 2,628 2004 68 Vietnam 2,600 2004 69 Greece 2,571 2004 70 Taiwan 2,497 2004 71 Turkmenistan 2,440 2004 72 Namibia 2,382 2004 73 Latvia 2,303 2004 74 Iraq 2,200 2004 75 Zambia 2,173 2004 76 Tunisia 2,152 2004 77 Uruguay 2,073 2004 78 Lithuania 1,998 2004 79 Morocco 1,907 2004 80 Malaysia 1,890 2004 81 Mongolia 1,810 2004 82 Dominican Republic 1,743 2004 83 Georgia 1,612 2004 84 Sri Lanka 1,449 2004 85 Saudi Arabia 1,392 2004 86 Uganda 1,241 2004 87 Slovenia 1,201 2004 88 Moldova 1,138 2004 89 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,021 2004 90 Cameroon 1,008 2004 91 Ecuador 966 2004 92 Estonia 958 2004 93 Ghana 953 2004 94 Senegal 906 2004 95 Philippines 897 2004 96 Congo, Republic of the 894 2004 97 Botswana 888 2004 98 Guatemala 886 2004 99 Armenia 845 2004 100 Guinea 837 2004 101 Gabon 814 2004 102 Malawi 797 2004 103 Madagascar 732 2004 104 Mali 729 2004 105 Honduras 699 2004 106 Macedonia 699 2004 107 Venezuela 682 2004 108 Ethiopia 681 2004 109 Cote d'Ivoire 660 2004 110 Israel 640 2004 111 Burkina Faso 622 2004 112 Cambodia 602 2004 113 Fiji 597 2003 114 Benin 578 2004 115 Togo 568 2004 116 Jordan 505 2004 117 Liberia 490 2004 118 Tajikistan 482 2004 119 Kyrgyzstan 470 2004 120 Albania 447 2004 121 Paraguay 441 2004 122 Lebanon 401 2004 123 Panama 355 2004 124 Eritrea 306 2004 125 Swaziland 301 2004 126 El Salvador 283 2004 127 Costa Rica 278 2004 128 Luxembourg 274 2004 129 Jamaica 272 2003 130 Guyana 187 2001 est. 131 Djibouti 100 2004 132 Puerto Rico 96 2004 133 Man, Isle of 61 2003 134 Nepal 59 2004 135 Saint Kitts and Nevis 50 2003 136 Nicaragua 6 2004

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2127

Rank Country Total fertility rate(children born/woman) Date of Information

1 Niger 7.55 2005 est. 2 Mali 7.47 2005 est. 3 Somalia 6.84 2005 est. 4 Afghanistan 6.75 2005 est. 5 Uganda 6.74 2005 est. 6 Yemen 6.67 2005 est. 7 Burundi 6.63 2005 est. 8 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6.54 2005 est. 9 Burkina Faso 6.54 2005 est. 10 Angola 6.42 2005 est. 11 Chad 6.32 2005 est. 12 Sierra Leone 6.15 2005 est. 13 Congo, Republic of the 6.14 2005 est. 14 Liberia 6.09 2005 est. 15 Malawi 5.98 2005 est. 16 Mauritania 5.94 2005 est. 17 Gaza Strip 5.91 2005 est. 18 Mayotte 5.89 2005 est. 19 Oman 5.84 2005 est. 20 Guinea 5.83 2005 est. 21 Sao Tome and Principe 5.71 2005 est. 22 Madagascar 5.66 2005 est. 23 Nigeria 5.53 2005 est. 24 Rwanda 5.49 2005 est. 25 Zambia 5.47 2005 est. 26 Djibouti 5.40 2005 est. 27 Gambia, The 5.38 2005 est. 28 Ethiopia 5.33 2005 est. 29 Benin 5.32 2005 est. 30 Eritrea 5.20 2005 est. 31 Comoros 5.09 2005 est. 32 Tanzania 5.06 2005 est. 33 Haiti 5.02 2005 est. 34 Maldives 5.02 2005 est. 35 Togo 5.01 2005 est. 36 Kenya 4.96 2005 est. 37 Guinea-Bissau 4.93 2005 est. 38 Sudan 4.85 2005 est. 39 Bhutan 4.81 2005 est. 40 Gabon 4.77 2005 est. 41 Laos 4.77 2005 est. 42 Mozambique 4.70 2005 est. 43 Equatorial Guinea 4.62 2005 est. 44 Cote d'Ivoire 4.58 2005 est. 45 Central African Republic 4.50 2005 est. 46 Senegal 4.50 2005 est. 47 Cameroon 4.47 2005 est. 48 West Bank 4.40 2005 est. 49 Iraq 4.28 2005 est. 50 Kiribati 4.20 2005 est. 51 Nepal 4.19 2005 est. 52 Pakistan 4.14 2005 est. 53 Ghana 4.10 2005 est. 54 Saudi Arabia 4.05 2005 est. 55 Tajikistan 4.05 2005 est. 56 Solomon Islands 4.04 2005 est. 57 Papua New Guinea 3.96 2005 est. 58 Guatemala 3.93 2005 est. 59 Paraguay 3.93 2005 est. 60 Marshall Islands 3.93 2005 est. 61 Honduras 3.69 2005 est. 62 Belize 3.68 2005 est. 63 Swaziland 3.62 2005 est. 64 East Timor 3.61 2005 est. 65 Syria 3.50 2005 est. 66 Cape Verde 3.48 2005 est. 67 Cambodia 3.44 2005 est. 68 Turkmenistan 3.41 2005 est. 69 Lesotho 3.35 2005 est. 70 Libya 3.34 2005 est. 71 American Samoa 3.25 2005 est. 72 Micronesia, Federated States of 3.25 2005 est. 73 Nauru 3.19 2005 est. 74 Namibia 3.18 2005 est. 75 Zimbabwe 3.18 2005 est. 76 El Salvador 3.16 2005 est. 77 Philippines 3.16 2005 est. 78 Bangladesh 3.13 2005 est. 79 Turks and Caicos Islands 3.08 2005 est. 80 Malaysia 3.07 2005 est. 81 French Guiana 3.01 2005 est. 82 Samoa 3.01 2005 est. 83 Tonga 3.00 2005 est. 84 Tuvalu 3.00 2005 est. 85 Kuwait 2.97 2005 est. 86 United Arab Emirates 2.94 2005 est. 87 Uzbekistan 2.94 2005 est. 88 Bolivia 2.94 2005 est. 89 Egypt 2.88 2005 est. 90 Qatar 2.87 2005 est. 91 Dominican Republic 2.86 2005 est. 92 Botswana 2.85 2005 est. 93 Nicaragua 2.81 2005 est. 94 India 2.78 2005 est. 95 Vanuatu 2.77 2005 est. 96 Fiji 2.75 2005 est. 97 Morocco 2.73 2005 est. 98 Ecuador 2.72 2005 est. 99 Jordan 2.71 2005 est. 100 Kyrgyzstan 2.70 2005 est. 101 Panama 2.70 2005 est. 102 Bahrain 2.63 2005 est. 103 Guam 2.60 2005 est. 104 World 2.60 2005 est. 105 Colombia 2.56 2005 est. 106 Peru 2.56 2005 est. 107 Jamaica 2.47 2005 est. 108 Reunion 2.47 2005 est. 109 Palau 2.46 2005 est. 110 Mexico 2.45 2005 est. 111 Azerbaijan 2.44 2005 est. 112 Israel 2.44 2005 est. 113 Indonesia 2.44 2005 est. 114 Greenland 2.41 2005 est. 115 Grenada 2.37 2005 est. 116 Suriname 2.34 2005 est. 117 Saint Kitts and Nevis 2.33 2005 est. 118 New Caledonia 2.31 2005 est. 119 Brunei 2.30 2005 est. 120 Costa Rica 2.28 2005 est. 121 Antigua and Barbuda 2.26 2005 est. 122 Mongolia 2.26 2005 est. 123 Venezuela 2.26 2005 est. 124 South Africa 2.24 2005 est. 125 Saint Lucia 2.21 2005 est. 126 Bahamas, The 2.20 2005 est. 127 Faroe Islands 2.20 2005 est. 128 Argentina 2.19 2005 est. 129 Virgin Islands 2.19 2005 est. 130 Korea, North 2.15 2005 est. 131 United States 2.08 2005 est. 132 Guyana 2.05 2005 est. 133 Albania 2.04 2005 est. 134 French Polynesia 2.04 2005 est. 135 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2.03 2005 est. 136 Chile 2.02 2005 est. 137 Burma 2.01 2005 est. 138 Netherlands Antilles 2.00 2005 est. 139 Dominica 1.96 2005 est. 140 Mauritius 1.96 2005 est. 141 Turkey 1.94 2005 est. 142 Vietnam 1.94 2005 est. 143 Brazil 1.93 2005 est. 144 Algeria 1.92 2005 est. 145 Lebanon 1.92 2005 est. 146 Iceland 1.92 2005 est. 147 Guadeloupe 1.91 2005 est. 148 Uruguay 1.91 2005 est. 149 Cayman Islands 1.90 2005 est. 150 Bermuda 1.89 2005 est. 151 Kazakhstan 1.89 2005 est. 152 Ireland 1.87 2005 est. 153 Sri Lanka 1.85 2005 est. 154 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.85 2005 est. 155 France 1.85 2005 est. 156 Cyprus 1.83 2005 est. 157 Iran 1.82 2005 est. 158 Moldova 1.81 2005 est. 159 Aruba 1.79 2005 est. 160 New Zealand 1.79 2005 est. 161 Luxembourg 1.79 2005 est. 162 Martinique 1.79 2005 est. 163 Montserrat 1.78 2005 est. 164 Norway 1.78 2005 est. 165 Australia 1.76 2005 est. 166 Monaco 1.76 2005 est. 167 Puerto Rico 1.75 2005 est. 168 Seychelles 1.75 2005 est. 169 Tunisia 1.75 2005 est. 170 Trinidad and Tobago 1.75 2005 est. 171 Denmark 1.74 2005 est. 172 Anguilla 1.73 2005 est. 173 Finland 1.73 2005 est. 174 China 1.72 2005 est. 175 British Virgin Islands 1.72 2005 est. 176 Serbia and Montenegro 1.67 2005 est. 177 Cuba 1.66 2005 est. 178 Netherlands 1.66 2005 est. 179 United Kingdom 1.66 2005 est. 180 Sweden 1.66 2005 est. 181 Gibraltar 1.65 2005 est. 182 Man, Isle of 1.65 2005 est. 183 Barbados 1.64 2005 est. 184 Belgium 1.64 2005 est. 185 Thailand 1.63 2005 est. 186 Canada 1.61 2005 est. 187 Jersey 1.57 2005 est. 188 Taiwan 1.57 2005 est. 189 Macedonia 1.57 2005 est. 190 Saint Helena 1.54 2005 est. 191 Liechtenstein 1.51 2005 est. 192 Malta 1.50 2005 est. 193 European Union 1.47 July 2005 est. 194 Portugal 1.47 2005 est. 195 Switzerland 1.43 2005 est. 196 Georgia 1.41 2005 est. 197 Belarus 1.39 2005 est. 198 Germany 1.39 2005 est. 199 Croatia 1.39 2005 est. 200 Japan 1.39 2005 est. 201 Estonia 1.39 2005 est. 202 Bulgaria 1.38 2005 est. 203 Guernsey 1.38 2005 est. 204 Austria 1.36 2005 est. 205 Romania 1.36 2005 est. 206 Greece 1.33 2005 est. 207 San Marino 1.33 2005 est. 208 Armenia 1.32 2005 est. 209 Hungary 1.32 2005 est. 210 Slovakia 1.32 2005 est. 211 Andorra 1.29 2005 est. 212 Italy 1.28 2005 est. 213 Spain 1.28 2005 est. 214 Northern Mariana Islands 1.27 2005 est. 215 Russia 1.27 2005 est. 216 Korea, South 1.26 2005 est. 217 Latvia 1.26 2005 est. 218 Poland 1.24 2005 est. 219 Slovenia 1.24 2005 est. 220 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.21 2005 est. 221 Czech Republic 1.20 2005 est. 222 Lithuania 1.19 2005 est. 223 Ukraine 1.16 2005 est. 224 Singapore 1.05 2005 est. 225 Macau 1.00 2005 est. 226 Hong Kong 0.93 2005 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2129

Rank Country Unemployment rate(%) Date of Information

1 Andorra 0.00 1996 est. 2 Norfolk Island 0.00 3 Guernsey 0.50 1999 est. 4 Aruba 0.60 2003 est. 5 Man, Isle of 0.60 2004 est. 6 Uzbekistan 0.60 2004 est. 7 Jersey 0.90 2004 est. 8 Faroe Islands 1.00 October 2000 9 Azerbaijan 1.20 2004 est. 10 Liechtenstein 1.30 September 2002 11 Thailand 1.50 November 2004 est. 12 Vietnam 1.90 2004 est. 13 Belarus 2.00 2004 14 Gibraltar 2.00 2001 est. 15 Kiribati 2.00 1992 est. 16 Kuwait 2.20 2004 est. 17 Palau 2.30 2000 est. 18 United Arab Emirates 2.40 2001 19 Cambodia 2.50 2000 est. 20 Cuba 2.50 2004 est. 21 San Marino 2.60 2001 22 Qatar 2.70 2001 23 Malaysia 3.00 2004 est. 24 British Virgin Islands 3.00 1995 25 Iceland 3.10 2004 est. 26 Brunei 3.20 2002 est. 27 Mexico 3.20 2004 est. 28 Cyprus 3.20 2004 est. 29 Singapore 3.40 2004 est. 30 Switzerland 3.40 2004 est. 31 Ukraine 3.50 2004 est. 32 Korea, South 3.60 2004 est. 33 Cayman Islands 4.10 1997 34 New Zealand 4.20 2004 est. 35 Ireland 4.30 2004 est. 36 Norway 4.30 2004 est. 37 Austria 4.40 2004 est. 38 Luxembourg 4.50 December, 2004 est. 39 Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.50 1997 40 Taiwan 4.50 2004 est. 41 Japan 4.70 2004 est. 42 Macau 4.70 3rd Quarter, 2004 43 United Kingdom 4.80 2004 est. 44 Bermuda 5.00 2002 est. 45 Australia 5.10 December 2004 est. 46 Burma 5.20 2004 est. 47 Mali 5.30 2001 est. 48 United States 5.50 2004 est. 49 Cyprus 5.60 2004 est. 50 Sweden 5.60 2004 est. 51 Laos 5.70 1997 est. 52 Hungary 5.90 2004 est. 53 American Samoa 6.00 2000 54 Netherlands 6.00 2004 est. 55 Montserrat 6.00 1998 est. 56 Denmark 6.20 2004 est. 57 El Salvador 6.30 2004 est. 58 Romania 6.30 2004 est. 59 Slovenia 6.40 2004 est. 60 Portugal 6.50 2004 est. 61 Costa Rica 6.60 2004 est. 62 Hong Kong 6.70 2004 est. 63 Mongolia 6.70 2003 64 Canada 7.00 2004 65 Malta 7.00 2003 est. 66 Guatemala 7.50 2003 est. 67 Fiji 7.60 1999 68 Sri Lanka 7.80 2004 est. 69 Nicaragua 7.80 2003 est. 70 Anguilla 8.00 2002 71 Central African Republic 8.00 2001 est. 72 Kazakhstan 8.00 2004 est. 73 Moldova 8.00 2002 est. 74 Lithuania 8.00 2004 est. 75 Pakistan 8.30 2004 est. 76 Russia 8.30 2004 est. 77 Chile 8.50 2004 est. 78 Italy 8.60 2004 est. 79 Latvia 8.80 2004 est. 80 Finland 8.90 2004 est. 81 Bolivia 9.20 2003 est. 82 Indonesia 9.20 2004 est. 83 India 9.20 2004 est. 84 Turkey 9.30 2004 est. 85 Virgin Islands 9.30 2003 est. 86 European Union 9.50 2004 est. 87 Estonia 9.60 2004 est. 88 Peru 9.60 2004 est. 89 China 9.80 2004 est. 90 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 9.80 1997 91 Greenland 10.00 2000 est. 92 Greece 10.00 2004 est. 93 Turks and Caicos Islands 10.00 1997 est. 94 France 10.10 2004 est. 95 Bahamas, The 10.20 2004 est. 96 Spain 10.40 2004 est. 97 Trinidad and Tobago 10.40 2004 est. 98 Czech Republic 10.60 2004 est. 99 Germany 10.60 2004 est. 100 Barbados 10.70 2003 est. 101 Israel 10.70 2004 est. 102 Mauritius 10.80 2004 est. 103 Egypt 10.90 2004 est. 104 Antigua and Barbuda 11.00 2001 est. 105 Ecuador 11.10 2004 est. 106 Iran 11.20 2004 est. 107 Brazil 11.50 2004 est. 108 Philippines 11.70 2004 est. 109 French Polynesia 11.80 1994 110 Belgium 12.00 first half, 2004 111 Puerto Rico 12.00 2002 112 Morocco 12.10 2004 est. 113 Grenada 12.50 2000 114 Panama 12.60 2004 est. 115 Bulgaria 12.70 2004 est. 116 Belize 12.90 2003 117 Cook Islands 13.00 1996 118 Cote d'Ivoire 13.00 1998 119 Uruguay 13.00 2004 est. 120 Slovakia 13.10 31 December 2004 est. 121 Tonga 13.30 1996 est. 122 Colombia 13.60 2004 est. 123 Croatia 13.80 2004 est. 124 Tunisia 13.80 2004 est. 125 Saint Helena 14.00 1998 est. 126 Mali 14.60 2001 est. 127 Albania 14.80 2001 est. 128 Argentina 14.80 2004 est. 129 Bahrain 15.00 1998 est. 130 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15.00 2001 est. 131 Oman 15.00 2004 est. 132 Jordan 15.00 2004 est. 133 Jamaica 15.00 2004 est. 134 Guam 15.00 2000 est. 135 Paraguay 15.10 2004 est. 136 Netherlands Antilles 15.60 2002 est. 137 Micronesia, Federated States of 16.00 1999 est. 138 Dominican Republic 17.00 2004 est. 139 Georgia 17.00 2001 est. 140 Suriname 17.00 2000 141 Venezuela 17.10 2004 est. 142 Kyrgyzstan 18.00 2004 est. 143 Lebanon 18.00 1997 est. 144 Sudan 18.70 2002 est. 145 New Caledonia 19.00 1996 146 Poland 19.50 2004 est. 147 Comoros 20.00 1996 est. 148 Syria 20.00 2002 est. 149 Saint Lucia 20.00 2003 est. 150 Mauritania 20.00 2004 est. 151 Ghana 20.00 1997 est. 152 Cape Verde 21.00 2000 est. 153 Gabon 21.00 1997 est. 154 Mozambique 21.00 1997 est. 155 French Guiana 22.00 2001 156 Monaco 22.00 1999 157 Dominica 23.00 2000 est. 158 Botswana 23.80 2004 est. 159 Iraq 25.00 2004 est. 160 Saudi Arabia 25.00 2004 est. 161 Algeria 25.40 2004 est. 162 South Africa 26.20 2004 est. 163 Martinique 27.20 1998 164 West Bank 27.20 2004 est. 165 Guadeloupe 27.80 1998 166 Honduras 28.50 2004 est. 167 Armenia 30.00 2003 est. 168 Libya 30.00 2004 169 Cameroon 30.00 2001 est. 170 Serbia and Montenegro 30.00 2004 est. 171 World 30.00 172 Equatorial Guinea 30.00 1998 est. 173 Marshall Islands 30.90 1999 est. 174 Swaziland 34.00 2000 est. 175 Namibia 35.00 1998 176 Yemen 35.00 2003 est. 177 Reunion 36.00 1999 est. 178 Macedonia 37.70 3rd quarter, 2004 est. 179 Mayotte 38.00 1999 180 Bangladesh 40.00 2004 est. 181 Kenya 40.00 2001 est. 182 Tajikistan 40.00 2002 est. 183 Bosnia and Herzegovina 44.00 2004 est. 184 Lesotho 45.00 2002 185 Nepal 47.00 2001 est. 186 Senegal 48.00 2001 est. 187 Djibouti 50.00 2004 est. 188 East Timor 50.00 1992 est. 189 Zambia 50.00 2000 est. 190 Gaza Strip 50.00 2003 est. 191 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 60.00 2000 est. 192 Turkmenistan 60.00 2004 est. 193 Kiribati 70.00 1992 est. 194 Zimbabwe 70.00 2002 est. 195 Liberia 85.00 2003 est. 196 Nauru 90.00 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2147

Rank Country Area(sq km) Date of Information

1 World 510,072,000 2 Pacific Ocean 155,557,000 3 Atlantic Ocean 76,762,000 4 Indian Ocean 68,556,000 5 Southern Ocean 20,327,000 6 Russia 17,075,200 7 Arctic Ocean 14,056,000 8 Antarctica 14,000,000 9 Canada 9,984,670 10 United States 9,631,418 11 China 9,596,960 12 Brazil 8,511,965 13 Australia 7,686,850 14 European Union 3,976,372 15 India 3,287,590 16 Argentina 2,766,890 17 Kazakhstan 2,717,300 18 Sudan 2,505,810 19 Algeria 2,381,740 20 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2,345,410 21 Greenland 2,166,086 22 Mexico 1,972,550 23 Saudi Arabia 1,960,582 24 Indonesia 1,919,440 25 Libya 1,759,540 26 Iran 1,648,000 27 Mongolia 1,564,116 28 Peru 1,285,220 29 Chad 1,284,000 30 Niger 1,267,000 31 Angola 1,246,700 32 Mali 1,240,000 33 South Africa 1,219,912 34 Colombia 1,138,910 35 Ethiopia 1,127,127 36 Bolivia 1,098,580 37 Mauritania 1,030,700 38 Egypt 1,001,450 39 Tanzania 945,087 40 Nigeria 923,768 41 Venezuela 912,050 42 Namibia 825,418 43 Pakistan 803,940 44 Mozambique 801,590 45 Turkey 780,580 46 Chile 756,950 47 Zambia 752,614 48 Burma 678,500 49 Afghanistan 647,500 50 Somalia 637,657 51 Central African Republic 622,984 52 Ukraine 603,700 53 Botswana 600,370 54 Madagascar 587,040 55 Kenya 582,650 56 France 547,030 57 Yemen 527,970 58 Thailand 514,000 59 Spain 504,782 60 Turkmenistan 488,100 61 Cameroon 475,440 62 Papua New Guinea 462,840 63 Sweden 449,964 64 Uzbekistan 447,400 65 Morocco 446,550 66 Iraq 437,072 67 Paraguay 406,750 68 Zimbabwe 390,580 69 Japan 377,835 70 Germany 357,021 71 Congo, Republic of the 342,000 72 Finland 338,145 73 Malaysia 329,750 74 Vietnam 329,560 75 Norway 324,220 76 Cote d'Ivoire 322,460 77 Poland 312,685 78 Italy 301,230 79 Philippines 300,000 80 Ecuador 283,560 81 Burkina Faso 274,200 82 New Zealand 268,680 83 Gabon 267,667 84 Western Sahara 266,000 85 Guinea 245,857 86 United Kingdom 244,820 87 Ghana 239,460 88 Romania 237,500 89 Laos 236,800 90 Uganda 236,040 91 Guyana 214,970 92 Oman 212,460 93 Belarus 207,600 94 Kyrgyzstan 198,500 95 Senegal 196,190 96 Syria 185,180 97 Cambodia 181,040 98 Uruguay 176,220 99 Tunisia 163,610 100 Suriname 163,270 101 Bangladesh 144,000 102 Tajikistan 143,100 103 Nepal 140,800 104 Greece 131,940 105 Nicaragua 129,494 106 Eritrea 121,320 107 Korea, North 120,540 108 Malawi 118,480 109 Benin 112,620 110 Honduras 112,090 111 Liberia 111,370 112 Bulgaria 110,910 113 Cuba 110,860 114 Guatemala 108,890 115 Iceland 103,000 116 Serbia and Montenegro 102,350 117 Korea, South 98,480 118 Hungary 93,030 119 Portugal 92,391 120 Jordan 92,300 121 French Guiana 91,000 122 Azerbaijan 86,600 123 Austria 83,870 124 United Arab Emirates 82,880 125 Czech Republic 78,866 126 Panama 78,200 127 Sierra Leone 71,740 128 Ireland 70,280 129 Georgia 69,700 130 Sri Lanka 65,610 131 Lithuania 65,200 132 Latvia 64,589 133 Svalbard 62,049 134 Togo 56,785 135 Croatia 56,542 136 Bosnia and Herzegovina 51,129 137 Costa Rica 51,100 138 Slovakia 48,845 139 Dominican Republic 48,730 140 Bhutan 47,000 141 Estonia 45,226 142 Denmark 43,094 143 Netherlands 41,526 144 Switzerland 41,290 145 Guinea-Bissau 36,120 146 Taiwan 35,980 147 Moldova 33,843 148 Belgium 30,528 149 Lesotho 30,355 150 Armenia 29,800 151 Albania 28,748 152 Solomon Islands 28,450 153 Equatorial Guinea 28,051 154 Burundi 27,830 155 Haiti 27,750 156 Rwanda 26,338 157 Macedonia 25,333 158 Djibouti 23,000 159 Belize 22,966 160 El Salvador 21,040 161 Israel 20,770 162 Slovenia 20,273 163 New Caledonia 19,060 164 Fiji 18,270 165 Kuwait 17,820 166 Swaziland 17,363 167 East Timor 15,007 168 Bahamas, The 13,940 169 Vanuatu 12,200 170 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 12,173 171 Qatar 11,437 172 Gambia, The 11,300 173 Jamaica 10,991 174 Lebanon 10,400 175 Cyprus 9,250 176 Puerto Rico 9,104 177 French Southern and Antarctic Lands 7,829 178 West Bank 5,860 179 Brunei 5,770 180 Trinidad and Tobago 5,128 181 French Polynesia 4,167 182 Cape Verde 4,033 183 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3,903 184 Samoa 2,944 185 Luxembourg 2,586 186 Reunion 2,517 187 Comoros 2,170 188 Mauritius 2,040 189 Guadeloupe 1,780 190 Faroe Islands 1,399 191 Martinique 1,100 192 Hong Kong 1,092 193 Sao Tome and Principe 1,001 194 Netherlands Antilles 960 195 Kiribati 811 196 Dominica 754 197 Tonga 748 198 Micronesia, Federated States of 702 199 Singapore 693 200 Bahrain 665 201 Saint Lucia 616 202 Man, Isle of 572 203 Guam 549 204 Northern Mariana Islands 477 205 Andorra 468 206 Palau 458 207 Seychelles 455 208 Antigua and Barbuda 443 209 Barbados 431 210 Turks and Caicos Islands 430 211 Heard Island and McDonald Islands 412 212 Saint Helena 410 213 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 214 Mayotte 374 215 Jan Mayen 373 216 Gaza Strip 360 217 Virgin Islands 352 218 Grenada 344 219 Malta 316 220 Maldives 300 221 Wallis and Futuna 274 222 Cayman Islands 262 223 Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 224 Niue 260 225 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 242 226 Cook Islands 240 227 American Samoa 199 228 Aruba 193 229 Marshall Islands 181 230 Liechtenstein 160 231 British Virgin Islands 153 232 Christmas Island 135 233 Dhekelia 131 234 Akrotiri 123 235 Jersey 116 236 Anguilla 102 237 Montserrat 102 238 Guernsey 78 239 San Marino 61 240 British Indian Ocean Territory 60 241 Bouvet Island 59 242 Bermuda 53 243 Pitcairn Islands 47 244 Norfolk Island 35 245 Europa Island 28 246 Tuvalu 26 247 Macau 25 248 Nauru 21 249 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 14 250 Palmyra Atoll 12 251 Tokelau 10 252 Gibraltar 7 253 Wake Island 7 254 Midway Islands 6 255 Clipperton Island 6 256 Navassa Island 5 257 Ashmore and Cartier Islands 5 258 Glorioso Islands 5 259 Spratly Islands 5 260 Jarvis Island 5 261 Juan de Nova Island 4 262 Coral Sea Islands 3 263 Johnston Atoll 3 264 Monaco 2 265 Howland Island 2 266 Baker Island 1 267 Kingman Reef 1 268 Tromelin Island 1 269 Holy See (Vatican City) 0 270 Bassas da India 0

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2150

Rank Country Telephones - main lines in use Date of Information

1 World 843,923,500 2003 2 China 263,000,000 2003 3 European Union 238,763,162 2002 4 United States 181,599,900 2003 5 Japan 71,149,000 2002 6 Germany 54,350,000 2003 7 India 48,917,000 2003 8 Brazil 38,810,000 2002 9 Russia 35,500,000 2002 10 United Kingdom 34,898,000 2002 11 France 33,905,400 2003 12 Italy 26,596,000 2003 13 Korea, South 22,877,000 2003 14 Canada 19,950,900 2003 15 Turkey 18,916,700 2003 16 Spain 17,567,500 2003 17 Mexico 15,958,700 2003 18 Iran 14,571,100 2003 19 Taiwan 13,355,000 2003 20 Poland 12,300,000 2003 21 Ukraine 10,833,300 2002 22 Australia 10,815,000 2003 23 Netherlands 10,004,000 2002 24 Egypt 9,600,000 2005 25 Colombia 8,768,100 2003 26 Argentina 8,009,400 2002 27 Indonesia 7,750,000 2002 28 Thailand 6,617,400 2003 29 Sweden 6,579,200 2002 30 Switzerland 5,419,000 2002 31 Greece 5,205,100 2003 32 Belgium 5,120,400 2002 33 South Africa 4,844,000 2002 34 Malaysia 4,571,600 2003 35 Vietnam 4,402,000 2003 36 Romania 4,300,000 2003 37 Portugal 4,278,800 2003 38 Pakistan 3,982,800 2003 39 Austria 3,881,000 2003 40 Hong Kong 3,801,300 2003 41 Hungary 3,666,400 2002 42 Czech Republic 3,626,000 2003 43 Denmark 3,610,100 2003 44 Saudi Arabia 3,502,600 2003 45 Chile 3,467,000 2002 46 Norway 3,343,000 2002 47 Philippines 3,310,900 2002 48 Belarus 3,071,300 2003 49 Israel 3,006,000 2002 50 Bulgaria 2,868,200 2002 51 Venezuela 2,841,800 2002 52 Serbia and Montenegro 2,611,700 2003 53 Finland 2,548,000 2003 54 Algeria 2,199,600 2003 55 Syria 2,099,300 2002 56 Kazakhstan 2,081,900 2002 57 Ireland 1,955,000 2003 58 Singapore 1,896,100 2004 59 Peru 1,839,200 2003 60 Croatia 1,825,000 2002 61 New Zealand 1,765,000 2002 62 Uzbekistan 1,717,100 2003 63 Ecuador 1,549,000 2003 64 Puerto Rico 1,329,500 2002 65 Slovakia 1,294,700 2003 66 Morocco 1,219,200 2003 67 Tunisia 1,163,800 2003 68 United Arab Emirates 1,135,800 2003 69 Costa Rica 1,132,000 2002 70 Korea, North 1,100,000 2001 71 Uruguay 946,500 2002 72 Bosnia and Herzegovina 938,000 2003 73 Azerbaijan 923,800 2002 74 Dominican Republic 901,800 2003 75 Sudan 900,000 2003 76 Sri Lanka 881,400 2002 77 Nigeria 853,100 2003 78 Guatemala 846,000 2002 79 Lithuania 824,200 2003 80 Slovenia 812,300 2003 81 El Salvador 752,600 2003 82 Libya 750,000 2003 83 Bangladesh 740,000 2003 84 Moldova 706,900 2002 85 Lebanon 678,800 2002 86 Iraq 675,000 2003 87 Latvia 653,900 2003 88 Georgia 650,500 2003 89 Jordan 622,600 2003 90 Bolivia 600,100 2003 91 Cuba 574,400 2002 92 Armenia 562,600 2003 93 Macedonia 560,000 2002 94 Yemen 542,200 2002 95 Kuwait 486,900 2003 96 Estonia 475,000 2002 97 Jamaica 444,400 2002 98 Ethiopia 435,000 2003 99 Cyprus 427,400 100 Kyrgyzstan 394,800 2002 101 Panama 386,900 2002 102 Turkmenistan 374,000 2002 103 Nepal 371,800 2003 104 Burma 357,300 2003 105 Luxembourg 355,400 2002 106 Mauritius 348,200 2003 107 Kenya 328,400 2003 108 Cote d'Ivoire 328,000 2003 109 Trinidad and Tobago 325,100 2002 110 Honduras 322,500 2002 111 Ghana 302,300 2003 112 West Bank 301,600 2002 113 Zimbabwe 300,900 2003 114 Reunion 300,000 2001 115 Paraguay 273,200 2002 116 Albania 255,000 2003 117 Tajikistan 242,100 2003 118 Oman 233,900 2002 119 Senegal 228,800 2003 120 Guadeloupe 210,000 2001 121 Malta 208,300 2003 122 Iceland 190,700 2003 123 Bahrain 185,800 2003 124 Qatar 184,500 2003 125 Macau 174,600 2003 126 Martinique 172,000 2001 127 Nicaragua 171,600 2002 128 Tanzania 149,100 2003 129 Botswana 142,400 2002 130 Mongolia 142,300 2004 131 Barbados 134,000 2003 132 Bahamas, The 131,700 2003 133 Haiti 130,000 2002 134 Namibia 127,400 2003 135 Cameroon 110,900 2002 136 Fiji 102,000 2003 137 Somalia 100,000 2002 est. 138 Angola 96,300 2003 139 Gaza Strip 95,729 1997 140 Brunei 90,000 2002 141 Zambia 88,400 2003 142 Cyprus 86,228 143 Malawi 85,000 2003 144 Guam 84,134 2001 145 Mozambique 83,700 2002 146 Netherlands Antilles 81,000 2001 147 Guyana 80,400 2002 148 Suriname 79,800 2003 149 Jersey 73,900 2001 150 Cape Verde 71,700 2003 151 Virgin Islands 69,400 2002 152 Benin 66,500 2003 153 Burkina Faso 65,400 2003 154 Papua New Guinea 62,000 2002 155 Laos 61,900 2002 156 Uganda 61,000 2003 157 Togo 60,600 2003 158 Madagascar 59,600 2003 159 Mali 56,600 2002 160 Bermuda 56,000 2002 161 Guernsey 55,000 2001 162 French Polynesia 52,500 2002 163 New Caledonia 52,000 2002 164 Saint Lucia 51,100 2002 165 French Guiana 51,000 2001 166 Man, Isle of 51,000 1999 167 Swaziland 46,200 2003 168 Gambia, The 38,400 2002 169 Gabon 38,400 2003 170 Eritrea 38,100 2003 171 Antigua and Barbuda 38,000 2002 172 Cayman Islands 38,000 2002 173 Aruba 37,100 2002 174 Cambodia 35,400 2002 175 Andorra 35,000 2001 176 Monaco 33,700 2002 177 Grenada 33,500 2002 178 Belize 33,300 2003 179 Afghanistan 33,100 2002 180 Mauritania 31,500 2002 181 Maldives 28,700 2002 182 Lesotho 28,600 2002 183 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27,300 2002 184 Guinea 26,200 2003 185 Greenland 26,000 2001 186 Bhutan 25,200 2003 187 Gibraltar 24,512 2002 188 Sierra Leone 24,000 2002 189 Burundi 23,900 2003 190 Dominica 23,700 2002 191 Saint Kitts and Nevis 23,500 2002 192 Rwanda 23,200 2002 193 Faroe Islands 23,000 2002 194 Niger 22,400 2002 195 Seychelles 21,700 2002 196 Northern Mariana Islands 21,000 2000 197 San Marino 20,600 2002 198 Liechtenstein 19,900 2002 199 American Samoa 15,000 2001 200 Comoros 13,200 2003 201 Chad 11,800 2002 202 Samoa 11,800 2002 203 British Virgin Islands 11,700 2002 204 Tonga 11,200 2002 205 Guinea-Bissau 10,600 2003 206 Micronesia, Federated States of 10,100 2001 207 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 10,000 2002 208 Mayotte 10,000 2001 209 Equatorial Guinea 9,600 2003 210 Djibouti 9,500 2003 211 Central African Republic 9,000 2002 212 Congo, Republic of the 7,000 2003 213 Sao Tome and Principe 7,000 2003 214 Liberia 7,000 2001 215 Palau 6,700 2002 216 Solomon Islands 6,600 2002 217 Vanuatu 6,500 2003 218 Anguilla 6,200 2002 219 Cook Islands 6,200 2002 220 Turks and Caicos Islands 5,700 2002 221 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4,800 2002 222 Kiribati 4,500 2002 223 Marshall Islands 4,500 2003 224 Norfolk Island 2,532 2004 225 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 2,400 2002 226 Saint Helena 2,200 2002 227 Nauru 1,900 2002 228 Wallis and Futuna 1,900 2002 229 Niue 1,100 2002 230 Tuvalu 700 2002 231 Tokelau 300 2002 232 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 287 1992 233 Pitcairn Islands 1 2004 234 Antarctica 0 2001

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2151

Rank Country Telephones - mobile cellular Date of Information

1 European Union 314,644,700 2002 2 China 269,000,000 2003 3 United States 158,722,000 2003 4 Japan 86,658,600 2003 5 Germany 64,800,000 2003 6 Italy 55,918,000 2003 7 United Kingdom 49,677,000 2002 8 Brazil 46,373,300 2003 9 France 41,683,100 2003 10 Spain 37,506,700 2003 11 Korea, South 33,591,800 2003 12 Mexico 28,125,000 2003 13 Turkey 27,887,500 2003 14 Thailand 26,500,000 2005 15 India 26,154,400 2003 16 Taiwan 25,089,600 2003 17 Russia 17,608,800 2002 18 Poland 17,401,000 2003 19 South Africa 16,860,000 2003 20 Philippines 15,201,000 2002 21 Australia 14,347,000 2003 22 Canada 13,221,800 2003 23 Netherlands 12,500,000 2003 24 Indonesia 11,700,000 2002 25 Malaysia 11,124,100 2003 26 Czech Republic 9,708,700 2003 27 Portugal 9,341,400 2003 28 Greece 8,936,200 2003 29 Egypt 8,583,940 2005 30 Belgium 8,135,500 2002 31 Sweden 7,949,000 2002 32 Morocco 7,332,800 2003 33 Hong Kong 7,241,400 2003 34 Saudi Arabia 7,238,200 2003 35 Austria 7,094,500 2003 36 Romania 6,900,000 2003 37 Hungary 6,862,800 2002 38 Argentina 6,500,000 2002 39 Venezuela 6,463,600 2002 40 Chile 6,445,700 2002 41 Israel 6,334,000 2002 42 Colombia 6,186,200 2003 43 Switzerland 6,172,000 2003 44 Denmark 4,785,300 2003 45 Finland 4,700,000 2003 46 Ukraine 4,200,000 2002 47 Norway 4,163,400 2003 48 Slovakia 3,678,800 2003 49 Serbia and Montenegro 3,634,600 2003 50 Singapore 3,521,800 2004 51 Ireland 3,400,000 2003 52 Iran 3,376,500 2003 53 Nigeria 3,149,500 2003 54 United Arab Emirates 2,972,300 2003 55 Peru 2,908,800 2003 56 Vietnam 2,742,000 2003 57 Pakistan 2,624,800 2003 58 New Zealand 2,599,000 2003 59 Bulgaria 2,597,500 2002 60 Croatia 2,553,000 2003 61 Ecuador 2,394,400 2003 62 Lithuania 2,169,900 2003 63 Dominican Republic 2,120,400 2003 64 Tunisia 1,899,900 2003 65 Paraguay 1,770,300 2003 66 Slovenia 1,739,100 2003 67 Kenya 1,590,800 2003 68 Guatemala 1,577,100 2002 69 Algeria 1,447,310 2003 70 Kuwait 1,420,000 2003 71 Bolivia 1,401,500 2003 72 Jamaica 1,400,000 2002 73 Bangladesh 1,365,000 2003 74 Jordan 1,325,300 2003 75 Cote d'Ivoire 1,236,000 2003 76 Latvia 1,219,600 2003 77 Puerto Rico 1,211,111 2001 78 El Salvador 1,149,800 2003 79 Belarus 1,118,000 2003 80 Albania 1,100,000 2003 81 Cameroon 1,077,000 2003 82 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,050,000 2003 83 Kazakhstan 1,027,000 2002 84 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1,000,000 2003 85 Sri Lanka 931,600 2002 86 Tanzania 891,200 2003 87 Estonia 881,000 2002 88 Azerbaijan 870,000 2002 89 Panama 834,000 2003 90 Macedonia 830,000 2005 91 Ghana 799,900 2003 92 Uganda 776,200 2003 93 Lebanon 775,100 2002 94 Uruguay 652,000 2002 95 Sudan 650,000 2003 96 Senegal 575,900 2003 97 Costa Rica 528,047 2002 98 Georgia 522,300 2003 99 Reunion 489,800 2002 100 West Bank 480,000 2003 101 Luxembourg 473,000 2002 102 Oman 464,900 2002 103 Mauritius 462,400 2003 104 Bahrain 443,100 2003 105 Botswana 435,000 2002 106 Mozambique 428,900 2003 107 Cyprus 417,900 108 Yemen 411,100 2002 109 Mongolia 404,400 2004 110 Syria 400,000 2002 111 Cambodia 380,000 2002 112 Zimbabwe 379,100 2003 113 Qatar 376,500 2003 114 Macau 364,000 2003 115 Trinidad and Tobago 361,900 2002 116 Moldova 338,200 2002 117 Congo, Republic of the 330,000 2003 118 Honduras 326,500 2002 119 Guadeloupe 323,500 2002 120 Uzbekistan 320,800 2003 121 Gaza Strip 320,000 2002 122 Martinique 319,900 2002 123 Gabon 300,000 2003 124 Mauritania 300,000 2003 125 Malta 290,000 2003 126 Madagascar 279,500 2003 127 Iceland 279,100 2003 128 Mali 250,000 2003 129 Zambia 241,000 2003 130 Benin 236,200 2003 131 Burkina Faso 227,000 2003 132 Namibia 223,700 2003 133 Togo 220,000 2003 134 Nicaragua 202,800 2002 135 Suriname 168,100 2003 136 Cyprus 143,178 137 Barbados 140,000 2003 138 Haiti 140,000 2002 139 French Guiana 138,200 2002 140 Brunei 137,000 2002 141 Malawi 135,100 2003 142 Rwanda 134,000 2003 143 Angola 130,000 2002 144 Bahamas, The 121,800 2002 145 Armenia 114,400 2003 146 Guinea 111,500 2003 147 Fiji 109,900 2003 148 Gambia, The 100,000 2002 149 Libya 100,000 2003 150 Ethiopia 97,800 2003 151 Lesotho 92,000 2002 152 French Polynesia 90,000 2002 153 Swaziland 88,000 2003 154 Guyana 87,300 2002 155 Netherlands Antilles 81,000 2001 156 New Caledonia 80,000 2002 157 Sierra Leone 67,000 2002 158 Burma 66,500 2003 159 Chad 65,000 2003 160 Burundi 64,000 2003 161 Jersey 61,400 2001 162 Belize 60,400 2003 163 Laos 55,200 2002 164 Seychelles 54,500 2003 165 Cape Verde 53,300 2003 166 Kyrgyzstan 53,100 2002 167 Aruba 53,000 2001 168 Turkmenistan 52,000 2004 169 Nepal 50,400 2003 170 Tajikistan 47,600 2003 171 Maldives 41,900 2002 172 Equatorial Guinea 41,500 2003 173 Virgin Islands 41,000 2002 174 Antigua and Barbuda 38,200 2002 175 Bermuda 37,873 2003 176 Somalia 35,000 2002 177 Guam 32,600 2001 178 Guernsey 31,500 2001 179 Faroe Islands 30,700 2002 180 Niger 24,000 2003 181 Andorra 23,500 2001 182 Djibouti 23,000 2003 183 Bhutan 22,000 2005 184 Mayotte 21,700 2002 185 Iraq 20,000 2002 186 Monaco 19,300 2002 187 Cuba 17,900 2002 188 Cayman Islands 17,000 2002 189 San Marino 16,800 2002 190 Greenland 16,747 2001 191 Afghanistan 15,000 2002 192 Papua New Guinea 15,000 2002 193 Saint Lucia 14,300 2002 194 Central African Republic 13,000 2003 195 Liechtenstein 11,400 2002 196 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10,000 2002 197 Gibraltar 9,797 2002 198 Dominica 9,400 2002 199 Tonga 9,000 2004 200 British Virgin Islands 8,000 2002 201 Vanuatu 7,800 2003 202 Grenada 7,600 2002 203 Saint Kitts and Nevis 5,000 2002 204 Sao Tome and Principe 4,800 2003 205 Northern Mariana Islands 3,000 2000 206 Samoa 2,700 2002 207 American Samoa 2,377 1999 208 Comoros 2,000 2003 209 Liberia 2,000 2001 210 Anguilla 1,800 2002 211 Micronesia, Federated States of 1,800 2002 212 Turks and Caicos Islands 1,700 1999 213 Cook Islands 1,500 2002 214 Nauru 1,500 2002 215 Guinea-Bissau 1,300 2003 216 Solomon Islands 1,000 2002 217 Palau 1,000 2002 218 Marshall Islands 600 2002 219 Kiribati 500 2002 220 Niue 400 2002 221 Montserrat 70 1994 222 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 2001 223 Western Sahara 0 1999 224 Wallis and Futuna 0 1994 225 Tuvalu 0 2004 226 Tokelau 0 2001 227 Saint Helena 0 1997 228 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 1994 229 Norfolk Island 0 2002

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2153

Rank Country Internet users Date of Information

1 World 604,111,719 2 European Union 206,032,067 September 2004 3 United States 159,000,000 2002 4 China 94,000,000 2004 5 Japan 57,200,000 2002 6 Germany 39,000,000 2003 7 Korea, South 29,220,000 2003 8 United Kingdom 25,000,000 2002 9 France 21,900,000 2003 10 Italy 18,500,000 2003 11 India 18,481,000 2003 12 Canada 16,110,000 2002 13 Brazil 14,300,000 2002 14 Taiwan 13,800,000 2005 15 Mexico 10,033,000 2002 16 Spain 9,789,000 2003 17 Australia 9,472,000 2002 18 Poland 8,970,000 2003 19 Malaysia 8,692,100 2003 20 Netherlands 8,500,000 2003 21 Indonesia 8,000,000 2002 22 Thailand 6,971,500 2003 23 Russia 6,000,000 2002 24 Turkey 5,500,000 2003 25 Sweden 5,125,000 2002 26 Iran 4,300,000 2003 27 Egypt 4,200,000 2005 28 Argentina 4,100,000 2002 29 Romania 4,000,000 2003 30 Ukraine 3,800,000 2003 31 Austria 3,730,000 2003 32 Portugal 3,600,000 2002 33 Chile 3,575,000 2002 34 Philippines 3,500,000 2002 35 Vietnam 3,500,000 2003 36 Belgium 3,400,000 2002 37 Hong Kong 3,212,800 2003 38 South Africa 3,100,000 2002 39 Peru 2,850,000 2003 40 Denmark 2,756,000 2002 41 Colombia 2,732,200 2003 42 Czech Republic 2,700,000 2003 43 Finland 2,650,000 2002 44 Switzerland 2,556,000 2002 45 Singapore 2,310,000 2002 46 Norway 2,288,000 2002 47 New Zealand 2,110,000 2003 48 Israel 2,000,000 2002 49 Greece 1,718,400 2003 50 Hungary 1,600,000 2002 51 Pakistan 1,500,000 2002 52 Saudi Arabia 1,500,000 2003 53 Belarus 1,391,900 2003 54 Slovakia 1,375,800 2003 55 Venezuela 1,274,400 2002 56 Ireland 1,260,000 2003 57 United Arab Emirates 1,110,200 2003 58 Croatia 1,014,000 2003 59 Latvia 936,000 2003 60 Serbia and Montenegro 847,000 2003 61 Costa Rica 800,000 2002 62 Morocco 800,000 2003 63 Nigeria 750,000 2003 64 Slovenia 750,000 2002 65 Lithuania 695,700 2003 66 Bulgaria 630,000 2002 67 Tunisia 630,000 2003 68 Jamaica 600,000 2002 69 Puerto Rico 600,000 2002 70 Ecuador 569,700 2003 71 Kuwait 567,000 2003 72 El Salvador 550,000 2003 73 Algeria 500,000 2002 74 Dominican Republic 500,000 2003 75 Zimbabwe 500,000 2002 76 Uzbekistan 492,000 2003 77 Jordan 457,000 2003 78 Estonia 444,000 2002 79 Guatemala 400,000 2002 80 Uruguay 400,000 2002 81 Lebanon 400,000 2002 82 Kenya 400,000 2002 83 Azerbaijan 300,000 2002 84 Sudan 300,000 2003 85 Bolivia 270,000 2002 86 Kazakhstan 250,000 2002 87 Tanzania 250,000 2003 88 Bangladesh 243,000 2003 89 Senegal 225,000 2003 90 Mongolia 220,000 2004 91 Syria 220,000 2002 92 Cyprus 210,000 2002 93 Togo 210,000 2003 94 Sri Lanka 200,000 2002 95 Bahrain 195,700 2003 96 Iceland 195,000 2003 97 Oman 180,000 2002 98 Ghana 170,000 2002 99 Honduras 168,600 2002 100 Luxembourg 165,000 2002 101 Libya 160,000 2003 102 Kyrgyzstan 152,000 2002 103 Georgia 150,500 2003 104 Armenia 150,000 2003 105 Reunion 150,000 2002 106 Moldova 150,000 2002 107 Mauritius 150,000 2003 108 West Bank 145,000 2003 109 Trinidad and Tobago 138,000 2002 110 Qatar 126,000 2003 111 Guyana 125,000 2002 112 Uganda 125,000 2003 113 Cuba 120,000 2004 114 Malta 120,000 2002 115 Panama 120,000 2002 116 Paraguay 120,000 2003 117 Macau 120,000 2003 118 Barbados 100,000 2003 119 Yemen 100,000 2002 120 Macedonia 100,000 2002 121 Bosnia and Herzegovina 100,000 2002 122 Cote d'Ivoire 90,000 2002 123 Nicaragua 90,000 2002 124 Somalia 89,000 2002 125 Bahamas, The 84,000 2003 126 Haiti 80,000 2002 127 Nepal 80,000 2002 128 Ethiopia 75,000 2003 129 Papua New Guinea 75,000 2002 130 Madagascar 70,500 2003 131 Benin 70,000 2003 132 Zambia 68,200 2003 133 Namibia 65,000 2003 134 Botswana 60,000 2002 135 Cameroon 60,000 136 New Caledonia 60,000 2003 137 Gaza Strip 60,000 138 Fiji 55,000 2003 139 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 50,000 2002 140 Mozambique 50,000 2002 141 Guam 50,000 2002 142 Burkina Faso 48,000 2003 143 Angola 41,000 2002 144 Guinea 40,000 2003 145 Martinique 40,000 2002 146 Malawi 36,000 2003 147 Brunei 35,000 2002 148 French Polynesia 35,000 2002 149 Gabon 35,000 2003 150 Bermuda 34,500 2003 151 Albania 30,000 2003 152 Belize 30,000 2002 153 Virgin Islands 30,000 2002 154 Cambodia 30,000 2002 155 Burma 28,000 2003 156 Swaziland 27,000 2003 157 Faroe Islands 25,000 2002 158 Iraq 25,000 2002 159 Mali 25,000 2002 160 Rwanda 25,000 2002 161 Gambia, The 25,000 2002 162 Andorra 24,500 2001 163 Aruba 24,000 2002 164 Lesotho 21,000 2002 165 Cape Verde 20,400 2003 166 Greenland 20,000 2002 167 Guadeloupe 20,000 2002 168 Liechtenstein 20,000 2002 169 Suriname 20,000 2002 170 Guinea-Bissau 19,000 2003 171 Monaco 16,000 2002 172 Bhutan 15,000 2003 173 Sao Tome and Principe 15,000 2003 174 Niger 15,000 2002 175 Maldives 15,000 2002 176 Laos 15,000 2002 177 Grenada 15,000 2002 178 Chad 15,000 2002 179 Congo, Republic of the 15,000 2003 180 San Marino 14,300 2002 181 Burundi 14,000 2003 182 Saint Lucia 13,000 2002 183 Dominica 12,500 2002 184 Seychelles 11,700 2002 185 Antigua and Barbuda 10,000 2002 186 Saint Kitts and Nevis 10,000 2002 187 Mauritania 10,000 2002 188 Cayman Islands 9,909 2003 189 Eritrea 9,500 2003 190 Sierra Leone 8,000 2002 191 Turkmenistan 8,000 2002 192 Vanuatu 7,500 2003 193 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,000 2002 194 Djibouti 6,500 2003 195 Gibraltar 6,200 2002 196 Micronesia, Federated States of 6,000 2002 197 Comoros 5,000 2003 198 Central African Republic 5,000 2002 199 Tajikistan 4,100 2003 200 British Virgin Islands 4,000 2002 201 Samoa 4,000 2002 202 Cook Islands 3,600 2002 203 French Guiana 3,200 2002 204 Anguilla 3,000 2002 205 Tonga 2,900 2002 206 Solomon Islands 2,200 2002 207 Kiribati 2,000 2002 208 Netherlands Antilles 2,000 2000 209 Equatorial Guinea 1,800 2002 210 Marshall Islands 1,400 2003 211 Tuvalu 1,300 2002 212 Afghanistan 1,000 2002 213 Liberia 1,000 2002 214 Wallis and Futuna 900 2002 215 Norfolk Island 700 216 Saint Helena 500 2002 217 Nauru 300 2002

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2155

Rank Country HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate(%) Date of Information

1 Swaziland 38.80 2003 est. 2 Botswana 37.30 2003 est. 3 Lesotho 28.90 2003 est. 4 Zimbabwe 24.60 2001 est. 5 South Africa 21.50 2003 est. 6 Namibia 21.30 2003 est. 7 Zambia 16.50 2003 est. 8 Malawi 14.20 2003 est. 9 Central African Republic 13.50 2003 est. 10 Mozambique 12.20 2003 est. 11 Guinea-Bissau 10.00 2003 est. 12 Tanzania 8.80 2003 est. 13 Gabon 8.10 2003 est. 14 Cote d'Ivoire 7.00 2003 est. 15 Sierra Leone 7.00 2001 est. 16 Cameroon 6.90 2003 est. 17 Kenya 6.70 2003 est. 18 Burundi 6.00 2003 est. 19 Liberia 5.90 2003 est. 20 Haiti 5.60 2003 est. 21 Nigeria 5.40 2003 est. 22 Rwanda 5.10 2003 est. 23 Congo, Republic of the 4.90 2003 est. 24 Chad 4.80 2003 est. 25 Ethiopia 4.40 2003 est. 26 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 4.20 2003 est. 27 Burkina Faso 4.20 2003 est. 28 Togo 4.10 2003 est. 29 Uganda 4.10 2003 est. 30 Angola 3.90 2003 est. 31 Equatorial Guinea 3.40 2001 est. 32 Guinea 3.20 2003 est. 33 Trinidad and Tobago 3.20 2003 est. 34 Ghana 3.10 2003 est. 35 Bahamas, The 3.00 2003 est. 36 Djibouti 2.90 2003 est. 37 Eritrea 2.70 2003 est. 38 Cambodia 2.60 2003 est. 39 Guyana 2.50 2003 est. 40 Belize 2.40 2003 est. 41 Sudan 2.30 2001 est. 42 Benin 1.90 2003 est. 43 Mali 1.90 2003 est. 44 Honduras 1.80 2003 est. 45 Dominican Republic 1.70 2003 est. 46 Madagascar 1.70 2003 est. 47 Suriname 1.70 2001 est. 48 Barbados 1.50 2003 est. 49 Thailand 1.50 2003 est. 50 Ukraine 1.40 2003 est. 51 Burma 1.20 2003 est. 52 Gambia, The 1.20 2003 est. 53 Niger 1.20 2003 est. 54 Jamaica 1.20 2003 est. 55 Estonia 1.10 2001 est. 56 Guatemala 1.10 2003 est. 57 Russia 1.10 2001 est. 58 Somalia 1.00 2001 est. 59 India 0.90 2001 est. 60 Panama 0.90 2003 est. 61 Senegal 0.80 2003 est. 62 Argentina 0.70 2001 est. 63 Venezuela 0.70 2001 est. 64 Spain 0.70 2001 est. 65 El Salvador 0.70 2003 est. 66 Colombia 0.70 2003 est. 67 Brazil 0.70 2003 est. 68 Costa Rica 0.60 2003 est. 69 United States 0.60 2003 est. 70 Papua New Guinea 0.60 2003 est. 71 Mauritania 0.60 2003 est. 72 Latvia 0.60 2001 est. 73 Italy 0.50 2001 est. 74 Paraguay 0.50 2003 est. 75 Peru 0.50 2003 est. 76 Nepal 0.50 2001 est. 77 France 0.40 2003 est. 78 Switzerland 0.40 2001 est. 79 Vietnam 0.40 2003 est. 80 Portugal 0.40 2001 est. 81 Malaysia 0.40 2003 est. 82 Austria 0.30 2003 est. 83 Uruguay 0.30 2001 est. 84 Chile 0.30 2003 est. 85 Mexico 0.30 2003 est. 86 Libya 0.30 2001 est. 87 Canada 0.30 2003 est. 88 Ecuador 0.30 2003 est. 89 Belarus 0.30 2001 est. 90 Bahrain 0.20 2001 est. 91 Belgium 0.20 2003 est. 92 Serbia and Montenegro 0.20 2001 est. 93 United Kingdom 0.20 2001 est. 94 Singapore 0.20 2003 est. 95 Nicaragua 0.20 2003 est. 96 Netherlands 0.20 2001 est. 97 Malta 0.20 2001 est. 98 Moldova 0.20 2001 est. 99 Luxembourg 0.20 2001 est. 100 Kazakhstan 0.20 2001 est. 101 Iceland 0.20 2001 est. 102 Greece 0.20 2001 est. 103 Denmark 0.20 2003 est. 104 United Arab Emirates 0.18 2001 est. 105 Comoros 0.12 2001 est. 106 Kuwait 0.12 2001 est. 107 Algeria 0.10 2001 est. 108 Australia 0.10 2003 est. 109 Azerbaijan 0.10 2003 est. 110 Bolivia 0.10 2003 est. 111 Bulgaria 0.10 2001 est. 112 Sri Lanka 0.10 2001 est. 113 Maldives 0.10 2001 est. 114 Oman 0.10 2001 est. 115 Mauritius 0.10 2001 est. 116 Morocco 0.10 2001 est. 117 Macedonia 0.10 2001 est. 118 Georgia 0.10 2001 est. 119 Fiji 0.10 2003 est. 120 Finland 0.10 2003 est. 121 Czech Republic 0.10 2001 est. 122 Ireland 0.10 2001 est. 123 Egypt 0.10 2001 est. 124 Cyprus 0.10 2003 est. 125 Cuba 0.10 2003 est. 126 China 0.10 2003 est. 127 Tajikistan 0.10 2001 est. 128 Syria 0.10 2001 est. 129 Sweden 0.10 2001 est. 130 Slovenia 0.10 2001 est. 131 Philippines 0.10 2003 est. 132 Romania 0.10 2001 est. 133 Poland 0.10 2001 est. 134 Pakistan 0.10 2001 est. 135 Mongolia 0.10 2003 est. 136 Yemen 0.10 2001 est. 137 Uzbekistan 0.10 2001 est. 138 Turkmenistan 0.10 2004 est. 139 Turkey 0.10 2001 est. 140 Tunisia 0.10 2005 est. 141 Slovakia 0.10 2001 est. 142 Lithuania 0.10 2001 est. 143 Lebanon 0.10 2001 est. 144 Laos 0.10 2003 est. 145 Korea, South 0.10 2003 est. 146 Kyrgyzstan 0.10 2001 est. 147 Jordan 0.10 2001 est. 148 Japan 0.10 2003 est. 149 New Zealand 0.10 2003 est. 150 Norway 0.10 2001 est. 151 Iraq 0.10 2001 est. 152 Israel 0.10 2001 est. 153 Iran 0.10 2001 est. 154 Indonesia 0.10 2003 est. 155 Hungary 0.10 2001 est. 156 Croatia 0.10 2001 est. 157 Hong Kong 0.10 2003 est. 158 Germany 0.10 2001 est. 159 Brunei 0.10 2003 est. 160 Bhutan 0.10 2001 est. 161 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.10 2001 est. 162 Bangladesh 0.10 2001 est. 163 Armenia 0.10 2003 est. 164 Qatar 0.09 2001 est. 165 Cape Verde 0.04 166 Afghanistan 0.01 2001 est. 167 Saudi Arabia 0.01 2001 est. 168 Svalbard 0.00 2001

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2156

Rank Country HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS Date of Information

1 South Africa 5,300,000 2003 est. 2 India 5,100,000 2001 est. 3 Nigeria 3,600,000 2003 est. 4 Zimbabwe 1,800,000 2001 est. 5 Tanzania 1,600,000 2003 est. 6 Ethiopia 1,500,000 2003 est. 7 Mozambique 1,300,000 2003 est. 8 Kenya 1,200,000 2003 est. 9 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1,100,000 2003 est. 10 United States 950,000 2003 est. 11 Zambia 920,000 2003 est. 12 Malawi 900,000 2003 est. 13 Russia 860,000 2001 est. 14 China 840,000 2003 est. 15 Brazil 660,000 2003 est. 16 Cote d'Ivoire 570,000 2003 est. 17 Thailand 570,000 2003 est. 18 Cameroon 560,000 2003 est. 19 Uganda 530,000 2001 est. 20 Sudan 400,000 2001 est. 21 Ukraine 360,000 2001 est. 22 Botswana 350,000 2003 est. 23 Ghana 350,000 2003 est. 24 Burma 330,000 2003 est. 25 Lesotho 320,000 2003 est. 26 Burkina Faso 300,000 2003 est. 27 Haiti 280,000 2003 est. 28 Central African Republic 260,000 2003 est. 29 Burundi 250,000 2003 est. 30 Rwanda 250,000 2003 est. 31 Angola 240,000 2003 est. 32 Vietnam 220,000 2003 est. 33 Swaziland 220,000 2003 est. 34 Namibia 210,000 2001 est. 35 Chad 200,000 2003 est. 36 Colombia 190,000 2003 est. 37 Cambodia 170,000 2003 est. 38 Sierra Leone 170,000 2001 est. 39 Mexico 160,000 2003 est. 40 Guinea 140,000 2003 est. 41 Madagascar 140,000 2003 est. 42 Italy 140,000 2001 est. 43 Mali 140,000 2003 est. 44 Spain 140,000 2001 est. 45 Argentina 130,000 2001 est. 46 France 120,000 2003 est. 47 Indonesia 110,000 2003 est. 48 Togo 110,000 2003 est. 49 Venezuela 110,000 1999 est. 50 Liberia 100,000 2003 est. 51 Congo, Republic of the 90,000 2003 est. 52 Dominican Republic 88,000 2003 est. 53 Peru 82,000 2003 est. 54 Guatemala 78,000 2003 est. 55 Pakistan 74,000 2001 est. 56 Niger 70,000 2003 est. 57 Benin 68,000 2003 est. 58 Honduras 63,000 2003 est. 59 Nepal 61,000 2001 est. 60 Eritrea 60,000 2003 est. 61 Canada 56,000 2003 est. 62 Malaysia 52,000 2003 est. 63 United Kingdom 51,000 2001 est. 64 Gabon 48,000 2003 est. 65 Senegal 44,000 2003 est. 66 Germany 43,000 2001 est. 67 Somalia 43,000 2001 est. 68 Iran 31,000 2001 est. 69 El Salvador 29,000 2003 est. 70 Trinidad and Tobago 29,000 2003 est. 71 Chile 26,000 2003 est. 72 Jamaica 22,000 2003 est. 73 Portugal 22,000 2001 est. 74 Ecuador 21,000 2003 est. 75 Netherlands 19,000 2001 est. 76 Guinea-Bissau 17,000 2001 est. 77 Kazakhstan 16,500 2001 est. 78 Panama 16,000 2003 est. 79 Papua New Guinea 16,000 2003 est. 80 Belarus 15,000 2001 est. 81 Morocco 15,000 2001 est. 82 Paraguay 15,000 1999 est. 83 Australia 14,000 2003 est. 84 Poland 14,000 2003 est. 85 Bangladesh 13,000 2001 est. 86 Switzerland 13,000 2001 est. 87 Costa Rica 12,000 2003 est. 88 Yemen 12,000 2001 est. 89 Japan 12,000 2003 est. 90 Egypt 12,000 2001 est. 91 Guyana 11,000 2003 est. 92 Uzbekistan 11,000 2003 est. 93 Austria 10,000 2003 est. 94 Belgium 10,000 2003 est. 95 Libya 10,000 2001 est. 96 Serbia and Montenegro 10,000 2001 est. 97 Mauritania 9,500 2003 est. 98 Algeria 9,100 2003 est. 99 Greece 9,100 2001 est. 100 Djibouti 9,100 2003 est. 101 Philippines 9,000 2003 est. 102 Korea, South 8,300 2003 est. 103 Estonia 7,800 2003 est. 104 Latvia 7,600 2001 est. 105 Puerto Rico 7,397 106 Gambia, The 6,800 2003 est. 107 Romania 6,500 2001 est. 108 Nicaragua 6,400 2003 est. 109 Uruguay 6,000 2001 est. 110 Equatorial Guinea 5,900 2001 est. 111 Bahamas, The 5,600 2003 est. 112 Moldova 5,500 2001 est. 113 Suriname 5,200 2001 est. 114 Denmark 5,000 2003 est. 115 Bolivia 4,900 2003 est. 116 Singapore 4,100 2003 est. 117 Kyrgyzstan 3,900 2003 est. 118 Belize 3,600 2003 est. 119 Sweden 3,600 2001 est. 120 Sri Lanka 3,500 2001 est. 121 Cuba 3,300 2003 est. 122 Georgia 3,000 2003 est. 123 Israel 3,000 1999 est. 124 Ireland 2,800 2001 est. 125 Hungary 2,800 2001 est. 126 Lebanon 2,800 2003 est. 127 Armenia 2,600 2003 est. 128 Hong Kong 2,600 2003 est. 129 Barbados 2,500 2003 est. 130 Czech Republic 2,500 2001 est. 131 Norway 2,100 2001 est. 132 Laos 1,700 2003 est. 133 Finland 1,500 2003 est. 134 Azerbaijan 1,400 2003 est. 135 New Zealand 1,400 2003 est. 136 Lithuania 1,300 2003 est. 137 Oman 1,300 2001 est. 138 Cyprus 1,000 1999 est. 139 Tunisia 1,000 2003 est. 140 Bosnia and Herzegovina 900 2003 est. 141 Cape Verde 775 142 Mauritius 700 2001 est. 143 Bahrain 600 2003 est. 144 Fiji 600 2003 est. 145 Jordan 600 2003 est. 146 Iraq 500 2003 est. 147 Syria 500 2003 est. 148 Malta 500 2003 est. 149 Mongolia 500 2003 est 150 Luxembourg 500 2003 est. 151 Bulgaria 346 2001 est. 152 Slovenia 280 2001 est. 153 Iceland 220 2001 est. 154 Brunei 200 2003 est. 155 Turkmenistan 200 2003 est. 156 Tajikistan 200 2003 est. 157 Macedonia 200 2003 est. 158 Slovakia 200 2003 est. 159 Croatia 200 2001 est. 160 Bhutan 100 1999 est. 161 Greenland 100 162 Maldives 100 2001 est. 163 Samoa 12 164 Svalbard 0 2001

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2157

Rank Country HIV/AIDS - deaths Date of Information

1 South Africa 370,000 2003 est. 2 India 310,000 2001 est. 3 Nigeria 310,000 2003 est. 4 Zimbabwe 170,000 2003 est. 5 Tanzania 160,000 2003 est. 6 Kenya 150,000 2003 est. 7 Ethiopia 120,000 2003 est. 8 Mozambique 110,000 2003 est. 9 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 100,000 2003 est. 10 Zambia 89,000 2003 est. 11 Malawi 84,000 2003 est. 12 Uganda 78,000 2003 est. 13 Thailand 58,000 2003 est. 14 Cameroon 49,000 2003 est. 15 Cote d'Ivoire 47,000 2003 est. 16 China 44,000 2003 est. 17 Botswana 33,000 2003 est. 18 Ghana 30,000 2003 est. 19 Lesotho 29,000 2003 est. 20 Burkina Faso 29,000 2003 est. 21 Burundi 25,000 2003 est. 22 Haiti 24,000 2003 est. 23 Central African Republic 23,000 2003 est. 24 Sudan 23,000 2003 est. 25 Rwanda 22,000 2003 est. 26 Angola 21,000 2003 est. 27 Burma 20,000 2003 est. 28 Ukraine 20,000 2003 est. 29 Chad 18,000 2003 est. 30 Swaziland 17,000 2003 est. 31 Namibia 16,000 2003 est. 32 Brazil 15,000 2003 est. 33 Cambodia 15,000 2003 est. 34 United States 14,000 2003 est. 35 Mali 12,000 2003 est. 36 Sierra Leone 11,000 2001 est. 37 Togo 10,000 2003 est. 38 Congo, Republic of the 9,700 2003 est. 39 Guinea 9,000 2003 est. 40 Russia 9,000 2001 est. 41 Vietnam 9,000 2003 est. 42 Dominican Republic 7,900 2003 est. 43 Madagascar 7,500 2003 est. 44 Liberia 7,200 2003 est. 45 Eritrea 6,300 2003 est. 46 Benin 5,800 2003 est. 47 Guatemala 5,800 2003 est. 48 Mexico 5,000 2003 est. 49 Pakistan 4,900 2003 est. 50 Niger 4,800 2003 est. 51 Peru 4,200 2003 est. 52 Honduras 4,100 2003 est. 53 Venezuela 4,100 2003 est. 54 Colombia 3,600 2003 est. 55 Senegal 3,500 2003 est. 56 Nepal 3,100 2003 est. 57 Gabon 3,000 2003 est. 58 Indonesia 2,400 2003 est. 59 El Salvador 2,200 2003 est. 60 Malaysia 2,000 2003 est. 61 Trinidad and Tobago 1,900 2003 est. 62 Ecuador 1,700 2003 est. 63 Argentina 1,500 2003 est. 64 Canada 1,500 2003 est. 65 Chile 1,400 2003 est. 66 Guinea-Bissau 1,200 2001 est. 67 Guyana 1,100 2003 est. 68 Belarus 1,000 2001 est. 69 France 1,000 2003 est. 70 Italy 1,000 2003 est. 71 Spain 1,000 2003 est. 72 Portugal 1,000 2003 est. 73 Germany 1,000 2003 est. 74 Costa Rica 900 2003 est. 75 Jamaica 900 2003 est. 76 Iran 800 2003 est. 77 Egypt 700 2003 est. 78 Djibouti 690 2003 est. 79 Bangladesh 650 2001 est. 80 Gambia, The 600 2003 est. 81 Papua New Guinea 600 2003 est. 82 Paraguay 600 2003 est. 83 Algeria 500 2003 est. 84 Latvia 500 2003 est. 85 Philippines 500 2003 est. 86 Uzbekistan 500 2003 est. 87 Uruguay 500 2003 est. 88 United Kingdom 500 2003 est. 89 Suriname 500 2003 est. 90 Jordan 500 2003 est. 91 Japan 500 2003 est. 92 Equatorial Guinea 370 2001 est. 93 Romania 350 2001 est. 94 Moldova 300 2001 est. 95 Cape Verde 225 96 Armenia 200 2003 est. 97 Lithuania 200 2003 est. 98 Lebanon 200 2003 est. 99 Laos 200 2003 est. 100 Kazakhstan 200 2003 est. 101 Korea, South 200 2003 est. 102 Kyrgyzstan 200 2003 est. 103 Hong Kong 200 2003 est. 104 Georgia 200 2003 est. 105 Fiji 200 2003 est. 106 Tunisia 200 2003 est. 107 Syria 200 2003 est. 108 Singapore 200 2003 est. 109 New Zealand 200 2003 est. 110 Oman 200 2003 est. 111 Mongolia 200 2003 est. 112 Estonia 200 2003 est. 113 Cuba 200 2003 est. 114 Sri Lanka 200 2003 est. 115 Brunei 200 2003 est. 116 Barbados 200 2003 est. 117 Bahamas, The 200 2003 est. 118 Bahrain 200 2003 est. 119 Azerbaijan 100 2001 est. 120 Serbia and Montenegro 100 2003 est. 121 Turkmenistan 100 2004 est. 122 Switzerland 100 2003 est. 123 Sweden 100 2003 est. 124 Slovenia 100 2003 est. 125 Poland 100 2001 est. 126 Norway 100 2003 est. 127 Netherlands 100 2003 est. 128 Malta 100 2003 est. 129 Mauritius 100 2001 est. 130 Macedonia 100 2003 est. 131 Tajikistan 100 2001 est. 132 Luxembourg 100 2003 est. 133 Slovakia 100 2001 est. 134 Israel 100 2001 est. 135 Iceland 100 2003 est. 136 Hungary 100 2001 est. 137 Greece 100 2003 est. 138 Finland 100 2003 est. 139 Bulgaria 100 2001 est. 140 Bosnia and Herzegovina 100 2001 est. 141 Denmark 100 2003 est. 142 Ireland 100 2003 est. 143 Belgium 100 2003 est. 144 Austria 100 2003 est. 145 Czech Republic 10 2001 est. 146 Croatia 10 2001 est. 147 Samoa 3 148 Svalbard 0 2001

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2173

Rank Country Oil - production(bbl/day) Date of Information

1 World 76,010,000 2001 est. 2 Saudi Arabia 9,021,000 2004 est. 3 Russia 8,420,000 2003 est. 4 United States 7,800,000 2004 est. 5 Iran 3,962,000 2004 est. 6 Mexico 3,460,000 2004 est. 7 China 3,392,000 2003 est. 8 Norway 3,310,000 2004 est. 9 Canada 3,110,000 2004 est. 10 European Union 2,648,000 2001 11 Venezuela 2,600,000 2004 est. 12 Nigeria 2,356,000 2004 est. 13 United Arab Emirates 2,335,000 2004 est. 14 Kuwait 2,319,000 2004 est. 15 Iraq 2,250,000 2004 est. 16 United Kingdom 1,957,000 2003 est. 17 Brazil 1,788,000 2004 est. 18 Libya 1,518,000 2004 est. 19 Algeria 1,200,000 2004 est. 20 Kazakhstan 1,200,000 2004 est. 21 Angola 980,000 2004 est. 22 Indonesia 971,000 2003 est. 23 Qatar 790,000 2004 est. 24 Malaysia 785,000 2004 est. 25 India 780,000 2004 est. 26 Oman 775,000 2004 est. 27 Argentina 755,000 2004 est. 28 Egypt 740,000 2004 est. 29 Australia 537,500 2004 est. 30 Colombia 531,100 2004 est. 31 Syria 525,000 2004 est. 32 Ecuador 523,000 2004 est. 33 Yemen 417,500 2004 est. 34 Vietnam 359,400 2004 est. 35 Equatorial Guinea 350,000 2004 est. 36 Denmark 346,200 2001 est. 37 Sudan 345,000 2004 est. 38 Azerbaijan 312,800 2004 est. 39 Gabon 264,900 2004 est. 40 Congo, Republic of the 227,000 2004 est. 41 Thailand 225,000 2004 est. 42 Brunei 204,000 2003 est. 43 Chad 200,000 2004 est. 44 South Africa 196,200 2001 est. 45 Turkmenistan 162,500 2001 est. 46 Uzbekistan 143,300 2004 est. 47 Trinidad and Tobago 140,000 2004 est. 48 Romania 128,000 2004 est. 49 Peru 95,500 2004 est. 50 Cameroon 94,000 2004 est. 51 Italy 79,460 2001 est. 52 Cuba 77,900 2004 est. 53 Germany 74,100 2003 54 Tunisia 72,580 2001 est. 55 Ukraine 72,000 2003 est. 56 Pakistan 61,000 2004 est. 57 Turkey 48,000 2001 est. 58 Netherlands 46,200 2001 est. 59 Papua New Guinea 46,200 2004 est. 60 Bahrain 44,000 2003 61 New Zealand 42,160 2001 est. 62 Hungary 41,190 2001 est. 63 Bolivia 39,000 2004 est. 64 Belarus 36,000 2004 est. 65 France 34,920 2001 est. 66 Cote d'Ivoire 29,300 2004 est. 67 Philippines 26,000 2003 est. 68 Guatemala 25,000 2004 est. 69 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 24,000 2001 est. 70 Croatia 21,000 2004 est. 71 Austria 20,670 2001 est. 72 Chile 18,500 2003 est. 73 Burma 17,550 2003 est. 74 Japan 17,330 2001 est. 75 Poland 17,180 2001 est. 76 Serbia and Montenegro 15,000 2001 est. 77 Suriname 12,000 2004 est. 78 Czech Republic 7,419 2001 est. 79 Spain 7,099 2001 est. 80 Ghana 7,000 2001 est. 81 Greece 5,992 2001 est. 82 Estonia 5,100 2001 est. 83 Lithuania 4,594 2001 est. 84 Bangladesh 3,581 2001 est. 85 Albania 2,000 2004 est. 86 Kyrgyzstan 2,000 2001 est. 87 Georgia 2,000 2001 est. 88 Barbados 1,271 2001 est. 89 Slovakia 1,000 2001 est. 90 Morocco 1,000 2004 est. 91 Benin 700 2001 est. 92 Bulgaria 603 2001 est. 93 Mongolia 542 2004 est. 94 Taiwan 500 2004 est. 95 Cyprus 300 2004 est. 96 Tajikistan 250 2001 est. 97 Israel 80 2001 est. 98 Jordan 40 2004 est. 99 Slovenia 20 2001 est. 100 Aruba 0 2001 est. 101 Afghanistan 0 2001 est. 102 Botswana 0 2001 est. 103 Belgium 0 2001 est. 104 Belize 0 2001 est. 105 Bhutan 0 2001 est. 106 Zimbabwe 0 2001 est. 107 Zambia 0 2001 est. 108 Swaziland 0 2001 est. 109 Samoa 0 2001 est. 110 Western Sahara 0 2001 est. 111 Namibia 0 2001 est. 112 Virgin Islands 0 2001 est. 113 British Virgin Islands 0 2001 est. 114 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 2001 est. 115 Uruguay 0 2001 est. 116 Burkina Faso 0 2001 est. 117 Uganda 0 2001 est. 118 Tanzania 0 2001 est. 119 Sao Tome and Principe 0 2001 est. 120 Togo 0 2001 est. 121 Tonga 0 2001 est. 122 Turks and Caicos Islands 0 123 Switzerland 0 2001 est. 124 Sweden 0 2001 est. 125 Saint Lucia 0 2001 est. 126 Somalia 0 2001 est. 127 Singapore 0 2001 est. 128 Sierra Leone 0 2001 est. 129 Saint Helena 0 2001 est. 130 Senegal 0 2001 est. 131 Seychelles 0 2001 est. 132 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 2001 est. 133 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 2001 est. 134 Rwanda 0 2001 est. 135 Puerto Rico 0 2001 est. 136 Reunion 0 2001 est. 137 Guinea-Bissau 0 2001 est. 138 Portugal 0 2001 est. 139 Panama 0 2004 est. 140 Netherlands Antilles 0 2001 est. 141 Nauru 0 2001 est. 142 Nepal 0 2001 est. 143 Vanuatu 0 2001 est. 144 Niger 0 2001 est. 145 Niue 0 2001 est. 146 New Caledonia 0 2001 est. 147 Mozambique 0 2001 est. 148 Lebanon 0 2001 est. 149 Paraguay 0 2001 est. 150 Nicaragua 0 2003 est. 151 Laos 0 2001 est. 152 Korea, South 0 2004 est. 153 Kiribati 0 2001 est. 154 Korea, North 0 2001 est. 155 Kenya 0 2004 est. 156 Jamaica 0 2001 est. 157 Iceland 0 2001 est. 158 Honduras 0 2001 est. 159 Maldives 0 2001 est. 160 Malta 0 2004 est. 161 Mauritania 0 2001 est. 162 Mauritius 0 2001 est. 163 Mali 0 2001 est. 164 Macedonia 0 2003 est. 165 Malawi 0 2001 est. 166 Montserrat 0 2001 est. 167 Moldova 0 2001 est. 168 Macau 0 2001 est. 169 Martinique 0 2001 est. 170 Madagascar 0 2001 est. 171 Luxembourg 0 2001 est. 172 Lesotho 0 2001 est. 173 Liberia 0 2001 est. 174 Latvia 0 2001 est. 175 Hong Kong 0 2003 est. 176 Haiti 0 2001 est. 177 Guyana 0 2001 est. 178 Guinea 0 2001 est. 179 Guam 0 2001 est. 180 Guadeloupe 0 2001 est. 181 Greenland 0 2001 est. 182 Grenada 0 2001 est. 183 Gibraltar 0 2001 est. 184 Gambia, The 0 2001 est. 185 French Polynesia 0 2001 est. 186 Faroe Islands 0 2001 est. 187 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 2001 est. 188 Fiji 0 2001 est. 189 Finland 0 2001 est. 190 French Guiana 0 2001 est. 191 Ethiopia 0 2001 est. 192 El Salvador 0 2001 est. 193 Eritrea 0 2001 est. 194 Ireland 0 2001 est. 195 Dominican Republic 0 2001 est. 196 Dominica 0 2001 est. 197 Djibouti 0 2001 est. 198 Cook Islands 0 2001 est. 199 Cape Verde 0 2001 est. 200 Central African Republic 0 2001 est. 201 Costa Rica 0 2001 est. 202 Comoros 0 2001 est. 203 Cayman Islands 0 2001 est. 204 Sri Lanka 0 2001 est. 205 Cambodia 0 2001 est. 206 Burundi 0 2001 est. 207 Solomon Islands 0 2001 est. 208 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 2001 est. 209 Bahamas, The 0 2001 est. 210 Bermuda 0 2001 est. 211 Armenia 0 2001 est. 212 American Samoa 0 2001 est. 213 Antigua and Barbuda 0 2001 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2174

Rank Country Oil - consumption(bbl/day) Date of Information

1 World 77,040,000 2001 est. 2 United States 19,650,000 2001 est. 3 European Union 14,540,000 2001 4 Japan 5,290,000 2001 est. 5 China 4,956,000 2002 est. 6 Germany 2,891,000 2003 7 Russia 2,310,000 2003 est. 8 Canada 2,200,000 2003 est. 9 Brazil 2,199,000 2001 est. 10 India 2,130,000 2001 est. 11 Korea, South 2,070,000 2004 est. 12 France 2,026,000 2001 est. 13 Italy 1,866,000 2001 est. 14 Mexico 1,752,000 2004 est. 15 United Kingdom 1,692,000 2003 est. 16 Saudi Arabia 1,550,000 2003 17 Spain 1,497,000 2001 est. 18 Iran 1,400,000 2002 est. 19 Indonesia 1,183,000 2003 est. 20 Taiwan 988,000 2001 est. 21 Netherlands 895,300 2001 est. 22 Australia 796,500 2001 est. 23 Thailand 785,000 2001 est. 24 Singapore 700,000 2001 est. 25 Turkey 619,500 2001 est. 26 Belgium 595,100 2001 est. 27 Egypt 562,000 2001 est. 28 Venezuela 500,000 2004 est. 29 Argentina 486,000 2001 est. 30 Malaysia 460,000 2003 est. 31 South Africa 460,000 2001 est. 32 Poland 424,100 2001 est. 33 Greece 405,700 2001 est. 34 Iraq 383,000 2004 est. 35 Pakistan 365,000 2004 est. 36 Portugal 339,800 2001 est. 37 Philippines 338,000 2003 est. 38 Sweden 328,600 2001 est. 39 United Arab Emirates 310,000 2004 est. 40 Ukraine 303,000 2003 est. 41 Kuwait 293,000 2003 est. 42 Switzerland 290,400 2001 est. 43 Belarus 285,000 2003 est. 44 Nigeria 275,000 2001 est. 45 Austria 262,400 2001 est. 46 Israel 260,000 2001 est. 47 Hong Kong 257,000 2001 est. 48 Romania 253,800 2003 est. 49 Colombia 252,000 2001 est. 50 Chile 240,000 2003 est. 51 Syria 240,000 2004 est. 52 Denmark 218,000 2001 est. 53 Libya 216,000 2001 est. 54 Finland 211,400 2001 est. 55 Algeria 209,000 2001 est. 56 Puerto Rico 190,000 2001 est. 57 Kazakhstan 189,400 2003 est. 58 Vietnam 185,000 2001 est. 59 Czech Republic 175,700 2001 est. 60 Ireland 174,400 2001 est. 61 Norway 171,100 2001 est. 62 Morocco 167,000 2001 est. 63 Cuba 163,000 2001 est. 64 Peru 161,000 2001 est. 65 Uzbekistan 142,000 2001 est. 66 Hungary 140,700 2001 est. 67 Azerbaijan 140,000 2001 est. 68 New Zealand 132,700 2001 est. 69 Dominican Republic 129,000 2001 est. 70 Ecuador 129,000 2001 est. 71 Lebanon 107,000 2001 est. 72 Jordan 103,000 2004 est. 73 Bulgaria 94,000 2001 est. 74 Croatia 89,000 2001 est. 75 Tunisia 87,000 2001 est. 76 Korea, North 85,000 2001 est. 77 Slovakia 82,000 2001 est. 78 Yemen 78,000 2003 est. 79 Sri Lanka 75,000 2001 est. 80 Lithuania 72,000 2001 est. 81 Netherlands Antilles 72,000 2001 est. 82 Bangladesh 71,000 2001 est. 83 Sudan 70,000 2004 est. 84 Jamaica 66,000 2001 est. 85 Virgin Islands 66,000 2001 est. 86 Serbia and Montenegro 64,000 2001 est. 87 Turkmenistan 63,000 2001 est. 88 Guatemala 61,000 2001 est. 89 Burma 60,950 2003 est. 90 Kenya 57,000 2001 est. 91 Oman 54,000 2003 est. 92 Slovenia 53,300 2001 est. 93 Luxembourg 50,650 2001 est. 94 Bolivia 49,000 2001 est. 95 Cyprus 49,000 2001 est. 96 Latvia 44,000 2001 est. 97 Gibraltar 42,000 2001 est. 98 Uruguay 41,500 2001 est. 99 Panama 40,520 2003 est. 100 Bahrain 40,000 2003 est. 101 El Salvador 39,000 2001 est. 102 Ghana 38,000 2001 est. 103 Costa Rica 37,000 2001 est. 104 Cote d'Ivoire 32,000 2001 est. 105 Georgia 31,500 2001 est. 106 Angola 31,000 2001 est. 107 Senegal 31,000 2001 est. 108 Qatar 30,000 2003 est. 109 Honduras 29,000 2001 est. 110 Nicaragua 25,770 2003 est. 111 Paraguay 25,000 2001 est. 112 Estonia 24,000 2001 est. 113 Mauritania 24,000 2001 est. 114 Trinidad and Tobago 24,000 2001 est. 115 Moldova 24,000 2001 est. 116 Bahamas, The 23,000 2001 est. 117 Zimbabwe 23,000 2001 est. 118 Ethiopia 23,000 2001 est. 119 Cameroon 22,000 2001 est. 120 Macedonia 22,000 2003 est. 121 Mauritius 21,000 2001 est. 122 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,000 2001 est. 123 Guam 20,000 2001 est. 124 Tajikistan 20,000 2001 est. 125 Malta 20,000 2001 est. 126 Kyrgyzstan 20,000 2001 est. 127 Reunion 18,000 2001 est. 128 Tanzania 17,000 2001 est. 129 Iceland 16,300 2001 est. 130 Botswana 16,000 2001 est. 131 Nepal 16,000 2001 est. 132 Papua New Guinea 15,000 2001 est. 133 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14,000 2001 est. 134 Suriname 14,000 2004 est. 135 Martinique 13,500 2001 est. 136 Brunei 13,000 2001 est. 137 Madagascar 13,000 2001 est. 138 Gabon 13,000 2001 est. 139 Namibia 13,000 2001 est. 140 Guadeloupe 13,000 2001 est. 141 Benin 11,500 2001 est. 142 Djibouti 11,300 2001 est. 143 Macau 11,190 2001 est. 144 Guyana 11,000 2001 est. 145 Mongolia 11,000 2004 est. 146 Haiti 11,000 2001 est. 147 Zambia 11,000 2001 est. 148 Barbados 10,900 2001 est. 149 Togo 10,000 2001 est. 150 New Caledonia 8,750 2001 est. 151 Uganda 8,750 2001 est. 152 Guinea 8,600 2001 est. 153 Mozambique 8,500 2001 est. 154 Burkina Faso 8,000 2001 est. 155 Albania 7,500 2004 est. 156 Cambodia 7,200 2002 est. 157 Aruba 6,500 2001 est. 158 French Guiana 6,500 2001 est. 159 Sierra Leone 6,500 2001 est. 160 Eritrea 6,000 2001 est. 161 Armenia 5,700 2001 est. 162 Fiji 5,700 2001 est. 163 Malawi 5,400 2001 est. 164 Rwanda 5,300 2001 est. 165 Belize 5,000 2001 est. 166 Niger 5,000 2001 est. 167 Congo, Republic of the 5,000 2001 est. 168 French Polynesia 4,750 2001 est. 169 Faroe Islands 4,500 2001 est. 170 Bermuda 4,000 2001 est. 171 Mali 4,000 2001 est. 172 Seychelles 4,000 2001 est. 173 Somalia 4,000 2001 est. 174 American Samoa 3,800 2001 est. 175 Greenland 3,700 2001 est. 176 Antigua and Barbuda 3,600 2001 est. 177 Afghanistan 3,500 2001 est. 178 Swaziland 3,500 2001 est. 179 Maldives 3,200 2001 est. 180 Liberia 3,100 2001 est. 181 Burundi 2,750 2001 est. 182 Laos 2,750 2001 est. 183 Guinea-Bissau 2,500 2001 est. 184 Cayman Islands 2,400 2001 est. 185 Central African Republic 2,400 2001 est. 186 Saint Lucia 2,400 2001 est. 187 Cape Verde 2,000 2001 est. 188 Equatorial Guinea 2,000 2001 est. 189 Gambia, The 1,900 2001 est. 190 Western Sahara 1,800 2001 est. 191 Chad 1,500 2001 est. 192 Lesotho 1,500 2001 193 Solomon Islands 1,250 2001 est. 194 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1,250 2001 est. 195 Bhutan 1,020 2001 est. 196 Grenada 1,000 2001 est. 197 Samoa 1,000 2001 est. 198 Tonga 1,000 2001 est. 199 Nauru 1,000 2001 est. 200 Saint Kitts and Nevis 710 2001 est. 201 Comoros 700 2001 est. 202 Sao Tome and Principe 700 2001 est. 203 Dominica 600 2001 est. 204 Vanuatu 600 2001 est. 205 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 600 2001 est. 206 Cook Islands 450 2001 est. 207 British Virgin Islands 420 2001 est. 208 Montserrat 400 2001 est. 209 Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 200 2001 est. 210 Saint Helena 200 2001 est. 211 Kiribati 190 2001 est. 212 Niue 20 2001 est. 213 Turks and Caicos Islands 0

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2175

Rank Country Oil - imports(bbl/day) Date of Information

1 European Union 15,690,000 2001 2 Japan 5,449,000 2001 3 China 2,414,000 2002 4 Netherlands 2,284,000 2001 5 France 2,281,000 2001 6 Korea, South 2,263,000 2003 7 Italy 2,158,000 2001 8 Germany 2,135,000 2003 9 Spain 1,582,000 2001 10 United Kingdom 1,084,000 2003 11 Belgium 1,042,000 2001 12 Canada 987,000 2004 13 Turkey 616,500 2001 14 Sweden 553,100 2001 15 Australia 530,800 2001 16 Greece 468,300 2001 17 Poland 413,700 2001 18 Indonesia 370,500 2003 19 Belarus 360,000 2004 est. 20 Portugal 357,300 2001 21 Finland 318,300 2001 22 Philippines 312,000 2003 23 Switzerland 289,500 2001 24 Austria 262,000 2001 25 Chile 221,500 2003 est. 26 Mexico 205,000 2004 27 Denmark 195,000 2001 28 Czech Republic 192,300 2001 29 Ireland 178,600 2001 30 Hungary 136,600 2001 31 Dominican Republic 129,900 2003 32 New Zealand 119,700 2001 33 Jordan 100,000 2004 est. 34 Norway 88,870 2001 35 Luxembourg 50,700 2001 36 Burma 49,230 2003 37 Kazakhstan 47,000 2003 38 Nicaragua 27,950 2003 39 Iceland 15,470 2001 40 Korea, North 11,500 2003 est. 41 Mongolia 11,000 2004 est. 42 Albania 5,500 2004 est. 43 Suriname 1,644 2003 44 United Arab Emirates 0 2004 45 Saudi Arabia 0 2003 46 Sudan 0 2004

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2176

Rank Country Oil - exports(bbl/day) Date of Information

1 Saudi Arabia 7,920,000 2003 2 Russia 6,110,000 2003 3 European Union 5,322,000 2001 4 Norway 3,466,000 2001 5 United Arab Emirates 2,500,000 2004 est. 6 Iran 2,500,000 2004 est. 7 Venezuela 2,100,000 2004 est. 8 Kuwait 1,970,000 2003 9 Mexico 1,863,000 2004 10 United Kingdom 1,498,000 2001 11 Iraq 1,490,000 2004 est. 12 Netherlands 1,418,000 2001 13 Canada 1,370,000 2004 14 Kazakhstan 890,000 2003 15 Oman 721,000 2004 16 Korea, South 630,100 2003 17 Australia 523,400 2001 18 Indonesia 518,100 2003 19 Italy 456,600 2001 20 Belgium 450,000 2001 21 China 427,800 2002 22 France 409,600 2001 23 Ecuador 387,000 2004 est. 24 Yemen 370,300 2003 25 Denmark 332,100 2001 26 Syria 285,000 2004 27 Sudan 275,000 2004 28 Malaysia 230,200 2003 29 Sweden 203,700 2001 30 Brunei 199,000 2003 31 Spain 135,100 2001 32 Finland 101,000 2001 33 Japan 93,360 2001 34 Greece 84,720 2001 35 Poland 53,000 2001 36 Peru 49,000 2004 est. 37 Hungary 47,180 2001 38 Turkey 46,110 2001 39 Austria 35,470 2001 40 New Zealand 30,220 2001 41 Bahamas, The 29,000 2003 42 Portugal 28,830 2001 43 Ireland 27,450 2001 44 Czech Republic 26,670 2001 45 Belarus 14,500 2003 est. 46 Germany 12,990 2003 47 Switzerland 10,420 2001 48 Burma 3,356 2003 49 Guatemala 3,104 2003 50 Suriname 1,370 2003 51 Nicaragua 738 2003 52 Luxembourg 634 2001 53 Mongolia 497 2004 est. 54 Albania 0 2004 est. 55 Chile 0 2003 56 Philippines 0 2001 57 Jordan 0 2004 est. 58 Iceland 0 2001

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2178

Rank Country Oil - proved reserves(bbl) Date of Information

1 World 1,025,000,000,000 1 January 2002 est. 2 Saudi Arabia 261,700,000,000 2004 est. 3 Canada 178,900,000,000 2004 est. 4 Iran 130,800,000,000 2004 est. 5 Iraq 112,500,000,000 2004 est. 6 United Arab Emirates 97,800,000,000 2004 est. 7 Kuwait 96,500,000,000 2004 est. 8 Venezuela 78,000,000,000 2004 est. 9 Russia 69,000,000,000 2003 est. 10 Libya 38,000,000,000 2004 est. 11 Nigeria 34,000,000,000 2004 est. 12 European Union 28,210,000,000 1 January 2002 13 Kazakhstan 26,000,000,000 1 January 2004 14 United Kingdom 25,410,000,000 2003 15 Angola 22,880,000,000 2004 est. 16 United States 22,450,000,000 1 January 2002 17 Mexico 18,000,000,000 2004 est. 18 China 17,740,000,000 2004 est. 19 Qatar 16,000,000,000 2004 est. 20 Brazil 13,900,000,000 2004 est. 21 Algeria 11,870,000,000 2004 est. 22 Norway 9,859,000,000 1 January 2002 23 India 5,700,000,000 2004 est. 24 Oman 5,500,000,000 2003 est. 25 Indonesia 4,900,000,000 2004 est. 26 Ecuador 4,408,000,000 2004 est. 27 Yemen 4,000,000,000 2004 est. 28 Australia 3,664,000,000 1 January 2002 29 Burma 3,200,000,000 2003 30 Malaysia 3,200,000,000 2004 est. 31 Argentina 2,900,000,000 2004 est. 32 Egypt 2,700,000,000 2004 est. 33 Syria 2,500,000,000 2004 est. 34 Gabon 2,022,000,000 2004 est. 35 Colombia 1,700,000,000 2004 est. 36 Tunisia 1,700,000,000 2004 est. 37 Sudan 1,600,000,000 2004 est. 38 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1,538,000,000 1 January 2002 39 Brunei 1,255,000,000 1 January 2002 40 Denmark 1,230,000,000 1 January 2002 41 Romania 1,055,000,000 1 January 2002 42 Trinidad and Tobago 990,000,000 1 January 2004 43 Vietnam 650,000,000 2004 est. 44 Thailand 600,000,000 1 January 2003 45 Azerbaijan 589,000,000 1 January 2002 46 Italy 586,600,000 1 January 2002 47 Equatorial Guinea 563,500,000 1 January 2002 48 Cuba 532,000,000 1 January 2002 49 Bolivia 458,800,000 1 January 2002 50 Peru 408,800,000 2004 est. 51 Germany 395,800,000 1 January 2004 52 Ukraine 395,000,000 9 November 2004 53 Pakistan 325,500,000 2004 est. 54 Morocco 300,000,000 2004 est. 55 Uzbekistan 297,000,000 1 January 2002 56 Turkey 288,400,000 1 January 2002 57 Turkmenistan 273,000,000 1 January 2002 58 Guatemala 263,000,000 1 January 2002 59 Cote d'Ivoire 220,000,000 2004 est. 60 Albania 185,500,000 1 January 2002 61 Papua New Guinea 170,000,000 2004 est. 62 Philippines 152,000,000 1 January 2004 63 Chile 150,000,000 1 January 2004 64 France 144,300,000 1 January 2002 65 Bahrain 126,000,000 2004 est. 66 Poland 116,400,000 1 January 2002 67 Hungary 110,700,000 1 January 2002 68 Suriname 99,000,000 2004 69 Croatia 93,600,000 1 January 2002 70 Congo, Republic of the 93,500,000 1 January 2002 71 New Zealand 89,620,000 1 January 2002 72 Netherlands 88,060,000 1 January 2002 73 Austria 85,690,000 1 January 2002 74 Cameroon 80,000,000 2004 est. 75 Serbia and Montenegro 38,750,000 1 January 2002 76 Japan 29,290,000 1 January 2002 77 Bangladesh 28,450,000 1 January 2002 78 Czech Republic 17,250,000 1 January 2002 79 Spain 10,500,000 1 January 2002 80 Ghana 8,255,000 1 January 2002 81 Bulgaria 8,100,000 1 January 2002 82 South Africa 7,840,000 1 January 2002 83 Greece 4,500,000 1 January 2002 84 Slovakia 4,500,000 1 January 2002 85 Benin 4,105,000 1 January 2002 86 Taiwan 2,900,000 2004 est. 87 Israel 1,920,000 1 January 2002 88 Barbados 1,254,000 1 January 2002 89 Jordan 445,000 1 January 2002 90 Ethiopia 214,000 1 January 2002 91 Afghanistan 0 1 January 2002 92 Rwanda 0 1 January 2002 93 Tanzania 0 1 January 2002 94 Namibia 0 1 January 2002 95 Somalia 0 1 January 2002 96 Mozambique 0 1 January 2002 97 Ireland 0 1 January 2002 98 Madagascar 0 1 January 2002

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2179

Rank Country Natural gas - proved reserves(cu m) Date of Information

1 World 161,200,000,000,000 1 January 2002 2 Russia 47,000,000,000,000 2003 3 Iran 26,700,000,000,000 2004 4 Qatar 14,410,000,000,000 2004 5 Saudi Arabia 6,339,000,000,000 2004 6 United Arab Emirates 6,060,000,000,000 2004 7 United States 5,195,000,000,000 1 January 2002 8 Algeria 4,739,000,000,000 2004 9 Venezuela 4,190,000,000,000 2004 10 Nigeria 4,007,000,000,000 2004 11 European Union 3,256,000,000,000 1 January 2002 12 Iraq 3,149,000,000,000 2004 13 Indonesia 2,549,000,000,000 2004 14 Burma 2,460,000,000,000 2003 15 Australia 2,407,000,000,000 1 January 2002 16 China 2,230,000,000,000 2004 17 Malaysia 2,230,000,000,000 2004 18 Kazakhstan 1,800,000,000,000 1 January 2004 19 Norway 1,716,000,000,000 1 January 2002 20 Netherlands 1,693,000,000,000 1 January 2002 21 Canada 1,691,000,000,000 2004 22 Kuwait 1,548,000,000,000 2004 23 Turkmenistan 1,430,000,000,000 1 January 2002 24 Libya 1,321,000,000,000 2004 25 Egypt 1,264,000,000,000 2004 26 Uzbekistan 937,300,000,000 1 January 2002 27 Oman 829,700,000,000 2003 28 Argentina 768,000,000,000 2004 29 Bolivia 727,200,000,000 1 January 2002 30 United Kingdom 714,900,000,000 2003 31 Pakistan 695,600,000,000 2004 32 Trinidad and Tobago 589,000,000,000 1 January 2004 33 Ukraine 560,700,000,000 9 November 2004 34 India 542,400,000,000 2004 35 Yemen 480,000,000,000 2004 36 Mexico 420,000,000,000 2004 37 Papua New Guinea 385,500,000,000 2004 38 Thailand 368,200,000,000 1 January 2003 39 Brunei 315,000,000,000 1 January 2002 40 Germany 293,000,000,000 1 January 2004 41 Peru 245,100,000,000 2004 42 Syria 240,700,000,000 2004 43 Brazil 221,700,000,000 2004 44 Italy 209,700,000,000 1 January 2002 45 Vietnam 192,600,000,000 2004 46 Poland 154,400,000,000 1 January 2002 47 Bangladesh 150,300,000,000 1 January 2002 48 Colombia 132,000,000,000 2004 49 Romania 111,100,000,000 1 January 2002 50 Philippines 107,600,000,000 1 January 2004 51 Ecuador 106,500,000,000 2004 52 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 104,800,000,000 1 January 2002 53 Sudan 99,110,000,000 2004 54 Chile 99,050,000,000 1 January 2004 55 Denmark 81,980,000,000 1 January 2002 56 Angola 79,570,000,000 2004 57 Tunisia 77,160,000,000 2004 58 Equatorial Guinea 68,530,000,000 1 January 2002 59 Gabon 66,470,000,000 2004 60 Mozambique 63,710,000,000 1 January 2002 61 Azerbaijan 62,300,000,000 1 January 2002 62 New Zealand 58,940,000,000 1 January 2002 63 Cameroon 55,220,000,000 2004 64 Hungary 50,450,000,000 1 January 2002 65 Afghanistan 49,980,000,000 1 January 2002 66 Bahrain 46,000,000,000 2004 67 Cuba 42,620,000,000 1 January 2002 68 Taiwan 38,230,000,000 2004 69 Croatia 34,360,000,000 1 January 2002 70 Namibia 31,150,000,000 1 January 2002 71 Rwanda 28,320,000,000 1 January 2002 72 Austria 24,900,000,000 1 January 2002 73 Serbia and Montenegro 24,070,000,000 1 January 2002 74 Israel 20,810,000,000 1 January 2002 75 Japan 20,020,000,000 1 January 2002 76 Cote d'Ivoire 14,870,000,000 2004 77 South Africa 14,160,000,000 1 January 2002 78 France 12,860,000,000 1 January 2002 79 Ethiopia 12,460,000,000 1 January 2002 80 Ghana 11,890,000,000 1 January 2002 81 Tanzania 11,330,000,000 1 January 2002 82 Ireland 9,911,000,000 1 January 2002 83 Turkey 8,685,000,000 1 January 2002 84 Slovakia 7,504,000,000 1 January 2002 85 Bulgaria 3,724,000,000 1 January 2002 86 Albania 3,316,000,000 1 January 2002 87 Jordan 3,256,000,000 1 January 2002 88 Czech Republic 3,057,000,000 1 January 2002 89 Somalia 2,832,000,000 1 January 2002 90 Guatemala 1,543,000,000 1 January 2002 91 Morocco 665,400,000 2004 92 Benin 608,800,000 1 January 2002 93 Congo, Republic of the 495,500,000 1 January 2002 94 Greece 254,900,000 1 January 2002 95 Spain 254,900,000 1 January 2002 96 Barbados 70,790,000 1 January 2002 97 Madagascar 0 1 January 2002 98 Suriname 0 2004

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2180

Rank Country Natural gas - production(cu m) Date of Information

1 World 2,637,000,000,000 2001 est. 2 Russia 578,600,000,000 2003 est. 3 United States 548,100,000,000 2001 est. 4 European Union 242,600,000,000 2001 5 Canada 165,800,000,000 2003 est. 6 United Kingdom 105,900,000,000 2001 est. 7 Algeria 80,300,000,000 2001 est. 8 Iran 79,000,000,000 2003 est. 9 Netherlands 77,750,000,000 2001 est. 10 Indonesia 77,600,000,000 2003 est. 11 Uzbekistan 63,100,000,000 2001 est. 12 Turkmenistan 58,570,000,000 2004 est. 13 Saudi Arabia 56,400,000,000 2002 14 Norway 54,600,000,000 2001 est. 15 Malaysia 53,660,000,000 2001 est. 16 Mexico 47,300,000,000 2004 est. 17 United Arab Emirates 44,400,000,000 2003 est. 18 Argentina 37,150,000,000 2001 est. 19 China 35,000,000,000 2003 est. 20 Australia 33,080,000,000 2001 est. 21 Bahrain 32,700,000,000 2002 est. 22 Qatar 32,400,000,000 2001 est. 23 Venezuela 29,400,000,000 2003 est. 24 Trinidad and Tobago 25,000,000,000 2003 est. 25 Pakistan 23,400,000,000 2001 est. 26 India 22,750,000,000 2001 est. 27 Egypt 21,200,000,000 2001 est. 28 Germany 21,000,000,000 2003 29 Ukraine 19,600,000,000 2003 est. 30 Thailand 18,730,000,000 2001 est. 31 Nigeria 15,680,000,000 2001 est. 32 Italy 15,490,000,000 2001 est. 33 Oman 13,770,000,000 2001 est. 34 Romania 12,600,000,000 2003 est. 35 Kazakhstan 11,600,000,000 2004 est. 36 Brunei 10,350,000,000 2001 est. 37 Burma 9,980,000,000 2003 est. 38 Bangladesh 9,900,000,000 2001 est. 39 Kuwait 8,700,000,000 2002 est. 40 Bolivia 8,440,000,000 2004 est. 41 Denmark 8,380,000,000 2001 est. 42 New Zealand 6,504,000,000 2001 est. 43 Libya 6,180,000,000 2001 est. 44 Brazil 5,950,000,000 2001 est. 45 Syria 5,840,000,000 2001 est. 46 Azerbaijan 5,720,000,000 2001 est. 47 Colombia 5,700,000,000 2001 est. 48 Poland 5,471,000,000 2001 est. 49 Hungary 3,231,000,000 2001 est. 50 Japan 2,519,000,000 2001 est. 51 Iraq 2,350,000,000 2002 est. 52 Tunisia 2,250,000,000 2001 est. 53 France 1,898,000,000 2001 est. 54 South Africa 1,800,000,000 2001 est. 55 Croatia 1,760,000,000 2001 est. 56 Austria 1,731,000,000 2001 est. 57 Cote d'Ivoire 1,350,000,000 2001 est. 58 Vietnam 1,300,000,000 2001 est. 59 Chile 1,180,000,000 2002 est. 60 Peru 910,000,000 2004 est. 61 Ireland 815,000,000 2001 est. 62 Taiwan 750,000,000 2001 est. 63 Serbia and Montenegro 602,000,000 2001 est. 64 Cuba 600,000,000 2001 est. 65 Angola 530,000,000 2001 est. 66 Spain 516,000,000 2001 est. 67 Turkey 312,000,000 2001 est. 68 Jordan 290,000,000 2001 est. 69 Belarus 250,000,000 2004 est. 70 Afghanistan 220,000,000 2001 est. 71 Slovakia 190,000,000 2003 est. 72 Ecuador 160,000,000 2001 est. 73 Czech Republic 160,000,000 2001 est. 74 Papua New Guinea 110,000,000 2001 est. 75 Gabon 80,000,000 2001 est. 76 Georgia 60,000,000 2001 est. 77 Mozambique 60,000,000 2001 est. 78 Morocco 50,000,000 2001 est. 79 Tajikistan 50,000,000 2001 est. 80 Senegal 50,000,000 2001 est. 81 Greece 35,000,000 2001 est. 82 Albania 30,000,000 2001 est. 83 Barbados 29,170,000 2001 est. 84 Equatorial Guinea 20,000,000 2001 est. 85 Kyrgyzstan 16,000,000 2001 est. 86 Israel 10,000,000 2001 est. 87 Bulgaria 4,000,000 2001 est. 88 Philippines 2,500,000 2004 est. 89 Armenia 0 2001 est. 90 Korea, South 0 2003 est. 91 Lithuania 0 2001 est. 92 Yemen 0 2003 est. 93 Uruguay 0 2003 est. 94 Switzerland 0 2001 est. 95 Sweden 0 2001 est. 96 Singapore 0 2001 est. 97 Slovenia 0 2001 est. 98 Puerto Rico 0 2001 est. 99 Portugal 0 2001 est. 100 Moldova 0 2001 est. 101 Luxembourg 0 2001 est. 102 Latvia 0 2001 est. 103 Estonia 0 2001 est. 104 Finland 0 2001 est. 105 Belgium 0 2001 est. 106 Cameroon 0 2001 est. 107 Congo, Republic of the 0 2001 est. 108 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 2001 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2181

Rank Country Natural gas - consumption(cu m) Date of Information

1 World 2,599,000,000,000 2001 est. 2 United States 640,900,000,000 2001 est. 3 European Union 467,700,000,000 2001 4 Russia 405,800,000,000 2003 est. 5 Germany 99,550,000,000 2003 6 United Kingdom 92,850,000,000 2001 est. 7 Japan 80,420,000,000 2001 est. 8 Ukraine 79,860,000,000 2003 est. 9 Iran 72,400,000,000 2003 est. 10 Italy 71,180,000,000 2001 est. 11 Saudi Arabia 56,400,000,000 2002 12 Canada 55,800,000,000 2003 est. 13 Indonesia 55,300,000,000 2003 est. 14 Mexico 55,100,000,000 2004 est. 15 Netherlands 49,720,000,000 2001 est. 16 Uzbekistan 45,200,000,000 2001 est. 17 France 42,010,000,000 2001 est. 18 United Arab Emirates 33,700,000,000 2003 est. 19 Bahrain 32,700,000,000 2002 est. 20 Malaysia 31,250,000,000 2001 est. 21 Argentina 31,100,000,000 2001 est. 22 Venezuela 29,400,000,000 2003 est. 23 China 29,180,000,000 2002 est. 24 Thailand 23,930,000,000 2001 est. 25 Pakistan 23,400,000,000 2001 est. 26 Australia 23,330,000,000 2001 est. 27 India 22,750,000,000 2001 est. 28 Algeria 22,320,000,000 2001 est. 29 Egypt 21,200,000,000 2001 est. 30 Korea, South 20,920,000,000 2003 est. 31 Belarus 18,800,000,000 2004 est. 32 Romania 18,500,000,000 2003 est. 33 Spain 17,960,000,000 2001 est. 34 Turkey 15,940,000,000 2001 est. 35 Qatar 15,860,000,000 2001 est. 36 Belgium 15,500,000,000 2001 est. 37 Kazakhstan 14,300,000,000 2001 est. 38 Poland 13,850,000,000 2001 est. 39 Trinidad and Tobago 13,760,000,000 2003 est. 40 Hungary 13,370,000,000 2001 est. 41 Bangladesh 9,900,000,000 2001 est. 42 Czech Republic 9,892,000,000 2001 est. 43 Turkmenistan 9,600,000,000 2001 est. 44 Brazil 9,590,000,000 2001 est. 45 Kuwait 8,700,000,000 2002 est. 46 Nigeria 7,850,000,000 2001 est. 47 Austria 7,810,000,000 2001 est. 48 Slovakia 6,800,000,000 2003 est. 49 Azerbaijan 6,720,000,000 2001 est. 50 Taiwan 6,640,000,000 2001 est. 51 Chile 6,517,000,000 2002 est. 52 New Zealand 6,504,000,000 2001 est. 53 Oman 6,340,000,000 2001 est. 54 Syria 5,840,000,000 2001 est. 55 Bulgaria 5,804,000,000 2001 est. 56 Colombia 5,700,000,000 2001 est. 57 Libya 5,410,000,000 2001 est. 58 Denmark 5,280,000,000 2001 est. 59 Finland 4,557,000,000 2001 est. 60 Ireland 4,199,000,000 2001 est. 61 Norway 4,100,000,000 2001 est. 62 Tunisia 3,830,000,000 2001 est. 63 Switzerland 3,093,000,000 2001 est. 64 Croatia 2,840,000,000 2001 est. 65 Lithuania 2,760,000,000 2001 est. 66 Portugal 2,542,000,000 2001 est. 67 Singapore 2,500,000,000 2001 est. 68 Iraq 2,350,000,000 2002 est. 69 Moldova 2,050,000,000 2001 est. 70 Greece 2,021,000,000 2001 est. 71 Kyrgyzstan 2,016,000,000 2001 est. 72 South Africa 1,800,000,000 2001 est. 73 Latvia 1,700,000,000 2001 est. 74 Burma 1,569,000,000 2003 est. 75 Armenia 1,400,000,000 2001 est. 76 Brunei 1,350,000,000 2001 est. 77 Cote d'Ivoire 1,350,000,000 2001 est. 78 Tajikistan 1,300,000,000 2001 est. 79 Vietnam 1,300,000,000 2001 est. 80 Estonia 1,270,000,000 2001 est. 81 Georgia 1,160,000,000 2001 est. 82 Bolivia 1,150,000,000 2001 est. 83 Slovenia 1,040,000,000 2001 est. 84 Sweden 949,000,000 2001 est. 85 Peru 910,000,000 2004 est. 86 Luxembourg 865,000,000 2001 est. 87 Hong Kong 680,900,000 2001 est. 88 Puerto Rico 630,000,000 2001 est. 89 Serbia and Montenegro 602,000,000 2001 est. 90 Cuba 600,000,000 2001 est. 91 Angola 530,000,000 2001 est. 92 Bosnia and Herzegovina 300,000,000 2001 est. 93 Jordan 290,000,000 2001 est. 94 Afghanistan 220,000,000 2001 est. 95 Ecuador 160,000,000 2001 est. 96 Papua New Guinea 110,000,000 2001 est. 97 Gabon 80,000,000 2001 est. 98 Uruguay 64,500,000 2003 est. 99 Mozambique 60,000,000 2001 est. 100 Morocco 50,000,000 2001 est. 101 Senegal 50,000,000 2001 est. 102 Albania 30,000,000 2001 est. 103 Barbados 29,170,000 2001 est. 104 Philippines 25,000,000 2004 est. 105 Equatorial Guinea 20,000,000 2001 est. 106 Israel 10,000,000 2001 est. 107 Congo, Republic of the 0 2001 est. 108 Yemen 0 2003 est. 109 Cameroon 0 2001 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2182

Rank Country Natural gas - imports(cu m) Date of Information

1 World 718,700,000,000 2001 est. 2 European Union 297,800,000,000 2001 3 United States 114,100,000,000 2001 est. 4 Germany 85,020,000,000 2003 5 Japan 77,730,000,000 2001 est. 6 Ukraine 60,400,000,000 2003 est. 7 Italy 54,780,000,000 2001 est. 8 France 40,260,000,000 2001 est. 9 Russia 32,700,000,000 2001 est. 10 Korea, South 21,110,000,000 2003 est. 11 Netherlands 20,780,000,000 2001 est. 12 Belarus 18,500,000,000 2004 est. 13 Spain 17,260,000,000 2001 est. 14 Turkey 15,750,000,000 2001 est. 15 Belgium 15,400,000,000 2001 est. 16 Hungary 9,587,000,000 2001 est. 17 Czech Republic 9,521,000,000 2001 est. 18 Poland 8,782,000,000 2001 est. 19 Canada 8,730,000,000 2003 est. 20 Kazakhstan 8,696,000,000 2003 est. 21 Mexico 7,850,000,000 2004 est. 22 Slovakia 6,600,000,000 2003 est. 23 Taiwan 6,300,000,000 2001 est. 24 Austria 6,033,000,000 2001 est. 25 Bulgaria 5,800,000,000 2001 est. 26 Romania 5,400,000,000 2001 est. 27 Chile 5,337,000,000 2002 est. 28 Thailand 5,200,000,000 2001 est. 29 Iran 4,920,000,000 2003 est. 30 Finland 4,567,000,000 2001 est. 31 Brazil 3,640,000,000 2001 est. 32 Ireland 3,384,000,000 2001 est. 33 Switzerland 3,093,000,000 2001 est. 34 Lithuania 2,760,000,000 2001 est. 35 United Kingdom 2,700,000,000 2001 est. 36 Portugal 2,553,000,000 2001 est. 37 Singapore 2,500,000,000 2001 est. 38 Moldova 2,050,000,000 2001 est. 39 Greece 2,018,000,000 2001 est. 40 Kyrgyzstan 2,000,000,000 2001 est. 41 Latvia 1,700,000,000 2001 est. 42 Tunisia 1,580,000,000 2001 est. 43 Armenia 1,400,000,000 2001 est. 44 Estonia 1,270,000,000 2001 est. 45 Tajikistan 1,250,000,000 2001 est. 46 Georgia 1,100,000,000 2001 est. 47 Croatia 1,080,000,000 2001 est. 48 Slovenia 1,040,000,000 2001 est. 49 Azerbaijan 1,000,000,000 2001 est. 50 Sweden 968,000,000 2001 est. 51 Luxembourg 867,000,000 2001 est. 52 Hong Kong 680,900,000 2001 est. 53 Puerto Rico 630,000,000 2001 est. 54 Bosnia and Herzegovina 300,000,000 2001 est. 55 Uruguay 65,000,000 2003 est. 56 United Arab Emirates 0 2003 est. 57 Afghanistan 0 2001 est. 58 Argentina 0 2001 est. 59 Bolivia 0 2001 est. 60 Senegal 0 2001 est. 61 South Africa 0 2001 est. 62 Saudi Arabia 0 2002 63 Philippines 0 2004 est. 64 Qatar 0 2001 est. 65 Papua New Guinea 0 2001 est. 66 Pakistan 0 2001 est. 67 Peru 0 2004 est. 68 New Zealand 0 2001 est. 69 Yemen 0 2003 est. 70 Serbia and Montenegro 0 2001 est. 71 Vietnam 0 2001 est. 72 Venezuela 0 2004 est. 73 Uzbekistan 0 2001 est. 74 Turkmenistan 0 2001 est. 75 Trinidad and Tobago 0 2001 est. 76 Syria 0 2001 est. 77 Norway 0 2001 est. 78 Nigeria 0 2001 est. 79 Mozambique 0 2001 est. 80 Malaysia 0 2001 est. 81 Oman 0 2001 est. 82 Morocco 0 2001 est. 83 Libya 0 2001 est. 84 Kuwait 0 2002 est. 85 Jordan 0 2001 est. 86 Iraq 0 2004 est. 87 Cote d'Ivoire 0 2001 est. 88 Israel 0 2001 est. 89 India 0 2001 est. 90 Indonesia 0 2003 est. 91 Gabon 0 2001 est. 92 Ecuador 0 2001 est. 93 Denmark 0 2001 est. 94 Cuba 0 2001 est. 95 Colombia 0 2001 est. 96 Cameroon 0 2001 est. 97 China 0 2002 est. 98 Congo, Republic of the 0 2001 est. 99 Brunei 0 2001 est. 100 Burma 0 2003 est. 101 Equatorial Guinea 0 2001 est. 102 Egypt 0 2001 est. 103 Bangladesh 0 2001 est. 104 Barbados 0 2001 est. 105 Bahrain 0 2002 est. 106 Australia 0 2001 est. 107 Angola 0 2001 est. 108 Albania 0 2001 est. 109 Algeria 0 2001 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2183

Rank Country Natural gas - exports(cu m) Date of Information

1 World 693,700,000,000 2001 est. 2 Russia 171,000,000,000 2003 est. 3 Canada 91,520,000,000 2003 est. 4 European Union 78,100,000,000 2001 5 Algeria 57,980,000,000 2001 est. 6 Norway 50,500,000,000 2001 est. 7 Netherlands 49,280,000,000 2001 est. 8 Turkmenistan 43,500,000,000 2004 est. 9 Indonesia 39,700,000,000 2003 est. 10 Malaysia 22,410,000,000 2001 est. 11 Qatar 18,200,000,000 2004 est. 12 Uzbekistan 17,900,000,000 2001 est. 13 United Kingdom 15,750,000,000 2001 est. 14 Trinidad and Tobago 11,790,000,000 2003 est. 15 United States 11,160,000,000 2001 est. 16 Kazakhstan 11,010,000,000 2003 est. 17 Australia 9,744,000,000 2001 est. 18 Brunei 9,000,000,000 2001 est. 19 Burma 8,424,000,000 2003 est. 20 Nigeria 7,830,000,000 2001 est. 21 Germany 7,731,000,000 2003 22 Oman 7,430,000,000 2001 est. 23 United Arab Emirates 7,190,000,000 2003 est. 24 Argentina 6,050,000,000 2001 est. 25 Ukraine 5,800,000,000 2003 est. 26 Iran 3,400,000,000 2003 est. 27 Denmark 3,100,000,000 2001 est. 28 Bolivia 2,900,000,000 2001 est. 29 France 1,725,000,000 2001 est. 30 Libya 770,000,000 2001 est. 31 Taiwan 410,000,000 2001 est. 32 Austria 403,000,000 2001 est. 33 Italy 61,000,000 2001 est. 34 Poland 41,000,000 2001 est. 35 Hungary 4,000,000 2001 est. 36 Czech Republic 1,000,000 2001 est. 37 Afghanistan 0 2001 est. 38 Barbados 0 2001 est. 39 Bangladesh 0 2001 est. 40 Cuba 0 2001 est. 41 Colombia 0 2001 est. 42 Cameroon 0 2001 est. 43 Chile 0 2002 44 China 0 2002 est. 45 Congo, Republic of the 0 2001 est. 46 Bulgaria 0 2001 est. 47 Brazil 0 2001 est. 48 Belarus 0 2004 est. 49 Moldova 0 2001 est. 50 Luxembourg 0 2001 est. 51 Slovakia 0 2003 est. 52 Lithuania 0 2001 est. 53 Latvia 0 2001 est. 54 Kuwait 0 2002 est. 55 Korea, South 0 2003 est. 56 Kyrgyzstan 0 2001 est. 57 Jordan 0 2001 est. 58 Uruguay 0 2003 est. 59 Turkey 0 2001 est. 60 Tunisia 0 2001 est. 61 Tajikistan 0 2001 est. 62 Thailand 0 2001 est. 63 Switzerland 0 2001 est. 64 Syria 0 2001 est. 65 Sweden 0 2001 est. 66 Spain 0 2001 est. 67 Yemen 0 2003 est. 68 Serbia and Montenegro 0 2001 est. 69 Vietnam 0 2001 est. 70 Venezuela 0 2004 est. 71 Singapore 0 2001 est. 72 Slovenia 0 2001 est. 73 Senegal 0 2001 est. 74 South Africa 0 2001 est. 75 Saudi Arabia 0 2002 76 Puerto Rico 0 2001 est. 77 Philippines 0 2004 est. 78 Romania 0 2001 est. 79 Papua New Guinea 0 2001 est. 80 Portugal 0 2001 est. 81 Pakistan 0 2001 est. 82 Peru 0 2004 est. 83 New Zealand 0 2001 est. 84 Mozambique 0 2001 est. 85 Mexico 0 2004 est. 86 Morocco 0 2001 est. 87 Japan 0 2001 est. 88 Iraq 0 2004 est. 89 Cote d'Ivoire 0 2001 est. 90 Israel 0 2001 est. 91 India 0 2001 est. 92 Croatia 0 2001 est. 93 Hong Kong 0 2001 est. 94 Greece 0 2001 est. 95 Georgia 0 2001 est. 96 Gabon 0 2001 est. 97 Finland 0 2001 est. 98 Estonia 0 2001 est. 99 Equatorial Guinea 0 2001 est. 100 Ireland 0 2001 est. 101 Egypt 0 2001 est. 102 Ecuador 0 2001 est. 103 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 2001 est. 104 Belgium 0 2001 est. 105 Bahrain 0 2002 est. 106 Azerbaijan 0 2001 est. 107 Albania 0 2001 est. 108 Armenia 0 2001 est. 109 Angola 0 2001 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2184

Rank Country Internet hosts Date of Information

1 United States 115,311,958 2002 2 European Union 22,000,414 3 Japan 12,962,065 2003 4 Netherlands 4,518,226 2004 5 United Kingdom 3,398,708 2004 6 Canada 3,210,081 2003 7 Brazil 3,163,349 2003 8 Australia 2,847,763 2003 9 Taiwan 2,777,085 2003 10 Germany 2,686,119 2004 11 France 2,396,761 2004 12 Italy 1,437,511 2004 13 Mexico 1,333,406 2003 14 Denmark 1,219,925 2004 15 Finland 1,219,173 2004 16 Spain 1,056,950 2004 17 Sweden 945,221 2004 18 Poland 804,915 2004 19 Argentina 742,358 2003 20 Korea, South 694,206 2001 21 Switzerland 667,275 2004 22 Norway 593,850 2004 23 Hong Kong 591,993 2003 24 Russia 560,874 2004 25 Singapore 484,825 2003 26 New Zealand 474,395 2003 27 Israel 437,516 2004 28 Austria 387,006 2004 29 Hungary 383,071 2004 30 Turkey 355,215 2004 31 Portugal 346,078 2004 32 Czech Republic 295,677 2004 33 South Africa 288,633 2003 34 Greece 208,977 2004 35 Chile 202,429 2003 36 Belgium 166,799 2004 37 Ireland 162,228 2004 38 China 160,421 2003 39 Iceland 122,175 2004 40 Colombia 115,158 2003 41 Malaysia 107,971 2003 42 Thailand 103,700 2003 43 Ukraine 94,345 2004 44 Slovakia 89,592 2004 45 Uruguay 87,630 2003 46 India 86,871 2003 47 Estonia 82,142 2004 48 Lithuania 67,769 2004 49 Peru 65,868 2003 50 Dominican Republic 64,197 2003 51 Indonesia 62,036 2003 52 United Arab Emirates 56,283 2004 53 Bulgaria 53,421 2004 54 Latvia 51,758 2004 55 Romania 50,807 2004 56 Slovenia 45,491 2004 57 Philippines 38,440 2002 58 Venezuela 35,301 2003 59 Croatia 29,644 2004 60 Luxembourg 28,214 2003 61 Kazakhstan 21,984 2004 62 Guatemala 20,360 2003 63 Serbia and Montenegro 20,207 2004 64 Tonga 18,906 2003 65 Saudi Arabia 15,931 2004 66 Pakistan 15,124 2003 67 Kyrgyzstan 12,299 2004 68 Moldova 11,984 2003 69 Costa Rica 10,826 2003 70 Paraguay 9,243 2003 71 Kenya 8,325 2003 72 Samoa 8,225 2003 73 Trinidad and Tobago 8,003 2003 74 Malta 7,156 2004 75 Panama 7,129 2003 76 Nicaragua 7,094 2003 77 Bolivia 7,080 2003 78 Lebanon 6,998 2004 79 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,994 2004 80 Brunei 6,409 2003 81 Cyprus 5,901 2004 82 Tanzania 5,534 2003 83 Belarus 5,308 2004 84 Iran 5,269 2004 85 Bermuda 5,161 2001 86 Georgia 5,160 2004 87 French Polynesia 5,123 2003 88 Zimbabwe 4,501 2003 89 New Caledonia 4,449 2003 90 Andorra 4,144 2004 91 El Salvador 4,084 2003 92 Mauritius 3,985 2003 93 Cote d'Ivoire 3,795 2004 94 Macedonia 3,738 2004 95 Liechtenstein 3,727 2004 96 Morocco 3,627 2004 97 Kuwait 3,437 2001 98 Egypt 3,401 2004 99 Mozambique 3,249 2003 100 Ecuador 3,188 2003 101 Namibia 3,164 2003 102 Jordan 3,160 2004 103 Uganda 2,692 2004 104 Greenland 2,642 2004 105 Belize 2,613 2003 106 Armenia 2,206 2004 107 Honduras 1,944 2003 108 Botswana 1,920 2003 109 Sri Lanka 1,882 2003 110 Zambia 1,880 2003 111 San Marino 1,763 2004 112 Antigua and Barbuda 1,665 2003 113 Cuba 1,529 2003 114 Rwanda 1,495 2003 115 Jamaica 1,480 2003 116 Swaziland 1,401 2003 117 Bahrain 1,334 2003 118 Nigeria 1,142 2004 119 Sao Tome and Principe 1,069 2003 120 Eritrea 1,047 2004 121 Uzbekistan 1,040 2003 122 Mongolia 1,000 2004 123 Bhutan 985 2003 124 Laos 937 2003 125 Aruba 923 2001 126 Nepal 917 2003 127 Algeria 897 2004 128 Benin 879 2004 129 Cambodia 818 2003 130 Madagascar 773 2003 131 Oman 726 2003 132 Djibouti 702 2004 133 Dominica 681 2003 134 Senegal 672 2003 135 Guyana 613 2003 136 Azerbaijan 586 2004 137 Gambia, The 568 2004 138 Monaco 533 2004 139 Maldives 532 2003 140 Turkmenistan 524 2004 141 Vanuatu 512 2003 142 Fiji 493 2003 143 Cameroon 479 2004 144 Albania 455 2004 145 Burkina Faso 442 2003 146 Ghana 407 2004 147 Solomon Islands 398 2003 148 Papua New Guinea 389 2003 149 Guinea 380 2004 150 Vietnam 340 2003 151 Bahamas, The 302 2003 152 Tunisia 281 2004 153 Sierra Leone 277 2004 154 Seychelles 264 2003 155 Qatar 221 2004 156 Barbados 204 2003 157 Mali 187 2003 158 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 153 2003 159 Yemen 138 2004 160 Niger 134 2003 161 Lesotho 119 2003 162 Netherlands Antilles 119 2001 163 Cape Verde 118 2004 164 Gabon 93 2004 165 Macau 89 2003 166 Togo 82 2003 167 Tajikistan 69 2004 168 Libya 67 2003 169 Saint Kitts and Nevis 51 2003 170 Congo, Republic of the 46 2003 171 Saint Lucia 41 2003 172 Mauritania 25 2003 173 Burundi 22 2003 174 Grenada 18 2003 175 Suriname 18 2003 176 Malawi 18 2003 177 Angola 17 2003 178 Liberia 14 2004 179 Comoros 11 2003 180 Syria 11 2004 181 Ethiopia 9 2003 182 Holy See (Vatican City) 9 2004 183 Chad 8 2004 184 Central African Republic 6 2002 185 Marshall Islands 6 2003 186 Somalia 4 2004 187 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4 2003 188 Burma 3 2003 189 Equatorial Guinea 3 2004 190 Guinea-Bissau 2 2004 191 Bangladesh 1 2003

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Rank code: @2185

Rank Country Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) Date of Information

1 Azerbaijan 65.10 2004 est. 2 Equatorial Guinea 50.80 2004 est. 3 Mozambique 47.00 2004 est. 4 China 46.00 2004 est. 5 Zambia 41.40 2004 est. 6 Lesotho 39.60 2004 est. 7 Seychelles 39.50 2004 est. 8 Vietnam 36.60 2004 est. 9 Angola 34.50 2004 est. 10 Guyana 34.50 2004 est. 11 Belize 33.60 2004 est. 12 Jamaica 32.00 2004 est. 13 Sao Tome and Principe 31.50 2004 est. 14 Iran 31.30 2004 est. 15 Burkina Faso 29.10 2004 est. 16 Czech Republic 29.00 2004 est. 17 Turkmenistan 29.00 2004 est. 18 Korea, South 28.70 2004 est. 19 Croatia 28.60 2004 est. 20 Estonia 28.20 2004 est. 21 Nicaragua 28.00 2004 est. 22 Singapore 27.40 2004 est. 23 Greece 27.00 2004 est. 24 Malta 26.40 2004 est. 25 Eritrea 26.30 2002 26 Algeria 26.20 2004 est. 27 Latvia 26.10 2004 est. 28 Lebanon 26.00 2004 est. 29 Congo, Republic of the 25.80 2004 est. 30 Botswana 25.50 2004 est. 31 Spain 25.40 2004 est. 32 Australia 25.30 2004 est. 33 Gambia, The 25.30 2004 est. 34 Panama 25.00 2004 est. 35 Slovenia 24.90 2004 est. 36 Chad 24.70 2004 est. 37 Tunisia 24.50 2004 est. 38 Honduras 24.10 2004 est. 39 Japan 24.00 2004 est. 40 Slovakia 24.00 2004 est. 41 Chile 23.90 2004 est. 42 Kazakhstan 23.90 2004 est. 43 Ireland 23.80 2004 est. 44 India 23.80 2004 est. 45 Iceland 23.80 2004 est. 46 Swaziland 23.60 2004 est. 47 Bangladesh 23.50 2004 est. 48 Romania 23.30 2004 est. 49 Qatar 22.90 2004 est. 50 Hungary 22.80 2004 est. 51 Hong Kong 22.70 2004 est. 52 Austria 22.60 2004 est. 53 Mauritius 22.50 2004 est. 54 Thailand 22.50 Jan - Sep 2004 est. 55 Sri Lanka 22.40 2004 est. 56 Morocco 22.40 2004 est. 57 Uganda 22.40 2004 est. 58 New Zealand 22.40 2004 est. 59 Portugal 22.30 2004 est. 60 Tajikistan 22.00 2004 est. 61 Lithuania 21.90 2004 est. 62 Belarus 21.80 2004 est. 63 Gabon 21.80 2004 est. 64 Malaysia 21.70 2004 est. 65 Guinea 21.00 2004 est. 66 Cambodia 20.90 2004 est. 67 United Arab Emirates 20.80 2004 est. 68 Ecuador 20.60 2004 est. 69 Switzerland 20.40 2004 est. 70 Senegal 20.10 2004 est. 71 Rwanda 20.00 2004 est. 72 Netherlands 19.90 2004 est. 73 Armenia 19.80 2004 est. 74 Brazil 19.80 2004 est. 75 Denmark 19.80 2004 est. 76 Luxembourg 19.80 2004 est. 77 Ghana 19.70 2004 est. 78 Namibia 19.60 2004 est. 79 European Union 19.50 2004 est. 80 Canada 19.40 2004 est. 81 Mexico 19.40 2004 est. 82 Trinidad and Tobago 19.40 2004 est. 83 Benin 19.30 2004 est. 84 Italy 19.30 2004 est. 85 Costa Rica 19.20 2004 est. 86 France 19.20 2004 est. 87 Cape Verde 19.20 2004 est. 88 Belgium 19.10 2004 est. 89 Togo 19.10 2004 est. 90 Russia 19.10 2004 est. 91 Dominican Republic 18.90 2004 est. 92 Ukraine 18.80 2004 est. 93 Bulgaria 18.60 2004 est. 94 Georgia 18.50 2004 est. 95 Albania 18.40 2004 est. 96 Poland 18.40 2004 est. 97 Argentina 18.30 2004 est. 98 Finland 18.30 2004 est. 99 Paraguay 18.10 2004 est. 100 Nigeria 18.00 2004 est. 101 Taiwan 18.00 2004 est. 102 Cyprus 17.90 2004 est. 103 Ethiopia 17.80 2004 est. 104 Peru 17.80 2004 est. 105 Germany 17.60 2004 106 Israel 17.60 2004 est. 107 Macedonia 17.50 2004 est. 108 Norway 17.50 2004 est. 109 Turkey 17.30 2004 est. 110 Saudi Arabia 17.20 2004 est. 111 Moldova 17.10 2004 est. 112 Kyrgyzstan 17.00 2004 est. 113 Philippines 17.00 2004 est. 114 South Africa 16.70 2004 est. 115 El Salvador 16.60 2004 est. 116 Indonesia 16.60 2004 est. 117 Pakistan 16.40 FY03/04 est. 118 Syria 16.30 2004 est. 119 Tanzania 16.20 2004 est. 120 United Kingdom 16.20 2004 est. 121 Cameroon 16.10 2004 est. 122 Yemen 16.10 2004 est. 123 Sudan 16.00 2004 est. 124 Colombia 15.80 2004 est. 125 Sweden 15.80 2004 est. 126 Egypt 15.80 2004 est. 127 United States 15.70 2004 est. 128 Guatemala 14.90 2004 est. 129 Kenya 14.70 2004 est. 130 Madagascar 14.70 2004 est. 131 Serbia and Montenegro 14.40 2004 est. 132 Papua New Guinea 13.60 2004 est. 133 Oman 13.50 2004 est. 134 Venezuela 12.90 2004 est. 135 Bahrain 12.80 2004 est. 136 Jordan 11.60 2004 est. 137 Cote d'Ivoire 11.30 2004 est. 138 Cuba 11.20 2004 est. 139 Burundi 10.70 2004 est. 140 Malawi 10.70 2004 est. 141 Bolivia 10.40 2003 est. 142 Burma 10.20 2004 est. 143 Libya 9.90 2004 est. 144 Zimbabwe 9.90 2004 est. 145 Uruguay 9.60 2004 est. 146 Kuwait 8.00 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2186

Rank Country Public debt(% of GDP) Date of Information

1 Malawi 228.30 2004 est. 2 Lebanon 177.90 2004 est. 3 Japan 164.30 2004 est. 4 Jamaica 146.10 2004 est. 5 Zambia 127.50 2004 est. 6 Seychelles 122.80 2004 est. 7 Argentina 118.00 June 2004 est. 8 Greece 112.00 2004 est. 9 Italy 105.60 2004 est. 10 Israel 104.50 2004 est. 11 Sri Lanka 104.30 2004 est. 12 Egypt 102.70 2004 est. 13 Singapore 102.50 2004 est. 14 Belgium 96.20 2004 est. 15 Jordan 85.80 2004 est. 16 Serbia and Montenegro 80.00 2004 est. 17 Sudan 79.70 2004 est. 18 Saudi Arabia 75.00 2004 est. 19 Cyprus 74.90 2004 est. 20 Cote d'Ivoire 74.80 2004 est. 21 Kenya 74.30 2004 est. 22 Turkey 74.30 2004 est. 23 Philippines 74.20 September 2004 est. 24 Honduras 74.10 2004 est. 25 Uganda 73.90 2004 est. 26 Pakistan 71.40 2004 est. 27 Morocco 70.20 2004 est. 28 Nicaragua 69.50 2004 est. 29 Panama 69.20 2004 est. 30 Cameroon 69.10 2004 est. 31 France 67.70 2004 est. 32 Vietnam 65.90 2004 est. 33 Germany 65.80 2004 est. 34 United States 65.00 2004 est. 35 Austria 64.20 2004 est. 36 Bahrain 63.80 2004 est. 37 Moldova 63.40 2004 est. 38 Portugal 61.50 2004 est. 39 Dominican Republic 61.10 2004 est. 40 India 59.70 2004 est. 41 Papua New Guinea 59.30 2004 est. 42 Tunisia 59.20 2004 est. 43 Hungary 58.30 2004 est. 44 Costa Rica 58.00 2004 est. 45 Switzerland 57.20 2004 est. 46 Indonesia 56.20 2004 est. 47 Netherlands 55.80 2004 est. 48 Senegal 55.20 2004 est. 49 Trinidad and Tobago 54.40 2004 est. 50 Spain 53.20 2004 est. 51 Zimbabwe 52.30 2004 est. 52 Brazil 52.00 2004 est. 53 Colombia 51.80 2004 est. 54 Sweden 51.60 2004 est. 55 Poland 49.90 2004 est. 56 Ecuador 49.20 2004 est. 57 Thailand 47.60 November 2004 est. 58 Finland 46.80 2004 est. 59 Slovakia 46.60 2004 est. 60 Yemen 46.40 2004 est. 61 South Africa 45.90 2004 est. 62 Malaysia 45.40 2004 est. 63 Peru 44.10 2004 est. 64 Venezuela 43.10 2004 est. 65 Bangladesh 43.00 2004 est. 66 Denmark 42.50 2004 est. 67 Bulgaria 41.90 2004 est. 68 El Salvador 41.70 2004 est. 69 Croatia 41.70 2004 est. 70 Uzbekistan 41.50 2004 est. 71 United Kingdom 39.60 2004 est. 72 Paraguay 39.20 2004 est. 73 Namibia 38.50 2004 est. 74 Algeria 37.40 2004 est. 75 Iceland 35.90 2004 est. 76 Czech Republic 33.50 2004 est. 77 Norway 33.10 2004 est. 78 Taiwan 32.40 2004 est. 79 Guatemala 32.00 2004 est. 80 Syria 32.00 2004 est. 81 Slovenia 31.50 2004 est. 82 China 31.40 2004 est. 83 Ireland 31.20 2004 est. 84 Kuwait 29.60 2004 est. 85 Gabon 29.30 2004 est. 86 Mauritius 29.20 2004 est. 87 Russia 28.20 2004 est. 88 Iran 27.00 2004 est. 89 Lithuania 25.20 2004 est. 90 Ukraine 24.70 2004 est. 91 Romania 23.60 2004 est. 92 Mexico 23.50 2004 est. 93 New Zealand 22.10 2004 est. 94 Korea, South 21.30 2004 est. 95 Macedonia 20.00 2004 est. 96 Nigeria 20.00 2004 est. 97 Azerbaijan 18.90 2004 est. 98 United Arab Emirates 17.60 2004 est. 99 Australia 17.40 2004 est. 100 Kazakhstan 13.70 2004 est. 101 Chile 12.80 2004 est. 102 Latvia 11.80 2004 est. 103 Oman 10.30 2004 est. 104 Libya 8.80 2004 est. 105 Botswana 8.60 2004 est. 106 Estonia 5.40 2004 est. 107 Tanzania 5.00 2004 est. 108 Hong Kong 2.10 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2187

Rank Country Current account balance Date of Information

1 Japan $ 170,200,000,000 2004 est. 2 Germany $ 73,590,000,000 2004 est. 3 Saudi Arabia $ 51,500,000,000 2004 est. 4 Russia $ 46,040,000,000 2004 est. 5 Switzerland $ 40,950,000,000 2004 est. 6 Norway $ 30,520,000,000 2004 est. 7 China $ 30,320,000,000 2004 est. 8 Canada $ 28,200,000,000 2004 est. 9 Korea, South $ 26,780,000,000 2004 est. 10 Sweden $ 24,080,000,000 2004 est. 11 Taiwan $ 21,160,000,000 2004 est. 12 Netherlands $ 19,900,000,000 2004 est. 13 Hong Kong $ 14,850,000,000 2004 est. 14 Venezuela $ 14,590,000,000 2004 est. 15 Kuwait $ 12,040,000,000 2004 est. 16 Algeria $ 11,900,000,000 2004 est. 17 Malaysia $ 11,810,000,000 2004 est. 18 Belgium $ 11,400,000,000 2004 est. 19 Finland $ 11,390,000,000 2004 est. 20 Libya $ 9,895,000,000 2004 est. 21 Singapore $ 8,800,000,000 2004 est. 22 Brazil $ 8,000,000,000 2004 est. 23 Indonesia $ 7,338,000,000 2004 est. 24 Thailand $ 6,736,000,000 2004 est. 25 Denmark $ 6,529,000,000 2004 est. 26 United Arab Emirates $ 6,300,000,000 2004 est. 27 Argentina $ 5,473,000,000 2004 est. 28 Nigeria $ 5,228,000,000 2004 est. 29 Qatar $ 5,187,000,000 2004 est. 30 India $ 4,897,000,000 2004 est. 31 Ukraine $ 4,584,000,000 2004 est. 32 Philippines $ 3,600,000,000 2004 est. 33 Oman $ 2,674,000,000 2004 est. 34 Chile $ 2,185,000,000 2004 est. 35 Egypt $ 2,113,000,000 2004 est. 36 Iran $ 2,100,000,000 2004 est. 37 Trinidad and Tobago $ 1,548,000,000 2004 est. 38 Pakistan $ 1,400,000,000 2004 est. 39 Syria $ 1,100,000,000 2003 40 Morocco $ 765,400,000 2004 est. 41 Dominican Republic $ 762,200,000 2004 est. 42 Bulgaria $ 682,900,000 2004 est. 43 Bahrain $ 586,100,000 2004 est. 44 Uzbekistan $ 461,900,000 2004 est. 45 Yemen $ 369,900,000 2004 est. 46 Botswana $ 337,000,000 2004 est. 47 Chad $ 330,200,000 2004 est. 48 Mauritius $ 284,100,000 2004 est. 49 Bolivia $ 273,000,000 2004 est. 50 Congo, Republic of the $ 266,000,000 2004 est. 51 Ecuador $ 261,100,000 2004 est. 52 Honduras $ 258,300,000 2003 est. 53 Namibia $ 234,300,000 2004 est. 54 Bangladesh $ 216,600,000 2004 est. 55 Israel $ 211,900,000 2004 est. 56 Jordan $ 203,200,000 2004 est. 57 Gabon $ 196,800,000 2004 est. 58 Uruguay $ 181,800,000 2004 est. 59 Turkmenistan $ 114,000,000 2004 est. 60 Ghana $ 83,870,000 2004 est. 61 Tunisia $ 71,850,000 2004 est. 62 Papua New Guinea $ 29,150,000 2004 est. 63 Gambia, The $ -16,400,000 2004 est. 64 Haiti $ -27,630,000 2004 est. 65 Peru $ -30,000,000 2004 est. 66 Sao Tome and Principe $ -31,500,000 2004 est. 67 Paraguay $ -36,110,000 2004 est. 68 Angola $ -37,880,000 2004 est. 69 Kazakhstan $ -39,020,000 2004 est. 70 Slovenia $ -51,640,000 2004 est. 71 Tajikistan $ -52,000,000 2004 est. 72 Malawi $ -55,500,000 2004 est. 73 Burundi $ -59,500,000 2004 est. 74 Laos $ -80,760,000 2004 est. 75 Swaziland $ -82,400,000 2004 est. 76 Kyrgyzstan $ -87,920,000 2004 est. 77 Cape Verde $ -93,760,000 2004 est. 78 Seychelles $ -98,420,000 2004 est. 79 Mozambique $ -101,200,000 2004 est. 80 Lesotho $ -108,300,000 2004 est. 81 Belize $ -115,000,000 2004 est. 82 Togo $ -125,600,000 2004 est. 83 Guyana $ -129,400,000 2004 est. 84 Eritrea $ -144,900,000 2004 est. 85 Moldova $ -148,400,000 2004 est. 86 Cameroon $ -149,100,000 2004 est. 87 Benin $ -159,900,000 2004 est. 88 Zambia $ -181,400,000 2004 est. 89 Burma $ -185,000,000 2004 est. 90 Cuba $ -185,100,000 2004 est. 91 Rwanda $ -212,500,000 2004 est. 92 Zimbabwe $ -230,300,000 2004 est. 93 Armenia $ -240,400,000 2004 est. 94 Malta $ -241,000,000 2004 est. 95 Madagascar $ -281,900,000 2004 est. 96 France $ -305,000,000 2004 est. 97 Guinea $ -308,300,000 2004 est. 98 Macedonia $ -311,000,000 2004 est. 99 Cambodia $ -316,200,000 2004 est. 100 Tanzania $ -327,400,000 2004 est. 101 Cote d'Ivoire $ -421,500,000 2004 est. 102 Kenya $ -459,200,000 2004 est. 103 Ethiopia $ -464,400,000 2004 est. 104 Panama $ -469,600,000 2004 est. 105 Burkina Faso $ -471,700,000 2004 est. 106 Albania $ -504,000,000 2004 est. 107 Senegal $ -518,800,000 2004 est. 108 Iraq $ -560,000,000 2003 est. 109 Iceland $ -570,000,000 2004 est. 110 Equatorial Guinea $ -578,600,000 2004 est. 111 Sri Lanka $ -587,300,000 2004 est. 112 Uganda $ -590,800,000 2004 est. 113 Cyprus $ -619,900,000 2004 est. 114 Georgia $ -632,900,000 2004 est. 115 Sudan $ -763,600,000 2004 est. 116 Jamaica $ -830,700,000 2004 est. 117 Nicaragua $ -843,100,000 2004 est. 118 El Salvador $ -880,500,000 2004 est. 119 Costa Rica $ -980,300,000 2004 est. 120 Belarus $ -1,119,000,000 2004 est. 121 Estonia $ -1,169,000,000 2004 est. 122 Latvia $ -1,251,000,000 2004 est. 123 Guatemala $ -1,381,000,000 2004 est. 124 Slovakia $ -1,400,000,000 2004 est. 125 Lithuania $ -1,600,000,000 2004 est. 126 Colombia $ -1,706,000,000 2004 est. 127 Croatia $ -1,925,000,000 2004 est. 128 Vietnam $ -2,061,000,000 2004 est. 129 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ -2,100,000,000 2004 est. 130 Lebanon $ -2,389,000,000 2004 est. 131 South Africa $ -2,480,000,000 2004 est. 132 Ireland $ -2,881,000,000 2004 est. 133 Azerbaijan $ -2,899,000,000 2004 est. 134 Serbia and Montenegro $ -3,008,000,000 2004 est. 135 Austria $ -3,283,000,000 2004 est. 136 Romania $ -3,631,000,000 2004 est. 137 New Zealand $ -3,647,000,000 2004 est. 138 Poland $ -3,831,000,000 2004 est. 139 Mexico $ -4,113,000,000 2004 est. 140 Czech Republic $ -5,730,000,000 2004 est. 141 Hungary $ -7,941,000,000 2004 est. 142 Greece $ -8,000,000,000 2004 est. 143 Portugal $ -8,120,000,000 2004 est. 144 Turkey $ -15,300,000,000 2004 est. 145 Italy $ -21,100,000,000 2004 est. 146 Spain $ -30,890,000,000 2004 est. 147 United Kingdom $ -33,460,000,000 2004 est. 148 Australia $ -38,300,000,000 2004 est. 149 United States $ -646,500,000,000 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Rank code: @2188

Rank Country Reserves of foreign exchange and gold Date of Information

1 Japan $ 664,600,000,000 2003 2 China $ 609,900,000,000 2004 est. 3 Taiwan $ 246,500,000,000 2004 est. 4 Korea, South $ 199,100,000,000 2004 est. 5 India $ 126,000,000,000 2004 est. 6 Russia $ 124,500,000,000 3 December 2004 est. 7 Hong Kong $ 123,600,000,000 31 December 2004 est. 8 Singapore $ 112,800,000,000 2004 est. 9 Germany $ 96,840,000,000 2003 10 United States $ 85,940,000,000 2003 11 France $ 70,760,000,000 2003 12 Switzerland $ 69,580,000,000 2003 13 Italy $ 61,500,000,000 2004 est. 14 Mexico $ 60,670,000,000 2004 est. 15 Malaysia $ 55,270,000,000 2004 est. 16 Brazil $ 52,940,000,000 2004 est. 17 United Kingdom $ 48,730,000,000 2004 18 Thailand $ 48,300,000,000 2004 19 Algeria $ 43,550,000,000 2004 est. 20 Poland $ 41,880,000,000 2004 est. 21 Denmark $ 37,980,000,000 2003 22 Turkey $ 37,100,000,000 2004 est. 23 Canada $ 36,270,000,000 2003 24 Indonesia $ 35,820,000,000 2004 est. 25 Australia $ 35,140,000,000 2004 est. 26 Czech Republic $ 32,780,000,000 2004 est. 27 Iran $ 29,870,000,000 2004 est. 28 Israel $ 28,480,000,000 2004 est. 29 Venezuela $ 25,750,000,000 2004 est. 30 Libya $ 24,180,000,000 2004 est. 31 Saudi Arabia $ 23,620,000,000 2004 est. 32 Netherlands $ 21,440,000,000 2003 33 Sweden $ 19,990,000,000 2003 34 Spain $ 19,700,000,000 2004 est. 35 Argentina $ 19,470,000,000 2004 est. 36 United Arab Emirates $ 18,640,000,000 2004 est. 37 Lebanon $ 16,300,000,000 2004 est. 38 Romania $ 16,210,000,000 2004 39 Philippines $ 16,050,000,000 2004 40 Chile $ 16,020,000,000 2004 41 Morocco $ 15,140,000,000 2004 est. 42 Slovakia $ 14,910,000,000 2004 est. 43 Hungary $ 14,800,000,000 2004 est. 44 Nigeria $ 14,710,000,000 2004 est. 45 Belgium $ 14,450,000,000 2003 46 Kazakhstan $ 14,350,000,000 2004 est. 47 Egypt $ 14,030,000,000 2004 est. 48 Austria $ 12,730,000,000 2003 49 Peru $ 12,700,000,000 2004 est. 50 Pakistan $ 12,580,000,000 2004 est. 51 Portugal $ 12,300,000,000 2004 est. 52 Colombia $ 11,940,000,000 2004 est. 53 South Africa $ 11,680,000,000 2004 est. 54 Ukraine $ 11,330,000,000 2004 est. 55 Finland $ 11,170,000,000 2003 56 Croatia $ 8,563,000,000 2004 est. 57 Slovenia $ 8,493,000,000 2004 est. 58 Bulgaria $ 7,526,000,000 2004 est. 59 Kuwait $ 7,333,000,000 2004 est. 60 Greece $ 7,300,000,000 2004 est. 61 Vietnam $ 6,510,000,000 2004 est. 62 Botswana $ 5,700,000,000 2004 est. 63 Jordan $ 5,457,000,000 2004 est. 64 Yemen $ 5,300,000,000 2004 est. 65 Syria $ 5,000,000,000 2004 est. 66 New Zealand $ 4,805,000,000 2004 est. 67 Lithuania $ 4,610,000,000 2004 est. 68 Ireland $ 4,152,000,000 2003 69 Oman $ 4,144,000,000 2004 est. 70 Serbia and Montenegro $ 3,550,000,000 2004 est. 71 Tunisia $ 3,509,000,000 2004 est. 72 Cyprus $ 3,385,000,000 2004 est. 73 Qatar $ 3,351,000,000 2004 est. 74 Guatemala $ 3,084,000,000 2004 est. 75 Turkmenistan $ 3,034,000,000 2004 est. 76 Bangladesh $ 3,000,000,000 2004 est. 77 Trinidad and Tobago $ 2,927,000,000 2004 est. 78 Malta $ 2,865,000,000 2004 est. 79 Sri Lanka $ 2,475,000,000 2004 est. 80 Uruguay $ 2,362,000,000 2004 est. 81 Tanzania $ 2,175,000,000 2004 est. 82 Bahrain $ 2,141,000,000 2004 est. 83 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 2,000,000,000 2004 est. 84 Cote d'Ivoire $ 1,950,000,000 2004 est. 85 El Salvador $ 1,888,000,000 2004 est. 86 Costa Rica $ 1,736,000,000 2004 est. 87 Mauritius $ 1,676,000,000 2004 est. 88 Sudan $ 1,652,000,000 2004 est. 89 Latvia $ 1,650,000,000 2004 est. 90 Uzbekistan $ 1,603,000,000 2004 est. 91 Estonia $ 1,503,000,000 2004 est. 92 Kenya $ 1,500,000,000 2004 est. 93 Honduras $ 1,464,000,000 2004 est. 94 Ecuador $ 1,436,000,000 December 2004 est. 95 Jamaica $ 1,400,000,000 2004 est. 96 Ghana $ 1,267,000,000 2004 est. 97 Bolivia $ 1,214,000,000 2004 est. 98 Albania $ 1,206,000,000 2004 est. 99 Mozambique $ 1,206,000,000 2004 est. 100 Uganda $ 1,200,000,000 2004 est. 101 Paraguay $ 1,164,000,000 2004 est. 102 Panama $ 1,076,000,000 2004 est. 103 Cambodia $ 997,500,000 2004 est. 104 Cyprus $ 941,600,000 2004 est. 105 Iceland $ 935,000,000 2004 106 Macedonia $ 928,000,000 2004 est. 107 Ethiopia $ 923,100,000 2004 est. 108 Azerbaijan $ 875,000,000 2004 est. 109 Benin $ 839,300,000 2004 est. 110 Senegal $ 820,000,000 2004 est. 111 Angola $ 800,000,000 2004 est. 112 Belarus $ 770,200,000 2004 est. 113 Cuba $ 738,600,000 2004 est. 114 Cameroon $ 687,500,000 2004 est. 115 Nicaragua $ 670,000,000 2004 est. 116 Chad $ 652,700,000 2004 est. 117 Papua New Guinea $ 635,800,000 2004 est. 118 Burma $ 590,000,000 2004 est. 119 Armenia $ 555,000,000 2004 est. 120 Madagascar $ 500,300,000 2004 est. 121 Kyrgyzstan $ 498,700,000 2004 est. 122 Burkina Faso $ 474,900,000 2004 est. 123 Dominican Republic $ 426,000,000 2004 est. 124 Lesotho $ 402,200,000 2004 est. 125 Moldova $ 390,000,000 2004 est. 126 Namibia $ 360,000,000 2004 est. 127 Zambia $ 345,000,000 2004 est. 128 Swaziland $ 320,500,000 2004 est. 129 Guyana $ 280,600,000 2004 est. 130 Gabon $ 268,600,000 2004 est. 131 Togo $ 267,400,000 2004 est. 132 Equatorial Guinea $ 235,200,000 2004 est. 133 Georgia $ 231,400,000 2004 est. 134 Rwanda $ 210,900,000 2004 est. 135 Guinea $ 201,700,000 2004 est. 136 Laos $ 193,100,000 2004 est. 137 Malawi $ 160,500,000 2004 est. 138 Tajikistan $ 145,300,000 2004 est. 139 Gambia, The $ 113,100,000 2004 est. 140 Cape Verde $ 112,700,000 2004 est. 141 Belize $ 111,100,000 2004 est. 142 Haiti $ 80,640,000 2004 est. 143 Burundi $ 76,890,000 2004 est. 144 Seychelles $ 70,940,000 2004 est. 145 Zimbabwe $ 57,000,000 2004 est. 146 Congo, Republic of the $ 40,420,000 2004 est. 147 Eritrea $ 30,870,000 2004 est. 148 Sao Tome and Principe $ 29,780,000 2004 est.

This file was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

Appendix A - Abbreviations

ABEDA: Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa

ACCT: Agency for the French-Speaking Community

ACP Group: African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States

AfDB: African Development Bank

AFESD: Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development

Air Pollution: Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides: Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants: Protocol to the 1979
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent
Organic Pollutants

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85: Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long- Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least 30%

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94: Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-
Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur
Emissions

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds: Protocol to the 1979
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the
Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their
Transboundary Fluxes

AMF: Arab Monetary Fund

AMU: Arab Maghreb Union

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Antarctic Marine Living Resources: Convention on the Conservation of
Antarctic Marine Living Resources

ANZUS: Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty

Antarctic Seals: Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

APEC: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Arabsat: Arab Satellite Communications Organization

ARF: ASEAN Regional Forum

AsDB: Asian Development Bank

ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Autodin: Automatic Digital Network

AU: African Union

bbl/day: barrels per day

BCIE: Central American Bank for Economic Integration

BDEAC: Central African States Development Bank

Benelux: Benelux Economic Union

Biodiversity: Convention on Biological Diversity

BGN: United States Board on Geographic Names

BIS: Bank for International Settlements

BSEC: Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone

C: Commonwealth

c.i.f.: cost, insurance, and freight

CACM: Central American Common Market

CAEU: Council of Arab Economic Unity

CAN: Andean Community of Nations

Caricom: Caribbean Community and Common Market

CB: citizen's band mobile radio communications

CBSS: Council of the Baltic Sea States

CCC: Customs Cooperation Council

CDB: Caribbean Development Bank

CE: Council of Europe

CEI: Central European Initiative

CEMA: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or
Comecon

CEMAC: Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa

CEPGL: Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries

CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research

CEPT: Conference Europeanne des Poste et Telecommunications

CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States

CITES: see Endangered Species

Climate Change: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol: Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change

COCOM: Coordinating Committee on Export Controls

Comsat: Communications Satellite Corporation

COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

CP: Colombo Plan

CY: calendar year

DC: developed country

Desertification: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa

DDT: dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane

DSN: Defense Switched Network

DIA: United States Defense Intelligence Agency

DWT: deadweight ton

EADB: East African Development Bank

EAPC: Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council

EBRD: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EC: European Community

ECA: Economic Commission for Africa

ECE: Economic Commission for Europe

ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

ECO: Economic Cooperation Organization

ECOSOC: Economic and Social Council

ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States

ECSC: European Coal and Steel Community

EEC: European Economic Community

EFTA: European Free Trade Association

EEZ: exclusive economic zone

EIB: European Investment Bank

EMU: European Monetary Union

Endangered Species: Convention on the International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

Entente: Council of the Entente

Environmental Modification: Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

ESA: European Space Agency

ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

ESCWA: Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia

est.: estimate

EU: European Union

Euratom: European Atomic Energy Community

Eutelsat: European Telecommunications Satellite Organization

Ex-Im: Export-Import Bank of the United States

f.o.b.: free on board

FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization

FAX: facsimile

FLS: Front Line States

FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91

FOC: flags of convenience

FSU: former Soviet Union

FY: fiscal year

FZ: Franc Zone

G-2: Group of 2

G-3: Group of 3

G-5: Group of 5

G-6: Group of 6

G-7: Group of 7

G-8: Group of 8

G-9: Group of 9

G-10: Group of 10

G-15: Group of 15

G-11: Group of 11

G-24: Group of 24

G-77: Group of 77

GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; now WTO

GCC: Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP: gross domestic product

GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91

GNP: gross national product

GRT: gross register ton

GSM: global system for mobile cellular communications

GWP: gross world product

GUUAM: acronym for member states - Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan,
Azerbaijan, Moldova

Hazardous Wastes: Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

HF: high-frequency

IADB: Inter-American Development Bank

HIV/AIDS: human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome

IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency

IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World
Bank)

ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

ICC: International Chamber of Commerce

ICCt: International Criminal Court

ICJ: International Court of Justice (World Court)

ICFTU: International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross

ICRM: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

ICTR: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

ICSID: International Center for Secretariat of Investment Disputes

ICTY: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

IDA: International Development Association

IDB: Islamic Development Bank

IEA: International Energy Agency

IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development

IFC: International Finance Corporation

IFRCS: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies

IGAD: Inter-Governmental Authority on Development

IHO: International Hydrographic Organization

ILO: International Labor Organization

IMF: International Monetary Fund

IMO: International Maritime Organization

Inmarsat: International Maritime Satellite Organization

InOC: Indian Ocean Commission

INSTRAW: International Research and Training Institute for the
Advancement of Women

Intelsat: International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

Interpol: International Criminal Police Organization

Intersputnik: International Organization of Space Communications

IOC: International Olympic Committee

IOM: International Organization for Migration

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

ITU: International Telecommunication Union

ISP: Internet Service Provider

kHz: kilohertz

km: kilometer

kW: kilowatt

kWh: kilowatt-hour

LAES: Latin American Economic System

LAIA: Latin American Integration Association

Law of the Sea: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)

LAS: League of Arab States

LDC: less developed country

LLDC: least developed country

London Convention: see Marine Dumping

LOS: see Law of the Sea

m: meter

Marecs: Maritime European Communications Satellite

Marine Dumping: Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping Wastes and Other Matter

Marine Life Conservation: Convention on Fishing and Conservation of
Living Resources of the High Seas

MARPOL: see Ship Pollution

Medarabtel: Middle East Telecommunications Project of the
International Telecommunications Union

Mercosur: Southern Cone Common Market

MHz: megahertz

MICAH: Internatlional Civilian Support Mission in Haiti

MINURSO: United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara

MIGA: Multilateral Investment Geographic Agency

MINUSTAH: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

MONUC: United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

NA: not available

NAM: Nonaligned Movement

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NC: Nordic Council

NEA: Nuclear Energy Agency

NEGL: negligible

NIB: Nordic Investment Bank

NGA: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

NIC: newly industrializing country

NIE: newly industrializing economy

NIS: new independent states

nm: nautical mile

NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone

NSG: Nuclear Suppliers Group

Nuclear Test Ban: Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water

NZ: New Zealand

OAPEC: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries

OAS: Organization of American States

OAU: Organization of African Unity; see African Union

ODA: official development assistance

OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OECS: Organization of Eastern Caribbean States

OHCHR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

OIC: Organization of the Islamic Conference

ONUB: United Nations Operation in Burundi

OOF: other official flows

OPANAL: Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

OPCW: Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OSCE: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

Ozone Layer Protection: Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

PCA: Permanent Court of Arbitration

PDRY: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South
Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91

PFP: Partnership for Peace

PIF: Pacific Islands Forum

PPP: purchasing power parity

Ramsar: see Wetlands

RG: Rio Group

SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

SACU: Southern African Customs Union

SACEP: South Asia Co-opeative Environment Programme

SADC: Southern African Development Community

SAFE: South African Far East Cable

SCO: Shanghai Cooperative Organization

SFRY: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

SHF: super-high-frequency

Ship Pollution: Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)

Sparteca: South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation
Agreement

SPF: South Pacific Forum

sq km: square kilometer

sq mi: square mile

TAT: Trans-Atlantic Telephone

Tropical Timber 83: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

Tropical Timber 94: International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

UAE: United Arab Emirates

UDEAC: Central African Customs and Economic Union

UHF: ultra-high-frequency

UK: United Kingdom

UN: United Nations

UNAMSIL: United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone

UNCLOS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, also know as
LOS

UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDCP: United Nations Drug Control Program

UNDOF: United Nations Disengagement Observer Force

UNDP: United Nations Development Program

UNEP: United Nations Environment Program

UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization

UNFICYP: United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus

UNFPA: United Nations Population Fund

UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund

UNICEP: United Nations International Comparison Program

UNICRI: United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research
Institute

UNIDIR: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization

UNIFIL: United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

UNITAR: United Nations Institute for Training and Research

UNMEE: United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea

UNMIK: United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo

UNMIL: United Nations Mission in Liberia

UNMISET: United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor

UNMOGIP: United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan

UNMOVIC: United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection
Commission

UNOMIG: United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia

UNOCI: United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire

UNOPS: United Nations Office of Project Services

UNRISD: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

UNSC: United Nations Security Council

UNSSC: Untied Nations System Staff College

UNTSO: United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

UNU: United Nations University

UPU: Universal Postal Union

US: United States

USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated before 25 December 1991

USSR/EE: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/Eastern Europe

UV: ultra violet

VHF: very-high-frequency

VSAT: very small aperture terminal

WADB: West African Development Bank

WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union

WCL: World Confederation of Labor

WCO: World Customs Organization

Wetlands: Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
Especially As Waterfowl Habitat

WEU: Western European Union

WFP: World Food Program

WFTU: World Federation of Trade Unions

Whaling: International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

WHO: World Health Organization

WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization

WMO: World Meteorological Organization

WP: Warsaw Pact

WTO: World Trade Organization note - see WToO for World Tourism
Organization

WToO: World Tourism Organization

YAR: Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91

ZC: Zangger Committee

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Appendix B - International Organizations and Groups

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF): established - 25 July 1994

aim - to foster constructive dialogue and consultation on political and security issues of common interest and concern

members - (24) Australia, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, China, EU,
India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia,
Mongolia, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia,
Singapore, Thailand, US, Vietnam

ASEAN plus 3 (APT): established - 16 December 1997

aim - to coordinate areas of cooperation ranging from agriculture to information technologies

members - (13) Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

African Development Bank (AfDB): note - its predecessor was
Organization of African Unity (OAU)

established - 9 September 1999

aim - to promote economic and social development

regional members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso,
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire,
Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

nonregional members - (24) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US

African Union (AU): note - replaces Organization of African Unity
(OAU)

established - 8 July 2001

aim - to achieve greater unity among African States; to defend states' integrity and independence; to accelerate political, social, and economic integration; to encourage international cooperation; to promote democratic principles and institutions

members - (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire,
Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,
Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa,
Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe

African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States (ACP Group): established - 6 June 1975

aim - to manage their preferential economic and aid relationship with the EU

members - (79) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Island, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho,
Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru,
Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome
and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands,
Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Swiziland, Tanzania, Togo,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Agency for the French-Speaking Community (ACCT): note - formerly
Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation

established - 20 March 1970; name changed 1996

aim - to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French- speaking countries

members - (50) Albania, Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of
the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea,
France, French Community of Belgium, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Mali,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Moldova, Monaco, Morocco, New Brunswick
(Canada), Niger, Quebec (Canada), Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao
Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia,
Vanuatu

observers - (5) Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Vietnam

Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL): note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)

established - 14 February 1967 under the Treaty of Tlatelolco; effective - 25 April 1969 on the 11th ratification

aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons

members - (33) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados,
Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela

Andean Community of Nations (CAN): note - formerly known as the Andean
Group (AG), the Andean Parliament, and most recently as the Andean
Common Market (Ancom)

established - 26 May 1969; present name established 1 October 1992; effective - 16 October 1969

aim - to promote harmonious development through economic integration

members - (5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA): note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)

established - 18 February 1974; effective - 16 September 1974

aim - to promote economic development

members - (17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note - these are all the members of the Arab League excluding Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen

Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD): established - 16 May 1968

aim - to promote economic and social development

members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq (suspended 1993), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia (suspended 1993), Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

Arab Maghreb Union (AMU): established - 17 February 1989

aim - to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa

members - (5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia

Arab Monetary Fund (AMF): established - 27 April 1976; effective - 2
February 1977

aim - to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs

members - (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria,
Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,
Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): established - 7 November 1989

aim - to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin

members - (21) Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, NZ, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, US, Vietnam

observers - (3) Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Pacific Islands Forum

Asian Development Bank (AsDB): established - 19 December 1966

aim - to promote regional economic cooperation

members - (45) Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, Hong Kong,
India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan,
Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka,
Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Vietnam

nonregional members - (17) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): established - 8 August 1967

aim - to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia

members - (10) Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam

associate member - (1) Papua New Guinea

dialogue partners - (12) Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, Pakistan, South Korea, NZ, Russia, US, UNDP

Australia Group: established - June 1985

aim - to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and biological weapons

members - (39) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Commission,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US

Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS): established - 1 September 1951; effective - 29 April 1952

aim - to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986; Australia and the US continue to hold annual meetings

members - (3) Australia, NZ, US

Bank for International Settlements (BIS): established - 20 January 1930; effective - 17 March 1930

aim - to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements

members - (55) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Central Bank, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US; note - Serbia and Montenegro have separate central banks; their links with BIS are currently under review

Benelux Economic Union (Benelux): note - acronym from Belgium,
Netherlands, and Luxembourg

established - 3 February 1958; effective - 1 November 1960

aim - to develop closer economic cooperation and integration

members - (3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands

Big Seven: note - membership is the same as the Group of 7

established - 1975

aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies

members - (7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US

Big Six: note - not to be confused with the Group of 6

established - 1967

aim - to foster economic cooperation

members - (6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK

Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC): established - 25 June 1992

aim - to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation

members - (12) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey, Ukraine; note - Macedonia is in the process of joining

observers - (8) Austria, Egypt, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Poland, Tunisia

Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom): established - 4 July 1973; effective - 1 August 1973

aim - to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries

members - (15) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize,
Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,
Trinidad and Tobago

associate members - (5) Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

Caribbean Development Bank (CDB): established - 18 October 1969; effective - 26 January 1970

aim - to promote economic development and cooperation

regional members - (20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia,
Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and
Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela

nonregional members - (5) Canada, China, Germany, Italy, UK

Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC): see Monetary and
Economic Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)

Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC): note - acronym from
Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale

established - 3 December 1975

aim - to provide loans for economic development

members - (10) African Development Bank (AfDB), Cameroon, Central African States Bank (BEAC), Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Kuwait

Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE): note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico

established - 13 December 1960 signature of Articles of Agreement; 31 May 1961 began operations

aim - to promote economic integration and development

members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua

nonregional members - (5) Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan

Central American Common Market (CACM): established - 13 December 1960, collapsed in 1969, reinstated in 1991

aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market

members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua; note - Panama, although not a member, pursues full regional cooperation

Central European Initiative (CEI): note - evolved from the
Quadrilateral Initiative and the Hexagonal Initiative

established - 11 November 1989 as the Quadrilateral Initiative, 27 July 1991 became the Hexagonal Initiative, July 1992 its present name was adopted

aim - to form an economic and political cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas

members - (17) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine

Colombo Plan (CP): established - May 1950 proposal was adopted; 1 July 1951 commenced full operations

aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific

members - (25) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Fiji,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives,
Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, US, Vietnam

Commonwealth (C): note - also known as Commonwealth of Nations

established - 31 December 1931

aim - to foster multinational cooperation and assistance, as a voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire

members - (53) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan (suspended), Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Zambia; note - on 7 December 2003 Zimbabwe withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): established - 8 December 1991; effective - 21 December 1991

aim - to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR

members - (12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Communist countries: traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of the original and the successor states are no longer Communist; see centrally planned economies

Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM): established in 1949 to control the export of strategic products and technical data from member countries to proscribed destinations; members were: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US; abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members established a new organization, the Wassenaar Arrangement, with expanded membership on 12 July 1996 that focuses on nonproliferation export controls as opposed to East- West control of advanced technology

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA): note - also known as
CMEA or Comecon

established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate)

Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU): established - 3 June 1957; effective - 30 May 1964

aim - to promote economic integration among Arab nations

members - (10 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

Council of Europe (CE): established - 5 May 1949; effective - 3 August 1949

aim - to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe

members - (46) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK

observers - (6) Canada, Holy See, Israel, Japan, Mexico, US

Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS): established - 6 March 1992

aim - to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, cultural programs and education, and transportation and communication

members - (12) Denmark, Estonia, EC, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden

Council of the Entente (Entente): established - 29 May 1959

aim - to promote economic, social, and political coordination

members - (5) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo

Customs Cooperation Council (CCC): note - see World Customs
Organization (WCO)

East African Development Bank (EADB): established - 6 June 1967; effective - 1 December 1967

aim - to promote economic development

members - (3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS): established - 28
May 1975

aim - to promote regional economic cooperation

members - (15) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL): note - acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs

established - 20 September 1976

aim - to promote regional economic cooperation and integration

members - (3) Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda

Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO): established - 27-29 January 1985

aim - to promote regional cooperation in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic development

members - (10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

associate member - (1) "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus"

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU): note - an integral part of the
European Union; also known as the European Economic and Monetary Union

established - 1-2 December 1969 (proposed at summit conference of heads of government; 7 February 1992 (Maastricht Treaty signed)

aim - to promote a single market by creating a single currency, the euro; timetable - 2 May 1998: European exchange rates fixed for 1 January 1999; 1 January 1999: all banks and stock exchanges begin using euros; 1 January 2002: the euro goes into circulation; 1 July 2002 local currencies no longer accepted

members - (12) Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): established - 26 June 1945; effective - 24 October 1945

aim - to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes five regional commissions (Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and nine functional commissions (Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Commission on Population and Development, Statistical Commission, Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Commission on Sustainable Development, and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice)

members - (54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC): note - began as the North
Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC); an extension of NATO

established - 8 November 1991; effective - 20 December 1991

aim - to discuss cooperation on mutual political and security issues

members - (46) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD): established - 8-9 January 1990 (proposals made); 15 April 1991 (bank inaugurated)

aim - to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization

members - (62) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, EU, European Investment Bank
(EIB), Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan

European Community (or European Communities, EC): established 8 April 1965 to integrate the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), and to establish a completely integrated common market and an eventual federation of Europe; merged into the European Union (EU) on 7 February 1992; member states at the time of merger were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK

European Free Trade Association (EFTA): established - 4 January 1960; effective - 3 May 1960

aim - to promote expansion of free trade

members - (4) Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland

European Investment Bank (EIB): established - 25 March 1957; effective - 1 January 1958

aim - to promote economic development of the EU and its predecessors, the EEC and the EC

members - (25) Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN): note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire

established - 1 July 1953; effective - 29 September 1954

aim - to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only

members - (20) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK

observers - (8) European Commission, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), US

European Space Agency (ESA): established - 31 May 1975

aim - to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technology

members - (15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK

cooperating states - (2) Canada, Hungary

European Union (EU): note - see European Union entry at the end of the "country" listings

First World: another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): established - 16 October 1945

aim - to raise living standards and increase availability of agricultural products; a UN specialized agency

members - (187) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, Belarus, Brunei, Liechtenstein, Russia, and Singapore (185 total); plus Cook Islands and Niue

Four Dragons: the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group consists of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan; these countries are included in the IMF's "advanced economies" group

Franc Zone (FZ): note - also known as Conference des Ministres des
Finances des Pays de la Zone Franc

established - 1964

aim - to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked to the French franc

members - (16) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo

Front Line States (FLS): established to achieve black majority rule in
South Africa; has since gone out of existence; members included Angola,
Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

GUUAM: note-acronym standing for the member countries, Georgia,
Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova

established - 7 June 2001

aim - commits the countries to cooperation and assistance in social and economic development, the strengthening and broadening of trade and economic relations, and the development and effective use of transport and communications, highways, and related infrastructure crossing the boundaries of the member states

members - (4) Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine; note - Uzbekistan withdrew from GUUAM 5 May 2005

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): see the World Trade
Organization (WTO)

Group of 10 (G-10): note - also known as the Paris Club; includes the wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name persists despite increased membership

established - October 1962

aim - to coordinate credit policy

members - (19) Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US

nonstate participants - (4) BIS, EU, IMF, OECD

Group of 11 (G-11): note - also known as the Cartagena Group

established in 21-22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia, aim was to provide a forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America; members were: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Group of 15 (G-15): note - byproduct of the Nonaligned Movement; name persists despite increased membership

established - September 1989

aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; to act as the main political organ for the Nonaligned Movement

members - (17) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, Zimbabwe

Group of 2 (G-2): informal term that came into use about 1986; to facilitate bilateral economic cooperation between the two most powerful economic giants; members were Japan, US

Group of 24 (G-24): established - 1 August 1989

aim - to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the IMF

members - (24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana,
Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru,
Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago,
Venezuela

Group of 3 (G-3): established - September 1990

aim - mechanism for policy coordination

members - (3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela

Group of 5 (G-5): established - 22 September 1985

aim - to coordinate the economic policies of five major noncommunist economic powers

members - (5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US

Group of 6 (G-6): note - also known as Groupe des Six Sur le
Desarmement; not to be confused with the Big Six

established - 22 May 1984

aim - to achieve nuclear disarmament

members - (6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania

Group of 7 (G-7): note - membership is the same as the Big Seven

established - 22 September 1985

aim - to facilitate economic cooperation among the seven major noncommunist economic powers

members - (7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada and Italy

Group of 77 (G-77): established - 15 June1964; October 1967 first ministerial meeting

aim - to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name persists in spite of increased membership

members - (131 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile,
China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of
the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait,
Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Federated
States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,
Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation
Organization

Group of 8 (G-8): established - October 1975

aim - to facilitate economic cooperation among the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between December 1975 and 3 June 1977

members - (8) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, US

Group of 9 (G-9): established - NA

aim - to discuss matters of mutual interest on an informal basis

members - (8) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Sweden

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): note - also known as the Cooperation
Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

established - 25 May 1981

aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, and military affairs

members - (6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE

Indian Ocean Commission (InOC): established - 21 December 1982

aim - to organize and promote regional cooperation in all sectors, especially economic

members - (5) Comoros, France (for Reunion), Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB): note - also known as Banco
Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID)

established - 8 April 1959; effective - 30 December 1959

aim - to promote economic and social development in Latin America

members - (46) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium,
Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia,
Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France,
Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and
Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela

Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD): note - formerly known as Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD)

established - 15-16 January 1986 as the Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development; revitalized - 21 March 1996 as the Inter- Governmental Authority on Development

aim - to promote a social, economic, and scientific community among its members

members - (7) Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): established - 26 October 1956; effective - 29 July 1957

aim - to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy

members - (137) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina,
Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium,
Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Burkina Faso, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile,
China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,
Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala,
Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova,
Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and
Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,
UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD): note - also known as the World Bank

established - 22 July 1944; effective - 27 December 1945

aim - to provide economic development loans; a UN specialized agency

members - (184) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, Cuba, North Korea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, and Tuvalu

International Chamber of Commerce (ICC): established - 1919

aim - to promote free trade and private enterprise and to represent business interests at national and international levels

members - (89 national committees) Algeria, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,
Canada, Caribbean, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland,
France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South
Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico,
Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway,
Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): established - 7
December 1944; effective - 4 April 1947

aim - to promote international cooperation in civil aviation; a UN specialized agency

members - (188) includes all UN member countries except Dominica, East Timor, Liechtenstein, and Tuvalu (187 total); plus Cook Islands

International Civilian Support Mission in Haiti (MICAH): established
17 December 1999 to promote respect for human rights; members included
Argentina, Benin, Canada, France, India, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo,
Tunisia, US; closed 2001

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): established - 17
February 1863

aim - to provide humanitarian aid in wartime

members - (25 individuals) all Swiss nationals

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU): established
- December 1949

aim - to promote the trade union movement

members - (231 affiliated organizations in the following 153 countries
plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Albania, Algeria, Angola,
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,
Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,
Eritrea, Estonia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, French
Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Holy See, Honduras, Hong
Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon,
Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,
Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montserrat,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Caledonia, NZ,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania,
Russia, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Vanuatu, Venezuela,
Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization

International Court of Justice (ICJ): note - also known as the World
Court

established - 3 February 1946 superseded Permanent Court of International Justice

aim - primary judicial organ of the UN

members - (15 judges) elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council to represent all principal legal systems

International Criminal Court (ICCt): established - 11 April 2002

aim - to hold all individuals and countries accountable to international laws of conduct; to specify international standards of conduct; to provide an important mechanism for implementing these standards; to ensure that perpetrators are brought to justice

members (countries that have ratified the treaty) - (97) Afghanistan,
Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada,
Central African Republic, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica,
Croatia, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominica, East Timor, Ecuador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon,
The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, South Korea, Latvia, Lesotho,
Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Mali,
Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, Nauru,
Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San
Marino, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan,
Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia

signatory states (countries that have signed, but not ratified, the
treaty) - (46) Algeria, Angola, Armenia, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire,
Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau,
Haiti, Iran, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar,
Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Oman, Philippines,
Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Solomon
Islands, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Ukraine, UAE, US, Uzbekistan, Yemen,
Zimbabwe

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol): established - September 1923 set up as the International Criminal Police Commission; 13 June 1956 constitution modified and present name adopted

aim - to promote international cooperation among police authorities in fighting crime

members - (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua
and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa
Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan,
Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal,
Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao
Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,
Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

subbureaus - (14) American Samoa, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin
Islands, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, Montserrat,
Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caicos Islands, Virgin
Islands

International Development Association (IDA): established - 26 January 1960; effective - 24 September 1960

aim - to provide economic loans for low-income countries; UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate

members - (166)

##### Part I - (27 developed countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US

##### Part II - (139 less developed countries) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

International Energy Agency (IEA): established - 15 November 1974

aim - to promote cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and oil producers; established by the OECD

members - (27) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRCS): note - formerly known as League of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (LORCS)

established - 5 May 1919

aim - to organize, coordinate, and direct international relief actions; to promote humanitarian activities; to represent and encourage the development of National Societies; to bring help to victims of armed conflicts, refugees, and displaced people; to reduce the vulnerability of people through development programs

members - (182) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua
and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands,
Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States
of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

observers - (5 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Comoros, East Timor, Eritrea, Israel, Tuvalu, Palestine Liberation Organization

International Finance Corporation (IFC): established - 25 May 1955; effective - 24 July 1956

aim - to support private enterprise in international economic development; a UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate

members - (177) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa
Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madgascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali,
Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of
Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,
Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sebia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): established -
November 1974

aim - to promote agricultural development; a UN specialized agency

members - (163)

Category I - (23 industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US

Category II - (12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
UAE, Venezuela

Category III - (128 aid recipients) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola,
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook
Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Georgia, Ghana,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
India, Israel, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South
Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Macedonia,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe

International Hydrographic Organization (IHO): note - name changed from International Hydrographic Bureau on 22 September 1970

established - June 1919; effective - June 1921

aim - to train hydrographic surveyors and nautical cartographers to achieve standardization in nautical charts and electronic chart displays; to provide advice on nautical cartography and hydrography; to develop the sciences in the field of hydrography and techniques used for descriptive oceanograrphy

members - (74) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Belgium, Brazil, Burma, Canada, Chile, China (including Hong Kong and
Macau), Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Fiji,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, NZ,
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore, Slovenia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Thailand,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US,
Uruguay, Venezuela

membership pending - (3) Bulgaria, Mauritania, Qatar

International Labor Organization (ILO): established - 28 June 1919 set up as part of Treaty of Versailles; 11 April 1919 became operative; 14 December 1946 affiliated with the UN

aim - to deal with world labor issues; a UN specialized agency

members - (177) includes all UN member countries except Andorra,
Bhutan, Brunei, North Korea, Liechtenstein, Maldives, Marshall Islands,
Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, Tonga and
Tuvalu; note - includes the following dependencies: Netherlands
(Netherlands Antilles and Aruba)

International Maritime Organization (IMO): note - name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982

established - 6 March 1948 set up as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization; effective - 17 Mar 1958

aim - to deal with international maritime affairs; a UN specialized agency

members - (164) includes all UN member countries except Afghanistan,
Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Central African Republic, Chad, East Timor, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho,
Liechtenstein, Mali, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Niger,
Palau, Rwanda, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Zambia,
Zimbabwe

associate members - (3) Faroe Islands, Hong Kong, Macau

International Monetary Fund (IMF): established - 22 July 1944; effective - 27 December 1945

aim - to promote world monetary stability and economic development; a UN specialized agency

members - (184) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, Cuba, North Korea, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, Tuvalu; note - includes the following dependencies or areas of special interest: China (Hong Kong and Macau), Netherlands (Netherlands Antilles and Aruba)

International Olympic Committee (IOC): established - 23 June 1894

aim - to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games: 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy; 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China; 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada

National Olympic Committees - (201 and the Palestine Liberation
Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra,
Angola (suspended), Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,
Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands,
Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad,
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary,
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea,
Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles,
NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto
Rico, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Virgin Islands, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation
Organization

International Organization for Migration (IOM): note - established as
Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants
from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
(ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for
Migration (ICM) in Novem

established - 5 December 1951

aim - to facilitate orderly international emigration and immigration

members - (109) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina,
Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso,
Cambodia, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary,
Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South
Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South
Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania,
Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

observers - (25) Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi,
China, Cuba, Estonia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Holy See, India, Indonesia,
Jamaica, Macedonia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea,
Russia, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Somalia, Spain,
Turkmenistan, Vietnam

International Organization for Standardization (ISO): established -
February 1947

aim - to promote the development of international standards with a view to facilitating international exchange of goods and services and to developing cooperation in the sphere of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity

members - (99 national standards organizations) Algeria, Argentina,
Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bahrain,
Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ,
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and
Montenegro, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad
and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Zimbabwe

correspondent members - (36 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
Albania, Angola, Benin, Bolivia, Brunei, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Fiji, Guatemala, Guinea, Hong
Kong, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Macau, Madagascar,
Malawi, Moldova, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Swaziland,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Palestine Liberation Operation

subscriber members - (11) Antigua and Barbuda, Burundi, Cambodia, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Honduras, Lesotho, Niger, Tajikistan

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM): established - 1928

aim - to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS; formerly
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or LORCS) in peacetime

National Societies - (182 countries); note - same as membership for
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRCS)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU): established - 17 May 1865 set up as the International Telegraph Union; 9 December 1932 adopted present name; effective - 1 January 1934; affiliated with the UN - 15 November 1947

aim - to deal with world telecommunications issues; a UN specialized agency

members - (189) includes all UN member countries except East Timor, Palau, St. Kitts and Nevis (188 total); plus Holy See

Islamic Development Bank (IDB): established - 15 December 1973 by declaration of intent; effective - 12 August 1974

aim - to promote Islamic economic aid and social development

members - (54 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei,
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Cote d?Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt,
Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Oman, Pakistan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname,
Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE,
Uzbekistan, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

Latin American Economic System (LAES): note - also known as Sistema
Economico Latinoamericana (SELA)

established - 17 October 1975

aim - to promote economic and social development through regional cooperation

members - (27) Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago,
Uruguay, Venezuela

Latin American Integration Association (LAIA): note - also known as
Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)

established - 12 August 1980; effective - 18 March 1981

aim - to promote freer regional trade

members - (12) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

observers - (25) China, Corporacion Andina de Fomento, Costa Rica,
Dominican Republic, EC, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter-
American Development Bank, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on
Agriculture, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latin America Economic System,
Nicaragua, Organization of American States, Panama, Pan-American Health
Organization, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, United
Nations Development Program, United Nations Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean

League of Arab States (LAS): note - also known as Arab League (AL)

established - 22 March 1945

aim - aim - to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation

members - (21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria,
Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan,
Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

Monetary and Economic Community of Central Africa (CEMAC): note - was formerly the Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)

established - 8 December 1964; effective - 1 January 1966

aim - to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market

members - (6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA): established - 12
April 1988

aim - encourages flow of foreign direct investment among member countries by offering investment insurance, consultation, and negotiation on conditions for foreign investment and technical assistance; a UN specialized agency

members - (164) includes all UN member countries except Andorra,
Antigua and Barbuda, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Comoros, Cuba, Djibouti,
Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Kirabati, North Korea, Liberia, Liechtenstein,
Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Monaco, Nauru, NZ, Niger, San
Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Tonga, Tuvalu

Near Abroad: Russian term for the 14 non-Russian successor states of the USSR, in which 25 million ethnic Russians live and in which Moscow has expressed a strong national security interest; the 14 countries are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Nonaligned Movement (NAM): established - 1-6 September 1961

aim - to establish political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs

members - (114 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Algeria, Angola, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus,
Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon,
The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,
Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius,
Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines,
Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan,
Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization

observers - (13) Armenia, Belarus, Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Paraguay, Ukraine, Uruguay

guests - (28) Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US

Nordic Council (NC): established - 16 March 1952; effective - 12
February 1953

aim - to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation

members - (5) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Norway, Sweden

observers - (3) the Sami (Lapp) local parliaments of Finland, Norway, and Sweden

Nordic Investment Bank (NIB): established - 4 December 1975; effective - 1 June 1976

aim - to promote economic cooperation and development

members - (8) Denmark (including Faroe Islands and Greenland), Estonia, Finland (including Aland Islands), Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden

North: a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located in the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries (DCs)

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): established - 17 December 1992

aim - to eliminate trade barriers, promote fair competition, increase investment opportunities, provide protection of intellectual property rights, and create procedures to settle disputes

members - (3) Canada, Mexico, US

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): established - 4 April 1949

aim - to promote mutual defense and cooperation

members - (26) Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, UK, US

Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA): note - also known as OECD Nuclear Energy
Agency

established - 1 February 1958

aim - to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy; associated with OECD

members - (28) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): note - also known as the London
Suppliers Group or the London Group

established - 1974; effective - 1975

aim - to establish guidelines for exports of nuclear materials, processing equipment for uranium enrichment, and technical information to countries of proliferation concern and regions of conflict and instability

members - (44) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, China, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,
UK, US

observer - (1) European Commission (a policy-planning body for the EU)

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): established - 14 December 1960; effective - 30 September 1961

aim - to promote economic cooperation and development

members - (30) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US

special member - (1) EU

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): note - formerly the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) established 3 July 1975

established - 1 January 1995

aim - to foster the implementation of human rights, fundamental freedoms, democracy, and the rule of law; to act as an instrument of early warning, conflict prevention, and crisis management; and to serve as a framework for conventional arms control and confidence building measures

members - (55) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,
Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US,
Uzbekistan

partners for cooperation - (10) Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Mongolia, Morocco, Thailand, Tunisia

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW): established - 29 April 1997

aim - to enforce the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction; to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among the signatories of the Convention

members (countries that have ratified the Convention) - (167)
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chad,
Chile, China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, East Timor,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,
Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Holy See, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar,
Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,
Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan,
Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE,
UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe

signatory states (countries that have signed, but not ratified, the Convention) - (16) The Bahamas, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Liberia

Organization of African Unity (OAU): see African Union

Organization of American States (OAS): established - 14 April 1890 as the International Union of American Republics; 30 April 1948 adopted present charter; effective - 13 December 1951

aim - to promote regional peace and security as well as economic and social development

members - (35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela

observers - (59) Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, EU,
Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Holy See, Hungary,
India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, Yemen

Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC): established - 9 January 1968

aim - to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry

members - (11) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, UAE

Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS): established - 18 June 1981; effective - 4 July 1981

aim - to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation

members - (7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

associate member - (2) Anguilla, British Virgin Islands

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): established - 14
September 1960

aim - to coordinate petroleum policies

members - (11) Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC): established - 22-25
September 1969

aim - to promote Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs

members - (56 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei,
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt,
Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,
Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan,
Suriname, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Uganda, UAE, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization

observers - (10) Bosnia and Herzegovina, Central African Republic, ECO, LAS, Moro National Liberation Front, NAM, OAU, Thailand, Turkish Muslim Community of Kibris, UN

Pacific Community: note - formerly known as the South Pacific
Commission (SPC)

established - 6 February 1947; effective - 29 July 1948

aim - to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters

members - (27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France,
French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands,
Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands,
Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna

Pacific Islands Forum (PIF): note - formerly known as South Pacific
Forum (SPF)

established - 5 August 1971

aim - to promote regional cooperation in political matters

members - (16) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

observers - (3) East Timor, French Polynesia, New Caledonia

Paris Club: established - 1956

aim - to provide a forum for debtor countries to negotiate rescheduling of debt service payments or loans extended by governments or official agencies of participating countries; to help restore normal trade and project finance to debtor countries

members - (19) Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US

Partnership for Peace (PFP): established - 10-11 January 1994

aim - to expand and intensify political and military cooperation throughout Europe, increase stability, diminish threats to peace, and build relationships by promoting the spirit of practical cooperation and commitment to democratic principles that underpin NATO; program under the auspices of NATO

members - (22) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Croatia, Finland, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; note - a nation that becomes a member of NATO is no longer a member of PFP

Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA): established - 29 July 1899

aim - to facilitate the settlement of international disputes

members - (103) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium,
Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa
Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia,
Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,
Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malaysia,
Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria,
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Turkey, Uganda,
Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Rio Group (RG): note - formerly known as Grupo de los Ocho, established NA December 1986; composed of the Contadora Group and the Lima Group

established - 1988

aim - to consult on regional Latin American issues

members - (19) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, CARICOM, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela

Second World: another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states of the USSR and Eastern Europe, with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; the term is fading from use; see centrally planned economies

Shanghai Cooperative Organization (SCO): established - 15 June 1901

aim - to combat terrorism, extremism, and separatism; to safeguard regional security through mutual trust, disarmament, and cooperative security; and to increase cooperation in political, trade, economic, scientific and technological, cultural, and educational fields

members - (6) China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

observer - (1) Mongolia

South: a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs)

South American Community of Nations (CSN): established - 9 December 2004

aim - to coordinate common policies regarding multilateral organizations, to integrate physical infrastructure, and to consolidate the merger of CAN and Mercosur

members - (12) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela

South Asia Co-operative Environment Program (SACEP): established -
January 1983

aim - to promote regional cooperation in South Asia in the field of environment, both natural and human, and on issues of economic and social development; to support conservation and management of natural resources of the region

members - (8) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): established - 8 December 1985

aim - to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation

members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

South Pacific Forum (SPF): note - see Pacific Island Forum

South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement
(Sparteca): established - 1981

aim - to redress unequal trade relationships of Australia and New Zealand with small island economies in the Pacific region

members - (16) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

Southern African Customs Union (SACU): established - 11 December 1969

aim - to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters

members - (5) Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland

Southern African Development Community (SADC): note - evolved from the
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC)

established - 17 August 1992

aim - to promote regional economic development and integration

members - (14) Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) or Southern Common Market: note - also known as Mercado Comun del Cono Sur (Mercosur)

established - 26 March 1991

aim - to increase regional economic cooperation

members - (4) Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

associate members - (6) Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela

Third World: another term for the less developed countries; the term is obsolescent; see less developed countries (LDCs)

United Nations (UN): established - 26 June 1945; effective - 24
October 1945

aim - to maintain international peace and security and to promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems

constituent organizations - the UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows:

1) Secretariat

2) General Assembly: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UN
AIDS), International Research and Training Institute for the
Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), United Nations Center for Human
Settlements (UN-Habitat), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF),
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United
Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Drug Control Program
(UNDCP), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Institute for
Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), United Nations Institute for Training
and Research (UNITAR), United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice
Research Institute (UNICRI), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
United Nations Office of Project Services (UNOPS), United Nations
Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
(UNRWA), United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(UNRISD), United Nations System Staff College (UNSSC), and United
Nations University (UNU), World Food Program (WFP)

3) Security Council: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR),
United Nations Compensation Commission, United Nations Disengagement
Observer Force (UNDOF), United Nations Interim Administration Mission
in Kosovo (UNMIK), United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL),
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), United Nations Mission of
Support in East Timor (UNMISET), United Nations Military Observer Group
in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), United Nations Mission for the
Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), United Nations Mission in
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
(UNAMSIL), United Nations Monitoring and Verification Commission
(UNMOVIC), United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG), United
Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(MONUC), United Nations Peace-Keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), and
United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)

4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Commission for Social
Development, Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice,
Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotics Drugs, Commission
on Population and Development, Commission on Science and Technology for
Development, Commission on Sustainable Development, Commission on the
Status of Women, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific (ESCAP), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
(ESCWA), Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Economic Commission for
Europe (ECE), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO),
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Center for
Secretariat of Investment Disputes (ICSID), International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Development Association
(IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD), International Labor Organization
(ILO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), International
Monetary Fund (IMF), International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
Multilateral Investment Geographic Agency (MIGA), Statistical
Commission, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Forum on Forests, United Nations
Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Universal Postal Union
(UPU), World Health Organization (WHO), World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), World
Tourism Organization (WToO), and World Trade Organization (WTO)

5) Trusteeship Council (inactive; no trusteeships at this time)

6) International Court of Justice (ICJ)

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF): note - acronym retained from the predecessor organization, UN International Children's Emergency Fund

established - 11 December 1946

aim - to help establish child health and welfare services

members - (37) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): established - 30 December 1964

aim - to promote international trade

members - (192) all UN members plus Holy See

United Nations Development Program (UNDP): established - 22 November 1965

aim - to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social development

members (executive board) - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF): established - 31
May 1974

aim - to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli cease-fire; established by the UN Security Council

members - (6) Austria, Canada, Japan, Nepal, Poland, Slovakia

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO): established - 16 November 1945; effective - 4 November 1946

aim - to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture

members - (190) includes all UN member countries except Brunei, Liechtenstein, and Singapore (188 total); plus Cook Islands and Niue

associate members - (6) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Tokelau

United Nations Environment Program (UNEP): established - 15 December 1972

aim - to promote international cooperation on all environmental matters

members - (58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

United Nations General Assembly: established - 26 June 1945; effective - 24 October 1945

aim - to function as the primary deliberative organ of the UN

members - (191) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR): established - 3
December 1949; effective - 1 January 1951

aim - to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent solutions to refugee problems

members (executive committee) - (66) Algeria, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Denmark,
Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guinea,
Holy See, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya,
South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan,
Philippines, Poland, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Somalia, South
Africa, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia,
Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO): established - 17 November 1966; effective - 1 January 1967

aim - UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development especially among the members

members - (171) includes all UN member countries except Andorra,
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Estonia, Iceland,
Kiribati, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Federated States of
Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Solomon
Islands, Tuvalu, US

United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR): established - 11 December 1963 adoption of the resolution establishing the Institute; effective - 24 March 1965

aim - to help the UN become more effective through training and research

members (Board of Trustees) - (21) Austria, Brazil, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Ghana, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US; note - the UN Secretary General can appoint up to 30 members

United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK): established - 10 June 1999

aim - to promote the establishment of substantial autonomy and self- government in Kosovo; to perform basic civilian administrative functions; to support the reconstruction of key infrastructure and humanitarian and disaster relief

members - (50) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt,
Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland,
Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mauritius, Nepal, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Zambia, Zimbabwe

United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL): established - 19
March 1978

aim - to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, and assist in reestablishing Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; established by the UN Security Council

members - (7) France, Ghana, India, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Ukraine

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP): established - 24 January 1949

aim - to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan cease-fire; established by the UN Security Council

members - (9) Belgium, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Italy, South Korea, Sweden, Uruguay

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO): established - 29 April 1991

aim - to supervise the cease-fire and conduct a referendum in Western Sahara; established by the UN Security Council

members - (24) Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Croatia, Egypt, El
Slavador, France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Kenya, South Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Pakistan,
Poland, Russia, Sri Lanka, Uruguay

United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE): established - 31 July 2000

aim - to monitor the cessation of hostilities

members - (41) Algeria, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Iran,
Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Namibia, Nepal, Nigeria, Norway,
Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tanzania, Tunisia, Ukraine, US, Uruguay, Zambia

United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL): established - 19 September 2003

aim - to support the cease-fire agreement and peace process, protect UN facilities and people, support humanitarian activities, and assist in national security reform

members - (48) Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China,
Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Ethiopia, Finland, France, The Gambia, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland,
Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,
Moldova, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro,
South Africa, Sweden, Togo, Ukraine, UK, US, Zambia

United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL): established - 22
October 1999

aim - to cooperate with the Government of Sierra Leone and the other parties to the Peace Agreement in the implementation of the agreement; to monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone; to monitor the disarmament and demobilization of combatants and members of the Civil Defense Forces (CFD); to assist in monitoring respect for international humanitarian law

members - (31) Bangladesh, Bolivia, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Egypt, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Guinea,
Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Mali, Nepal, NZ,
Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Tanzania, Thailand,
Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Zambia

United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET): established - 17 May 2002

aim - to provide assistance to structures critical to political stability; to provide law enforcement and public security and to assist in the development of law enforcement agencies; to contribute to external security

members - (16) Australia, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Denmark, Fiji, Jordan, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Sweden

United Nations Monitoring, Verification, and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC): note - formerly known as United Nations Special Commission for the Elimination of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (UNSCOM)

established - December 1999

aim - to identify, account for, and eliminate Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and the capacity to produce them

commissioners - (15) Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, Senegal, Ukraine, UK, US; note - the organization's mandate has been extended up to early 2006

United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG): established - 24
August 1993

aim - to verify compliance with the cease-fire agreement, to monitor weapons exclusion zone, and to supervise CIS peacekeeping force for Abkhazia; established by the UN Security Council

members - (23) Albania, Austria, Bangladesh, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Jordan, South
Korea, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine,
UK, US, Uruguay

United Nations Operation in Burundi (ONUB): established - 21 May 2004

aim - to support and help implement the efforts undertaken by Burundians to restore lasting peace and bring about national reconciliation

members - (44) Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Chad,
China, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea,
India, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mozambique,
Nambia, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia

United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI): established - 27
February 2004

aim - to facilitate the implementation by the Ivorian parties of the peace agreement signed by them in January 2003

members - (41) Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chad,
China, Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El
Salvador, France, The Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, India, Ireland,
Jordan, Kenya, Moldova, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay, Yemen, Zambia

United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo (MONUC): established - 30 November 1999

aim - to establish contacts with the signatories to the cease-fire agreement and to plan for the observation of the cease-fire and disengagement of forces

members - (47) Algeria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, China, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Egypt, France, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan,
Kenya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal,
Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,
Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Zambia

United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP): established - 4 March 1964

aim - to serve as a peacekeeping force between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus; established by the UN Security Council

(10) Argentina, Austria, Canada, Croatia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Slovakia, UK, Uruguay

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): note - acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for Population Activities

established - July 1967

aim - to assist both developed and developing countries to deal with their population problems

members (executive board ) - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East (UNRWA): established - 8 December 1949

aim - to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees

members (advisory commission) - (10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, UK, US

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD): established - 1963

aim - to conduct research into the problems of economic development during different phases of economic growth

members - no country members, but a Board of Directors consisting of a chairman appointed by the UN secretary general and 10 individual members

United Nations Secretariat: established - 26 June 1945; effective - 24
October 1945

aim - to serve as the primary administrative organ of the UN; a Secretary General is appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council

members - the UN Secretary General and staff

United Nations Security Council (UNSC): established - 26 June 1945; effective - 24 October 1945

aim - to maintain international peace and security

permanent members - (5) China, France, Russia, UK, US

nonpermanent members - (10) elected for two-year terms by the UN General Assembly; Algeria (2004-05), Argentina (2005-06), Benin (2004- 05), Brazil (2004-05), Denmark (2005-06), Greece (2005-06), Japan (2005-06), Philippines (2004-05), Romania (2004-05), Tanzania (2005-06)

United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH): established - 30 April 2004

aim - to stabilize Haiti in many areas for at least six months

members - (20) Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Jordan, Nepal, Morocco, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, US, Uruguay

United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO): established -
June 1948

aim - to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli cease-fire; currently supports timely deployment of reinforcements to other peacekeeping operations in the region as needed; initially established by the UN Security Council

members - (23) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile,
China, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden,
Switzerland, US

United Nations Trusteeship Council: established on 26 June 1945, effective on 24 October 1945, to supervise the administration of the 11 UN trust territories; members were China, France, Russia, UK, US; it formally suspended operations 1 November 1995 after the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) became the Republic of Palau, a constitutional government in free association with the US; the Trusteeship Council was not dissolved

United Nations University (UNU): established - 3 December 1973

aim - to conduct research in development, welfare, and human survival and to train scholars

members - (24 members of UNU Council and the Rector are appointed by the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Director General of UNESCO)

Universal Postal Union (UPU): established - 9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947; effective - 1 July 1948

aim - to promote international postal cooperation; a UN specialized agency

members - (188) includes all UN member countries except Andorra,
Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau (187
total); plus Holy See; note - includes the following dependencies or
areas of special interest: Australia (Norfolk Island), China (Hong
Kong, Macau), Denmark (Faroe Islands, Greenland), France (French
Guiana, French Polynesia, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion,
St. Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna), Netherlands (Aruba,
Netherlands Antilles), NZ (Cook Island, Niue, Tokelau), UK (Guernsey,
Jersey, Isle of Man; Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman
Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn, Saint
Helena, Turks and Caicos), US (American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico,
Virgin Islands)

Warsaw Pact (WP): established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states at the time of dissolution were: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR; earlier members included GDR and Albania

West African Development Bank (WADB): note - also known as Banque
Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD); is a financial institution of
WAEMU

established - 14 November 1973

aim - to promote regional economic development and integration

regional members - (9) Central Bank of West African States, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo

international/nonregional members - (5) African Development Bank, Belgium, European Investment Bank, France, Germany

West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): note - also known as
Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA)

established - 1 August 1994

aim - to increase competitiveness of members' economic markets; to create a common market

members - (8) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo

Western European Union (WEU): established - 23 October 1954; effective - 6 May 1955

aim - to provide mutual defense and to move toward political unification

members - (10) Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK; affiliate members - (8) Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland. Slovakia, Slovenia

associate members - (3) Iceland, Norway, Turkey; affiliate associate members - (2) Bulgaria, Romania

observers - (5) Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden; affiliate observers - (2) Cyprus, Malta

World Bank Group: includes International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), International Development Association (IDA),
International Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

World Confederation of Labor (WCL): established - 19 June 1920 as the
International Federation of Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4
October 1

aim - to promote the trade union movement

members - (102 national organizations) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic,
Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of
the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, French
Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Liberia, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malawi, Malta,
Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia,
Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Niger, Pakistan, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania,
Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and
Principe, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland,
Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, US, Uruguay,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe

World Customs Organization (WCO): note - began as the Customs
Cooperation Council (CCC)

established - 15 December 1950

aim - to promote international cooperation in customs matters

members - (164) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bermuda,
Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso,
Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d?Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, East Timor,
Ecuador, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho,
Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands,
Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine,
UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe

World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU): established - 3 October 1945

aim - to promote the trade union movement

members - (125 and the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan,
Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Benin,
Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of
the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, French Guiana, The Gambia, Ghana,
Greece, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti,
Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali,
Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, New Caledonia, NZ,
Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, Russia,
Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon
Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Syria,
Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization

World Food Program (WFP): established - 24 November 1961

aim - to provide food aid in support of economic development or disaster relief; an ECOSOC organization

members - (36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions

World Health Organization (WHO): established - 22 July 1946; effective - 7 April 1948

aim - to deal with health matters worldwide; a UN specialized agency

members - (192) includes all UN member countries except Liechtenstein (190 total); plus Cook Islands and Niue

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO): established - 14 July 1967; effective - 26 April 1970

aim - to furnish protection for literary, artistic, and scientific works; a UN specialized agency

members - (181) includes all UN member countries except Afghanistan, Comoros, East Timor, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu (180 total); plus Holy See

World Meteorological Organization (WMO): established - 11 October 1947; effective - 4 April 1951

aim - to sponsor meteorological cooperation; a UN specialized agency

members - (187) includes all UN member countries except Andorra, East
Timor, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands,
Nauru, Palau, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, San
Marino, Tuvalu (179 total); plus British Caribbean Territories, Cook
Islands, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, New
Caledonia, and Niue

World Tourism Organization (WToO): established - 2 January 1975

aim - to promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic development, international understanding, and peace

members - (144) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras,
Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland,
Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

associate members - (7) Aruba, Flanders, Hong Kong, Macau, Madeira Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico

observers - (2) Holy See, Palestine Liberation Organization

World Trade Organization (WTO): note - succeeded General Agreement on
Tariff and Trade (GATT)

established - 15 April 1994; effective - 1 January 1995

aim - to provide a forum to resolve trade conflicts between members and to carry on negotiations with the goal of further lowering and/or eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers

members - (148) Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina
Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African
Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, EC, Fiji, Finland,
France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada,
Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands,
NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua
New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,
Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Zambia, Zimbabwe

observers - (31) Afghanistan, Algeria, Andorra, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Belarus, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, Russia, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tonga, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen; note - must start accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers

Zangger Committee (ZC): established - early 1970s

aim - to establish guidelines for the export control provisions of the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT)

members - (35) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey Ukraine, UK,
US

advanced developing countries: another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)

advanced economies: a term used by the International Monetary FUND (IMF) for the top group in its hierarchy of advanced economies, countries in transition, and developing countries; it includes the following 28 advanced economies: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, US; note - this group would presumably also cover the following seven smaller countries of Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino that are included in the more comprehensive group of "developed countries"

centrally planned economies: a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more democratic and market- oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, USSR, Vietnam

countries in transition: a term used by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for the middle group in its hierarchy of advanced economies, countries in transition, and developing countries; IMF statistics include the following 28 countries in transition: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; note - this group is identical to the group traditionally referred to as the "former USSR/Eastern Europe" except for the addition of Mongolia

developed countries (DCs): the top group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GDP in excess of $10,000 although four OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 34 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note - similar to the new International Monetary Fund (IMF) term "advanced economies" that adds Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan but drops Malta, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey

developing countries: a term used by the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) for the bottom group in its hierarchy of advanced economies,
countries in transition, and developing countries; IMF statistics
include the following 126 developing countries: Afghanistan, Algeria,
Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil,
Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central
African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya,
Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Morocco, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar,
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal,
Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri
Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - this category would
presumably also cover the following 46 other countries that are
traditionally included in the more comprehensive group of "less
developed countries": American Samoa, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands,
Brunei, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands,
Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gaza
Strip, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guernsey,
Jersey, North Korea, Macau, Isle of Man, Martinique, Mayotte,
Montserrat, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern
Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint
Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos
Islands, Tuvalu, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western
Sahara

former Soviet Union (FSU): former term often used to identify as a group the successor nations to the Soviet Union or USSR; this group of 15 countries consists of: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE): the middle group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic transition and may well be grouped differently in the near future; this group of 27 countries consists of: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia; this group is identical to the IMF group "countries in transition" except for the IMF's inclusion of Mongolia

high income countries: another term for the industrialized countries with high per capita GDPs; see developed countries (DCs)

industrial countries: another term for the developed countries; see developed countries (DCs)

least developed countries (LLDCs): that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economic growth, per capita GDPs normally less than $1,000, and low literacy rates; also known as the undeveloped countries; the 42 LLDCs are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen

less developed countries (LDCs): the bottom group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries and dependent areas with low levels of output, living standards, and technology; per capita GDPs are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,500; however, the group also includes a number of countries with high per capita incomes, areas of advanced technology, and rapid rates of growth; includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 172 LDCs are: Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note - similar to the new International Monetary Fund (IMF) term "developing countries" which adds Malta, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey but omits in its recently published statistics American Samoa, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gaza Strip, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guernsey, Jersey, North Korea, Macau, Isle of Man, Martinique, Mayotte, Montserrat, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara

low-income countries: another term for those less developed countries with below-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)

middle-income countries: another term for those less developed countries with above-average per capita GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs)

new independent states (NIS): a term referring to all the countries of the FSU except the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania)

newly industrializing countries (NICs): former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs)

newly industrializing economies (NIEs): that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan), and Brazil

socialist countries: in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of the major factors of production; note - the term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries

underdeveloped countries: refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs)

undeveloped countries: refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Appendix C - Selected International Environmental Agreements

Air Pollution

see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes

Antarctic - Environmental Protocol

see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Antarctic Treaty

opened for signature - 1 December 1959

entered into force - 23 June 1961

objective - to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes only (such as international cooperation in scientific research); to defer the question of territorial claims asserted by some nations and not recognized by others; to provide an international forum for management of the region; applies to land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees South latitude

parties - (45) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala,
Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands,
NZ, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia,
South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US,
Uruguay, Venezuela

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and Their Disposal

note - abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes

opened for signature - 22 March 1989

entered into force - 5 May 1992

objective - to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate

parties - (149) Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,
Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina
Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU,
Finland, France, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea,
Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States
of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia
and Montenegro, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South
Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania,
Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen,
Zambia

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Afghanistan, Haiti, US

Biodiversity

see Convention on Biological Diversity

Climate Change

see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

see Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

note - abbreviated as Antarctic Seals

opened for signature - 1 June 1972

entered into force - 11 March 1978

objective - to promote and achieve the protection, scientific study, and rational use of Antarctic seals, and to maintain a satisfactory balance within the ecological system of Antarctica

parties - (16) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, South Africa, UK, US

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) NZ

Convention on Biological Diversity

note - abbreviated as Biodiversity

opened for signature - 5 June 1992

entered into force - 29 December 1993

objective - to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity

parties - (182) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad,
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea,
Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan,
Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico,
Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia,
Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia,
Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo,
Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (6) Afghanistan, Kuwait, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, Tuvalu, US

Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High
Seas

note - abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation

opened for signature - 29 April 1958

entered into force - 20 March 1966

objective - to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited

parties - (37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina
Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland,
France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Serbia and
Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain,
Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US,
Venezuela

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (21) Afghanistan,
Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ,
Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

note - abbreviated as Air Pollution

opened for signature - 13 November 1979

entered into force - 16 March 1983

objective - to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution

parties - (48) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova,
Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia
and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,
Ukraine, UK, US

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (2) Holy See, San Marino

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as
Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)

note - abbreviated as Wetlands

opened for signature - 2 February 1971

entered into force - 21 December 1975

objective - to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value

parties - (125) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus,
Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana,
Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Canada, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the
Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon,
The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-
Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Latvia,
Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco,
Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger,
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia and
Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri
Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand,
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US,
Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Marine Living Resources

opened for signature - 5 May 1980

entered into force - 7 April 1982

objective - to safeguard the environment and protect the integrity of the ecosystem of the seas surrounding Antarctica, and to conserve Antarctic marine living resources

parties - (31) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada,
Chile, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South
Africa, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)

note - abbreviated as Endangered Species

opened for signature - 3 March 1973

entered into force - 1 July 1975

objective - to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits

parties - (156) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei,
Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada,
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France,
Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria,
Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao
Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand,
Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK,
US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia,
Zimbabwe

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (3) Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and
Other Matter (London Convention)

note - abbreviated as Marine Dumping

opened for signature - 29 December 1972

entered into force - 30 August 1975

objective - to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention

parties - (78) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia,
Azerbaijan, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde,
Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt,
Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
Hong Kong (associate member), Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy,
Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Libya,
Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ,
Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Serbia and Montenegro,
Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname,
Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Vanuatu

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of
Environmental Modification Techniques

note - abbreviated as Environmental Modification

opened for signature - 10 December 1976

entered into force - 5 October 1978

objective - to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations

parties - (66) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ,
Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe,
Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tajikistan, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam,
Yemen

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (17) Bolivia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran,
Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal,
Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda

Desertification

see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa

Endangered Species

see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

Environmental Modification

see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

Hazardous Wastes

see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

note - abbreviated as Whaling

opened for signature - 2 December 1946

entered into force - 10 November 1948

objective - to protect all species of whales from overhunting; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks

parties - (42) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Brazil, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Finland, France,
Germany, Grenada, Guinea, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kenya, South
Korea, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Oman, Panama,
Peru, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, UK, US

International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83

opened for signature - 18 November 1983

entered into force - 1 April 1985; this agreement expired when the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, went into force

objective - to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources

parties - (54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,
Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU,
Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras,
India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia,
Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela

International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

note - abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94

opened for signature - 26 January 1994

entered into force - 1 January 1997

objective - to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective

parties - (58) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire,
Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany,
Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands,
NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal,
Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and
Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Ireland

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change

note - abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

opened for signature - 16 March 1998

entered into force - 23 February 2005

objective - to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries

parties - (144) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium,
Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cook
Island, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Estonia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Georgia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,
Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Mongolia,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar,
Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon
Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland,
Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan,
Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan,
Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (6) Australia, Croatia, Kazakhstan, Monaco, US, Zambia

Law of the Sea

see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)

Marine Dumping

see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)

Marine Life Conservation

see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas

Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

< I>note - abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection

opened for signature - 16 September 1987

entered into force - 1 January 1989

objective - to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions of substances that deplete it

parties - (183) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas,
Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin,
Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria,
Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde,
Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica,
Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador,
Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana,
Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,
North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon,
Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of
Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles,
Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia,
South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda,
Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam,
Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Nuclear Test Ban

see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water

Ozone Layer Protection

see Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)

note - abbreviated as Ship Pollution

opened for signature - 17 February 1978

entered into force - 2 October 1983

objective - to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances

parties - (119) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada,
Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica,
Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon,
Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall
Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands,
NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe,
Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey,
Tuvalu, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

note - abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

opened for signature - 4 October 1991

entered into force - 14 January 1998

objective - to provide for comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems; applies to the area covered by the Antarctic Treaty

consultative parties - (27) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Chile, China, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, India,
Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland,
Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, US, Uruguay

non consultative parties - (16) Austria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or
Their Transboundary Fluxes

note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides

opened for signature - 31 October 1988

entered into force - 14 February 1991

objective - to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes

parties - (28) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (1) Poland

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes

note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

opened for signature - 18 November 1991

entered into force - 29 September 1997

objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects

parties - (21) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein,
Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, UK

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (6) Canada, EU, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, US

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94

opened for signature - 14 June 1994

entered into force - 5 August 1998

objective - to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes

parties - (23) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (5) Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Ukraine

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants

note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

opened for signature - 24 June 1998

entered into force - 23 October 2003

objective - to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of persistent organic pollutants in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects

parties - (22) Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Romania,
Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (14) Armenia, Belgium, Croatia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Ukraine, UK, US

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary
Fluxes by at Least 30%

note - abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85

opened for signature - 8 July 1985

entered into force - 2 September 1987

objective - to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993

parties - (22) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine

Ship Pollution

see Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)

Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water

note - abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban

opened for signature - 5 August 1963

entered into force - 10 October 1963

objective - to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons

parties - (113) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan,
Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma,
Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece,
Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea,
Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi,
Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San
Marino, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan,
Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Togo, Tonga,
Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, Zambia

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (17) Algeria,
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chile, Ethiopia, Haiti, Libya, Mali,
Pakistan, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Tanzania, Uruguay, Vietnam,
Yemen

Tropical Timber 83

see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

Tropical Timber 94

see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)

note - abbreviated as Law of the Sea

opened for signature - 10 December 1982

entered into force - 16 November 1994

objective - to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment

parties - (148) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda,
Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma,
Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic
Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire,
Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica,
Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia,
Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-
Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia,
Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South
Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco,
Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New
Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia
and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen,
Zambia, Zimbabwe

countries that have signed, but not yet ratified - (29) Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African
Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, El
Salvador, Ethiopia, Iran, North Korea, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Liechtenstein, Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Niger, Niue, Rwanda,
Swaziland, Switzerland, Thailand, UAE

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in
Africa

note - abbreviated as Desertification

opened for signature - 14 October 1994

entered into force - 26 December 1996

objective - to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements

parties - (178) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma,
Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote
d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The
Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India,
Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg,
Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova,
Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal,
Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman,
Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines,
Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome
and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain,
Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Thailand, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago,
Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay,
Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

note - abbreviated as Climate Change

opened for signature - 9 May 1992

entered into force - 21 March 1994

objective - to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system

parties - (189) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The
Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil,
Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon,
Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China,
Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the
Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia,
Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia,
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran,
Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya,
Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia,
Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta,
Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of
Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia,
Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway,
Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa,
San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and
Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname,
Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand,
Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan,
Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu,
Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Wetlands

see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)

Whaling

see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Appendix D - Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes

FIPS 10-4: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions (FIPS PUB 10-4) is maintained by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues (Department of State) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Department of Commerce). FIPS 10-4 codes are intended for general use throughout the US Government, especially in activities associated with the mission of the Department of State and national defense programs.

ISO 3166:Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries (ISO 3166) is prepared by the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3166 includes two- and three-character alphabetic codes and three-digit numeric codes that may be needed for activities involving exchange of data with international organizations that have adopted that standard. Except for the numeric codes, ISO 3166 codes have been adopted in the US as FIPS 104-1: American National Standard Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, Dependencies, and Areas of Special Sovereignty for Information Interchange.

Internet: The Internet country code is the two-letter digraph maintained by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the ISO 3166 Alpha-2 list and used by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to establish country-coded top-level domains (ccTLDs).

Entity FIPS 10-4 ISO 3166 Internet Comment

Afghanistan AF AF AFG 004 .af
Albania AL AL ALB 008 .al
Algeria AG DZ DZA 012 .dz
American Samoa AQ AS ASM 016 .as
Andorra AN AD AND 020 .ad
Angola AO AO AGO 024 .ao
Anguilla AV AI AIA 660 .ai
Antarctica AY AQ ATA 010 .aq
ISO defines as the territory south of 60 degrees south latitude

Antigua and Barbuda AC AG ATG 028 .ag
Argentina AR AR ARG 032 .ar
Armenia AM AM ARM 051 .am
Aruba AA AW ABW 533 .aw
Ashmore and Cartier IslandsAT - - -
ISO includes with Australia

Australia AS AU AUS 036 .au
ISO includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands

Austria AU AT AUT 040 .at
Azerbaijan AJ AZ AZE 031 .az
Bahamas, The BF BS BHS 044 .bs
Bahrain BA BH BHR 048 .bh
Baker Island FQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Bangladesh BG BD BGD 050 .bd
Barbados BB BB BRB 052 .bb
Bassas da India BS - - - -
administered from Reunion; no ISO codes assigned

Belarus BO BY BLR 112 .by
Belgium BE BE BEL 056 .be
Belize BH BZ BLZ 084 .bz
Benin BN BJ BEN 204 .bj
Bermuda BD BM BMU 060 .bm
Bhutan BT BT BTN 064 .bt
Bolivia BL BO BOL 068 .bo
Bosnia and
Herzegovina BK BA BIH 070 .ba
Botswana BC BW BWA 072 .bw
Bouvet Island BV BV BVT 074 .bv
Brazil BR BR BRA 076 .br
British Indian
Ocean Territory IO IO IOT 086 .io
British Virgin
Islands VI VG VGB 092 .vg
Brunei BX BN BRN 096 .bn
Bulgaria BU BG BGR 100 .bg
Burkina Faso UV BF BFA 854 .bf
Burma BM MM MMR 104 .mm
ISO uses the name Myanmar

Burundi BY BI BDI 108 .bi
Cambodia CB KH KHM 116 .kh
Cameroon CM CM CMR 120 .cm
Canada CA CA CAN 124 .ca
Cape Verde CV CV CPV 132 .cv
Cayman Islands CJ KY CYM 136 .ky
Central African
Republic CT CF CAF 140 .cf
Chad CD TD TCD 148 .td
Chile CI CL CHL 152 .cl
China CH CN CHN 156 .cn
see also Taiwan

Christmas Island KT CX CXR 162 .cx
Clipperton Island IP - - -
ISO includes with French Polynesia

Cocos (Keeling)
Islands CK CC CCK 166 .cc
Colombia CO CO COL 170 .co
Comoros CN KM COM 174 .km
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the CG CD COD 180 .cd
formerly Zaire

Congo, Republic
of the CF CG COG 178 .cg
Cook Islands CW CK COK 184 .ck
Coral Sea Islands CR - - -
ISO includes with Australia

Costa Rica CS CR CRI 188 .cr
Cote d'Ivoire IV CI CIV 384 .ci
Croatia HR HR HRV 191 .hr
Cuba CU CU CUB 192 .cu
Cyprus CY CY CYP 196 .cy
Czech Republic EZ CZ CZE 203 .cz
Denmark DA DK DNK 208 .dk
Djibouti DJ DJ DJI 262 .dj
Dominica DO DM DMA 212 .dm
Dominican Republic DR DO DOM 214 .do
East Timor TT TL TLS 626 .tl
Ecuador EC EC ECU 218 .ec
Egypt EG EG EGY 818 .eg
El Salvador ES SV SLV 222 .sv
Equatorial Guinea EK GQ GNQ 226 .gq
Eritrea ER ER ERI 232 .er
Estonia EN EE EST 233 .ee
Ethiopia ET ET ETH 231 .et
Europa Island EU - - - -
administered from Reunion; no ISO codes assigned

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)FKFKFLK 238 .fk
Faroe Islands FO FO FRO 234 .fo
Fiji FJ FJ FJI 242 .fj
Finland FI FI FIN 246 .fi
France FR FR FRA 250 .fr
France,
Metropolitan - FX FXX 249 .fx
ISO limits to the European part of France, excluding French
Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint
Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna

French Guiana FG GF GUF 254 .gf
French Polynesia FP PF PYF 258 .pf
ISO includes Clipperton Island

French Southern
and Antarctic
Lands FS TF ATF 260 .tf
FIPS 10-4 does not include the French-claimed portion of
Antarctica (Terre Adelie)

Gabon GB GA GAB 266 .ga
Gambia, The GA GM GMB 270 .gm
Gaza Strip GZ PS PSE 275 .ps
ISO identifies as Occupied Palestinian Territory

Georgia GG GE GEO 268 .ge
Germany GM DE DEU 276 .de
Ghana GH GH GHA 288 .gh
Gibraltar GI GI GIB 292 .gi
Glorioso Islands GO - - - -
administered from Reunion; no ISO codes assigned

Greece GR GR GRC 300 .gr
Greenland GL GL GRL 304 .gl
Grenada GJ GD GRD 308 .gd
Guadeloupe GP GP GLP 312 .gp
Guam GQ GU GUM 316 .gu
Guatemala GT GT GTM 320 .gt
Guernsey GK - - .gg
ISO includes with the UK

Guinea GV GN GIN 324 .gn
Guinea-Bissau PU GW GNB 624 .gw
Guyana GY GY GUY 328 .gy
Haiti HA HT HTI 332 .ht
Heard Island and
McDonald Islands HM HM HMD 334 .hm
Holy See
(Vatican City) VT VA VAT 336 .va
Honduras HO HN HND 340 .hn
Hong Kong HK HK HKG 344 .hk
Howland Island HQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Hungary HU HU HUN 348 .hu
Iceland IC IS ISL 352 .is
India IN IN IND 356 .in
Indonesia ID ID IDN 360 .id
Iran IR IR IRN 364 .ir
Iraq IZ IQ IRQ 368 .iq
Ireland EI IE IRL 372 .ie
Israel IS IL ISR 376 .il
Italy IT IT ITA 380 .it
Jamaica JM JM JAM 388 .jm
Jan Mayen JN - - -
ISO includes with Svalbard

Japan JA JP JPN 392 .jp
Jarvis Island DQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Jersey JE - - .je
ISO includes with the UK

Johnston Atoll JQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Jordan JO JO JOR 400 .jo Juan de Nova Island JU - - - - adminstered from Reunion; no ISO codes assigned

Kazakhstan KZ KZ KAZ 398 .kz
Kenya KE KE KEN 404 .ke
Kingman Reef KQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Kiribati KR KI KIR 296 .ki
Korea, North KN KP PRK 408 .kp
Korea, South KS KR KOR 410 .kr
Kuwait KU KW KWT 414 .kw
Kyrgyzstan KG KG KGZ 417 .kg
Laos LA LA LAO 418 .la
Latvia LG LV LVA 428 .lv
Lebanon LE LB LBN 422 .lb
Lesotho LT LS LSO 426 .ls
Liberia LI LR LBR 430 .lr
Libya LY LY LBY 434 .ly
Liechtenstein LS LI LIE 438 .li
Lithuania LH LT LTU 440 .lt
Luxembourg LU LU LUX 442 .lu
Macau MC MO MAC 446 .mo
Macedonia MK MK MKD 807 .mk
Madagascar MA MG MDG 450 .mg
Malawi MI MW MWI 454 .mw
Malaysia MY MY MYS 458 .my
Maldives MV MV MDV 462 .mv
Mali ML ML MLI 466 .ml
Malta MT MT MLT 470 .mt
Man, Isle of IM - - .im
ISO includes with the UK

Marshall Islands RM MH MHL 584 .mh
Martinique MB MQ MTQ 474 .mq
Mauritania MR MR MRT 478 .mr
Mauritius MP MU MUS 480 .mu
Mayotte MF YT MYT 175 .yt
Mexico MX MX MEX 484 .mx
Micronesia,
Federated
States of FM FM FSM 583 .fm
Midway Islands MQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Moldova MD MD MDA 498 .md
Monaco MN MC MCO 492 .mc
Mongolia MG MN MNG 496 .mn
Montserrat MH MS MSR 500 .ms
Morocco MO MA MAR 504 .ma
Mozambique MZ MZ MOZ 508 .mz
Myanmar - - - -
see Burma

Namibia WA NA NAM 516 .na
Nauru NR NR NRU 520 .nr
Navassa Island BQ - - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Nepal NP NP NPL 524 .np
Netherlands NL NL NLD 528 .nl
Netherlands
Antilles NT AN ANT 530 .an
New Caledonia NC NC NCL 540 .nc
New Zealand NZ NZ NZL 554 .nz
Nicaragua NU NI NIC 558 .ni
Niger NG NE NER 562 .ne
Nigeria NI NG NGA 566 .ng
Niue NE NU NIU 570 .nu
Norfolk Island NF NF NFK 574 .nf
Northern Mariana
Islands CQ MP MNP 580 .mp
Norway NO NO NOR 578 .no
Oman MU OM OMN 512 .om
Pakistan PK PK PAK 586 .pk
Palau PS PW PLW 585 .pw
Palmyra Atoll LQ - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Panama PM PA PAN 591 .pa
Papua New Guinea PP PG PNG 598 .pg
Paracel Islands PF - - -
Paraguay PA PY PRY 600 .py
Peru PE PE PER 604 .pe
Philippines RP PH PHL 608 .ph
Pitcairn Islands PC PN PCN 612 .pn
Poland PL PL POL 616 .pl
Portugal PO PT PRT 620 .pt
Puerto Rico RQ PR PRI 630 .pr
Qatar QA QA QAT 634 .qa
Reunion RE RE REU 638 .re
Romania RO RO ROU 642 .ro
Russia RS RU RUS 643 .ru
Rwanda RW RW RWA 646 .rw
Saint Helena SH SH SHN 654 .sh
Saint Kitts
and Nevis SC KN KNA 659 .kn
Saint Lucia ST LC LCA 662 .lc
Saint Pierre
and Miquelon SB PM SPM 666 .pm
Saint Vincent
and the
Grenadines VC VC VCT 670 .vc
Samoa WS WS WSM 882 .ws
San Marino SM SM SMR 674 .sm
Sao Tome and
Principe TP ST STP 678 .st
Saudi Arabia SA SA SAU 682 .sa
Senegal SG SN SEN 686 .sn
Serbia and
Montenegro YI CS SCG 891 .cs
Seychelles SE SC SYC 690 .sc
Sierra Leone SL SL SLE 694 .sl
Singapore SN SG SGP 702 .sg
Slovakia LO SK SVK 703 .sk
Slovenia SI SI SVN 705 .si
Solomon Islands BP SB SLB 090 .sb
Somalia SO SO SOM 706 .so
South Africa SF ZA ZAF 710 .za
South Georgia and
the Islands SX GS SGS 239 .gs
Spain SP ES ESP 724 .es
Spratly Islands PG - - -
Sri Lanka CE LK LKA 144 .lk
Sudan SU SD SDN 736 .sd
Suriname NS SR SUR 740 .sr
Svalbard SV SJ SJM 744 .sj
ISO includes Jan Mayen

Swaziland WZ SZ SWZ 748 .sz
Sweden SW SE SWE 752 .se
Switzerland SZ CH CHE 756 .ch
Syria SY SY SYR 760 .sy
Taiwan TW TW TWN 158 .tw
Tajikistan TI TJ TJK 762 .tj
Tanzania TZ TZ TZA 834 .tz
Thailand TH TH THA 764 .th
Togo TO TG TGO 768 .tg
Tokelau TL TK TKL 772 .tk
Tonga TN TO TON 776 .to
Trinidad and Tobago TD TT TTO 780 .tt
Tromelin Island TE - - - -
administered from Reunion; no ISO codes assigned

Tunisia TS TN TUN 788 .tn
Turkey TU TR TUR 792 .tr
Turkmenistan TX TM TKM 795 .tm
Turks and
Caicos Islands TK TC TCA 796 .tc
Tuvalu TV TV TUV 798 .tv
Uganda UG UG UGA 800 .ug
Ukraine UP UA UKR 804 .ua
United Arab
Emirates AE AE ARE 784 .ae
United Kingdom UK GB GBR 826 .uk
ISO includes Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey

United States US US USA 840 .us
United States
Minor Outlying
Islands - UM UMI 581 .um
ISO includes Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island,
Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island,
Palmyra Atoll, Wake Island

Uruguay UY UY URY 858 .uy
Uzbekistan UZ UZ UZB 860 .uz
Vanuatu NH VU VUT 548 .vu
Venezuela VE VE VEN 862 .ve
Vietnam VM VN VNM 704 .vn
Virgin Islands VQ VI VIR 850 .vi
Virgin Islands (UK) - - - .vg
see British Virgin Islands

Virgin Islands (US) - - - .vi
see Virgin Islands

Wake Island WQ - - - -
ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands

Wallis and Futuna WF WF WLF 876 .wf
West Bank WE PS PSE 275 .ps
ISO identifies as Occupied Palestinian Territory

Western Sahara WI EH ESH 732 .eh Western Samoa - - - .ws see Samoa

World - - - -
the Factbook uses the W data code from DIAM 65-18 Geopolitical
Data Elements and Related Features, Data Standard No. 3,
December 1994, published by the Defense Intelligence Agency

Yemen YM YE YEM 887 .ye Zaire - - - - see Democratic Republic of the Congo

Zambia ZA ZM ZMB 894 .zm
Zimbabwe ZI ZW ZWE 716 .zw

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Appendix E - Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Data Codes

IHO 23-4th: Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23, Draft 4th Edition 1986, published by the International Hydrographic Bureau of the International Hydrographic Organization

IHO 23-3rd: Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23, 3rd
Edition 1953, published by the International Hydrographic Organization

ACIC M 49-1: Chart of Limits of Seas and Oceans, revised January 1958,
published by the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC),
United States Air Force; note - ACIC is now part of the National
Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA)

DIAM 65-18: Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features, Data Standard No. 4, Defense Intelligence Agency Manual 65-18, December 1994, published by the Defense Intelligence Agency

The US Government has not yet adopted a standard for hydrographic codes similar to the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 10-4 country codes. The names and limits of the following oceans and seas are not always directly comparable because of differences in the customers, needs, and requirements of the individual organizations. Even the number of principal water bodies varies from organization to organization. Factbook users, for example, find the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean entries useful, but none of the following standards include those oceans in their entirety. Nor is there any provision for combining codes or overcodes to aggregate water bodies. The recently delimited Southern Ocean is not included.

Principal Oceans and Seas of the World
With Hydrographic Codes by Institution

IHO 23-4th IHO 23-3rd* ACIC M 49-1 DIAM 65-18

Arctic Ocean 9 17 A 5A
Atlantic Ocean - - - -
Baltic Sea 2 1 B26 7B
Eastern Mediterranean 3.1.2 28 B - 8E
Indian Ocean 5 45 F 6A
Mediterranean Sea 3.1 28 B11 -
North Atlantic Ocean 1 23 B 1A
North Pacific Ocean 7 57 D 3A
Pacific Ocean - - - -
South Atlantic Ocean 4 32 C 2A
South China and Eastern 6 49, 48 D18 plus 3U plus
Archipelagic Seas others others
South Pacific Ocean 8 61 E 4A
Western Mediterranean 3.1.1 28 A - 8W

*The letters after the numbers are subdivisions, not footnotes.

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

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Appendix F - Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names

Name Entry in The World Latitude Longitude
Factbook (deg min) (deg min)

Abidjan (capital) Cote d'Ivoire 5 19 N 4 02 W Abkhazia (region) Georgia 43 00 N 41 00 E Abu Dhabi (capital) United Arab 24 28 N 54 22 E Emirates Abu Musa (island) Iran 25 52 N 55 03 E Abuja (capital) Nigeria 9 12 N 7 11 E Abyssinia (former name for Ethiopia 8 00 N 38 00 E Ethiopia) Acapulco (city) Mexico 16 51 N 99 55 W Accra (capital) Ghana 5 33 N 0 13 W Adamstown (capital) Pitcairn Islands 25 04 S 130 05 W Addis Ababa (capital) Ethiopia 9 02 N 38 42 E Adelie Land (claimed by Antarctica 66 30 S 139 00 E France; also Terre Adelie) Aden (city) Yemen 12 46 N 45 01 E Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean 12 30 N 48 00 E Admiralty Island United States 57 44 N 134 20 W (Alaska) Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea 2 10 S 147 00 E Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean 42 30 N 16 00 E Adygey (region) Russia 44 30 N 40 10 E Aegean Islands Greece 38 00 N 25 00 E Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean 38 30 N 25 00 E Afars and Issas, French Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 E Territory of the (or FTAI; former name for Djibouti) Afghanestan (local name for Afghanistan 33 00 N 65 00 E Afghanistan) Agalega Islands Mauritius 10 25 S 56 40 E Agana (city; former name for Guam 13 28 N 144 45 E Hagatna) Ajaccio (city) France (Corsica) 41 55 N 8 44 E Ajaria (region) Georgia 41 45 N 42 10 E Akmola (city; former name for Kazakhstan 51 10 N 71 30 E Astana) Aksai Chin (region) China (de facto), 35 00 N 79 00 E India (claimed) Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah Saudi Arabia 25 00 N 45 00 E (local name for Saudi Arabia) Al Bahrayn (local name for Bahrain 26 00 N 50 33 E Bahrain) Al Imarat al Arabiyah al United Arab 24 00 N 54 00 E Muttahidah (local name for Emirates the United Arab Emirates) Al Iraq (local name for Iraq) Iraq 33 00 N 44 00 E Al Jaza'ir (local name for Algeria 28 00 N 3 00 E Algeria) Al Kuwayt (local name for Kuwait 29 30 N 45 45 E Kuwait) Al Maghrib (local name for Morocco 32 00 N 5 00 W Morocco) Al Urdun (local name for Jordan 31 00 N 36 00 E Jordan) Al Yaman (local name for Yemen 15 00 N 48 00 E Yemen) Aland Islands Finland 60 15 N 20 00 E Alaska (state) United States 65 00 N 153 00 W Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 58 00 N 145 00 W Alboran Sea Atlantic Ocean 36 00 N 2 30 W Aldabra Islands (Groupe Seychelles 9 25 S 46 22 E d'Aldabra) Alderney (island) Guernsey 49 43 N 2 12 W Aleutian Islands United States 52 00 N 176 00 W (Alaska) Alexander Archipelago (island United States 57 00 N 134 00 W group) (Alaska) Alexander Island Antarctica 71 00 S 70 00 W Alexandretta (region; former Turkey 36 34 N 36 08 E name for Iskenderun) Alexandria (city) Egypt 31 12 N 29 54 E Algiers (capital) Algeria 36 47 N 2 03 E Alhucemas, Penon de (island Spain 35 13 N 3 53 W group) Alma-Ata (city; former name Kazakhstan 43 15 N 76 57 E for Almaty) Almaty (former capital) Kazakhstan 43 15 N 76 57 E Alofi (capital) Niue 19 01 S 169 55 W Alphonse Island Seychelles 7 01 S 52 45 E Alsace (region) France 48 30 N 7 20 E Amami Strait Pacific Ocean 28 40 N 129 30 E Amindivi Islands (former name India 11 30 N 72 30 E for Laccadive Islands) Amirante Isles (island group; Seychelles 6 00 S 53 10 E also Les Amirantes) Amman (capital) Jordan 31 57 N 35 56 E Amsterdam (capital) Netherlands 52 23 N 4 54 E Amsterdam Island (Ile French Southern and 37 52 S 77 32 E Amsterdam) Antarctic Lands Amundsen Sea Southern Ocean 72 30 S 112 00 W Amur River China, Russia 52 56 N 141 10 E Amurskiy Liman (strait) Pacific Ocean 53 00 N 141 30 E Anadyrskiy Zaliv (gulf) Pacific Ocean 64 00 N 177 00 E Anatolia (region) Turkey 39 00 N 35 00 E Andaman Islands India 12 00 N 92 45 E Andaman Sea Indian Ocean 10 00 N 95 00 E Andorra la Vella (capital) Andorra 42 30 N 1 30 E Andros (island) Greece 37 45 N 24 42 E Andros Island The Bahamas 24 26 N 77 57 W Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean 18 30 N 63 40 W Angkor Wat (ruins) Cambodia 13 26 N 103 50 E Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (former Sudan 15 00 N 30 00 E name for Sudan) Anjouan (island) Comoros 12 15 S 44 25 E Ankara (capital) Turkey 39 56 N 32 52 E Annobon (island) Equatorial Guinea 1 25 S 5 36 E Antananarivo (capital) Madagascar 18 52 S 47 30 E Antigua (island) Antigua and Barbuda 14 34 N 90 44 W Antipodes Islands New Zealand 49 41 S 178 43 E Antwerp (city) Belgium 51 13 N 4 25 E Aomen (local Chinese short- Macau 22 10 N 113 33 E form name for Macau) Aozou Strip (region) Chad 22 00 N 18 00 E Apia (capital) Samoa 13 50 S 171 45W Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean 29 00 N 34 30 E Arab, Shatt al (river) Iran, Iraq 29 57 N 48 34 E Arabian Sea Indian Ocean 15 00 N 65 00 E Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean 9 00 S 133 00 E Aral Sea Kazakhstan, 45 00 N 60 00 E Uzbekistan Argun River China, Russia 53 20 N 121 28 E Aru Sea Pacific Ocean 6 15 S 135 00 E As-Sudan (local name for Sudan 15 00 N 30 00 E Sudan) Ascension Island Saint Helena 7 57 S 14 22 W Ashgabat, Ashkhabad (capital) Turkmenistan 37 57 N 58 23 E Asmara, Asmera (capital) Eritrea 15 20 N 38 53 E Assumption Island Seychelles 9 46 S 46 34 E Astana (capital; formerly Kazakhstan 51 10 N 71 30 E Akmola) Asuncion (capital) Paraguay 25 16 S 57 40 W Asuncion Island Northern Mariana 19 40 N 145 24 E Islands Atacama (desert) Chile 23 00 S 70 10 W Atacama (region) Chile 24 30 S 69 15 W Athens (capital) Greece 37 59 N 23 44 E Attu Island United States 52 55 N 172 57 E Auckland Islands New Zealand 51 00 S 166 30 E Australes, Iles (island French Polynesia 23 20 S 151 00 W group; also Iles Tubuai) Avarua (capital) Cook Islands 21 12 S 159 46 W Axel Heiberg Island Canada 79 30 N 90 00 W Azad Kashmir (region) Pakistan 34 30 N 74 00 E Azarbaycan, Azerbaidzhan Azerbaijan 40 30 N 47 30 E (local name for Azerbaijan) Azores (islands) Portugal 38 30 N 28 00 W Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean 49 00 N 36 00 E Bab el Mandeb (strait) Indian Ocean 12 40 N 43 20 E Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean 18 44 N 121 40 E Babuyan Islands Philippines 19 10 N 121 40 E Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean 73 00 N 66 00 W Baffin Island Canada 68 00 N 70 00 W Baghdad (capital) Iraq 33 21 N 44 25 E Baku (capital; also Baki, Azerbaijan 40 23 N 49 51 E Baky) Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean 7 35 N 117 00 E Balearic Islands Spain 39 30 N 3 00 E Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean 40 30 N 2 00 E Bali (island) Indonesia 8 20 S 115 00 E Bali Sea Indian Ocean 7 45 S 115 30 E Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean 19 49 N 121 40 E Balintang Islands Philippines 19 55 N 122 10 E Balkan Peninsula Albania, Bosnia and 42 00 N 23 00 E Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, Turkey (European part) Balleny Islands Antarctica 67 00 S 163 00 E Balochistan (region) Pakistan 28 00 N 63 00 E Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean 57 00 N 19 00 E Bamako (capital) Mali 12 39 N 8 00 W Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati 0 52 S 169 35 E Banat (region) Hungary, Serbia and 45 30 N 21 00 E Montenegro, Romania Banda Sea Pacific Ocean 5 00 S 128 00 E Bandar Seri Begawan (capital) Brunei 4 52 S 114 55 E Bangka (island) Indonesia 2 30 S 106 00 E Bangkok (capital) Thailand 13 45 N 100 31 E Bangui (capital) Central African 4 22 N 18 35 E Republic Banjul (capital) The Gambia 13 28 N 16 39 W Banks Island Australia 10 12 S 142 16 E Banks Island Canada 75 15 N 121 30 W Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu 14 00 S 167 30 E Barbuda (island) Antigua and Barbuda 17 38 N 61 48 W Barents Sea Arctic Ocean 74 00 N 36 00 E Barranquilla (city) Colombia 10 59 N 74 48 W Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean 22 00 N 121 00 E Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean 6 49 N 122 05 E Basque Provinces Spain 43 00 N 2 30 W Bass Strait Pacific Ocean 39 20 S 145 30 E Basse-Terre (capital) Guadeloupe 16 00 N 61 44 W Basseterre (capital) Saint Kitts and 17 18 N 62 43 W Nevis Bastia (city) France (Corsica) 42 42 N 9 27 E Basutoland (former name for Lesotho 29 30 S 28 30 E Lesotho) Batan Islands Philippines 20 30 N 121 50 E Bavaria (region; also Bayern) Germany 48 30 N 11 30 E Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean 54 53 S 68 10 W Bear Island (see Bjornoya) Svalbard 74 26 N 19 05 E Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean 73 00 N 140 00 W Bechuanaland (former name for Botswana 22 00 S 24 00 E Botswana) Beijing (capital) China 39 56 N 116 24 E Beirut (capital) Lebanon 33 53 N 35 30 E Bekaa Valley Lebanon 34 00 N 36 05 E Belau (Palau Islands) Palau 7 30 N 134 30 E Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia 19 45 S 163 40 E Belgian Congo (former name Democratic Republic 0 00 N 25 00 E for Democratic Republic of of the Congo the Congo) Belgie, Belgique (local name Belgium 50 50 N 4 00 E for Belgium) Belgrade (capital) Serbia and 44 50 N 20 30 E Montenegro Belize City Belize 17 30 N 88 12 W Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 51 35 N 56 30 W Bellingshausen Sea Southern Ocean 71 00 S 85 00 W Belmopan (capital) Belize 17 15 N 88 46 W Belorussia (former name for Belarus 53 00 N 28 00 E Belarus) Benadir (region; former name Somalia 4 00 N 46 00 E of Italian Somaliland) Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean 15 00 N 90 00 E Berau, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 2 30 S 132 30 E Bering Island Russia 55 00 N 166 30 E Bering Sea Pacific Ocean 60 00 N 175 00 W Bering Strait Pacific Ocean 65 30 N 169 00 W Berkner Island Antarctica 79 30 S 49 30 W Berlin (capital) Germany 52 31 N 13 24 E Berlin, East (former name for Germany 52 30 N 13 33 E eastern sector of Berlin) Berlin, West (former name for Germany 52 30 N 13 20 E western sector of Berlin) Bern (capital) Switzerland 46 57 N 7 26 E Bessarabia (region) Moldova, Romania, 47 00 N 28 30 E Ukraine Bharat (local name for India) India 20 00 N 77 00 E Bhopal (city) India 23 16 N 77 24 E Biafra (region) Nigeria 5 30 N 7 30 E Big Diomede Island Russia 65 46 N 169 06 W Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau 11 25 N 16 20 W (island group) Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands 11 35 N 165 23 E Bilbao (city) Spain 43 15 N 2 58 W Bioko (island) Equatorial Guinea 3 30 N 8 42 E Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean 44 00 N 4 00 W Bishkek (capital) Kyrgyzstan 42 54 N 74 36 E Bishop Rock United Kingdom 49 52 N 6 27 W Bismarck Archipelago (island Papua New Guinea 5 00 S 150 00 E group) Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean 4 00 S 148 00 E Bissau (capital) Guinea-Bissau 11 51 N 15 35 W Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard 74 26 N 19 05 E Black Forest (region) Germany 48 00 N 8 15 E Black Rock (island) South Georgia and 53 39 S 41 48 W the South Sandwich Islands Black Sea Atlantic Ocean 43 00 N 35 00 E Bloemfontein (judicial South Africa 29 12 S 26 07 E capital) Bo Hai (gulf) Pacific Ocean 38 00 N 120 00 E Boa Vista (island) Cape Verde 16 05 N 22 50 W Bogota (capital) Colombia 4 36 N 74 05 W Bohemia (region) Czech Republic 50 00 N 14 30 E Bombay (see Mumbai) India 18 58 N 72 50 E Bonaire (island) Netherlands 12 10 N 68 15 W Antilles Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 41 01 N 14 00 E Bonin Islands Japan 27 00 N 142 10 E Bonn (former capital) Germany 50 44 N 7 05 E Bophuthatswana (region; South Africa 26 30 S 25 30 E enclave) Bora-Bora (island) French Polynesia 16 30 S 151 45 W Bordeaux (city) France 44 50 N 0 34 W Borneo (island) Brunei, Indonesia, 0 30 N 114 00 E Malaysia Bornholm (island) Denmark 55 10 N 15 00 E Bosna i Hercegovina (local Bosnia and 44 00 N 18 00 E name for Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzegovina) Bosnia (political region) Bosnia and 44 00 N 18 00 E Herzegovina Bosporus (strait) Atlantic Ocean 41 00 N 29 00 E Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 63 00 N 20 00 E Bougainville (island) Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 155 00 E Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean 6 40 S 156 10 E Bounty Islands New Zealand 47 43 S 174 00 E Bourbon Island (former name Reunion 21 06 S 55 36 E of Reunion) Brasilia (capital) Brazil 15 47 S 47 55 W Bratislava (capital) Slovakia 48 09 N 17 07 E Brazzaville (capital) Republic of the 4 16 S 15 17 E Congo Bridgetown (capital) Barbados 13 06 N 59 37 W Brisbane (city) Australia 27 28 S 153 02 E Bristol Bay Pacific Ocean 57 00 N 160 00 W Bristol Channel Atlantic Ocean 51 18 N 3 30 W Britain (see Great Britain) United Kingdom 54 00 N 2 00 W British Bechuanaland (region; South Africa 27 30 S 23 30 E former name for northwest South Africa) British Central African Malawi 13 30 S 34 00 E Protectorate (former name of Nyasaland) British East Africa (former Kenya, Tanzania, 1 00 N 38 00 E name for British possessions Uganda in eastern Africa) British Guiana (former name Guyana 5 00 N 59 00 W for Guyana) British Honduras (former name Belize 17 15 N 88 45 W for Belize) British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 8 00 S 159 00 E (former name for Solomon Islands) British Somaliland (former Somalia 10 00 N 49 00 E name for northern Somalia) Brussels (capital) Belgium 50 50 N 4 20 E Bubiyan (island) Kuwait 29 47 N 48 10 E Bucharest (capital) Romania 44 26 N 26 06 E Budapest (capital) Hungary 47 30 N 19 05 E Buenos Aires (capital) Argentina 34 36 S 58 27 W Bujumbura (capital) Burundi 3 23 S 29 22 E Bukovina (region) Romania, Ukraine 48 00 N 26 00 E Byelarus (local name for Belarus 53 00 N 28 00 E Belarus) Byelorussia (former name for Belarus 53 00 N 28 00 E Belarus) Cabinda (province) Angola 5 33 S 12 12 E Cabo Verde (local name for Cape Verde 16 00 N 24 00 W Cape Verde) Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean 47 20 N 59 30 W Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos 21 56 N 71 58 W Islands Cairo (capital) Egypt 30 03 N 31 15 E California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 28 00 N 112 00 W Cameroun (local name for Cameroon 6 00 N 12 00 E Cameroon) Campbell Island New Zealand 52 33 S 169 09 E Campeche, Bay of Atlantic Ocean 20 00 N 94 00 W Canal Zone (former name for Panama 9 00 N 79 45 W US possessions in Panama) Canarias Sea Atlantic Ocean 28 00 N 16 00 W Canary Islands Spain 28 00 N 15 30 W Canberra (capital) Australia 35 17 S 149 08 E Cancun (city) Mexico 21 10 N 86 50 W Canton (city; now Guangzhou) China 23 06 N 113 16 E Canton Island (Kanton Island) Kiribati 2 49 S 171 40 W Cape Juby (region; former Morocco 27 53 N 12 58 W name for Southern Morocco) Cape Province (region; former South Africa 31 30 S 22 30 E name for Northern, Western, and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa) Cape Town (legislative South Africa 33 57 S 18 28 W capital) Cape of Good Hope (cape; also South Africa 34 15 S 18 25 E alternate name for Cape Province of South Africa) Caracas (capital) Venezuela 10 30 N 66 56 W Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius 16 25 S 59 38 E Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean 15 00 N 73 00 W Caroline Islands Federated States of 7 30 N 148 00 E Micronesia, Palau Carpatho-Ukraine (region; Ukraine 48 22 N 23 32 E former name for Zakarpats'ka oblast') Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 14 00 S 139 00 E Castries (capital) Saint Lucia 14 01 N 61 00 W Catalonia (region) Spain 42 00 N 2 00 E Cato Island Australia 23 15 S 155 32 E Caucasus (region) Russia 42 00 N 45 00 E Cayenne (capital) French Guiana 4 56 N 52 20 W Celebes (island) Indonesia 2 00 S 121 00 E Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean 3 00 N 122 00 E Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean 51 00 N 6 30 W Central African Empire Central African 7 00 N 21 00 E (former name for Central Republic African Republic) Ceram (Seram) Sea Pacific Ocean 2 30 S 129 30 E Ceska Republika (local name Czech Republic 49 45 N 15 30 E for Czech Republic) Ceskoslovensko (former local Czech Republic, 49 00 N 17 30 E name for Czechoslovakia) Slovakia Ceuta (city) Spain 35 53 N 5 19 W Ceylon (former name for Sri Sri Lanka 7 00 N 81 00 E Lanka) Chafarinas, Islas (island) Spain 35 12 N 2 26 W Chagos Archipelago (Oil British Indian 6 00 S 71 30 E Islands) Ocean Territory Challenger Deep (Mariana Pacific Ocean 11 22 N 142 36 E Trench) Channel Islands Guernsey, Jersey 49 20 N 2 20 W Charlotte Amalie (capital) Virgin Islands 18 21 N 64 56 W Chatham Islands New Zealand 44 00 S 176 30 W Chechnya (region; also Russia 43 15 N 45 40 E Chechnia) Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 126 30 E Cheju-do (island) Korea, South 33 20 N 126 30 E Chennai (city; also Madras) India 13 04 N 80 16 E Chesterfield Islands (Iles New Caledonia 19 52 S 158 15 E Chesterfield) Chihli, Gulf of (see Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean 38 30 N 120 00 E Chiloe (island) Chile 42 50 S 74 00 W China, People's Republic of China 35 00 N 105 00 E China, Republic of Taiwan 23 30 N 121 00 E Chisinau (capital) Moldova 47 00 N 28 50 E Choiseul (island) Solomon Islands 7 05 S 121 00 E Choson (local name for North North Korea 40 00 N 127 00 E Korea) Christmas Island (Indian Australia 10 25 S 105 39 E Ocean) Christmas Island (Pacific Kiribati 1 52 N 157 20 W Ocean; also Kiritimati) Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean 69 00 N 171 00 W Chuuk Islands (Truk Islands) Federated States of 7 25 N 151 47 W Micronesia Cilicia (region) Turkey 36 50 N 34 30 E Ciskei (enclave) South Africa 33 00 S 27 00 E Citta del Vaticano (local Holy See 41 54 N 12 27 E name for Vatican City) Cochin China (region) Vietnam 11 00 N 107 00 E Coco, Isla del (island) Costa Rica 5 32 N 87 04 W Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) 12 30 S 96 50 E Islands Colombo (capital) Sri Lanka 6 56 N 79 51 E Colon, Archipielago de Ecuador 0 00 N 90 30 W (Galapagos Islands) Commander Islands Russia 55 00 N 167 00 E (Komandorskiye Ostrova) Comores (local name for Comoros 12 10 S 44 15 E Comoros) Con Son (islands) Vietnam 8 43 N 106 36 E Conakry (capital) Guinea 9 31 N 13 43 W Confederatio Helvetica (local Switzerland 47 00 N 8 00 E name for Switzerland) Congo (Brazzaville) (former Republic of the 1 00 S 15 00 E name for Republic of the Congo Congo) Congo (Leopoldville) (former Democratic Republic 0 00 N 25 00 E name for the Democratic of the Congo Republic of the Congo) Constantinople (city; former Turkey 41 01 N 28 58 E name for Istanbul) Cook Strait Pacific Ocean 41 15 S 174 30 E Copenhagen (capital) Denmark 55 40 N 12 35 E Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 15 00 S 150 00 E Corfu (island) Greece 39 40 N 19 45 E Corinth (region) Greece 37 56 N 22 56 E Corisco (island) Equatorial Guinea 0 55 N 9 19 E Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua 12 15 N 83 00 W Corocoro Island Guyana, Venezuela 3 38 N 66 50 W Corsica (island; also Corse) France 42 00 N 9 00 E Cosmoledo Group (island Seychelles 9 43 S 47 35 E group; also Atoll de Cosmoledo) Cotonou (former capital) Benin 6 21 N 2 26 E Cotopaxi (volcano) Ecuador 0 39 S 78 26 W Courantyne River Guyana, Suriname 5 57 N 57 06 W Cozumel (island) Mexico 20 30 N 86 55 W Crete (island) Greece 35 15 N 24 45 E Crimea (region) Ukraine 45 00 N 34 00 E Crimean Peninsula Ukraine 45 00 N 34 00 E Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean 22 55 N 74 35 W Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and 46 30 S 51 00 E Antarctic Lands Cyclades (island group) Greece 37 00 N 25 10 E Cyrenaica (region) Libya 31 00 N 22 00 E Czechoslovakia (former name Czech Republic, 49 00 N 18 00 E for the entity that Slovakia subsequently split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia) D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea 9 30 S 150 40 E Dagestan (region) Russia 43 00 N 47 00 E Dahomey (former name for Benin 9 30 N 2 15 E Benin) Daito Islands Japan 43 00 N 17 00 E Dakar (capital) Senegal 14 40 N 17 26 W Dalmatia (region) Croatia 43 00 N 17 00 E Daman (city; also Damao) India 20 10 N 73 00 E Damascus (capital) Syria 33 30 N 36 18 E Danger Islands (see Pukapuka Cook Islands 10 53 S 165 49 W Atoll) Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean 58 00 N 11 00 E Danish West Indies (former Virgin Islands 18 20 N 64 50 W name for the Virgin Islands) Danmark (local name) Denmark 56 00 N 10 00 E Danzig (city; former name for Poland 54 23 N 18 40 E Gdansk) Dao Bach Long Vi (island) Vietnam 20 08 N 107 44 E Dar es Salaam (capital) Tanzania 6 48 S 39 17 E Dardanelles (strait) Atlantic Ocean 40 15 N 26 25 E Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean 67 00 N 57 00 W Dead Sea Israel, Jordan, 32 30 N 35 30 E West Bank Deception Island Antarctica 62 56 S 60 34 W Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean 67 00 N 24 00 W Desolation Islands (Isles French Southern and 49 30 S 69 30 E Kerguelen) Antarctic Lands Deutschland (local name for Germany 51 00 N 9 00 E Germany) Devils Island (Ile du Diable) French Guiana 5 17 N 52 35 W Devon Island Canada 76 00 N 87 00 W Dhaka (capital) Bangladesh 23 43 N 90 25 E Dhivehi Raajje (local name Maldives 3 15 N 73 00 E for Maldives) Dhofar (region) Oman 17 00 N 54 10 E Diego Garcia (island) British Indian 7 20 S 72 25 E Ocean Territory Diego Ramirez (islands) Chile 56 30 S 68 43 W Dili (capital) East Timor 8 35 S 125 36 E Dilmun (former name for Bahrain 7 00 N 81 00 E Bahrain) Diomede Islands Russia (Big 65 47 N 169 00 W Diomede), United States (Little Diomede) Diu (region) India 20 42 N 70 59 E Djibouti (capital) Djibouti 11 30 N 43 15 E Dnieper (river) Belarus, Russia, 46 30 N 32 18 E Ukraine (Dnyapro, Dnepr, Dnipro) Dniester (river) Moldova, Ukraine 46 18 N 30 17 E (Nistru, Dnister) Dobruja (region) Bulgaria, Romania 43 30 N 28 00 E Dodecanese (island group) Greece 36 00 N 27 05 E Dodoma (city) Tanzania 6 11 S 35 45 E Doha (capital) Qatar 25 17 N 51 32 E Donets Basin Russia, Ukraine 48 15 N 38 30 E Douala (city) Cameroon 4 03 N 9 42 E Douglas (capital) Man, Isle of 54 09 N 4 28 W Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 51 00 N 1 30 E Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean, 60 00 S 60 00 W Southern Ocean Druk Yul (local name for Bhutan 27 30 N 90 30 E Bhutan) Dubai, Dubayy (city) United Arab 25 18 N 55 18 E Emirates Dublin (capital) Ireland 53 20 N 6 15 W Dushanbe (capital) Tajikistan 38 35 N 68 48 E Dutch Antilles (former name Netherlands 12 10 N 68 30 W for the Netherlands Antilles) Antilles Dutch East Indies (former Indonesia 5 00 S 120 00 E name for Indonesia) Dutch Guiana (former name for Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W Suriname) Dutch West Indies (former Netherlands 12 10 N 68 30 W name for the Netherlands Antilles Antilles) Dzungarian Gate (valley) China, Kazakhstan 45 25 N 82 25 E East China Sea Pacific Ocean 30 00 N 126 00 E East Frisian Islands Germany 53 44 N 7 25 E East Germany (German Germany 52 00 N 13 00 E Democratic Republic; former name for eastern portion of Germany) East Korea Strait (Eastern Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 129 00 E Channel or Tsushima Strait) East Pakistan (former name Bangladesh 24 00 N 90 00 E for Bangladesh) East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean 74 00 N 166 00 E Easter Island (Isla de Chile 27 07 S 109 22 W Pascua) Eastern Channel (East Korea Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 129 00 E Strait or Tsushima Strait) Eastern Samoa (former name American Samoa 14 20 S 170 00 W for American Samoa) Eesti (local name for Estonia 59 00 N 26 00 E Estonia) Eire (local name for Ireland) Ireland 53 00 N 8 00 W Elba (island) Italy 42 46 N 10 17 E Elemi Triangle (region) Ethiopia (claimed), 5 00 N 35 30 E Kenya (de facto), Sudan (claimed) Ellada, Ellas (local name for Greece 39 00 N 22 00 E Greece) Ellef Ringnes Island Canada 78 00 N 103 00 W Ellesmere Island Canada 81 00 N 80 00 W Ellice Islands Tuvalu 8 00 S 178 00 E Ellsworth Land (region) Antarctica 75 00 S 92 00 W Elobey, Islas de (island Equatorial Guinea 0 59 N 9 33 E group) Enderbury Island Kiribati 3 08 S 171 05 W Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Marshall Islands 11 30 N 162 15 E Atoll) England (region) United Kingdom 52 30 N 1 30 W English Channel Atlantic Ocean 50 20 N 1 00 W Eniwetok Atoll (see Enewetak Marshall Islands 11 30 N 162 15 E Atoll) Eolie, Isole (island group) Italy 38 30 N 15 00 E Epirus, Northern (region) Albania, Greece 40 00 N 20 30 E Episkopi Cantonment (capital) Akrotiri, Dhekelia 34 40 N 32 51 E Ertra (local name for Eritrea 15 00 N 39 00 E Eritrea) Espana Spain 40 00 N 4 00 W Essequibo (region; claimed by Guyana 6 59 N 58 23 W Venezuela) Etorofu (island; also Iturup) Russia (de facto) 44 55 N 147 40 E Farquhar Group (island group; Seychelles 10 10 S 51 10 E also Atoll de Farquhar) Fergana Valley Kyrgyzstan, 41 00 N 72 00 E Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Fernando Po (island; see Equatorial Guinea 3 30 N 8 42 E Bioko) Fernando de Noronha (island Brazil 3 51 S 32 25 W group) Filipinas (local name for the Philippines 13 00 N 122 00 E Philippines; also Pilipinas) Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 60 00 N 27 00 E Flores (island) Indonesia 8 45 S 121 00 E Flores Sea Pacific Ocean 7 40 S 119 45 E Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean 25 00 N 79 45 W Fongafale (capital) Tuvalu 8 30 S 179 12 E Former Soviet Union (FSU) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Formosa (island) Taiwan 23 30 N 121 00 E Formosa Strait (see Taiwan Pacific Ocean 24 00 N 119 00 E Strait) Foroyar (local name for Faroe Faroe Islands 62 00 N 7 00 W Islands) Fort-de-France (capital) Martinique 14 36 N 61 05 W Franz Josef Land (island Russia 81 00 N 55 00 E group) Freetown (capital) Sierra Leone 8 30 N 13 15 W French Cameroon (former name Cameroon 6 00 N 12 00 E for Cameroon) French Guinea (former name Guinea 11 00 N 10 00 W for Guinea) French Indochina (former name Cambodia, Laos, 15 00 N 107 00 E for French possessions in Vietnam southeast Asia) French Morocco (former name Morocco 32 00 N 5 00 W for Morocco) French Somaliland (former Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 E name for Djibouti) French Sudan (former name for Mali 17 00 N 4 00 W Mali) French Territory of the Afars Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 E and Issas (former name for Djibouti; or FTAI) French Togoland (former name Togo 8 00 N 1 10 E for Togo) French West Indies (former Guadeloupe, 16 30 N 62 00 W name for French possessions Martinique in the West Indies) Friendly Islands Tonga 20 00 S 175 00 W Frisian Islands Denmark, Germany, 53 35 N 6 40 E Netherlands Frunze (city; former name for Kyrgyzstan 42 54 N 74 36 E Bishkek) Funafuti (capital, former Tuvalu 8 30 S 179 12 E name for Fongafale) Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean 45 00 N 66 00 W Futuna Islands (Hoorn Wallis and Futuna 14 19 S 178 05 W Islands/Iles de Horne) Fyn (island) Denmark 55 20 N 10 25 E Gaborone (capital) Botswana 24 45 S 25 55 E Galapagos Islands Ecuador 0 00 N 90 30 W (Archipielago de Colon) Galicia (region) Poland, Ukraine 49 30 N 23 00 E Galicia (region) Spain 42 45 N 8 10 E Galilee (region) Israel 32 54 N 35 20 E Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean 11 00 N 60 55 W Gambier Islands (Iles French Polynesia 23 09 S 134 58 W Gambier) Gaspar Strait Pacific Ocean 3 00 S 107 00 E Gdansk (city; formerly Poland 54 23 N 18 40 E Danzig) Geneva (city) Switzerland 46 12 N 6 10 E Genoa (city) Italy 44 25 N 8 57 E George Town (capital) Cayman Islands 19 20 N 81 23 W George Town (city) Malaysia 5 26 N 100 16 E George Town (city) The Bahamas 23 30 N 75 46 W Georgetown (capital) Guyana 6 48 N 58 10 W Georgetown (city) The Gambia 13 30 N 14 47 W German Democratic Republic Germany 52 00 N 13 00 E (former name for eastern portion of Germany; also East Germany) German Southwest Africa Namibia 22 00 S 17 00 E (former name for Namibia) Germany, Federal Republic of Germany 51 00 N 9 00 E Gibraltar (city, peninsula) Gibraltar 36 11 N 5 22 W Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 35 57 N 5 36 W Gidi Pass Egypt 30 13 N 33 09 E Gilbert Islands Kiribati 1 25 N 173 00 E Goa (state) India 15 20 N 74 00 E Gobi (desert) China, Mongolia 42 30 N 107 00 E Godthab (capital; also Nuuk) Greenland 64 11 N 51 44 W Golan Heights (region) Syria 33 00 N 35 45 E Gold Coast (former name for Ghana 8 00 N 2 00 W Ghana) Golfo San Jorge (gulf) Atlantic Ocean 46 00 S 66 00 W Golfo San Matias (gulf) Atlantic Ocean 41 30 S 64 00 W Good Hope, Cape of South Africa 34 24 S 18 30 E Goteborg (city) Sweden 57 43 N 11 58 E Gotland (island) Sweden 57 30 N 18 33 E Gough Island Saint Helena 40 20 S 9 55 W Graham Land (region) Antarctica 65 00 S 64 00 W Gran Chaco (region) Argentina, Paraguay 24 00 S 60 00 W Grand Bahama (island) The Bahamas 26 40 N 78 35 W Grand Banks (fishing ground) Atlantic Ocean 47 06 N 55 48 W Grand Cayman (island) Cayman Islands 19 20 N 81 20 W Grand Turk (capital; also Turks and Caicos 21 28 N 71 08 W Cockburn Town) Islands Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean 35 00 S 130 00 E Great Belt (strait; also Atlantic Ocean 55 30 N 11 00 E Store Baelt) Great Bitter Lake Egypt 30 20 N 32 23 E Great Britain (island) United Kingdom 54 00 N 2 00 W Great Channel Indian Ocean 6 25 N 94 20 E Great Inagua (island) The Bahamas 21 00 N 73 20 W Great Rift Valley Ethiopia, Kenya 0 30 N 36 00 E Greater Sunda Islands Brunei, Indonesia, 2 00 S 110 00 E Malaysia Green Islands Papua New Guinea 4 30 S 154 10 E Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean 79 00 N 5 00 W Grenadines, Northern (island Saint Vincent and 13 15 N 61 12 W group) the Grenadines Grenadines, Southern (island Grenada 12 07 N 61 40 W group) Grytviken (town; on South South Georgia and 54 15 S 36 45 W Georgia) the South Sandwich Islands Guadalcanal (island) Solomon Islands 9 32 S 160 12 E Guadalupe, Isla de (island) Mexico 29 11 N 118 17 W Guantanamo Bay (US Naval Cuba 20 00 N 75 08 W Base) Guatemala (capital) Guatemala 14 38 N 90 31 W Guine-Bissau (local name for Guinea-Bissau 12 00 N 15 00 W Guinea-Bissau) Guinea Ecuatorial (local name Equatorial Guinea 2 00 N 10 00 E for Equatorial Guinea) Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 3 00 N 2 30 E Guinee (local name for Guinea 11 00 N 10 00 W Guinea) Guyane Francaise (local name French Guiana 4 00 N 53 00 W for French Guiana) Ha'apai Group (island group) Tonga 19 42 S 174 29 W Habomai Islands Russia (de facto) 43 30 N 146 10 E Hadhramaut (region) Yemen 15 00 N 50 00 E Hagatna (capital; formerly Guam 13 28 N 144 45 E Agana) Hague, The (seat of Netherlands 52 05 N 4 18 E government) Haifa (city) Israel 32 50 N 35 00 E Hainan Dao (island) China 19 00 N 109 30 E Haiphong (city) Vietnam 20 52 N 106 41 E Hala'ib Triangle (region) Egypt (claimed), 22 30 N 35 00 E Sudan (de facto) Halmahera (island) Indonesia 1 00 N 128 00 E Halmahera Sea Pacific Ocean 0 30 S 129 00 E Hamilton (capital) Bermuda 32 17 N 64 46 W Han-guk (local name for South South Korea 37 00 N 127 30 E Korea Hanoi (capital) Vietnam 21 02 N 105 51 E Harare (capital) Zimbabwe 17 50 S 31 03 E Harvey Islands (former name Cook Islands 21 14 S 159 46 W for Cook Islands) Hatay (province) Turkey 36 30 N 36 15 E Havana (capital) Cuba 23 08 N 82 22 W Hawaii (island) United States 19 45 N 155 45 W Hawaiian Islands United States 21 00 N 157 45 W Hawar (island) Bahrain 25 40 N 50 47 E Hayastan (local name for Armenia 40 00 N 45 00 E Armenia) Heard Island Heard Island and 53 06 S 73 30 E McDonald Islands Hejaz (region) Saudi Arabia 24 30 N 38 30 E Helsinki (capital) Finland 60 10 N 24 58 E Herzegovina (political Bosnia and 44 00 N 18 00 E region) Herzegovina Hiiumaa (island) Estonia 58 50 N 22 30 E Hispaniola (island) Dominican Republic, 18 45 N 71 00 W Haiti Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Vietnam 10 45 N 106 40 E Hokkaido (island) Japan 44 00 N 143 00 E Holland (region) Netherlands 52 30 N 5 45 E Hong Kong (special Hong Kong 22 15 N 114 10 E administrative region) Honiara (capital) Solomon Islands 9 26 S 159 57 E Honshu (island) Japan 36 00 N 138 00 E Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean 26 34 N 56 15 E Horn of Africa (region) Djibouti, Eritrea, 8 00 N 48 00 E Ethiopia, Somalia Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile 55 59 S 67 16 W Horne, Iles de (island group) Wallis and Futuna 14 19 S 178 05 W Hrvatska (local name for Croatia 45 10 N 15 30 E Croatia) Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean 60 00 N 86 00 W Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean 62 00 N 71 00 W Hunter Island New Caledonia, 22 24 S 172 06 E Vanuatu Iberian Peninsula Portugal, Spain 40 00 N 5 00 W Iceland Sea Arctic Ocean 68 00 N 20 00 W Ifni (region; former name of Morocco 29 22 N 10 09 W part of Spanish West Africa) Inaccessible Island Saint Helena 37 17 S 12 40 W Indochina (region) Cambodia, Laos, 15 00 N 107 00 E Vietnam Ingushetia (region) Russia 43 15 N 45 00 E Inhambane (region) Mozambique 22 30 S 34 30 E Inini (former name for French French Guiana 4 00 N 53 00 W Guiana) Inland Sea Japan 34 20 N 133 30 E Inner Hebrides (islands) United Kingdom 56 30 N 6 20 W Inner Mongolia (region; also China 42 00 N 113 00 E Nei Mongol) Ionian Islands Greece 38 30 N 20 30 E Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean 38 30 N 18 00 E Irian Jaya (province) Indonesia 5 00 S 138 00 E Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean 53 30 N 5 20 W Iron Gate (river gorge) Romania, Serbia and 44 41 N 22 31 E Montenegro Iskenderun (region; formerly Turkey 36 34 N 36 08 E Alexandretta) Islamabad (capital) Pakistan 33 42 N 73 10 E Island (local name for Iceland 65 00 N 18 00 W Iceland) Islas Malvinas (island group) Falkland Islands 51 45 S 59 00 W (Islas Malvinas) Istanbul (city) Turkey 41 01 N 28 58 E Istrian Peninsula Croatia, Slovenia 45 00 N 14 00 E Italia (local name for Italy) Italy 42 50 N 12 50 E Italian East Africa (former Eritrea, Ethiopia, 8 00 N 38 00 E name for Italian possessions Somalia in eastern Africa) Italian Somaliland (former Somalia 10 00 N 49 00 E name for southern Somalia) Ittihad al-Imarat al-Arabiyah United Arab 24 00 N 54 00 E (local name for the United Emirates Arab Emirates) Iturup (island; see Etorofu) Russia (de facto) 44 55 N 147 40 E Ityop'iya (local name for Ethiopia 8 00 N 38 00 E Ethiopia) Ivory Coast (former name for Cote d'Ivoire 8 00 N 5 00 W Cote d'Ivoire) Iwo Jima (island) Japan 24 47 N 141 20 E Izmir (region) Turkey 38 25 N 27 10 E Jakarta (capital) Indonesia 6 10 S 106 48 E James Bay Arctic Ocean 54 00 N 80 00 W Jamestown (capital) Saint Helena 15 56 S 5 44 W Jammu (city) India 32 42 N 74 52 E Jammu and Kashmir (region) India, Pakistan 34 00 N 76 00 E Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean 40 00 N 135 00 E Jars, Plain of Laos 19 27 N 103 10 E Java (island) Indonesia 7 30 S 110 00 E Java Sea Pacific Ocean 5 00 S 110 00 E Jerusalem (capital, Israel, West Bank 31 47 N 35 14 E proclaimed) Jiddah, Jeddah (city) Saudi Arabia 21 30 N 39 12 E Johannesburg (city) South Africa 26 15 S 28 00 E Joseph Bonaparte Gulf Pacific Ocean 14 00 S 128 45 E Juan Fernandez, Islas de Chile 33 00 S 80 00 W (island group) Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean 48 18 N 124 00 W Jubal, Strait of Indian Ocean 27 40 N 33 55 E Judaea (region) Israel, West Bank 31 35 N 35 00 E Jugoslavia, Jugoslavija Bosnia and 43 00 N 21 00 E (local names for Yugoslavia) Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia Jutland (region) Denmark 56 00 N 9 15 E Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Cuba 21 40 N 82 50 W Youth) Kabardino-Balkaria (region) Russia 43 30 N 43 30 E Kabul (capital) Afghanistan 34 31 N 69 12 E Kaduna (city) Nigeria 10 33 N 7 27 E Kailas Range China, India 30 00 N 82 00 E Kalaallit Nunaat (local name Greenland 72 00 N 40 00 W for Greenland) Kalahari (desert) Botswana, Namibia 24 30 S 21 00 E Kalimantan (region) Indonesia 0 00 N 115 00 E Kaliningrad (region; formerly Russia 54 30 N 21 00 E part of East Prussia) Kamaran (island) Yemen 15 21 N 42 34 E Kamchatka Peninsula Russia 56 00 N 160 00 E (Poluostrov Kamchatka) Kampala (capital) Uganda 0 19 N 32 25 E Kampuchea (former name for Cambodia 13 00 N 105 00 E Cambodia) Kane Basin (portion of Arctic Ocean 79 30 N 68 00 W channel) Kanton Island Kiribati 2 49 S 171 40 W Kara Sea Arctic Ocean 76 00 N 80 00 E Karachevo-Cherkessia (region) Russia 43 40 N 41 50 E Karafuto (island; former name Russia 50 00 N 143 00 E for southern Sakhalin Island) Karakoram Pass China, India 35 30 N 77 50 E Karelia (region) Finland, Russia 63 15 N 30 48 E Karelian Isthmus Russia 60 25 N 30 00 E Karimata Strait Pacific Ocean 2 05 S 108 40 E Kashmir (region) India, Pakistan 34 00 N 76 00 E Katanga (region) Democratic Republic 10 00 S 26 00 E of the Congo Kathmandu (capital) Nepal 27 43 N 85 19 E Kattegat (strait) Atlantic Ocean 57 00 N 11 00 E Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean 21 45 N 158 50 W Kazakstan (former name for Kazakhstan 48 00 N 68 00 E Kazakhstan) Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) 12 30 S 96 50 E Islands Kerguelen, Iles (island French Southern and 49 30 S 69 30 E group) Antarctic Lands Kermadec Islands New Zealand 29 50 S 178 15 W Kerulen River China, Mongolia 48 48 N 117 00 E Khabarovsk (city) Russia 48 27 N 135 06 E Khanka, Lake China, Russia 45 00 N 132 24 E Khartoum (capital) Sudan 15 36 N 32 32 E Khios (island) Greece 38 22 N 26 04 E Khmer Republic (former name Cambodia 13 00 N 105 00 E for Cambodia) Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria Oman 17 30 N 56 00 E Muria Islands) Khyber Pass Afghanistan, 34 05 N 71 10 E Pakistan Kibris (Turkish local name Cyprus 35 00 N 33 00 E for Cyprus) Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Atlantic Ocean 53 53 N 9 08 E Kanal) Kiev (capital) Ukraine 50 26 N 30 31 E Kigali (capital) Rwanda 1 57 S 30 04 E Kingston (capital) Jamaica 18 00 N 76 48 W Kingston (capital) Norfolk Island 29 03 S 167 58 E Kingstown (capital) Saint Vincent and 13 09 N 61 14 W the Grenadines Kinshasa (capital) Democratic Republic 4 18 S 15 18 E of the Congo Kipros (Greek local name for Cyprus 35 00 N 33 00 E Cyprus) Kirghiziya, Kirgizia (former Kyrgyzstan 41 00 N 75 00 E name for Kyrgyzstan) Kirguizstan (local name for Kyrgyzstan 41 00 N 75 00 E Kyrgyzstan) Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati 1 52 N 157 20 W Kishinev (see Chisinau) Moldova 47 00 N 28 50 E Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean 36 00 N 23 00 E Kobe (city) Japan 34 41 N 135 10 E Kodiak Island United States 57 49 N 152 23 W Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Russia 67 20 N 37 00 E Poluostrov) Kolonia (town; former Federated States of 6 58 N 158 13 E capital; changed to Palikir) Micronesia Korea Bay Pacific Ocean 39 00 N 124 00 E Korea Strait Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 129 00 E Korea, Democratic People's North Korea 40 00 N 127 00 E Republic of Korea, Republic of South Korea 37 00 N 127 30 E Koror (capital) Palau 7 20 N 134 29 E Kosovo (region) Serbia and 42 30 N 21 00 E Montenegro Kosrae (island) Federated States of 5 20 N 163 00 E Micronesia Kowloon (city) Hong Kong 22 18 N 114 10 E Kra, Isthmus of Burma, Thailand 10 20 N 99 00 E Krakatoa (volcano) Indonesia 6 07 S 105 24 E Kuala Lumpur (capital) Malaysia 3 10 N 101 42 E Kunashiri (island; also Russia (de facto) 44 20 N 146 00 E Kunashir) Kunlun Mountains China 36 00 N 84 00 E Kuril Islands Russia (de facto) 46 10 N 152 00 E Kuwait (capital) Kuwait 29 20 N 47 59 E Kuznetsk Basin Russia 54 00 N 86 00 E Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands 9 05 N 167 20 E Kyiv, Kyyiv (see Kiev) Ukraine 50 26 N 30 31 E Kyushu (island) Japan 33 00 N 131 00 E La Paz (administrative Bolivia 16 30 S 68 09 W capital) La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean 45 45 N 142 00 E Labrador (peninsula, region) Canada 54 00 N 62 00 W Labrador Sea Atlantic Ocean 60 00 N 55 00 W Laccadive Islands India 10 00 N 73 00 E Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean 7 00 N 76 00 E Lagos (former capital) Nigeria 6 27 N 3 24 E Lake Erie Atlantic Ocean 42 30 N 81 00 W Lake Huron Atlantic Ocean 45 00 N 83 00 W Lake Michigan Atlantic Ocean 43 30 N 87 30 W Lake Ontario Atlantic Ocean 43 30 N 78 00 W Lake Superior Atlantic Ocean 48 00 N 88 00 W Lakshadweep (Laccadive India 10 00 N 73 00 E Islands) Lantau Island Hong Kong 22 15 N 113 55 E Lao (local name for Laos) Laos 18 00 N 105 00 E Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean 76 00 N 126 00 E Las Palmas (city) Spain (Canary 28 06 N 15 24 W Islands) Latakia (region) Syria 36 00 N 35 50 E Latvija (local name for Latvia 57 00 N 25 00 E Latvia) Lau Group (island group) Fiji 18 20 S 178 30 E Lefkosa (see Nicosia) Cyprus 35 10 N 33 22 E Lemnos (island) Greece 39 54 N 25 21 E Leningrad (see Saint Russia 59 55 N 30 15 E Petersburg) Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia 9 00 S 120 00 E Lesvos (island) Greece 39 15 N 26 15 E Leyte (island) Philippines 10 50 N 124 50 E Liancourt Rocks (claimed by South Korea 37 15 N 131 50 E Japan) Liaodong Wan (gulf) Pacific Ocean 40 30 N 121 20 E Liban (local name for Lebanon 33 50 N 36 50 E Lebanon) Libreville (capital) Gabon 0 23 N 9 27 E Lietuva (local name for Lithuania 56 00 N 24 00 E Lithuania) Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean 43 30 N 9 00 E Lilongwe (capital) Malawi 13 59 S 33 44 E Lima (capital) Peru 12 03 S 77 03 W Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean 83 00 N 56 00 W Line Islands Jarvis Island, 0 05 N 157 00 W Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Palmyra Atoll Lion, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 43 20 N 4 00 E Lisbon (capital) Portugal 38 43 N 9 08 W Little Belt (strait; also Atlantic Ocean 55 05 N 9 55 E Lille Baelt) Ljubljana (capital) Slovenia 46 03 N 14 31 E Llanos (region) Venezuela 8 00 N 68 00 W Lobamba (city) Swaziland 26 27 S 31 12 E Lombok (island) Indonesia 8 28 S 116 40 E Lombok Strait Indian Ocean 8 30 S 115 50 E Lome (capital) Togo 6 08 N 1 13 E London (capital) United Kingdom 51 30 N 0 10 W Longyearbyen (capital) Svalbard 78 13 N 15 33 E Lord Howe Island Australia 31 30 S 159 00 E Lorraine (region) France 48 42 N 6 11 E Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea 11 00 S 153 00 E Lourenco Marques (city; Mozambique 25 56 S 32 34 E former name for Maputo) Loyalty Islands (Iles New Caledonia 21 00 S 167 00 E Loyaute) Luanda (capital) Angola 8 48 S 13 14 E Lubnan (local name for Lebanon 33 50 N 36 50 E Lebanon) Lubumbashi (city) Democratic Republic 11 40 S 27 28 E of the Congo Lusaka (capital) Zambia 15 25 S 28 17 E Luxembourg (capital) Luxembourg 49 45 N 6 10 E Luzon (island) Philippines 16 00 N 121 00 E Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean 20 30 N 121 00 E Lyakhov Islands Russia 73 45 N 138 00 E Macao Macau 22 10 N 113 33 E Macquarie Island Australia 54 36 S 158 54 E Madagasikara (local name for Madagascar 20 00 S 47 00 E Madagascar) Maddalena, Isola Italy 41 13 N 09 24 E Madeira Islands Portugal 32 40 N 16 45 W Madras (city; see Chennai) India 13 04 N 80 16 E Madrid (capital) Spain 40 24 N 3 41 W Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 54 00 S 71 00 W Maghreb (region) Algeria, Libya, 34 00 N 3 00 E Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia Magreb (local name for Morocco 32 00 N 5 00 W Morocco) Magyarorszag (local name for Hungary 47 00 N 20 00 E Hungary) Mahe Island Seychelles 4 41 S 55 30 E Maiz, Islas del (Corn Nicaragua 12 15 N 83 00 W Islands) Majorca Island (Isla de Spain 39 30 N 3 00 E Mallorca) Majuro (capital) Marshall Islands 7 05 N 171 08 E Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean 2 00 S 117 30 E Makedonija (local name for Macedonia 41 50 N 22 00 E Macedonia) Malabo (capital) Equatorial Guinea 3 45 N 8 47 E Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean 2 30 N 101 20 E Malagasy Republic Madagascar 20 00 S 47 00 E Malay Archipelago Brunei, Indonesia, 2 30 N 120 00 E Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines Malay Peninsula Malaysia, Thailand 7 10 N 100 35 E Male (capital) Maldives 4 10 N 73 31 E Mallorca, Isla de (island; Spain 39 30 N 3 00 E also Majorca) Malmady (region) Belgium 50 26 N 6 02 E Malpelo, Isla de (island) Colombia 4 00 N 90 30 W Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean 56 44 N 26 53 E Malvinas, Islas (island Falkland Islands 51 45 S 59 00 W group) (Islas Malvinas) Mamoutzou (capital) Mayotte 12 47 S 45 14 E Managua (capital) Nicaragua 12 09 N 86 17 W Manama (capital) Bahrain 26 13 N 50 35 E Manchukuo (former state) China 44 00 N 124 00 E Manchuria (region) China 44 00 N 124 00 E Manila (capital) Philippines 14 35 N 121 00 E Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean 3 20 S 127 23 E Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean 8 30 N 79 00 E Manua Islands American Samoa 14 13 S 169 35 W Maputo (capital) Mozambique 25 58 S 32 35 E Marcus Island (Minami-tori- Japan 24 16 N 154 00 E shima) Margarita, Isla (island) Venezuela 10 00 N 64 00 W Mariana Islands Guam, Northern 16 00 N 145 30 E Mariana Islands Marie Byrd Land (region) Antarctica 77 00 S 130 00 W Marion Island South Africa 46 51 S 37 52 E Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean 40 40 N 28 15 E Marquesas Islands (Iles French Polynesia 9 00 S 139 30 W Marquises) Martin Vaz, Ilhas (island Brazil 20 30 S 28 51 W group) Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Chile 33 38 S 78 52 W Island) Mascarene Islands Mauritius, Reunion 21 00 S 57 00 E Maseru (capital) Lesotho 29 28 S 27 30 E Mata-Utu (capital) Wallis and Futuna 13 57 S 171 56 W Matsu (island) Taiwan 26 13 N 119 56 E Matthew Island New Caledonia, 22 20 S 171 20 E Vanuatu Mauritanie (local name for Mauritania 20 00 N 12 00 W Mauritania) Mazatlan (city) Mexico 23 13 N 106 25 W Mbabane (capital) Swaziland 26 18 S 31 06 E McDonald Islands Heard Island and 53 06 S 73 30 E McDonald Islands Mecca (city) Saudi Arabia 21 27 N 39 49 E Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean 36 00 N 15 00 E Melilla (exclave) Spain 35 19 N 2 58 W Memel (region) Lithuania 55 43 N 21 30 E Mesopotamia (region) Iraq 33 00 N 44 00 E Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 38 15 N 15 35 E Mexico City (capital) Mexico 19 24 N 99 09 W Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 25 00 N 90 00 W Middle Congo (former name for Republic of the 1 00 S 15 00 E Republic of the Congo) Congo Milwaukee Deep (Puerto Rico Atlantic Ocean 19 55 N 65 27 W Trench) Minami-tori-shima (Marcus Japan 24 16 N 154 00 E Island) Mindanao (island) Philippines 8 00 N 125 00 E Mindanao Sea Pacific Ocean 9 15 N 124 30 E Mindoro (island) Philippines 12 50 N 121 05 E Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean 12 20 N 120 40 E Mingrelia (region) Georgia 42 30 N 41 52 E Minicoy Island India 8 17 N 73 02 E Minorca Island (Isla de Spain 40 00 N 4 00 E Menorca) Minsk (capital) Belarus 53 54 N 27 34 E Misr (local name for Egypt) Egypt 27 00 N 30 00 E Mitla Pass Egypt 30 02 N 32 54 E Mocambique (local name for Mozambique 18 15 S 35 00 E Mozambique) Mogadishu (capital) Somalia 2 04 N 45 22 E Moldavia (region) Moldova, Romania 47 00 N 29 00 E Molucca Sea Pacific Ocean 2 00 N 127 00 E Moluccas (Spice Islands) Indonesia 2 00 S 128 00 E Mombasa (city) Kenya 4 03 S 39 40 E Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean 18 30 N 67 45 W Monaco (capital) Monaco 43 44 N 7 25 E Mongol Uls (local name for Mongolia 46 00 N 105 00 E Mongolia) Monrovia (capital) Liberia 6 18 N 10 47 W Montenegro (political region) Serbia and 42 30 N 19 00 E Montenegro Monterrey (city) Mexico 25 40 N 100 19 W Montevideo (capital) Uruguay 34 53 S 56 11 W Montreal (city) Canada 45 31 N 73 34 W Moravia (region) Czech Republic 49 30 N 17 00 E Moravian Gate (pass) Czech Republic 49 35 N 17 50 E Moroni (capital) Comoros 11 41 S 43 16 E Mortlock Islands (Nomoi Federated States of 5 30 N 153 40 E Islands) Micronesia Moscow (capital) Russia 55 45 N 37 35 E Mount Pinatubo (volcano) Philippines 15 08 N 120 21 E Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean 19 00 S 41 00 E Muritaniyah (local name for Mauritania 20 00 N 12 00 W Mauritania) Musandam Peninsula Oman, United Arab 26 18 N 56 24 E Emirates Muscat (capital) Oman 23 37 N 58 35 E Muscat and Oman (former name Oman 21 00 N 57 00 E for Oman) Myanma, Myanmar Burma 22 00 N 98 00 E N'Djamena (capital) Chad 12 07 N 15 03 E Nagorno-Karabakh (region) Azerbaijan 40 00 N 46 40 E Nairobi (capital) Kenya 1 17 S 36 49 E Namib (desert) Namibia 24 00 S 15 00 E Nampo-shoto (island group) Japan 30 00 N 140 00 E Nassau (capital) The Bahamas 25 05 N 77 21 W Natal (region) South Africa 29 00 S 30 25 E Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia 3 30 N 102 30 E Natuna Sea Pacific Ocean 3 30 N 108 00 E Naxcivan (region) Azerbaijan 39 20 N 45 20 E Naxos (island) Greece 37 05 N 25 30 E Nederland (local name for the Netherlands 52 30 N 5 45 E Netherlands) Nederlandse Antillen (local Netherlands 12 15 N 68 45 W name for the Netherlands Antilles Antilles) Negev (region) Israel 30 30 N 34 55 E Negros (island) Philippines 10 00 N 123 00 E Nejd (region) Saudi Arabia 24 05 N 45 15 E Netherlands East Indies Indonesia 5 00 S 120 00 E (former name for Indonesia) Netherlands Guiana (former Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W name for Suriname) Nevis (island) Saint Kitts and 17 09 N 62 35 W Nevis New Britain (island) Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 150 00 E New Delhi (capital) India 28 36 N 77 12 E New Guinea (island) Indonesia, Papua 5 00 S 140 00 E New Guinea New Hebrides (island group) Vanuatu 16 00 S 167 00 E New Ireland (island) Papua New Guinea 3 20 N 152 00 E New Siberian Islands Russia 75 00 N 142 00 E New Territories (mainland Hong Kong 22 24 N 114 10 E region) Newfoundland (island, with Canada 52 00 N 56 00 W mainland area, and a province) Niamey (capital) Niger 13 31 N 2 07 E Nicobar Islands India 8 00 N 93 30 E Nicosia (capital) Cyprus 35 10 N 33 22 E Nightingale Island Saint Helena 37 25 S 12 30 W Nihon, Nippon (local name for Japan 36 00 N 138 00 E Japan) Nomoi Islands (Mortlock Federated States of 5 30 N 153 40 E Islands) Micronesia Norge (local name for Norway) Norway 62 00 N 10 00 E Norman Isles (Channel Guernsey, Jersey 49 20 N 2 20 W Islands) North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 30 00 N 45 00 W North Channel Atlantic Ocean 55 10 N 5 40 W North Frisian Islands Denmark, Germany 54 50 N 8 12 E North Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean 78 00 N 5 00 W North Island New Zealand 39 00 S 176 00 E North Ossetia (region) Russia 43 00 N 44 10 E North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 30 00 N 165 00 W North Sea Atlantic Ocean 56 00 N 4 00 E North Vietnam (former name Vietnam 23 00 N 106 00 E for northern portion of Vietnam) North Yemen (Yemen Arab Yemen 15 00 N 44 00 E Republic; now part of Yemen) Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean 25 40 N 77 09 W Northern Cyprus (region) Cyprus 35 15 N 33 44 E Northern Epirus (region) Albania, Greece 40 00 N 20 30 E Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and 12 45 N 61 15 W (political region) the Grenadines Northern Ireland United Kingdom 54 40 N 6 45 W Northern Rhodesia (former Zambia 15 00 S 30 00 E name for Zambia) Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean 74 40 N 100 00 W Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean 66 00 N 6 00 E Nouakchott (capital) Mauritania 18 06 N 15 57 W Noumea (capital) New Caledonia 22 16 S 166 27 E Nouvelle-Caledonie (local New Caledonia 21 30 S 165 30 E name for New Caledonia) Nouvelles Hebrides (former Vanuatu 16 00 S 167 00 E name for Vanuatu) Novaya Zemlya (islands) Russia 74 00 N 57 00 E Nubia (region) Egypt, Sudan 20 30 N 33 00 E Nuku'alofa (capital) Tonga 21 08 S 175 12 W Nunavut (region) Canada 72 00 N 90 00 W Nuuk (capital; also Godthab) Greenland 64 11 N 51 44 W Nyasaland (former name for Malawi 13 30 S 34 00 E Malawi) Nyassa (region) Mozambique 13 30 S 37 00 E Oahu (island) United States 21 30 N 158 00 W (Hawaii) Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati 0 52 S 169 35 E Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States 28 25 N 178 20 W Oesterreich (local name for Austria 47 20 N 13 20 E Austria) Ogaden (region) Ethiopia, Somalia 7 00 N 46 00 E Oil Islands (Chagos British Indian 6 00 S 71 30 E Archipelago) Ocean Territory Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean 53 00 N 150 00 E Okinawa (island group) Japan 26 30 N 128 00 E Oland (island) Sweden 56 45 N 16 40 E Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean 24 30 N 58 30 E Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean 8 30 S 125 00 E Oran (city) Algeria 35 43 N 0 43 W Orange River Colony (region; South Africa 28 20 S 26 40 E former name of Free State Province of South Africa) Oranjestad (capital) Aruba 12 33 N 70 06 W Oresund (The Sound) (strait) Atlantic Ocean 55 50 N 12 40 E Orkney Islands United Kingdom 59 00 N 3 00 W Oslo (capital) Norway 59 55 N 10 45 E Osumi Strait (Van Diemen Pacific Ocean 31 00 N 131 00 E Strait) Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 40 00 N 19 00 E Ottawa (capital) Canada 45 25 N 75 40 W Ouagadougou (capital) Burkina Faso 12 22 N 1 31 W Outer Hebrides (islands) United Kingdom 57 45 N 7 00 W Outer Mongolia (region) Mongolia 46 00 N 105 00 E P'yongyang (capital) North Korea 39 01 N 125 45 E Pacific Islands, Trust Marshall Islands, 10 00 N 155 00 E Territory of the Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau Pagan (island) Northern Mariana 18 08 N 145 47 E Islands Pago Pago (capital) American Samoa 14 16 S 170 42 W Palawan (island) Philippines 9 30 N 118 30 E Palermo (city) Italy 38 07 N 13 21 E Palestine (region) Israel, West Bank 32 00 N 35 15 E Palikir (capital) Federated States of 6 55 N 158 08 E Micronesia Palk Strait Indian Ocean 10 00 N 79 45 E Pamirs (mountains) China, Tajikistan 38 00 N 73 00 E Pampas (region) Argentina 35 00 S 63 00 W Panama (capital) Panama 8 58 N 79 32 W Panama Canal Panama 9 00 N 79 45 W Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 8 00 N 79 30 W Panay (island) Philippines 11 15 N 122 30 E Pantelleria, Isola di Italy 36 47 N 12 00 E (island) Papeete (capital) French Polynesia 17 32 S 149 34 W Paramaribo (capital) Suriname 5 50 N 55 10 W Parece Vela (island) Japan 20 20 N 136 00 E Paris (capital) France 48 52 N 2 20 E Pascua, Isla de (Easter Chile 27 07 S 109 22 W Island) Pashtunistan (region) Afghanistan, 32 00 N 69 00 E Pakistan Passion, Ile de la (island) Clipperton Island 10 17 N 109 13 W Patagonia (region) Argentina 48 00 S 61 00 W Peking (see Beijing) China 39 56 N 116 24 E Pelagian Islands (Isole Italy 35 40 N 12 40 E Pelagie) Peleliu (Beliliou) (island) Palau 7 01 N 134 15 E Peloponnese (peninsula) Greece 37 30 N 22 25 E Pemba Island Tanzania 5 20 S 39 45 E Penang Island Malaysia 5 23 N 100 15 E Pentland Firth (channel) Atlantic Ocean 58 44 N 3 13 W Perim (island) Yemen 12 39 N 43 25 E Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean 44 45 N 142 00 E Persia (former name for Iran) Iran 32 00 N 53 00 E Persian Gulf Indian Ocean 27 00 N 51 00 E Pescadores (islands) Taiwan 23 30 N 119 30 E Peter I Island Antarctica 68 48 S 90 35 W Philip Island Norfolk Island 29 08 S 167 57 E Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean 20 00 N 134 00 E Phnom Penh (capital) Cambodia 11 33 N 104 55 E Phoenix Islands Kiribati 3 30 S 172 00 W Pinatubo, Mount (volcano) Philippines 15 08 N 120 21 E Pines, Isle of (island; Cuba 21 40 N 82 50 W former name for Isla de la Juventud) Pleasant Island Nauru 0 32 S 166 55 E Plymouth (capital) Montserrat 16 44 N 62 14 W Polska (local name) Poland 52 00 N 20 00 E Polynesie Francaise (local French Polynesia 15 00 S 140 00 W name for French Polynesia) Pomerania (region) Germany, Poland 53 40 N 15 35 E Ponape (Pohnpei) (island) Federated States of 6 55 N 158 15 E Micronesia Port Louis (capital) Mauritius 20 10 S 57 30 E Port Moresby (capital) Papua New Guinea 9 30 S 147 10 E Port-Vila (capital) Vanuatu 17 44 S 168 19 E Port-au-Prince (capital) Haiti 18 32 N 72 20 W Port-of-Spain (capital) Trinidad and Tobago 10 39 N 61 31 W Porto-Novo (capital) Benin 6 29 N 2 37 E Portuguese East Africa Mozambique 18 15 S 35 00 E (former name for Mozambique) Portuguese Guinea (former Guinea-Bissau 12 00 N 15 00 W name for Guinea-Bissau) Portuguese Timor (former name East Timor 9 00 S 126 00 E for East Timor) Poznan (city) Poland 52 25 N 16 55 E Prague (capital) Czech Republic 40 55 N 21 00 E Praia (capital) Cape Verde 14 55 N 23 31 W Prathet Thai (local name for Thailand 15 00 N 100 00 E Thailand) Pretoria (administrative South Africa 25 45 S 28 10 E capital) Prevlaka peninsula Croatia 42 24 N 18 31 E Pribilof Islands United States 57 00 N 170 00 W Prince Edward Island Canada 46 20 N 63 20 W Prince Edward Islands South Africa 46 35 S 38 00 E Prince Patrick Island Canada 76 30 N 119 00 W Principe (island) Sao Tome and 1 38 N 7 25 E Principe Prussia (region) Germany, Poland, 53 00 N 14 00 E Russia Pukapuka Atoll Cook Islands 10 53 S 165 49 W Punjab (region) India, Pakistan 30 50 N 73 30 E Puntland (region) Somalia 8 21 N 49 08 E Qazaqstan (local name for Kazakhstan 48 00 N 68 00 E Kazakhstan) Qita Ghazzah (local name Gaza Gaza Strip 31 25 N 34 20 E Strip) Queen Charlotte Islands Canada 53 00 N 132 00 W Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada 78 00 N 95 00 W Queen Maud Land (claimed by Antarctica 73 30 S 12 00 E Norway) Quemoy (island) Taiwan 24 27 N 118 23 E Quito (capital) Ecuador 0 13 S 78 30 W Rabat (capital) Morocco 34 02 N 6 51 W Ralik Chain (island group) Marshall Islands 8 00 N 167 00 E Rangoon (capital; also Burma 16 47 N 96 10 E Yangon) Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Chile 27 07 S 109 22 W Ratak Chain (island group) Marshall Islands 9 00 N 171 00 E Red Sea Indian Ocean 20 00 N 38 00 E Redonda (island) Antigua and Barbuda 16 55 N 62 19 W Republica Dominicana (local Dominican Republic 19 00 N 70 40 W name for Dominican Republic) Republique Centrafricain Central African 7 00 N 21 00 E (local name for Central Republic African Republic) Republique Francaise (local France 46 00 N 2 00 E name for France) Republique Gabonaise (local Gabon 1 00 S 11 45 E name for Gabon) Republique Rwandaise (local Rwanda 2 00 S 30 00 E name for Rwanda) Republique Togolaise (local Togo 8 00 N 1 10 E name for Togo) Revillagigedo Island United States 55 35 N 131 06 W (Alaska) Revillagigedo Islands Mexico 19 00 N 112 45 W Reykjavik (capital) Iceland 64 09 N 21 57 W Rhodes (island) Greece 36 10 N 28 00 E Rhodesia, Northern (former Zambia 15 00 S 30 00 E name for Zambia) Rhodesia, Southern (former Zimbabwe 20 00 S 30 00 E name for Zimbabwe) Riga (capital) Latvia 56 57 N 24 06 E Riga, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 57 30 N 23 30 E Rio Muni (mainland region) Equatorial Guinea 1 30 N 10 00 E Rio de Oro (region) Western Sahara 23 45 N 15 45 W Rio de la Plata (gulf) Atlantic Ocean 35 00 S 59 00 W Riyadh (capital) Saudi Arabia 24 38 N 46 43 E Road Town (capital) British Virgin 18 27 N 64 37 W Islands Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas a Chile 33 38 S 78 52 W Tierra) Rocas, Atol das (island) Brazil 3 51 S 33 49 W Rockall (island) United Kingdom 57 35 N 13 48 W Rodrigues (island) Mauritius 19 42 S 63 25 E Rome (capital) Italy 41 54 N 12 29 E Roncador Cay (island) Colombia 13 32 N 80 03 W Roosevelt Island Antarctica 79 30 S 162 00 W Roseau (capital) Dominica 15 18 N 61 24 W Ross Dependency (claimed by Antarctica 80 00 S 180 00 E New Zealand) Ross Island Antarctica 81 30 S 175 00 W Ross Sea Antarctica, 76 00 S 175 00 W Southern Ocean Rossiya (local name for Russia 60 00 N 100 00 E Russia) Rota (island) Northern Mariana 14 10 N 145 12 E Islands Rotuma (island) Fiji 12 30 S 177 05 E Ruanda (former name for Rwanda 2 00 S 30 00 E Rwanda) Rub al Khali (desert) Saudi Arabia 19 30 N 49 00 E Rumelia (region) Albania, Bulgaria, 42 00 N 22 30 E Macedonia Ruthenia (region; former name Ukraine 48 22 N 23 32 E for Carpatho-Ukraine) Ryukyu Islands Japan 26 30 N 128 00 E Saar (region) Germany 49 25 N 7 00 E Saaremaa (island) Estonia 58 25 N 22 30 E Saba (island) Netherlands 17 38 N 63 10 W Antilles Sabah (state) Malaysia 5 20 N 117 10 E Sable Island Canada 43 55 N 59 50 W Safety Islands (Iles du French Guiana 5 20 N 52 37 W Salut) Sahara Occidental (former Western Sahara 24 30 N 13 00 W name for Western Sahara) Sahel (region) Burkina Faso, Chad, 15 00 N 8 00 W The Gambia, Guinea- Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal Saigon (city; former name for Vietnam 10 45 N 106 40 E Ho Chi Minh City) Saint Barthelemy (island; Guadeloupe 17 55 N 62 52 W also Saint Bart's) Saint Brandon (Cargados Mauritius 16 25 S 59 38 E Carajos Shoals) Saint Christopher (island) Saint Kitts and 17 20 N 62 45 W Nevis Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and 17 20 N 62 45 W Nevis Saint Eustatius (island) Netherlands 17 30 N 63 00 W Antilles Saint George's (capital) Grenada 12 03 N 61 45 W Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean 52 00 N 6 00 W Saint Helens, Mount (volcano) United States 46 15 N 122 12 W Saint Helier (capital) Jersey 49 12 N 2 07 W Saint John (city) Canada (New 45 16 N 66 04 W Brunswick) Saint John's (capital) Antigua and Barbuda 17 06 N 61 51 W Saint Lawrence Island United States 49 30 N 67 00 W Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean 49 15 N 67 00 W Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 48 00 N 62 00 W Saint Paul Island Canada 47 12 N 60 09 W Saint Paul Island United States 57 11 N 170 16 W Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint- French Southern and 38 43 S 77 29 E Paul) Antarctic Lands Saint Peter Port (capital) Guernsey 49 27 N 2 32 W Saint Peter and Saint Paul Brazil 0 23 N 29 23 W Rocks (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo) Saint Petersburg (city; Russia 59 55 N 30 15 E former capital) Saint Thomas (island) Virgin Islands 18 21 N 64 55 W Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean 13 30 N 61 00 W Saint-Denis (capital) Reunion 20 52 S 55 28 E Saint-Martin (island; also Guadeloupe 18 04 N 63 04 W Sint Maarten) Saint-Pierre (capital) Saint Pierre and 46 46 N 56 11 W Miquelon Saipan (island) Northern Mariana 15 12 N 145 45 E Islands Sak'art'velo (local name for Georgia 42 00 N 43 30 E Georgia) Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Russia 51 00 N 143 00 E Sakhalin) Sakishima Islands Japan 24 30 N 124 00 E Sala y Gomez, Isla (island) Chile 26 28 S 105 00 W Salisbury (city; former name Zimbabwe 17 50 S 105 00 W for Harare) Salzburg (city) Austria 47 48 N 13 02 E Samar (island) Philippines 12 00 N 125 00 E Samaria (region) West Bank 32 15 N 35 10 E Samoa Islands American Samoa, 14 00 S 171 00 W Samoa Samos (island) Greece 37 48 N 26 44 E San Ambrosio, Isla (island) Chile 26 21 S 79 52 W San Andres y Providencia, Colombia 13 00 N 81 30 W Archipielago (island group) San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean 12 32 N 124 10 E San Felix, Isla (island) Chile 26 17 S 80 05 W San Jose (capital) Costa Rica 9 56 N 84 05 W San Juan (capital) Puerto Rico 18 28 N 66 07 W San Marino (capital) San Marino 43 56 N 12 25 E San Salvador (capital) El Salvador 13 42 N 89 12 W Sanaa (capital) Yemen 15 21 N 44 12 E Sandzak (region) Serbia and 43 05 N 19 45 E Montenegro Santa Cruz (city) Bolivia 17 48 S 63 10 W Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands 11 00 S 166 15 E Santa Sede (local name for Holy See 41 54 N 12 27 E the Holy See) Santiago (capital) Chile 33 27 S 70 40 W Santo Antao (island) Cape Verde 17 05 N 25 10 W Santo Domingo (capital) Dominican Republic 18 28 N 69 54 W Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Brazil 0 23 N 29 23 W Penedos de (rocks) Sao Tiago (island) Cape Verde 15 05 N 23 40 W Sao Tome (island) Sao Tome and 0 12 N 6 39 E Principe Sapudi Strait Pacific Ocean 7 05 S 114 10 E Sarajevo (capital) Bosnia and 43 52 N 18 25 E Herzegovina Sarawak (state) Malaysia 2 30 N 113 30 E Sardinia (island) Italy 40 00 N 9 00 E Sargasso Sea (region) Atlantic Ocean 30 00 N 55 00 W Sark (island) Guernsey 49 26 N 2 21 W Savage Island (former name Niue 19 02 S 169 52 W for Niue) Savu Sea Pacific Ocean 9 30 S 122 00 E Saxony (region) Germany 51 00 N 13 00 E Schleswig-Holstein (region) Germany 54 31 N 9 33 E Schweiz (local German name Switzerland 47 00 N 8 00 E for Switzerland) Scopus, Mount Israel, West Bank 31 48 N 35 14 E Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean, 56 00 S 40 00 W Southern Ocean Scotland (region) United Kingdom 57 00 N 4 00 W Scott Island Antarctica 67 24 S 179 55 W Senegambia (region; former The Gambia, Senegal 13 50 N 15 25 W name of confederation of Senegal and The Gambia) Senyavin Islands Federated States of 6 55 N 158 00 E Micronesia Seoul (capital) South Korea 37 34 N 127 00 E Serendib (former name for Sri Sri Lanka 7 00 N 81 00 E Lanka) Serrana Bank (shoal) Colombia 14 25 N 80 16 W Serranilla Bank (shoal) Colombia 15 51 N 79 46 W Settlement, The (capital) Christmas Island 18 44 N 64 19 W Severnaya Zemlya (island Russia 79 30 N 98 00 E group; also Northland) Shaba (region) Democratic Republic 8 00 S 27 00 E of the Congo Shag Island Heard Island and 53 00 S 72 30 E McDonald Islands Shag Rocks South Georgia and 53 33 S 42 02 W the South Sandwich Islands Shetland Islands United Kingdom 60 30 N 1 30 W Shikoku (island) Japan 33 45 N 133 30 E Shikotan (island) Russia (de facto) 43 47 N 146 45 E Shqiperia (local name for Albania 41 00 N 20 00 E Albania) Siam (former name for Thailand 15 00 N 100 00 E Thailand) Siberia (region) Russia 60 00 N 100 00 E Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean 4 50 N 119 35 E Sicily (island) Italy 37 30 N 14 00 E Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 37 20 N 11 20 E Sidra, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 31 30 N 18 00 E Sikkim (state) India 27 50 N 88 30 E Silesia (region) Czech Republic, 51 00 N 17 00 E Germany, Poland Sinai Peninsula Egypt 29 30 N 34 00 E Singapore (capital) Singapore 1 17 N 103 51 E Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean 1 15 N 104 00 E Sinkiang (autonomous region; China 42 00 N 86 00 E also Xinjiang) Sint Eustatius (island) Netherlands 17 29 N 62 58 W Antilles Sint Maarten (island; also Netherlands 18 04 N 63 04 W Saint-Martin) Antilles Sjaelland (island) Denmark 55 30 N 12 00 E Skagerrak (strait) Atlantic Ocean 57 45 N 9 00 E Skopje (capital) Macedonia 41 59 N 21 26 E Slavonia (region) Croatia 45 27 N 18 00 E Slovenija (local name for Slovenia 46 00 N 15 00 E Slovenia) Slovensko (local name for Slovakia 48 40 N 19 30 E Slovakia) Smyrna (region; former name Turkey 38 25 N 27 10 E for Izmir) Society Islands (Iles de la French Polynesia 17 00 S 150 00 W Societe) Socotra (island) Yemen 12 30 N 54 00 E Sofia (capital) Bulgaria 42 41 N 23 19 E Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 155 00 E Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands 8 00 S 159 00 E Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean 8 00 S 153 00 E Somaliland (region) Somalia 9 30 N 46 00 E Somers Islands (former name Bermuda 32 20 N 64 45 W for Bermuda) Songkhla (city) Thailand 7 12 N 100 36 E Sound, The (strait; also Atlantic Ocean 55 50 N 12 40 E Oresund) South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 30 00 S 15 00 W South China Sea Pacific Ocean 10 00 N 113 00 E South Georgia (island) South Georgia and 54 15 S 36 45 W the South Sandwich Islands South Island New Zealand 43 00 S 171 00 E South Korea South Korea 37 00 N 127 30 E South Orkney Islands Antarctica 61 00 S 45 00 W South Ossetia (region) Georgia 42 20 N 44 00 E South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 30 00 S 130 00 W South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and 57 45 S 26 30 W the South Sandwich Islands South Shetland Islands Antarctica 62 00 S 59 00 W South Tyrol (region) Italy 46 30 N 10 30 E South Vietnam (former name Vietnam 12 00 N 108 00 E for the southern portion of Vietnam) South Yemen (People's Yemen 14 00 N 48 00 E Democratic Republic of Yemen; now part of Yemen) South-West Africa (former Namibia 22 00 S 17 00 E name for Namibia) Southern Grenadines (island Grenada 12 20 N 61 30 W group) Southern Rhodesia (former Zimbabwe 20 00 S 30 00 E name for Zimbabwe) Soviet Union (former name of Armenia, a large Eurasian empire, Azerbaijan, roughly coequal with the Belarus, Estonia, former Russian Empire) Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Spanish Guinea (former name Equatorial Guinea 2 00 N 10 00 E for Equatorial Guinea) Spanish Morocco (former name Morocco 32 00 N 7 00 W for northern Morocco) Spanish North Africa Spain (Ceuta, Islas 35 15 N 4 00 W (exclaves) Chafarinas, Melilla, Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera) Spanish Sahara (former name) Western Sahara 24 30 N 13 00 W Spanish West Africa (former Morocco, Western 25 00 N 13 00 W name for Ifni and Spanish Sahara Sahara) Spice Islands (Moluccas) Indonesia 2 00 S 28 00 E Spitsbergen (island) Svalbard 78 00 N 20 00 E Srbija-Crna Gora (local name Serbia and 44 00 N 21 00 E for Serbia and Montenegro) Montenegro St. John's (city) Canada 47 34 N 52 43 W (Newfoundland) Stanley (capital) Falkland Islands 51 42 S 57 41 W (Islas Malvinas) Stockholm (capital) Sweden 59 20 N 18 03 E Stuttgart (city) Germany 48 46 N 9 11 E Sucre (constitutional Bolivia 19 02 S 65 17 W capital) Suez Canal Egypt 29 55 N 32 33 E Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean 28 10 N 33 27 E Suisse (local French name for Switzerland 47 00 N 8 00 E Switzerland) Sulawesi (island; Celebes) Indonesia 2 00 S 121 00 E Sulawesi Sea Pacific Ocean 3 00 N 122 00 E Sulu Archipelago (island Philippines 6 00 N 121 00 E group) Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 8 00 N 120 00 E Sumatra (island) Indonesia 0 00 N 102 00 E Sumba (island) Indonesia 10 00 S 120 00 E Sumba Strait Pacific Ocean 9 10 S 120 00 E Sumbawa (island) Indonesia 8 30 S 118 00 E Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia, Malaysia 2 00 S 110 00 E Sunda Strait Indian Ocean 6 00 S 105 45 E Suomi (local name for Finland 64 00 N 26 00 E Finland) Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean 10 15 N 125 23 E Surinam (former name for Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W Suriname) Suriyah (local name for Syria 35 00 N 38 00 E Syria) Surtsey (volcanic island) Iceland 63 17 N 20 40 W Suva (capital) Fiji 18 08 S 178 25 E Sverdlovsk (city; also Russia 56 50 N 60 39 E Yekaterinburg) Sverige (local name for Sweden 62 00 N 15 00 E Sweden) Svizzera (local Italian name Switzerland 47 00 N 8 00 E for Switzerland) Swains Island American Samoa 11 03 S 171 15 W Swan Islands Honduras 17 25 S 83 56 W T'bilisi (capital) Georgia 41 43 N 44 49 E Tadzhikistan (former name for Tajikistan 39 00 N 71 00 E Tajikistan) Tahiti (island) French Polynesia 17 37 S 149 27 W Taipei (capital) Taiwan 25 03 N 121 30 E Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean 24 00 N 119 00 E Tallinn (capital) Estonia 59 25 N 24 45 E Tanganyika (former name for Tanzania 6 00 S 35 00 E the mainland portion of Tanzania) Tangier (city) Morocco 35 48 N 5 45 W Tannu-Tuva (region) Russia 51 25 N 94 45 E Tarawa (island) Kiribati 1 25 N 173 00 E Tartary, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 50 00 N 141 00 E Tashkent (capital) Uzbekistan 41 20 N 69 18 E Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean 4 30 S 168 00 E Tasmania (island) Australia 43 00 S 147 00 E Tatar Strait Pacific Ocean 50 00 N 141 00 E Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Russia 76 00 N 104 00 E Taymyr) Tchad (local name for Chad) Chad 15 00 N 19 00 E Tegucigalpa (capital) Honduras 14 06 N 87 13 W Tehran (capital) Iran 35 40 N 51 26 E Tel Aviv (capital, de facto) Israel 32 05 N 34 48 E Teluk Bone (gulf) Pacific Ocean 4 00 S 120 45 E Teluk Tomini (gulf) Pacific Ocean 0 30 S 121 00 E Terre Adelie (claimed by Antarctica 66 30 S 139 00 E France; also Adelie Land) Terres Australes et French Southern and 43 00 S 67 00 E Antarctiques Francaises Antarctic Lands (local name for the French Southern and Antarctic Lands) Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 10 00 N 101 00 E The Former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia 41 50 N 22 00 E of Macedonia Thimphu (capital) Bhutan 27 28 N 89 39 E Thuringia (region) Germany 51 00 N 11 00 E Thurston Island Antarctica 72 20 S 99 00 W Tiberias, Lake Israel 32 48 N 35 35 E Tibet (autonomous region; China 32 00 N 90 00 E also Xizang) Tibilisi (see T'bilisi) Georgia 41 43 N 44 49 E Tien Shan (mountains) China, Kyrgyzstan 42 00 N 80 00 E Tierra del Fuego (island, Argentina, Chile 54 00 S 69 00 W island group) Timor (island) East Timor, 9 00 S 125 00 E Indonesia Timor Sea Pacific Ocean 11 00 S 128 00 E Timor-Leste, Timor Lorosa'e East Timor 9 00 N 126 00 E (local names for East Timor) Tinian (island) Northern Mariana 15 00 N 145 38 E Islands Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean 28 00 N 34 27 E Tirana, Tirane (capital) Albania 41 20 N 19 50 E Tirol, Tyrol (region) Austria, Italy 47 00 N 11 00 E Tobago (island) Trinidad and Tobago 11 15 N 60 40 W Tokyo (capital) Japan 35 42 N 139 46 E Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 20 00 N 108 00 E Torres Strait Pacific Ocean 10 25 S 142 10 E Torshavn (capital) Faroe Islands 62 01 N 6 46 W Toshkent (see Tashkent) Uzbekistan 41 20 N 69 18 E Transcarpathia (region; Ukraine 48 22 N 23 32 E alternate name for Carpatho- Ukraine) Transjordan (former name for Jordan 31 00 N 36 00 E Jordan) Transkei (enclave) South Africa 32 15 S 28 15 E Transvaal (region; former South Africa 25 10 S 29 25 E name for northeastern South Africa) Transylvania (region) Romania 46 30 N 24 00 E Trindade, Ilha de (island) Brazil 20 31 S 29 20 W Trinidad (island) Trinidad and Tobago 10 22 N 61 15 W Tripoli (capital) Libya 32 54 N 13 11 E Tripoli (city) Lebanon 34 26 N 35 51 E Tripolitania (region) Libya 31 00 N 14 00 E Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena 37 04 S 12 19 W (island group) Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea 8 38 S 151 04 E Trucial Coast (former name United Arab 24 00 N 54 00 E for the United Arab Emirates) Emirates Trucial Oman (former name for United Arab 24 00 N 54 00 E the United Arab Emirates) Emirates Trucial States (former name United Arab 24 00 N 54 00 E for the United Arab Emirates) Emirates Truk Islands (former name for Federated States of 7 25 N 151 47 E the Chuuk Islands) Micronesia Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean 41 35 N 141 00 E Tuamotu Islands (Iles French Polynesia 19 00 S 142 00 W Tuamotu) Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia 23 00 S 150 00 W Tunb al Kubra (island) Iran 26 14 N 55 19 E Tunb as Sughra (island) Iran 26 14 N 55 09 E Tunis (capital) Tunisia 36 48 N 10 11 E Turin (city) Italy 45 04 N 7 40 E Turkish Straits (see Bosporus Atlantic Ocean 40 40 N 28 00 E and Dardenelles) Turkiye (local name for Turkey 39 00 N 35 00 E Turkey) Turkmenia, Turkmeniya (former Turkmenistan 40 00 N 60 00 E name for Turkmenistan) Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean 21 40 N 71 00 W Tuscany (region) Italy 43 25 N 11 00 E Tutuila (island) American Samoa 14 18 S 170 42 W Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean 40 00 N 12 00 E Ubangi-Shari (former name for Central African 6 38 N 20 33 E the Central African Republic Republic Ukrayina (local name for Ukraine 49 00 N 32 00 E Ukraine) Ulaanbaatar (capital) Mongolia 47 55 N 106 53 E Ullung-do (island) South Korea 37 29 N 130 52 E Ulster (region) Ireland, United 54 35 N 7 00 W Kingdom Uman (local name for Oman) Oman 21 00 N 57 00 E Unimak Pass (strait) Pacific Ocean 54 20 N 164 50 W Union of Soviet Socialist Armenia, Republics or USSR (former Azerbaijan, name of a large Eurasian Belarus, Estonia, empire, roughly coequal with Georgia, the former Russian Empire) Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan United Arab Republic or UAR Egypt, Syria (former name for a federation between Egypt and Syria) Upper Volta (former name for Burkina Faso 13 00 N 2 00 W Burkina Faso) Ural Mountains Kazakhstan, Russia 60 00 N 60 00 E Urdunn (local name for Jordan 31 00 N 36 00 E Jordan) Urundi (former name for Burundi 3 30 S 30 00 E Burundi) Ussuri River China, Russia 48 28 N 135 02 E Vaduz (capital) Liechtenstein 47 09 N 9 31 E Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) Afghanistan 37 00 N 73 00 E Valletta (capital) Malta 35 54 N 14 31 E Valley, The (capital) Anguilla 18 13 N 63 04 W Van Diemen Strait (Osumi Pacific Ocean 31 00 N 131 00 E Strait) Vancouver Island Canada 49 45 N 126 00 W Vatican City (capital) Holy See 41 54 N 12 27 E Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain 35 11 N 4 18 W (island) Venda (enclave) South Africa 23 00 S 31 00 E Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean 13 34 N 120 51 E Victoria (capital) Seychelles 4 38 S 55 27 E Victoria (island) Canada 71 00 N 110 00 W Victoria Land (region) Antarctica 72 00 S 155 00 E Vienna (capital) Austria 48 12 N 16 22 E Vientiane (capital) Laos 17 58 N 102 36 E Vilnius (capital) Lithuania 54 41 N 25 19 E Viti Levu (island) Fiji 18 00 S 178 00 E Vladivostok (city) Russia 43 10 N 131 56 E Vojvodina (region) Serbia and 45 35 N 20 00 E Montenegro Volcano Islands Japan 25 00 N 141 00 E Vostok Island Kiribati 10 06 S 152 23 W Wake Atoll Wake Island 19 17 N 166 36 E Wakhan Corridor (see Vakhan) Afghanistan 37 00 N 73 00 E Walachia (region) Romania 44 45 N 26 05 E Wales (region) United Kingdom 52 30 N 3 30 W Wallis Islands Wallis and Futuna 13 17 S 176 10 W Walvis Bay (city; former Namibia 22 59 S 14 31 E exclave) Warsaw (capital) Poland 52 15 N 21 00 E Washington, DC (capital) United States 38 53 N 77 02 W Weddell Sea Southern Ocean 72 00 S 45 00 W Wellington (capital) New Zealand 41 28 S 174 51 E West Frisian Islands Netherlands 53 26 N 5 30 E West Germany (Federal Germany 53 22 N 5 20 E Republic of Germany; former name for western portion of Germany) West Island (capital) Cocos (Keeling) 12 10 S 96 55 E Islands West Korea Strait (Western Pacific Ocean 34 40 N 129 00 E Channel) West Pakistan (former name Pakistan 30 00 N 70 00 E for present-day Pakistan) West Siberian Plain Russia 60 00 N 75 00 E Western Channel (West Korea Pacific Ocean 34 40 N 129 00 E Strait) Western Samoa (former name Samoa 13 35 S 172 20 W for Samoa) Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean 8 20 S 126 30 E White Sea Arctic Ocean 65 30 N 38 00 E Wilkes Land (region) Antarctica 71 00 S 120 00 E Willemstad (capital) Netherlands 12 06 N 68 56 W Antilles Windhoek (capital) Namibia 22 34 S 17 06 E Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean 20 00 N 73 50 W Wrangel Island (Ostrov Russia 71 14 N 179 36 W Vrangelya) Xianggang (local name for Hong Kong 22 15 N 114 10 E Hong Kong) Y'israel (local name for Israel 31 30 N 34 45 E Israel) Yaitopya (local name for Ethiopia 8 00 N 38 00 E Ethiopia) Yalu River China, North Korea 39 55 N 124 20 E Yamoussoukro (capital) Cote d'Ivoire 6 49 N 5 17 W Yangon (see Rangoon) Burma 16 47 N 96 10 E Yaounde (capital) Cameroon 3 52 N 11 31 E Yap Islands Federated States of 9 30 N 138 00 E Micronesia Yaren (governmental center) Nauru 0 32 S 166 55 E Yekaterinburg (city) Russia 56 50 N 60 39 E Yellow Sea Pacific Ocean 36 00 N 123 00 E Yemen Arab Republic (also Yemen 15 00 N 44 00 E Yemen (Sanaa); former name for northern portion of Yemen) Yemen, People's Democratic Yemen 14 00 N 46 00 E Republic of (also Yemen (Aden); former name for southern portion of Yemen) Yerevan (capital) Armenia 40 11 N 44 30 E Youth, Isle of (Isla de la Cuba 21 40 N 82 50 W Juventud) Yucatan Channel Atlantic Ocean 21 45 N 85 45 W Yucatan Peninsula Mexico 19 30 N 89 00 W Yugoslavia (former name for Serbia and 43 00 N 21 00 E Serbia and Montenegro) Montenegro Yugoslavia, Kingdom of; Bosnia and 43 00 N 19 00 E Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Herzegovina, Republic of (former names for Croatia, Macedonia, a Balkan federation) Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia Zagreb (capital) Croatia 45 48 N 15 58 E Zaire (former name for the Democratic Republic 15 00 S 30 00 E Democratic Republic of the of the Congo Congo) Zakhalinskiy Zaliv (bay) Pacific Ocean 54 00 N 142 00 E Zaliv Shelikhova (bay) Pacific Ocean 60 00 N 157 30 E Zambezia (region) Mozambique 16 00 S 37 00 E Zanzibar (island) Tanzania 6 10 S 39 11 E Zhong Guo, Zhonghua (local China 35 00 N 105 00 E name for China) Zion, Mount (locale in Israel, West Bank 31 46 N 35 14 E Jerusalem) Zurich (city) Switzerland 47 23 N 8 32 E

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